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Why can’t you have one without the others?? Swbat define terms related to directional anatomy ...
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Transcript of Why can’t you have one without the others?? Swbat define terms related to directional anatomy ...
Why can’t you have one without the others?? Swbat
define terms related to directional anatomy
Locate the part of the canine by directional terminology
Define and apply three dimensional planes to animals.
Anatomy & Physiology TM
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Why can’t you have one without the others?? Swbat
Create a pasta skeleton with answer key of a rabbit, horse, cat or dog with all pertinent bones.
Anatomy & Physiology TM
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Directional Terminology Anterior – front of the animal Posterior – rear of the animal Cranial – towards the front of the animal Caudal – towards the rear of the animal Dorsal – uppermost surface or back Ventral – lowermost surface or belly Proximal – part of limb closest Distal – part of limb furthest away Lateral – side of the animal
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Dor
sal Dorsal
Dorsal
Dorsal
Caudal
Ventral
Cranial
Distal
Proximal
PosteriorAnterior
Ven
tral
Three Dimensional Planes Frontal Plane – body plane that divides
the animal into dorsal and ventral parts Median Plane – body plane that divides
the animal into equal, symmetrical right and left halves
Sagittal Plane – any body plane that is parallel to the median plane
Transverse Plane – body plane that divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts
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Frontal Deep
Superficial
Transverse
Sagittal
Median
Integumentary System
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The skin is the largest and most visible organ of the body Organ most likely to be subjected to trauma
Functions: Enclosing barrier preventing the loss of water,
electrolytes, and cells Protection from the environment Allowing motion Temperature regulation Storage Pigmentation Immunosurveillance Production of vitamin D Sensory perception Excretory secretions
Skeletal System Purpose – support and protect the body Axial Skeleton – includes the skull,
vertebrae, ribs and sternum Appendicular Skeleton – fore and hind
limbs
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Axial Skeleton Skull – many plates of bone fused
together. the soft spot is the fontanel Vertebrae – 5 distinct regions1. Cervical – neck region
Atlas – C1. nod yes Axis – C2. no
7 in all mammals
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Thoracic Vertebrae Body region – always have a rib
attached and spine on top True Ribs – directly attach to sternum False Ribs – connect to each other Floating Ribs – not attached to anything
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Lumbar Vertebrae Lower back Carnivores have more Herbivores less – strong back
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Sacral Vertebrae Pelvic region
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Coccygeal Vertebrae Tail region balance
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Appendicular Skeleton Forelimb
Scapula – shoulder blade Clavicle – only cat Humerus – upper arm Ulna – elbow joint Radius – forearm Carpus – knee in horses, wrist in dogs and
humans Metacarpals – hand Phalanges – fingers Sesamoids - bump
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Hind Limbs Pelvis - Femur – Patella – knee Tibia – shin Fibula – fused with tibia Tarsus – ankle Metatarsal – bones in foot
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SkullCervical
Axis
Thoracic Lumbar
Atlas
Coccygeal
Sacral
Vertebrae
Ribs
Scapula
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Humerus
Pelvis
MetacarpalsPhalanges
Tarsals
Tibia
Metatarsals
Fibula
Femur
SesamoidsPhalanges
Olecranon
Patella
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Why can’t you have one body system without the other? Swbat identify the parts of a bone through a
dissection of a chicken wing. Swbat compare the differences in bone
structure of a newborn, 1 year old, 13 year old and 18 year old through a handout “The Aging Hand”
Swbat estimate the age of a hand based on bone structure through use of a picture. Homework – study for quiz on bones
(Tuesday)Anatomy & Physiology TM
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Short bone – cube shaped, i.e. carpus and tarsus
Flat bone – plate of bone, i.e. scapula, rib, skull
Irregular bone – complex shaped, i.e. vertebrae
Sesamoid – small, seed-shaped bone, i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella
Long bone – bone is longer that it is wide, i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc.
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Classification of Bones
Bone Anatomy Diaphysis – body of long bone Epiphysis – enlarged ends of long bones Metaphysis – joining point of diaphysis
and epiphysis Periosteum – thin outer protective layer
of bone Medullary Cavity – space within filled
with marrow Endosteum – thin inner protective layer
lining the medullary cavity
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Bone anatomy Compact Bone – thick outer layer that can be
repared Give rigidity and elasticity.
Cancellous Bone – spongy, soft tissue found inside the end of bones
Ossification – process of forming bones Osteoblast – particles that begin ossification in
young, developing bones Osteocyte – bones that begin to develop mature
bone
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Bone Growth Occurs in the epiphysis of long bones Epiphyseal growth plates produce
cartilage, which gradually turns into bone via a process called ossification
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Periosteum
Epiphysis
Bone marrow
Medullary cavity
Metaphysis
Endosteum
Diaphysis
Bone Fractures Simple – bone does not break skin Compound – bones breaks skin Complete – fracture goes completely
across bone Incomplete – fracture does not go
completely across bone
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Fissured ComminutedTransverseGreenstick
Why can’t you have one body system without the other? Swbat identify three types of muscles
through the use of a microscope. Swbat list the function of each type of
muscle Swbat identify major muscles and how
they are connected to the skeleton system through the creation of muscles on their pasta skeleton
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Skeletal muscle –allows for all voluntary movement, appears to be striated when looked at under a microscope.
Cardiac muscle – controls the involuntary beating of the heart, appears striated under a microscope.
Smooth muscle – responsible for all other involuntary movement, such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, blinking, etc.
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Muscles are contractile organs responsible for the voluntary and involuntary movements of animals.
Movement Ambulation – moving from one place to
another Abduction – moving away from the
median plane Adduction – moving towards the median
plane Flexion – moving to the distal part of the
limb towards the body Extension – moving the distal part of the
limb away from the body
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Muscle Function Either contract or relax, so generally
work in pairs
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Id of Major Muscles Masseter – superficial cheek Trapezius – superficial triangular of
shoulder Latissimus dorsi – long, superficial, dorsal
that attaches the humerus to the lumbar Abdonimal obliques – large flat, support
digestive and reproductive organs Gluteals – large, upper hindquarters Biceps femoris – superficial, “hamstrings” Biceps brachii – flexor of the elbow joint
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Triceps brachii – extensor of the elbow joint Pectorals – adductors of the forelimbs Serratus ventralis – attaches forelimb to trunk
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Masseter
Biceps femoris
Triceps brachii
Gluteals
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
External abdominal oblique
Pectorals
Respiratory System Function – brings in O2 and expels CO2
With the help of the circulatory system
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Upper Respiratory System Mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx and
epiglottis Mucous Membranes – lining of
respiratory tract that secrete mucus Mucus – slimy secretion that helps
warm, moisten and filter the air Cilia – tiny wave-like hairs that line the
nose to filter the air
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Upper Respiratory Cont. Pharynx – passage that is shared by the
respiratory and digestive system Epiglottis – flap that covers the larynx
during swallowing Larynx – “voice box” contains vocal
cords that vibrate when air passes through them
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Tongue
Esophagus
Mouth
Trachea
Epiglottis
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Pharynx
Lower Respiratory System Trachea – “windpipe” rings of cartilage
to keep shape Bronchi – two branches at bottom of the
trachea, one is called the bronchus Bronchioles – smallest branches of
bronchial tree Bronchial tree – describe how the
bronchi get smaller and smaller like tree branches
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Lower Respiratory Cont. Alveoli – small grape like clusters at end
of bronchioles that actually exchange gases
Lungs – paired organ that contains bronchi that are divided into defined lobes
Diaphragm – muscle below the lungs that contracts causing the lungs to fill with air.
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Epiglottis
Cartilage ring
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Trachea
Lungs
Larynx
Bronchi
Breathing Inhalation – drawing in of a breath Exhalation – release of a breath Apnea – not breathing Dyspnea – Difficulty breathing Bradypnea – abnormally slow breathing Tachypnea – abnormally fast breathing Respiration – exchange of CO2 and O2 in lungs
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Nervous System Detects and processes information and
formulates responses. Coordinates and controls ALL body movement
Sends and receives impulses (electrical signals)that travel through the NS and provide info to the brain
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3 types of Neurons Sensory neurons – carry impulses
towards the brain and spinal cord Connecting Neurons – carry impulses
from one neuron to another Motor Neurons – carry impulses away
from brain and spinal cord to the body
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Parts of a Neuron Cell Body – aka “soma”. Contains the cell
nucleus Dendrite – branch-like, receives impulses Axon – sends impulses away Synapse – space in between neurons; contains
a chemical call the “neurotransmitter” that helps impulses travel
Myelin – protective sheath around neuron
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Cell body (soma)
Synapse
Myelin sheath
Dendrite
Axon
Parts of the Brain Cerebellum – coordinates all movement, muscle activity, and balance
Cerebrum – largest, 4 lobes that receive and store info, responsible for giving signals for voluntary mov’t – senses – touch, smell, taste, see, hear
Pituitary Gland – secretes hormones important for reproduction and growth
Meninges – 3 layered protective covering of the brain Medulla Oblongata – dictates all life functions – heart,
breathing, reflex actions Hypothalamus - link between the nervous system and
endocrine system, thirst, hunger Thalamus – relay system for all nerve impulses except
smell. Receives impulses then directs them to proper part of brain
Brainstem – connect the brain to the spinal cord and contains medulla oblongata
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Meninges
Medulla oblongataBrain stem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland