While watching the video clip, answer the following: 1. How did domesticating animals create more...
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Transcript of While watching the video clip, answer the following: 1. How did domesticating animals create more...
While watching the video clip, answer the following:1.How did domesticating animals create more inequalities?2.Why did the Middle East have an advantage over other world areas?
Bell Work
DAILY OBJECTIVE:
1. Compare and Contrast the 4 Early River Civilizations in terms of Politics, Economy, Social Class, and Religion
The Four River Valley Civilizations
I. General Civilization Characteristics
1. Organized Farming and Village Life 2. Food Surplus (Iron Tools/Beasts of Burden) led to clear
specialization of labor 4. Clear Social Class Distinctions 5. Growth in Population in new Urban areas
Increased immunities led to better health 7. Complex formal government institutions which governed
large projects Irrigation Road Building Taxation
8. Increased trade routes/cultural connections 9. Writing systems/ Uniform Coinage and Weights
The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area
The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area
The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”
The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”
II. Tigris-Euphrates Rivers (Fertile Crescent)
Located in the Middle East (modern-day Iraq) Often called Mesopotamia (“land between the rivers”)
First example of human civilizationBy 4000 - 3500 B.C.E.
Farmers were working with some metals, invented the wheel Irrigation systems, dykes, and canals for farming Flourishing culture Written language – cuneiform, developed by the Sumerians-
also made advances in Algebra and Geometry Complex religious beliefs (Polytheistic)
Sumerians erected shrines/massive monuments, called ziggurats, to honor gods
Some ideas (gods’ creation of earth, floods) can be found in various religions
Negative view of gods and afterlife due to unpredictable flooding
Sumerians invented:Brick technologyWheelSailBase 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degreesTime – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a
minute12 month lunar calendararchrampziggurat
Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing
Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing
Ziggurat – Holy Mountain
II. continued…
Highly organized Relied on city-states – small, autonomous regions ruled
by a king (decentralized government) Later groups developed larger empires Developed strict class systems – kings, priests, and
nobles controlled most land; then merchants, scribes, artisans, farmers, and slaves
Regulated system of laws and courts Babylonian leader, Hammurabi, set early code of law in
stone
Lasting belief systems Judaism – earliest monotheistic religion
Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code
Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code
II. continued….
Other Civilizations in Fertile Crescent Sumerians
1st wheel, cuneiform, city-states
Babylonians Hammurabi’s Code of
Law Hittites
1st to mine Iron (began Iron Age)
Assyrians Improved military
equipment, chariot
Persians Built large empire
divided into provinces; Royal Roads, common set of weights & measurements; single coinage
Phoenicians Colonized
Mediterranean; phonetic alphabet with 22 letters
Hebrews/ Semitic Judaism- oldest
monotheistic religion
Located in northern Africa, modern-day Egypt3000 B.C.E.Ruled by a pharaoh, or king (Monarchy)
Considered to be directly descended from the gods
Complex religious and political rituals (Polytheistic) Book of the Dead – guided the soul to the afterlife (more positive
view) Mummification of bodies – preserved those with elite status for
eternity Theocracy – ruled through laws based on religion
Development of writing Hieroglyphics – comes from Greek words meaning “sacred carving”
More complex than cuneiform Used papyrus reeds to make a paper-like writing surface
III. Nile River
III. continued
Social Class Structure: Pharaoh, Priest/Nobles, Merchants/Artisans/Scribes
(Middle Class), Peasant Farmers, Slaves
Cultural Advances Medicine/Surgery, Math, Calendars, Irrigation,
Cosmetics, Architecture, Jewelry, Metal Work, Pyramids, PapyrusGiza Pyramid
ComplexGiza Pyramid
Complex
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
PerfumePerfume
WhigsWhigs
MirrorMirror
IV. Indus River
Located in modern-day Pakistan, near India’s border2500 B.C.E.-1500 B.C.E. (abruptly ends)Advanced cities
Sophisticated city planning, running water, two-storied and spacious buildings; drainage systems to brick-lined sewers Harappa, Mohenjo Daro
Traded with Mesopotamia, but developed independently
Developed Pictographic system of writing, but never been translated
Thought to be a theocracy (Polytheistic), religion a precursor to Hinduism
Environment and invasions a factor in disappearance Monsoons, floods Nomadic invaders (Aryan tribes)
IV. Continued…
Built ships; Traded overseas and overlandSocial Class System (not fully sure):
Priests Warriors Traders and Agriculturists Workers
V. Huanghe (Yellow River)
Located in northern half of modern-day China Flows from central China to east coast
About 2000 B.C.E.- 1029 B.C.E (Shang) Developed independently from other civilizations
Largely cut off from contact with outside world by geography (desert, mountains, ocean)
Developed sophisticated irrigations systems Controlled flooding of Yellow River
Early pioneers in science and weapon/tool-making Developed unique written language based on ideographic symbols
Early religious beliefs based on spirits, centered around family Social classes divided society
Nobles and peasants Established system of feudalism – nobles owned all the land that
peasants worked Rigid political system develops – paves way for dynastic system
Shang dynasty was earliest – 1500 B.C.E.
VI. Legacies of River Valleys
Expanded populations & urbanizationNew networks – roads & trade routes lined,
sea routesEstablished systems of government, laws, &
religionEstablished patterns of culture & cultural
diffusion
Early River Valley CivilizationsEarly River Valley Civilizations
•Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable•No natural barriers•Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings
EnvironmentEnvironment
SumerSumer
EgyptEgypt
Indus Indus ValleyValley
ChinaChina
•Flooding of the Nile predictable•Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages
•Deserts were natural barriers
• Indus flooding unpredictable•Monsoon winds•Mountains, deserts were natural barriers
•Huang He flooding unpredictable•Mountains, deserts natural barriers•Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
VII. Mesoamerica and the Andes
General Characteristics 1st humans arrived from land
bridge from Asia Separated by vast oceans No contact with Eastern
Hemisphere until 15th c. CE Developed agriculture
independently
VII. continued
The Olmec (1200-400 BCE) of Mesoamerica (Central Am.) Agriculture by 3000 BCE Grew beans, peppers, squash, and maize; had
plenty of rain (no irrigation) Fewer domesticated animals than Eastern civ.; no
LARGE animals (horse, cattle, goats or sheep) Cities were religious and trade centers Hierarchal society with elite group of priests
(performed elaborate rituals at large temples in the city)
Ruler and his family also lived elaborately Number system based on 30; 365 day yearly
calendar Abandoned cities due to internal conflict
VII. continued
The Chavin (900-250 BCE) of South America Peru coastline and Andes Mountains
foothills No river valley; dry coastline and rugged
mnts. Capital in highlands to connect trade
between regions Grew maize, potatoes, fruits, cotton, and
coca leaves Domesticated the Llama Craftsmen used silver and gold for
decorative and ceremonial items Politically well organized; culture spread
over large area Jaguar god with human/animal features
important symbol of their religion
Key Vocabulary – Chapter 1 (Part 2)
MesopotamiaSumeriansCity-statesHammurabiPharaohPyramidsIndus ValleyHarappa/Mohenjo DaroHuanghe (Yellow
River)Ideographic
ShangMonotheismOlmecChavin