Where is Vietnam?
description
Transcript of Where is Vietnam?
Where is Vietnam?Where is Vietnam?Starter activity
starter activity
This photograph taken during the height of the Vietnam War shows a ten-year-old girl who has torn off her burning clothes following a US napalm attack on her village. This became one of the most enduring images of the war. Why?
Your taskYour task
““No event in American history is more No event in American history is more misunderstood than the Vietnam War.misunderstood than the Vietnam War.
It was misreported then, and it is It was misreported then, and it is misremembered now.”misremembered now.”
Richard M. Nixon, 1985Richard M. Nixon, 1985
Why do you Vietnam is misreported and misremembered?
What were the What were the origins of conflict origins of conflict
in Vietnam?in Vietnam?
Your taskYour task
Read p.4-5 in ‘Vietnam’ by Philip Read p.4-5 in ‘Vietnam’ by Philip Sauvain & p.71-2 in ‘Modern World Sauvain & p.71-2 in ‘Modern World History’ and try to find out the History’ and try to find out the following:following:
What is the connection between FraWhat is the connection between France and Vietnam (Indo-China)?nce and Vietnam (Indo-China)?
Who were the Vietminh?Who were the Vietminh? Who was Ho Chi Who was Ho Chi MinhMinh?? Why did America support French rulWhy did America support French rul
e?e?
What is the connection What is the connection between France and between France and
Vietnam (Indo-China)?Vietnam (Indo-China)? 1870s & 1880s, 1870s & 1880s,
French conquer French conquer Indo-ChinaIndo-China
Divided into 3 Divided into 3 territories: territories: Tongking, Cochin Tongking, Cochin China & AnnamChina & Annam
Puppet Emperor, Puppet Emperor, Bao DaiBao Dai
July 1941, French July 1941, French submitted to Japansubmitted to Japan What problems do you think
the French had in governing Indo-China?
Who were the Vietminh?Who were the Vietminh? 1941, Ho Chi Minh 1941, Ho Chi Minh
founded ‘League for founded ‘League for the Independence of the Independence of Vietnam’ aka VietminhVietnam’ aka Vietminh
Broad political Broad political membership (men & membership (men & women)women)
Used Used guerrillaguerrilla tactics tactics to ambush enemyto ambush enemy
Led by General Vo Led by General Vo Nguyen Giap (former Nguyen Giap (former history teacher)history teacher)
Female guerrilla fighters for Vietminh. Why were
they so effective?
Who was Ho Chi Minh?Who was Ho Chi Minh? Name means, ‘Ho Name means, ‘Ho
the Enlightener’the Enlightener’ Chef in London, Chef in London,
political activist in political activist in France & USFrance & US
Trained at Stalin Trained at Stalin School for the School for the Toilers of the EastToilers of the East
Lead independence Lead independence movement against movement against French & JapaneseFrench & Japanese
Ho Chi Minh, 1890-1969. Why was he so widely admired, even in the
West?
Why did America support Why did America support French rule?French rule?
2 September 1942, Ho Chi Minh announced 2 September 1942, Ho Chi Minh announced victory over Japan & French & foundation of victory over Japan & French & foundation of Democratic Republic of VietnamDemocratic Republic of Vietnam
‘‘domino theory’ led US to support French domino theory’ led US to support French colonialismcolonialism
Do you think there was a greater threat from Communism in Asia compared with Eastern Europe?
Why did the French Why did the French fight the Vietminh fight the Vietminh between 1946 and between 1946 and
1954?1954?
Your taskYour task
Read Sauvain, p.6-7 and find out the Read Sauvain, p.6-7 and find out the following:following: What was the What was the HaiphongHaiphong incident? incident? What sorts of tactics did What sorts of tactics did GiapGiap
use against the French? use against the French? How did Vietnamese feel about French How did Vietnamese feel about French
rule?rule? How did US involvement increase?How did US involvement increase?
What was the Haiphong What was the Haiphong incident?incident?
29 November 1946, Vietminh attack French troops 29 November 1946, Vietminh attack French troops in Haiphong Harbour causing 29 deathsin Haiphong Harbour causing 29 deaths
French warship Suffren shelled Haiphong killing French warship Suffren shelled Haiphong killing 6,000 Vietnamese6,000 Vietnamese
Retaliation by Vietminh on colonialists 3 weeks laterRetaliation by Vietminh on colonialists 3 weeks later
Haiphong, before
Haiphong, after
What sorts of tactics did What sorts of tactics did Giap use against the Giap use against the
French?French? Guerilla tactics – ambush, attacks on isolated French Guerilla tactics – ambush, attacks on isolated French
outpostsoutposts Avoided face to face combatAvoided face to face combat Vietminh controlled jungles, French controlled citiesVietminh controlled jungles, French controlled cities Giap could use manual labour to move guns and Giap could use manual labour to move guns and
ammunitionsammunitions 1949, Mao Zedong supplied Vietminh with modern weapons1949, Mao Zedong supplied Vietminh with modern weapons
mines., booby traps ambush
How did Vietnamese feel How did Vietnamese feel about French rule?about French rule?
Emperor Bao Dai Emperor Bao Dai reinstatedreinstated
Many Vietnamese Many Vietnamese preferred French preferred French rule (esp. rule (esp. Catholics)Catholics)
General De Lattre General De Lattre inflicted series of inflicted series of damaging defeats damaging defeats on Vietminhon Vietminh
Emperor Bao Dai
General De Lattre
How did US involvement How did US involvement increase?increase?
US detested US detested imperialism, but imperialism, but viewed conflict in viewed conflict in context of domino context of domino theory of Cold War theory of Cold War politicspolitics
John Foster Dulles, US John Foster Dulles, US Sec. of State, ‘If you Sec. of State, ‘If you don’t quit, we won’t don’t quit, we won’t quit’quit’
Eisenhower refused Eisenhower refused French request for US French request for US aircraft & servicemenaircraft & servicemen
Eisenhower
John Foster Dulles
What happened What happened at Dien Bien Phu at Dien Bien Phu
(1954)?(1954)?
Your taskYour task
Read Sauvain, p.8-9, and answer the Read Sauvain, p.8-9, and answer the following questions:following questions: What was the battle plan?What was the battle plan? Why were the Vietminh successful in deWhy were the Vietminh successful in de
feating the French?feating the French? What was the impact of France’s defeatWhat was the impact of France’s defeat
??
What was the battle What was the battle plan?plan?
1954, General 1954, General Navarre wanted to Navarre wanted to tempt Vietminh out tempt Vietminh out of hiding into open of hiding into open combatcombat
Dien Bien Phu Dien Bien Phu controlled key controlled key routes between routes between Vietnam , Vietnam , Cambodia & LaosCambodia & Laos
Why were the Vietminh Why were the Vietminh successful in defeating the successful in defeating the
French?French? Vietminh used peasant army to Vietminh used peasant army to
manoeuvre artillery into hillsmanoeuvre artillery into hills Vietminh infantry overran French Vietminh infantry overran French
defences on plateau belowdefences on plateau below
What was the impact of What was the impact of France’s defeat?France’s defeat?
Ended French plans to hold onto Ended French plans to hold onto Indo-ChinaIndo-China
Agreed to Vietminh demands Agreed to Vietminh demands (Geneva Agreement, 1954)(Geneva Agreement, 1954)
Navarre blamed US for lack of Navarre blamed US for lack of military supportmilitary support
US minister for Far East affairs US minister for Far East affairs predicted increased US involvementpredicted increased US involvement
How significant How significant were the terms of were the terms of
the Geneva the Geneva Agreement (1954)?Agreement (1954)?
Your taskYour task
Use Sauvain p10-11to research the Use Sauvain p10-11to research the following areas:following areas: What were the terms?What were the terms? How did the US react?How did the US react? What were the effects?What were the effects?
What were the terms?What were the terms?
Independence to Independence to Laos, Cambodia & Laos, Cambodia & VietnamVietnam
Vietnam temporarily Vietnam temporarily split along 17split along 17thth parallel, with parallel, with demilitarized zonedemilitarized zone
ArmisticeArmistice Democratic Democratic
electionselections
How did the US react?How did the US react? US very critical of FrenchUS very critical of French French PM, Pierre Mendes-France, described as French PM, Pierre Mendes-France, described as
a ‘peace-at-any-price-man’ by USa ‘peace-at-any-price-man’ by US US & South Vietnamese (French supporters US & South Vietnamese (French supporters
during conflict against Vietminh) refused to sign, during conflict against Vietminh) refused to sign, but agreed to support armistice & electionsbut agreed to support armistice & elections
Do you think the French really had an alternative?
What were the effects of the What were the effects of the Geneva Agreement?Geneva Agreement?
North Vietnam controlled by Ho Chi North Vietnam controlled by Ho Chi Minh & VietminhMinh & Vietminh
South Vietnam controlled by Bao Dai South Vietnam controlled by Bao Dai (President), & Ngo Dinh Diem (PM)(President), & Ngo Dinh Diem (PM)
1957, Ngo Dinh Diem became 1957, Ngo Dinh Diem became President of S.Vietnam, but refused President of S.Vietnam, but refused elections since N. Vietnam would not elections since N. Vietnam would not hold themhold them
Containing the Containing the spread of spread of
CommunismCommunismHow and why did the US How and why did the US
become involved in Vietnam, become involved in Vietnam, 1954-641954-64
Read p. 12 – 15 and take notes on Read p. 12 – 15 and take notes on the following areas:the following areas: US attitudes to CommunismUS attitudes to Communism Who was Ngo Dinh Diem and why were Who was Ngo Dinh Diem and why were
his methods of governing so unpopular?his methods of governing so unpopular? How did US increase its support in this How did US increase its support in this
period?period? What was the Domino theory?What was the Domino theory? Who were the Vietcong?Who were the Vietcong?
US attitudes to US attitudes to CommunismCommunism
Communist witchhunts (Senator McCarthy)Communist witchhunts (Senator McCarthy) 30,000 US troops killed in Korea in fight against 30,000 US troops killed in Korea in fight against
Communism (parallels with Vietnam)Communism (parallels with Vietnam) SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organisation) – SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organisation) –
pledged to protect SE Asian countries against spread pledged to protect SE Asian countries against spread of Communismof Communism
SEATO leaders in Philippines,
1966
Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem Ousted Emperor Bao Ousted Emperor Bao
Dai & appointed Dai & appointed himself Presdienthimself Presdient
Refused to hold Refused to hold electionselections
Crushed suspected Crushed suspected Communists Communists mercilesslymercilessly
Appointed relatives Appointed relatives to positions of powerto positions of power
Limited rights of Limited rights of BuddhistsBuddhists
Ngo Dinh Diem, President of Republic of South
Vietnam
Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem
Failure of strategic Failure of strategic hamlets programmehamlets programme
Policies favouring Policies favouring Roman Catholics Roman Catholics rather than rather than BuddhistsBuddhists
1963, Diem & his 1963, Diem & his brother brother assassinated by assassinated by ARVNARVN
Buddhist monk in flames in protest at Diem’s oppressive
policies towards religion
Ngo Dinh Diem
US supportUS support
Nov. 1954, Eisenhower sent 17 officers to Nov. 1954, Eisenhower sent 17 officers to Saigon (capital of S.Vietnam) to train ARVN Saigon (capital of S.Vietnam) to train ARVN (Army of Republic of Saigon)(Army of Republic of Saigon)
By Jan. 1961, 685By Jan. 1961, 685 By 1963, 16,000 ‘advisers’By 1963, 16,000 ‘advisers’
ARVN troops
Domino theoryDomino theory
Theory that when one country turns Theory that when one country turns Communist its neighbours follow Communist its neighbours follow suitsuit
US feared Thailand & Malaya risked US feared Thailand & Malaya risked turning Communistturning Communist
1949, Chinese Revolution had NOT 1949, Chinese Revolution had NOT caused neighbouring countries to caused neighbouring countries to turn Communist immediatelyturn Communist immediately
VietcongVietcong
Communists in Communists in south forned south forned VietcongVietcong
By 1961, 20,000 By 1961, 20,000 soldierssoldiers
By 1964, 100,000By 1964, 100,000 ARVN unable to ARVN unable to
provide adequate provide adequate security for S. security for S. VietnamVietnam
Member of National Front for the Liberation of South
Vietnam, NLF, aka Vietcong (Vietnamese Communists)
How did the war How did the war escalate between escalate between
1964-67?1964-67?Gulf of Tonkin incidentGulf of Tonkin incident
USS Maddox
Read p.16-17 and answer the following questionsRead p.16-17 and answer the following questions How did President Johnson’s views on the war change?How did President Johnson’s views on the war change? Why was the attack on Pleiku significant?Why was the attack on Pleiku significant? What was Operation Rolling Thunder?What was Operation Rolling Thunder? Who were the NVA?Who were the NVA?
President JohnsonPresident Johnson Knew little about conflict Knew little about conflict
(took over presidency (took over presidency after assassination of after assassination of Kennedy, 1963)Kennedy, 1963)
Vietnam was “the Vietnam was “the biggest damn mess I biggest damn mess I ever saw!”ever saw!”
Aug. 1964, Gulf of Aug. 1964, Gulf of Tonking resolution Tonking resolution enable US “to take all enable US “to take all necessary measures” to necessary measures” to defend US interests in defend US interests in VietnamVietnam
US President, Lyndon B. Johnson
PleikuPleiku
Vietcong attack US airbaseVietcong attack US airbase 10 aircraft destroyed, 8 US ‘advisers’ killed, 10 aircraft destroyed, 8 US ‘advisers’ killed,
100 casualties100 casualties US public opinion supported direct US public opinion supported direct
retaliationretaliation
Aftermath of the attack,
Feb. 1965
Rolling thunderRolling thunder Joint attack by US & Joint attack by US &
ARVN on key military ARVN on key military & industrial targets & industrial targets in North Vietnamin North Vietnam
Hanoi & Haiphong Hanoi & Haiphong initially excluded for initially excluded for fear of aggravating fear of aggravating USSRUSSR
3,500 US marines 3,500 US marines sent to Danang (no sent to Danang (no longer described as longer described as ‘advisers’)‘advisers’)
Phantom fighter, one of the types of strike planes used by
the US
NVANVA
Regular North Vietnam ArmyRegular North Vietnam Army Fought in larger units than Vietgong Fought in larger units than Vietgong
guerrillasguerrillas Less successful, suffered significant defeats Less successful, suffered significant defeats
at hands of US AVRNat hands of US AVRN
NVA tank unit
attacking US embassy in
Saigon