What were the causes of WWI? What are the cons of alliances? Why did the US get pulled into WWI? How...
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Warm Up• What were the causes of WWI?
• What are the cons of alliances?
• Why did the US get pulled into WWI?
• How did Wilson convince Americans that the war was a good cause?
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World War I: Battles & Technology
EQ: How was WWI fought?
8.H.3.2 Explain how changes brought about by technology and other innovations affected individuals and groups in North Carolina and the United States.
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(Triple Alliance)Central Powers (Triple Entente)Allied
Powers
World War IWorld War I
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Russia
France
Great Britain
United States (1917)
COMBATANTS OF WWI
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Why was WWI a Stalemate?
• What’s a stalemate?–Neither side can make a move to win
• Both sides of the war threw arms and troops in to win but…………
• Millions die without gaining ground.
WHY?
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Precursor to Battle of Verdun
• After two years of warfare, Germans realize they can’t break through the Allied lines in France.
• German General Falkenhayn proposes a war of attrition against the French Army.
• A war of attrition is about killing more people than you lose.
• Attack a position the French can’t afford to lose– Kill as many French troops as possible
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The Battle of Verdun February 21, 1916
– December 18, 1916
One of the most costly battles of WWI.
Germans attempt to conquer key French city of Verdun.
Would have opened Paris up to invasion.
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New Tactics
• Germans attack with flame throwers for the first time.– Flame throwers used to
clear French out of trenches
• German troops begin attack with grenades instead of rifles
• Manage to move forward three miles in a day.
• New types of poison gas introduced by Germans.
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Results
• French Casualties– 550,000 dead
• German Casualties– 434,000 dead
• British begin battle of the Somme to relieve French army at Verdun.
• Neither French or German army gains a real advantage.
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Significance
• French hold Verdun thanks to forts– Convinced that a system of fixed
heavy forts is the best defense
• WWI becomes a war of attrition. Armies fight lengthy battles, with very high casualties.
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Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare – type of fighting during World War I in which both sides dug trenches protected by mines and barbed wire
• Trenches were dug from English Channel to Switzerland
• 6,250 miles• 6 to 8 feet deep• Immobilized both sides for 4 years
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MYTH
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REALITY
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THE TRENCH SYSTEMLAYOUT:
• 1st: No Man’s Land
• 2nd: Barbed wire, mines, etc.
• 3rd: Front line• 4th:
Communication trench
• 5th: Support trenches
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BRITISH TRENCH
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LIFE IN THE TRENCHES
• Elaborate systems of defense– barbed wire– Concrete machine
gun nests– Mortar batteries– Troops lived in holes
underground
• Boredom– Soldiers read to
pass the time– Sarah Bernhardt
came out to the front to read poetry to the soldiers
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“Death is Everywhere”
“We all had on us the stench of dead bodies.” Death numbed the soldier’s minds.
Shell shock (mental anguish)
Psychological devastation
▪ “Never such innocence again”
▪ Bitterness towards aristocratic officers whose lives were never in danger
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WWI WEAPONRY
The countries fighting grew more and more desperate to break the stalemate. The war of attrition led to more terrifying ways to kill humans
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What new weapons were used in WWI? Machine gun Poison gas (Mustard gas)
▪ Carried by the wind▪ Burned out soldier’s lungs▪ Deadly in the trenches
where it would sit at the bottom
Submarine Airplane Tank Hand grenades Flame Throwers Why these weapons? Why now?
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!!!
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New Technologies of WWI Tanks Initially used for
breaking through barbed wire between trenches.
Armed with small guns, and machine guns
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Artillery
Germans produce massive guns for shelling French lines.
Some fire shells as large as 1000 pounds,
The “Paris Gun” is able to fire shells over 75 miles.
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“BIG BERTHA”
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Poisonous Gas
• Poisonous gasses like mustard gas used by both sides.
• Fired by artillery into opposing lines.
• Hundreds of thousands die due to exposure.
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German submarines, called U-boats, torpedoed enemy ships and neutral ships trading with the enemy.
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German U-Boat torpedoes a British ship
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Air Combat
Airplanes initially used only for observation.
Enemy airplanes armed with machine guns to shoot down observation planes (dogfights).
Eventually planes used to drop bombs on enemy positions.
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SPAD VII
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Curtiss Jenny
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Short video
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Wrap-up
Why was a “war of attrition” used during WWI?
How did changes in military technology change the way wars are fought?
What effect might this war have on soldiers who survive the war?