What results can be used by decision makers and how ? - Lessons learnt in Germany Integrated Waste...

What results can be used by What results can be used by decision makers and how ?decision makers and how ?

- Lessons learnt in Germany- Lessons learnt in Germany

Integrated Waste Management & Integrated Waste Management & Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle Assessment

Workshop & ConferenceWorkshop & Conference

Prague13.-14. April 2004

Jürgen GiegrichJürgen Giegrich

LCA and policy makingLCA and policy making

1.1. Beverage container study I (product LCA)Beverage container study I (product LCA)2.2. LCA in waste management (tyres, refrigerators)LCA in waste management (tyres, refrigerators)3.3. LCA for graphical papers (mass flow analysis)LCA for graphical papers (mass flow analysis)4.4. LCA for recovery options of waste oilLCA for recovery options of waste oil5.5. Ecological and economic evaluation of recovery Ecological and economic evaluation of recovery

options for light weight packagingoptions for light weight packaging6.6. LCA on waste from sewage treatment plantsLCA on waste from sewage treatment plants7.7. Beverage container study II (product LCA)Beverage container study II (product LCA)8.8. Screening LCA for waste management options of Screening LCA for waste management options of

hazardous waste (solvents, electroplating sludge, iron hazardous waste (solvents, electroplating sludge, iron cast sands, oil separator waste)cast sands, oil separator waste)

9.9. LCA of waste management options for organic wasteLCA of waste management options for organic waste10.10. LCA of co-fermentation of organic waste with sewage LCA of co-fermentation of organic waste with sewage

sludgesludge

List of publicly commissioned LCAs in GermanyList of publicly commissioned LCAs in Germanywith waste management focus (since 1993):with waste management focus (since 1993):


The German Ministry of Environment needed The German Ministry of Environment needed arguments for the political discussion:arguments for the political discussion:

To To identify the environmentally most identify the environmentally most favourable recycling option for used oil.favourable recycling option for used oil.

Scientifical support for the political Scientifical support for the political decision making of implementing the EU decision making of implementing the EU waste oil directive into national legislation.waste oil directive into national legislation.

ObjectiveObjective


Scenarios:

1. Regeneration: Multi-step distillation, as practised in the mineral oil refinery Dollbergen (MRD). The plant produces base oils and fuel oils as by-products.

2. Fuel processing, as practised in the Baufeld mineral oil refinery in Chemnitz. The plant produces fuel oils, as specified in DIN 51603-4

3. High-pressure gasification, as practised in the Sekundärrohstoff-Verwertungszentrum Schwarze Pumpe (SVZ). The plant produces methanol and electricity.

4. Direct combustion in cement works replacing standard fuels used in normal operation


Impact categories

Global warming

(Cancerogenic pollutants: As, Cd, Cr-VI, Ni, PCDD/F, BaP as As-Equivalents)

(represented by hydro carbons in water effluents)

(Fossil energy ressources as Raw-Oil-Res.-Equiv.)

Summer smog

Acidification

Nutrification (terrestrial)

Human toxicity

Eco toxicity

Resource consumption

(CO2, CH4 N2O as CO2-Equivalents)

(NOx, VOC as NCPOCP)

(SO2, NOx, HCl, HF, NH3 as SO2-Equivalents)

(NOx, NH3 als PO43+-Equivalents)


Eq

uiva

lenc

y sy

stem

Re

cove

ry

syst

emSystem boundary Used OilUsed Oil

RegenerationRegeneration

base oilbase oilflux oilflux oil energyenergy

Thermal use of by productsThermal use of by products

ExploitationExploitation

Mineral oilMineral oil

base oilbase oilflux oilflux oil energyenergy

RefineryRefinery fuel oilfuel oil


Results of Impact assessment: Global warming

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

1 Base oil 2 Fuel oil 3 Methanol 4 cem. work

Impact of recovery

Impact of substituted equivalency system

kg C

O2-E

quiv

. pe

r 1

ton

of r

ecov

ere

d u

sed

oil


Results of Impact assessment: Resource consumption

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1 Base oil 2 Fuel oil 3 Methanol 4 cementwork

Impact of recovery

Impact of substituted equivalency system

kg

RO

E-E

quiv

. pe

r 1

ton

of

reco

vere

d us

ed

oil


Normalisation

Grouping

UBA Valuation method (according to ISO 14042)

Verbal argumentativeinterpretation

Calculation of the magnitude of the category indicator results relative to reference values (specific contribution). In this case, the total inventory of resource consumption and emissions in Germany was used as a reference.

Normalisation unit: Person equivalency value PEV

Ranking the impact categories in a given order of hierarchy, such as very high, high, medium, and low priority.


Normalisation and ranking

Person equivalent value

17.4 kg NCPOCP/aSummer smog

Global warming 13,024 kg CO2-Eq/a

Ranking„ecological priority“

C mediummedium

A very high

73.3

3.5

cancerogenic risk potential

Hydro carbons in effluents

fossil resources

Acidification

Eutrophication, terrestrial

Human toxicity

Eco toxicity

Resourceconsumption

C

C

A

mediummedium

mediummedium

very high

B

B

high

highkg SO2-Eq/a

kg PO43+-Eq/a

5.7 g As-Eq/a

52 g/a

2,382 kg RO-Eq/a


1 Base oil

2 Fuel oil

4 Cement work

Valuating the recovery options

3Methanol

The number of squares shows the difference difference to the most beneficial option (marked by ) in each case 1 square corresponds to 5.000 PEV (rounded) – Ranking: „very high“, „high“, „medium“,

Global warming

Summer smog

Acidification

Eutrophication

Human toxicity

Eco toxicity

Resourceconsumption

• •

• •

•

•


Title:Title:

LCA for recovery options of waste oil

Objective:Objective:

Comparison of different recovery options for waste oil; mainly comparison of reprocessing versus energy recovery (e.g. in cement kilns)

Political Consequences:Political Consequences:

German Government used the results of the LCA in the court case against Germany not complying with the waste oil directive. The directive states that waste oil must be reprocessed if facilities exist. The LCA results showed that some impact categories were in favour of energy recovery in cement kilns. No result of the court case known by now.

commissioned by:

BMU/UBA

conducted by:

ARCADIS, IFEU

year:

1997 - 1998

Similar study commissioned by the State of Lower Saxony conducted by ÖKOPOL; 1997


The federal states have the legal obligation to set up The federal states have the legal obligation to set up waste management plans for their area. The waste management plans for their area. The Environmental Ministry of Northrhine-Westphalia Environmental Ministry of Northrhine-Westphalia established plans for different waste streams:established plans for different waste streams:

Assessment of the environmentally better Assessment of the environmentally better treatment option for all waste streams from treatment option for all waste streams from sewage treatment plants in Northrhine -sewage treatment plants in Northrhine -Westphalia (with the emphasis on sewage Westphalia (with the emphasis on sewage sludge) as a basis for the federal state waste sludge) as a basis for the federal state waste management plan.management plan.

ObjectiveObjective


landspreadingin agriculture

recultivation of degraded land

incineration

dr. drying

compos-ting

sewage sludge3 % md

benefit:substitution of primary resources, products, processes

de-wateringauxiliaries, energy

auxiliaries, energy

auxiliaries, energy

auxiliaries, energy

auxiliaries, energy

sewage,waste

sewage,waste

sewage,waste

sewage,waste

sewage,waste

Inp

ut

fro

m t

he

en

viro

nm

en

t (m

ine

ral a

nd

fo

ssil

reso

urc

es)

Ou

tpu

t in

to t

he

en

viro

nm

en

t (e

mis

sio

ns

to a

ir,

wa

ter,

so

il)

System boundary


0

1

2

3

4

prim

ary

ener

gy u

se, f

ossi

l in

GJ

/ t D

S

transport

transfer

de-watering

drying

distribution

soil form.

auxiliary m.

landfilling

NP-fertilizer

P-fertilizer

K-fertilizer

Ca-fertilizer

Mg-fertilizer

lignite

electricity

agricultural recovery

recovery of degraded

land incineration

Parameter: primary energy use of the treatment options

recovery using wet sludge

credit (mineral fertilizer)

recovery using de-watered sludge credit

(mineral fertilizer)

soil formationmono

incineration

credit(electricity)

co-incineration in lignite power

plant

credit(lignite)


agricultural use use for degraded land mono incineration (fl. bed) co-incineration (power plant)

greenhouse effect (A)

summersmog (C)

eutrophication (terrestr.) (B)

eutrophication (aquat.) (C)

acidification (B)

cancerogenic risk (air) (A)(repr. human tox.)

mercury (air) (B)(repr. human tox.)

particles (B)(repr. human tox.)

lead input to soil (C)

cadmium input to soil (B)

fossile resources (C)

mineral resources (D)phosphate

landfill space (D)

edeutungSpez. Beitrag: 1 Quadrat entspricht 250.000 EDW (gerundet); Ökologische B sehr groß (A) groß (B) mittel (C) gering (D)

Unterschiede, die bei weniger als 125.000 EDW liegen werden durch Punkte kenntlich gemacht, die Anzahl der Punkte weist auf die Rangfolge hin.


agricultural use use for degraded land mono incineration co-incineration

greenhouse effect (A)

summersmog (C)

eutrophication (terrestr.) (B)

eutrophication (aquat.) (C)

acidification (B)

cancerogenic risk (air) (A)(repr. for human tox.)

mercury (air) (B)(repr. for human tox.)

particles (B)(repr. for human tox.)o

fossile resources

landfill space (D)

Spez. Beitrag: 1 Quadrat entspricht 10.000 EDW (gerundet); Ökologische B edeutung Unterschiede, die bei weniger als 5.000 EDW liegen werden durch Punkte kenntlich gemacht, die Anzahl der Punkte weist auf die Rangfolge hin.

sehr groß (A) groß (B) mittel (C) gering (D)


Conclusions of the study:

Agricultural recovery should be limited to the sludges with the lowest content of contaminants and in parallel a high content of available phosphate

In any other cases Incineration should have priority, while co-incineration should be accompanied by a highly efficient mercury scrubbing system

Use of sludges on degraded land should be avoided because it is connected with environmental disadvantages in all cases (exception: some applications with high quality demands for compost products)


Title:Title:

LCA of waste from sewage treatment plants


Comparison of different recovery and disposal options for sewage sludge, sand residues and bulky organic waste


The Ministry of Environment of NRW decided to incinerate sewage sludge completely based on the LCA results. Voluntary agreements with water treatment companies had been signed to shift from cheaper land spreading to incineration; LCA results were used by the Ministry to convince the companies. Follow-up study should by made after 5 years.

commissioned by:

MUNLV of NRW

conducted by:

IFEU

year:

1997 - 1999

Similar study commissioned by the State of Schleswig-Holstein conducted by IFEU; 2000Similar study commissioned by the State of Bavaria conducted by BIFA; 2000


The German Bundesrat took the following The German Bundesrat took the following decision (29 May 1998):decision (29 May 1998):

The collection and recovery of used The collection and recovery of used packaging material should be reconsi-packaging material should be reconsi-dered in order to ensure that only those dered in order to ensure that only those types of packaging wastetypes of packaging waste are integrated are integrated in the Dual System (DSD) which are in the Dual System (DSD) which are environmentally and economically environmentally and economically acceptableacceptable

ObjectiveObjective


Proportion of types of packaging to the annual total of light weight packaging

[%] [in t] [kg inhab-1]

aluminium 1,6 32.000 0,390 aluminium cont. compounds 0,8 16.000 0,195 liquid packaging board 7,9 158.000 1,927 plastic cups 5,6 112.000 1,366 plastic bottles 5 100.000 1,220 plastic foils < DIN A4 4,5 90.000 1,098 plastic foils > DIN A4 7,9 158.000 1,927 plastic compounds 0,8 16.000 0,195 other plastics 5,1 102.000 1,244 other paper cardboard pack. 1,2 24.000 0,293 comp. on basis of aluminum 1,2 24.000 0,293 tinplate 17,5 350.000 4,268 tinplate compounds 4,7 94.000 1,146 styrofoam 1,3 26.000 0,317 rest 34,9 698.000 8,512

sum 100 2.000.000 24,390


Options for recovery and disposalOptions for recovery and disposal abbreviationabbreviation

status quo of recovery SQ

optimized status of recovery SQopt

SORTEC (recovery) SORTEC

disposal (30 % incin./ 70 % landfill) Bes30/70

disposal by incineration Bes100

K.-Flaschen: Terrestrische Eutrophierung

0,00E+00

3,00E-01

6,00E-01

9,00E-01

kg

PO

4-Ä

qu

iva

len

te /

Mg

LV

P-V

erp

ac

ku

ng

sg

rup

pe

K.-Flaschen: Fotooxidantienbildung (NCPOCP)

0,00E+00

2,00E+00

4,00E+00

6,00E+00

kg

NO

x k

orr

. Eth

en

-Äq

uiv

ale

nte

/ M

g L

VP

-Ve

rpa

ck

un

gs

gru

pp

e

K.-Flaschen: Aquatische Eutrophierung

-3,00E-02

0,00E+00

3,00E-02

6,00E-02

9,00E-02

kg

PO

4-Ä

qu

iva

len

te /

Mg

LV

P-V

erp

ac

ku

ng

sg

rup

pe

System Gutschrift Netto

K.-Flaschen: Fotooxidantienbildung (NCPOCP)

-6,00E+00

-4,00E+00

-2,00E+00

0,00E+00

kg

NO

x k

orr

. Eth

en

-Äq

uiv

ale

nte

/ M

g L

VP

-Ve

rpa

ck

un

gs

gru

pp

e

System Gutschrift Netto


SQ vs Bes30/70 SQ vs Bes100 SQopt vs Bes100 SORTEC vs Bes100

Stand.-Opt. Stand.-Opt. Sens.-anal. Stand.-Opt. Stand.-Opt.

Aluminum ++ ++ ++ ++

Alu cont.comp. + + M-70: + + ++

Liq.pack.board ++ ++ ++ ++

Plastic cups

( )

( )

M-70: ~ SF-0,5: ~ ++ ++

Plastic bottles + + +++ ++

P-foils <A4 ( ) ( ) M-70: ~ + ++

P-foils >A4 + + + ++

Plastic comp. ( ) ( ) M-70: ~ ( ) +

other plastic ( ) ( ) M-70: ~ ++ ++

Paper/cardb. + ( ) M-70: ( ) ++ ++

Alu-compound + + ++ ++

Tinplaste +++ +++ +++ +++

Tinplate comp. + + + +

+ Recovery is environmentally better

++ Recovery is environmentally much better

+++ Recovery is environmentally very much better

( ) Minor envirnomental differences, advantage of recovery not obvious

~ Recovery and disposal environmentally equal

M-70 Sensitivity analysis with 70% energetic efficiency of incineration

SF-0,5 Sensitivity analysis with substitution factor 0,5

Concluding TableConcluding Table


Title:Title:

Ecological and economic evaluation of recovery options for light weight packaging (LWP)


Environmental and economic evaluation of the current status of recycling of different waste streams (article based) for LWP in Germany. Comparison of status quo, near-future situation and SORTEC technology with corresponding final disposal options (landfill, incineration, MBT)


The study had been triggered by the Bundesrat (council of Länder) to modify the German packaging regulation (e.g. small packaging out of Duales System). Federal Government and Länder used the study to support their point of view in political documents; no agreement.

commissioned by:

BMU/UBA, BLAK

conducted by:

HTP,IFEU

year:

1998 - 2000


• LCA of plastic material in household wasteLCA of plastic material in household waste by UBA and Plastic Industry Association (2001-2003)by UBA and Plastic Industry Association (2001-2003)

• LCA of co-incineration in industrial plantsLCA of co-incineration in industrial plants by MUNLV of NRW (2002-2004)by MUNLV of NRW (2002-2004)

List of ongoing LCA projects for the public sector:List of ongoing LCA projects for the public sector:

• LCA of different waste collection systemsLCA of different waste collection systems by MUNLV of NRW (2003-2004)by MUNLV of NRW (2003-2004)

• Evaluation of overall achievements of wasteEvaluation of overall achievements of waste policy in Germany during the last 15 years policy in Germany during the last 15 years and future perspectives and future perspectives by BMU/UBA (2003-2004)by BMU/UBA (2003-2004)

• Up-date of LCA for sewage sludge treatment inUp-date of LCA for sewage sludge treatment in North Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia by MUNLV of NRW (2003-2004)by MUNLV of NRW (2003-2004)

Final remarksFinal remarks

LCA is the only tool for waste management LCA is the only tool for waste management questions which address the whole system.questions which address the whole system.

So far in Germany there was no political or legal So far in Germany there was no political or legal need to use LCA at the level of municipalities, need to use LCA at the level of municipalities, counties or companies.counties or companies.

LCA has a system perspective and cannot easily LCA has a system perspective and cannot easily address local aspects. As a consequence LCA can address local aspects. As a consequence LCA can only support local decisions and other procedures only support local decisions and other procedures and tools are needed.and tools are needed.

It took 10 years, various examples of application It took 10 years, various examples of application and some supporters to introduce LCA more and some supporters to introduce LCA more generally in German policy making.generally in German policy making.

What results can be used by decision makers and how ? - Lessons learnt in Germany Integrated Waste...

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