What really is efficient lighting? Stefan Fassbinder Deutsches Kupferinstitut Am Bonneshof 5 D-40474...
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Transcript of What really is efficient lighting? Stefan Fassbinder Deutsches Kupferinstitut Am Bonneshof 5 D-40474...
What really isefficient lighting?Stefan FassbinderDeutsches KupferinstitutAm Bonneshof 5D-40474 DüsseldorfTel.: +49 211 4796-323Fax: +49 211 [email protected]
We can be contacted by: post phone fax e-mail internet online database, or personally
Commercial companies The skilled trades Industry R & D institutes Universities Artists and craftsmen Students Private individuals
The German Copper Institute,DKI, is the central informationand advisory service dealing with all uses of copper and copper alloys. We offer our services to:
There are basically tho ways of generating light:
The ‘wood hammer method’:
heating something up until it glows bright
The ‘scientific’ approaches:
exciting the electrons some other way
The efficiency of power electric devices and installations is usually given as a percentage.
Only with light this does not work.The efficacy of a light source is given inlumens per watt.
Theoretically, the most efficient light source has an energy efficiency of 683 lm/W. But this refers to monochromatic light with a wavelength of 555 nm. However, nobody appreciates such light (except perhaps on traffic lights).
With an ideal white light source 199 lm/W would correspond to an efficiency of 100%.
5
75%75% of all light is generated by of all light is generated by fluorescent lampsfluorescent lamps
These use These use 50%50% of the share of of the share of electricity used in lightingelectricity used in lighting
(whereas lighting in total uses 11% of (whereas lighting in total uses 11% of all electricity generation)all electricity generation)
Why use any ballasts at all?
Because otherwise the lamp will either not do anything at all – or it will go bang!
Behaviour of a 58 W fluorescent lamp connected to a d.c. supply
0V
20V
40V
60V
80V
100V
120V
140V
160V
180V
200V
0mA 400mA 800mA 1200mAI
U
MeasurementCalculationLinear component
There are two principles available:
1.1. Conventional Conventional magnetic ballastmagnetic ballast or or improved low-loss improved low-loss magnetic ballastmagnetic ballast
There are two principles available:
2. 2. Electronic ballastElectronic ballast
Along with it, a magneticballast also requires
• a starter
• and a compensation capacitor
whereas the capacitor provides little incentive for contentious debates...
...but as for the starter, there are ...but as for the starter, there are two alternatives again:two alternatives again:
The commonplace, generic,The commonplace, generic,widely used glow starters...widely used glow starters...
Starter
Lamp
Ballast
Light switch
Glow cathode Glow cathode
Glow discharge
pre-heating
Ignition operation
...and the less well known...and the less well knownelectronic starterselectronic starters
Electronic starter
Lamp
Ballast
Light switch
Glow cathode Glow cathode
Ballasts have an effect on three important areas:
Electronic lamp and ballast systems are usually very energy efficient
Magnetic ballasts are energy efficient if you choose a low-loss model and if you mind the operating conditions
Magnetic ballasts generate low harmonics levels
Magnetic ballasts are sensitive to voltage variances
Electronic ballasts are sensitive to spikes and surges
Electronic ballasts tend to cause HF disturbances
Magnetic ballasts generate a lot of reactive power but compensation is simple and cheap
Electronic ballasts generate ‘harmonic reactive power’ to a greater or lesser degree
Energy efficiencyEMC Reactive power
-350V
-250V
-150V
-50V
50V
150V
250V
350V
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
u
-1.0A
-0.5A
0.0A
0.5A
1.0A
i
Systems voltageLamp voltageCurrent
Are they EMC compliant?
The high inductance of a magnetic ballast suppresses current harmonics in theory...
...and in practice
0V
50V
100V
150V
200V
250V
300V
350V
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
u
0A
1A
2A
3A
i
0V
50V
100V
150V
200V
250V
300V
350V
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
u
0A
1A
2A
3A
i
0V
50V
100V
150V
200V
250V
300V
350V
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
u
0A
1A
2A
3A
i
Rectifiedline voltage
Capacitorvoltage
Rectifiedline current
What effects do CFLs and what effectsdid older electronic ballasts have on the mains?
All CFLs, electronic All CFLs, electronic ballasts up to 25 W ballasts up to 25 W and older electronic and older electronic
ballasts work like thisballasts work like this
And what about electronic ballasts rated over 25 W? Introduce electronic power factor correction (PFC)
0V
20V
40V
60V
80V
100V
120V
140V
160V
180V
200V
220V
0° 15° 30° 45°
u
0.0A
0.3A
0.6A
0.9A
1.2A
i
How effective is power factor correction (to EN 61000-3-2)?
Loading the neutral line
-3,2A
-2,4A
-1,6A
-0,8A
0,0A
0,8A
1,6A
2,4A
3,2A
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20mst
i
i(t) L1 i(t) L2 i(t) L3
with magnetic ballastswith CFL /
old electronic ballasts
-3,2A
-2,4A
-1,6A
-0,8A
0,0A
0,8A
1,6A
2,4A
3,2A
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t i
i(t) N
-3,2A
-2,4A
-1,6A
-0,8A
0,0A
0,8A
1,6A
2,4A
3,2A
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
i
i(t) L1
i(t) L2
i(t) L3
-3,2A
-2,4A
-1,6A
-0,8A
0,0A
0,8A
1,6A
2,4A
3,2A
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20mst
i
i(t) N
Summing the third harmonic
-150-100-50
050
100150
0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
L1
-150-100-50
050
100150
0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
L2
-150-100-50
050
100150
0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
L3
-450-400-350-300-250-200-150-100-50
050
100150200250300350400450
0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
f
i/î /
%
N
in the neutral wire
Physics dictates that at any moment in time the phase and neutral currents must sum to zero
HF EMC of electronic ballasts:
A spectrum analysis (according to:Bernd Steinkühler,
www.cp-institute.de)may help!
HF EMC of electronic ballasts:
A spectrum analysis (according to:Bernd Steinkühler,
www.cp-institute.de)may help!
HF EMC of electronic ballasts:
A spectrum analysis (according to:Martin Schauer,
www.elq.de)may help!
HF EMC ofelectronic ballasts:
Initial situation with LW transmitter
Lumilux Combi EL 18 W in operation
Old electronic ballast, 2*58 W
HF EMC ofelectronic ballasts:
New electronic ballast, 2*36 W
HF EMC ofmagnetic ballasts:
2 magnetic ballasts,
uncompensated
2 magnetic ballasts & parallel
compensation
HF EMC of compact fluorescent lamps:
CFL 15 W CFL 9 W
HF EMC in the reading hall of a library:
Light off Light on
HF EMC in the reading hall of a library:
Fundamental at≈60 kHz
Harmonics as multiples of this
EVG alter Bauart, 2*36W 0,04µTEVG neuer Bauart, 2*58W 0,04µTVVG unkompensiert, 2*58W 0,11µTVVG parallel kompensiert, 2*58W 0,11µTKompakt-Leuchtstofflampe M-LUX, 15W 0,04µTKompakt-Leuchtstofflampe P-s 830/2P, 9W 0,04µTLUMILUX COMBI EL, 18W 0,04µTAusgangssituation 0,04µT
Old-fashioned electronic ballast, 2*36 W 0,04µTRecent electronic ballast, 2*58 W 0,04µTMagnetic ballast, uncompensated, 2*58 W 0,11µT With parallel compensation, 2*58 W 0,11µTCompact fluorescent lamp M-LUX, 15 W 0,04µTCompact fluorescent lamp P-s 830/2P, 9 W 0,04µTLUMILUX COMBI EL, 18 W 0,04µTBasic situation (background noise) 0,04µT
LF EMC of MB and EB:
Measured values oflow frequency magnetic fields
Currently available ballasts >25 W
Old-style ballasts >25 W, all other electronic ballasts up to 25 W & CFLs
Apart from the price, the disadvantages of electronic ballasts are:
Sensitivity to transient power disturbances (surges)
HF emission which interferes with other HF devices
Sensitivity to mechanical vibrations
Problematic disposal
HarmonicsProblematic disposal
Compensation requirements of a 58 W lamp with a low-loss magnetic ballast:
VArWWVAPSQ 146)858()160( 2222
VAAVS 16067,0*230
Reactive power compen-sation is important and relatively simple to achieve
Reactive power depends very much on the configuration!
0VA
5VA
10VA
15VA
20VA
25VA
30VA
35VA
40VA
TC
-S 5
W
TC
-S 7
W
TC
-S 9
W
TC
-S 2
*5W
Tan
dem
TC
-S 1
1W
TC
-S 2
*7W
Tan
dem
TC
-S 2
*9W
Tan
dem
P;
Q
Lampenleistung (Messwerte)
Blindleistung (Messwerte)
0VA
5VA
10VA
15VA
20VA
25VA
30VA
35VA
40VA
TC
-S 5
W
TC
-S 7
W
TC
-S 9
W
TC
-S 2
*5W
Tan
dem
TC
-S 1
1W
TC
-S 2
*7W
Tan
dem
TC
-S 2
*9W
Tan
dem
P;
Q
Lamp power (measured)
Reactive power (measured)
Total lamp power rating – with the same ballast in each case!
Compensation is best done right at sourceas is the case in fluorescent lamps
either in a conventional
parallel configuration
or in the so-called lead-lag configuration
Two 58 W lamps with two ballasts and one capacitor
0Ω
50Ω
100Ω
150Ω
200Ω
250Ω
300Ω
350Ω
400Ω
450Ω
500Ω
40Hz 50Hz 60Hz 70Hz 80Hz 90Hz
f
Z
X(L)
X(C)
Z(ser)
Correctly dimensioned
RCu =13.8 L =878 mHC = 5.7 µF
22RLC )
2
12(Z CuR
fCfL
fC2
1XC
F2XL
Two 58 W lamps with two ballasts and one capacitor
0Ω
50Ω
100Ω
150Ω
200Ω
250Ω
300Ω
350Ω
400Ω
450Ω
500Ω
40Hz 50Hz 60Hz 70Hz 80Hz 90Hz
f
Z
X(L)
X(C)
Z(ser)
RCu =13.8 L =878 mHC = 6.8 µF
Dimensioning is 20% in error: Reactance is 32% in
error!
fC2
1XC
fL2XL
22RLC )
2
12(Z CuR
fCfL
58 W fluorescent lamp with a class B1 magnetic ballast
-350V
-300V
-250V
-200V
-150V
-100V
-50V
0V
50V
100V
150V
200V
250V
300V
350V
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
u
-1.4A
-1.2A
-1.0A
-0.8A
-0.6A
-0.4A
-0.2A
0.0A
0.2A
0.4A
0.6A
0.8A
1.0A
1.2A
1.4A
i
U
I(L)
Two 58 W lamps, one in series with a 5.3 µF capacitor
-350V
-300V
-250V
-200V
-150V
-100V
-50V
0V
50V
100V
150V
200V
250V
300V
350V
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
u
-1.4A
-1.2A
-1.0A
-0.8A
-0.6A
-0.4A
-0.2A
0.0A
0.2A
0.4A
0.6A
0.8A
1.0A
1.2A
1.4A
i
U
I(L)
I(C=5.25µF)
Two 58 W lamps, one in series with a 5.3 µF capacitor
-350V
-300V
-250V
-200V
-150V
-100V
-50V
0V
50V
100V
150V
200V
250V
300V
350V
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
u
-1.4A
-1.2A
-1.0A
-0.8A
-0.6A
-0.4A
-0.2A
0.0A
0.2A
0.4A
0.6A
0.8A
1.0A
1.2A
1.4A
i
U
I(L)
I(C=5.25µF)
I(L)+I(C=5.25µF)
Two 58 W lamps, one with a reduced (4.6µF) series capacitor
-350V
-300V
-250V
-200V
-150V
-100V
-50V
0V
50V
100V
150V
200V
250V
300V
350V
0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
u
-1.4A
-1.2A
-1.0A
-0.8A
-0.6A
-0.4A
-0.2A
0.0A
0.2A
0.4A
0.6A
0.8A
1.0A
1.2A
1.4A
i
U
I(L)
I(C=4µF)
I(L)+I(C=4µF)
0W
10W
20W
30W
40W
50W
60W
70W
110V 130V 150V 170V 190V 210V 230V 250V
U
PL
am
pe
mit VVG Klasse B1mit VVG Klasse B1 & C=5,3µF seriellmit VVG Klasse B1 & C=4,6µF seriell
0W
10W
20W
30W
40W
50W
60W
70W
110V 130V 150V 170V 190V 210V 230V 250V
U
PL
am
p
with B1 ballastwith B1 ballast & C=5.3µF series compensationwith B1 ballast & C=4.6µF series compensation
Better voltage stability can be achieved with series compensation
Risk with parallel compensation:
Higher frequencies cause capacitor to overload, as shown here for an 11 W fluorescent lamp with magnetic ballast
Lampen-Nennleistung
Maximale Leistungs-Aufnahme Lampe mit Vorschaltgerät
GB 17896-1999 (China) min.
50Hz (KVG/ VVG)
HF (EVG)
Klasse D
Klasse C
Klasse B2
Klasse B1
Klasse A3
Klasse A2
15W 14W >25W 25W 23W 21W 18W 16W18W 16W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W30W 24W >40W 40W 38W 36W 33W 31W36W 32W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W38W 32W >47W 47W 45W 43W 40W 38W58W 50W >70W 70W 67W 64W 59W 55W70W 60W >83W 83W 80W 77W 72W 68W
Lamp power rating
Maximum input power of ballast & lamp circuitsGB 17896-1999
(China) min.50Hz (mag-netic)
HF (elec-tronic)
ClassD
ClassC
ClassB2
ClassB1
ClassA3
ClassA2
15W 14W >25W 25W 23W 21W 18W 16W18W 16W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W30W 24W >40W 40W 38W 36W 33W 31W36W 32W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W38W 32W >47W 47W 45W 43W 40W 38W58W 50W >70W 70W 67W 64W 59W 55W70W 60W >83W 83W 80W 77W 72W 68W
And how about energy efficiency?Standards from the EU Commission
Attention: Do not confuse!
≠
Efficiency label for ballasts and efficiency label for household appliances
EU‘s initial Directive 2000/55/EG:
Stated objective of the final document of September 2000:
'This Directive aims at reducing energy consumption … by moving gradually away from the less efficient ballasts, and towards the more efficient ballasts which may also offer extensive energy-saving features.'
Stated objective of April 2000 draft:
'The overall aim of this Directive is to move gradually away from the less efficient magnetic ballasts, and towards the more efficient electronic ballasts which may also offer extensive energy-saving features, such as dimming'Amendment in May 2000 document:
'Any other measure judged appropriate to improve the inherent energy efficiency of ballasts and to encourage the use of energy-saving lighting control systems should be considered.'
Objective of 1999/0127 draft document in June 1999:'The present proposal would accelerate the transitionof the Community industry towards the production ofelectronic ballasts'
So why is lamp efficiency better when operated with an electronic ballast?
Is it the high frequency or rather the current waveform?
U 190.0V 230.0V 190.0V 230.0V
U Lamp 136.0V 111.8V 137.2V 113.6V
I 328.0mA 622.0mA 314.0mA 596.0mA
P tot 38.0W 69.0W 35.4W 61.4W
P Lamp 33.7W 54.7W 32.9W 53.4W
P Ballast 4.3W 14.4W 2.4W 8.0W
Class C magnetic ballast
Class B1 magnetic ballast
Behaviour of a 58 W fluorescent lamp connected to a d.c. supply
0V
20V
40V
60V
80V
100V
120V
140V
160V
180V
200V
0mA 200mA 400mA 600mA 800mA 1000mA 1200mA
i
u
Measurement
Calculation
U 190.0V 230.0V 190.0V 230.0V
U Lamp 136.0V 111.8V 137.2V 113.6V
I 328.0mA 622.0mA 314.0mA 596.0mA
P tot 38.0W 69.0W 35.4W 61.4W
P Lamp 33.7W 54.7W 32.9W 53.4W
P Ballast 4.3W 14.4W 2.4W 8.0W 3196.7lm 5032.7lm 3157.4lm 4951.7lm
Class C magnetic ballast
Class B1 magnetic ballast
U 82.6% 100.0% 82.6% 100.0%
U Lamp 121.6% 100.0% 120.8% 100.0%
I 52.7% 100.0% 52.7% 100.0%
P tot 55.1% 100.0% 57.7% 100.0%
P Lamp 61.7% 100.0% 61.7% 100.0%
P Ballast 29.8% 100.0% 30.5% 100.0% 63.5% 100.0% 63.8% 100.0%
Class C magnetic ballast
Class B1 magnetic ballast
At that time, the EU Commission could not have known about ...
... the other means of improving efficiency
Metering results at full and reduced voltage
So magnetic ballasts can bemore efficient than electronic ones!
Lichtausbeute über Systemspannung
60lm/W
65lm/W
70lm/W
75lm/W
80lm/W
85lm/W
90lm/W
190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V
Systemspannung
Lich
t-A
usbe
ute
58W KVG Siemens Typ LZ 6561, EEI Klasse D58W KVG Vossloh-Schwabe L58.112, EEI Klasse C58W VVG Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.527, EEI Klasse B258W VVG Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512, EEI Klasse B158W EVG Tridonic PC58 E011, EEI Klasse A3
Light efficiency against system voltage
60lm/W
65lm/W
70lm/W
75lm/W
80lm/W
85lm/W
90lm/W
190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V
System voltage
Ligh
t ef
ficie
ncy
65W conventional magnetic ballast Siemens type LZ 6561, EEI class D
58W Vossloh-Schwabe L58.112 standard magnetic ballast, EEI class C
58W Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.527 low-loss magnetic ballast, EEI class B2
58W Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512 low-loss magnetic ballast, EEI class B1
58W electronic ballast Tridonic PC58 E011, EEI class A3
The practice of the old Directive:
The theory of the old Directive:
58 W (magnetic) = 50 W (electronic)?or (systems power):67 W (B2) = 55 W (A2)?
Deviceunder U P tot PLamp Φ h
tot
test V W W lm lm/W
220.0 56.24 49.70 4662 82.89
Rated voltage 230.0 61.42 53.36 4952 80.62
240.0 66.40 56.72 5198 78.28
Rated power 244.0 68.53 58.00 5306 77.42
220.0 54.85 4723 86.12
Rated voltage 230.0 54.80 4718 86.10
240.0 54.86 4724 86.11
250.0 54.72 4723 86.32
58W class A3 electronic
ballast
58W class B1 magnetic
ballast
Values measured by DIAL
Lamp power rating
Maximum input power of ballast & lamp circuitsGB 17896-1999
(China) min.50Hz (mag-netic)
HF (elec-tronic)
ClassD
ClassC
ClassB2
ClassB1
ClassA3
ClassA2
15W 14W >25W 25W 23W 21W 18W 16W18W 16W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W30W 24W >40W 40W 38W 36W 33W 31W36W 32W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W38W 32W >47W 47W 45W 43W 40W 38W58W 50W >70W 70W 67W 64W 59W 55W70W 60W >83W 83W 80W 77W 72W 68W
30W
40W
50W
60W
70W
190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V
U
P Syst
3000lm
4000lm
5000lm
6000lm
7000lm
Φ
Power input magnetic ballast
Power input electronic ballast
Light output magnetic ballast
Light output electronic ballast
Practice of the old Directive:
ΔP ≈ 2.5 W
ΔΦ ≈ 4%
Φmag = Φelec
Pmag
Pelec
230V
New Directive 245/2009(implementing Directive 2005/32/EU• Separate assessment of lamp and ballast(finally also minimum efficiencies for lamps!)
• Equal limit values for magnetic and electronic ballasts, now defined by formula:
• Identical measurement procedures for both magnetic and electronic ballasts
• Measured at equal light outputs• Limit values for standby losses of dimmable ballasts
13638
36*2
LampLamp
Lamp
PP
Ph
Table of new classesTable 17 of Directive 2005/32/EC – Energy efficiency index requirements for
non-dimmable ballasts for fluorescent lampsLamp data Ballast efficiency (PLamp/P input) – non-dimmable
Lamp type
Nominal wattage
Rated / typical wattage
EEI class (for stages 1 and 2)EBb FL
(for stage 3)50Hz HF B2 B1 A3 A2 A2 BAT 50Hz HF
T8 18W 18.0W 16.0W 65.8% 71.3% 76.2% 84.2% 87.7% 84.1% 83.2%T8 30W 30.0W 24.0W 75.0% 79.2% 72.7% 77.4% 82.1% 87.0% 85.8%T8 36W 36.0W 32.0W 79.5% 83.4% 84.2% 88.9% 91.4% 87.8% 87.3%T8 38W 38.5W 32.0W 80.4% 84.1% 80.0% 84.2% 87.7% 88.1% 87.3%T8 58W 58.0W 50.0W 82.2% 86.1% 84.7% 90.9% 93.0% 89.6% 89.1%T8 70W 69.5W 60.0W 83.1% 86.3% 83.3% 88.2% 90.9% 90.1% 89.7%T5-E 14W --- 13.7W --- --- 72.1% 80.6% 84.7% --- 82.1%T5-E 21W --- 20.7W --- --- 79.6% 86.3% 89.3% --- 85.0%T5-E 24W --- 22.5W --- --- 80.4% 86.5% 89.6% --- 85.5%T5-E 28W --- 27.8W --- --- 81.8% 86.9% 89.8% --- 86.6%T5-E 35W --- 34.7W --- --- 82.6% 89.0% 91.5% --- 87.6%T5-E 39W --- 38.0W --- --- 82.6% 88.4% 91.0% --- 88.0%T5-E 49W --- 49.3W --- --- 84.6% 89.2% 91.6% --- 89.0%T5-E 54W --- 53.8W --- --- 85.4% 89.7% 92.0% --- 89.3%T5-E 80W --- 80.0W --- --- 87.0% 90.9% 93.0% --- 90.5%T5-E 95W --- 95.0W --- --- 84.1% 90.5% 92.7% --- 90.9%
Table of old and new classesTable 17 of EU-Directive 245/2009 – Energy
efficiency index requirements for non-dimmable ballasts for fluorescent lamps
Lamp data Ballast efficiency (P Lamp/P input)
Lamp type
Nom. power
EEI class (for stages 1 and 2)
B2 B1 A3 A2 B2 B1 A3 A2T8 18W 65.8% 71.3% 76.2% 84.2% 69.2% 75.0% 76.2% 84.2%T8 30W 75.0% 79.2% 72.7% 77.4% 78.9% 83.3% 72.7% 77.4%T8 36W 79.5% 83.4% 84.2% 88.9% 83.7% 87.8% 84.2% 88.9%T8 38W 80.4% 84.1% 80.0% 84.2% 85.6% 89.5% 80.0% 84.2%T8 58W 82.2% 86.1% 84.7% 90.9% 86.6% 90.6% 84.7% 90.9%T8 70W 83.1% 86.3% 83.3% 88.2% 86.9% 90.3% 83.3% 88.2%T5-E 21W --- --- 79.6% 86.3% --- --- 79.6% 86.3%T5-E 28W --- --- 81.8% 86.9% --- --- 81.8% 86.9%T5-E 35W --- --- 82.6% 89.0% --- --- 82.6% 89.0%T5-E 39W --- --- 82.6% 88.4% --- --- 82.6% 88.4%T5-E 49W --- --- 84.6% 89.2% --- --- 85.0% 89.6%T5-E 54W --- --- 85.4% 89.7% --- --- 85.4% 89.7%T5-E 80W --- --- 87.0% 90.9% --- --- 87.0% 90.9%TC-DD 55W --- --- 84.6% 90.2%
Conversion from the old values in the Directive
2000/55/EC into efficiencies according to the new
Directive 245/2009
Plot of new classesBallast efficiencies according to 2005/32/EU
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0W 20W 40W 60W 80W 100W 120W
Rated power
η
EBbFLA2 BATA2A3B1B2
The bone of contention with the voltage reduction tech-nique: The lamps' lifetimeProducers of voltage reduction plant speak about 33% ... 50% longer lamp life. The lamp and luminaire section of the electrical industry's trade asso-ciation www.zvei.org/lampen points out, the lamp life might also be shortened because the optimal filament temperature is not reached.
Many ballasts are rated for operation with a variety of different lamp types.
The optimal configuration of ballast and lamp(s) takes crucial influence!
• Apply tandem connection,wherever possible!
• For different types of lamps with equal power ratings: Greater lamp voltage drop (i. e. accordingly smaller current) results in both lower active power loss and less reactive power
• Greater rated lamp power operated on the same ballast yields better efficiency
Rules of thumb for selecting optimal combinations:
The efficiency strongly depends on the configuration!
0W
2W
4W
6W
8W
10W
12WT
C-S
5W
TC
-S 7
W
TC
-S 9
W
TC
-S 2
*5W
Tan
dem
TC
-S 1
1W
TC
-S 2
*7W
Tan
dem
TC
-S 2
*9W
Tan
dem
P
Lamp power (measured)
Ballast power loss
Total lamp power rating – always with the same ballast!
Lousyefficiency
Theefficiency stronglydependson the configuration!
Limitedefficiency
Theefficiency stronglydependson the configuration!
Fairefficiency
Theefficiency stronglydependson the configuration!
Excellentefficiency
Theefficiency stronglydependson the configuration!
Is a tandem more efficient?
9 W
9 W9 W3.2 W
5.1 W
Measured:8.2 W 560 lm
Measured:13.5 W 930 lm
Yes, this one is!
The efficiency strongly depends on the configuration!
0W3W6W9W
12W15W18W21W24W27W30W33W
TC
-S 2
*9W
Tan
dem
T8,
18W
,K
l. C
T8,
18W
,K
l. B
1
TC
-D,
18W
,K
l. B
1
T8,
2*1
8WT
ande
m,
Kl.
C
T8,
2*1
8WT
ande
m,
Kl.
B2
T8,
2*1
8WT
ande
m,
Kl.
B1
P Lamp power (measured)
Ballast power loss (measured)
Total lamp power rating – with different ballasts
Type(device con- U P tot PBall PLamp I U Ball U Lamp Φ h
Lamph
tot S tot Q tot PLoss
under test) ditions V W W W mA V V lm lm/W lm/W VA Var P tot
207.2 3.43 --- --- 29.7 --- --- 159.1 --- 46.39 6.2 5.1 ---
Rated voltage 230.0 3.86 --- --- 30.6 --- --- 172.9 --- 44.79 7.0 5.9 ---
253.1 4.30 --- --- 31.5 --- --- 183.8 --- 42.75 8.0 6.7 ---
207.1 9.59 --- --- 98.7 --- --- 479.6 --- 50.01 20.4 18.1 ---
Rated voltage 230.0 10.82 --- --- 102.6 --- --- 504.8 --- 46.66 23.6 21.0 ---
252.9 12.04 --- --- 106.5 --- --- 529.0 --- 43.93 26.9 24.1 ---
207.4 10.52 --- --- 78.0 --- --- 593.3 --- 56.40 16.2 12.3 ---
Rated voltage 230.3 11.80 --- --- 80.1 --- --- 657.9 --- 55.75 18.4 14.2 ---
253.3 13.02 --- --- 81.9 --- --- 706.4 --- 54.26 20.7 16.2 ---
207.0 11.05 3.70 7.40 150.0 190.8 58.5 509.0 68.79 46.07 31.1 29.0 33.5%
Rated voltage 230.0 13.29 5.10 8.20 176.0 215.3 56.4 559.9 68.28 42.13 40.5 38.2 38.4%
253.0 16.47 7.30 9.20 212.0 239.2 53.9 612.6 66.59 37.20 53.6 51.0 44.3%
2*Dulux S Rated voltage 230.0 16.64 3.20 13.50 136.6 182.6 119.2 928.4 68.77 55.79 31.4 26.6 19.2%
Metering Calculated valuesMeasurements DIAL
CFL Megaman
4W
CFL Action Sunlight 11W
CFL Osram Dulux EL
11W
Osram Dulux S 9W
Results in detail:
Measurements of electrical and light data of some small fluorescent lamps, done by www.dial.de
Single mode with mediocre magnetic ballast places 12% overload on 5 W TC-S lamp and turns out very poor:50% electrical losses!
Essence out of this:
Single mode with same ballast places only 91% of rated power on 9 W TC-S lamp and is 90% as efficient as cheap CFL, only 75% as efficient as high-end CFL
Tandem mode of 2*9 W TC-S lamps with same mediocre magnetic ballast turns out equivalent to a high-end electronic CFL and 25% more efficient than cheap CFL!
Tandem mode of 2*9 W TC-S lamps turns out 50% more efficient than single mode
Tandem mode of 2*9 W TC-S lamps places only 75% of rated electrical load on the lamp
Type(device con- U P tot PBall PLamp I U Ball U Lamp Φ h
Lamph
tot S tot Q tot PLoss
under test) ditions V W W W mA V V lm lm/W lm/W VA Var P tot
207.0 19.10 98.4 1382 72.34 20.4 7.1
Rated voltage 230.0 19.13 90.6 1381 72.19 20.8 8.3
253.0 19.10 85.0 1383 72.41 21.5 9.9
207.0 20.96 4.70 16.23 304.7 186.6 62.7 1195 73.65 57.03 63.1 59.5 22.4%
Rated voltage 230.0 24.47 6.24 18.21 354.6 211.2 60.6 1320 72.50 53.95 81.6 77.8 25.5%
Φ mag=Φ elec 241.7 26.18 7.21 18.94 382.2 223.8 59.0 1381 72.91 52.75 92.4 88.6 27.5%
253.0 28.19 8.22 19.94 410.6 235.5 58.2 1438 72.13 51.02 103.9 100.0 29.2%
207.0 36.59 181.0 2816 76.96 37.5 8.1
Rated voltage 230.0 36.58 164.2 2817 77.00 37.8 9.4
253.0 36.53 149.7 2815 77.07 37.9 10.0
207.0 33.70 3.33 30.37 296.0 146.9 62.2 2330 76.72 69.14 61.3 51.2 9.9%
Rated voltage 230.0 42.24 5.34 36.90 379.0 179.2 58.6 2809 76.12 66.50 87.2 76.3 12.6%
Φ mag=Φ elec 230.8 42.70 5.58 37.12 387.0 180.9 57.9 2817 75.90 65.98 89.3 78.5 13.1%
253.0 50.48 8.20 42.28 473.0 208.7 54.5 3169 74.95 62.77 119.7 108.5 16.2%
207.0 16.09 78.5 1064 66.13 16.2 2.3
Rated voltage 230.0 17.75 78.2 1173 66.11 18.0 2.9
253.0 19.84 79.8 1276 64.34 20.2 3.7
207.0 17.71 3.33 14.40 165.7 165.6 107.4 982 68.19 55.44 34.3 29.4 18.8%
Rated voltage 230.0 21.69 4.96 16.70 204.7 195.1 101.7 1117 66.87 51.48 47.1 41.8 22.9%
Φ mag=Φ elec 241.4 23.86 6.01 17.80 225.7 208.9 99.0 1173 65.93 49.18 54.5 49.0 25.2%
253.0 26.53 7.48 19.05 250.5 222.4 96.5 1229 64.51 46.32 63.4 57.6 28.2%
Metering Calculated valuesMeasurements DIAL
18W TC-D lampelectronic ballast
Osram QT-T/E, EEI=A2
18W TC-D lampmagnetic ballast
VS 508922, EEI=A2
18W T8 lampelectronic ballast
VS 188314, EEI=A2
18W T8 lampmagnetic ballast
VS 164572, EEI=B1
2*18W T8 lampselectronic ballast
VS 188316, EEI=A2
2*18W T8 lampsmagnetic ballast
Helvar L36, EEI=B1
Results in detail:
18 W lamps, single and tandem modes
Is a tandem more efficient?
36 W
18 W18 W5.34 W
5.87 W
3200 lm
2*1400 lm
This one is not
At 230 V operating voltage each:18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 24.47 W18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast 19.13 W18 W TC-D lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 21.69 W18 W TC-D lamp with electronic A2 ballast 17.75 W
Essence out of this – single mode:
At adjusted voltage to yield equal light outputs (241.5 V):18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 26.18 W18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast 19.13 W18 W TC-D lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 23.86 W18 W TC-D lamp with electronic A2 ballast 17.75 W
Note: Both the magnetic and the electronic T8 ballasts fail to comply with alleged classes B1 and A2, respectively!
Both of the TC-D ballasts, however, do very well comply.
Lamp power rating
Maximum input power of ballast & lamp circuitsGB 17896-1999
(China) min.50Hz (mag-netic)
HF (elec-tronic)
ClassD
ClassC
ClassB2
ClassB1
ClassA3
ClassA2
5W 4.5W >14W 14W 12W 10W 8W 7W7W 6.5W >16W 16W 14W 12W 10W 9W9W 8.0W >18W 18W 16W 14W 12W 11W
11W 11.0W >20W 20W 18W 16W 14W 14W18W 16.5W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W36W 32.0W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W
Essence out of this – tandem mode:
At 230 V operating voltage each:2*18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 42.24 W2*18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast 36.39 W
At adjusted voltage to yield equal light output (230.8 V):2*18 W T8 lamp with magnetic B1 ballast 42.70 W2*18 W T8 lamp with electronic A2 ballast 36.39 W
Note: Both the magnetic tandem and the electronic twin ballast by far comply with labelled classes B1 and A2, respectively!
ordinary magnetic magnetic low loss electronic (warm start)
D C B2 B1 A3 A2 A1
Relco (2002) 4.54€ 24.78€ 60.73€
Vossloh-Schwabe (2003) 8.50€ 13.50€ 55.50€ 106.50€
Vossloh-Schwabe (2008) 13.94€ 14.56€ 33.00€ 50.00€ 106.50€
Vossloh-Schwabe twin electronic ballast (2008) 37.00€
Payback periods (based on above Vossloh-Schwabe prices)
Intensity of use 3000 h/a Rated Measurement at
Electricity price 0.12 €/kWh values U =U N Φ M=Φ E
2.31a 1.84a 1.87a
0.57a 0.87a 0.87a
4.54a 4.80a 9.06a
5.69a 7.74a 35.14a
7.69a
10.94a
Replacing a class C magnetic with a class B1 magnetic ballast
Catalogue prices for a230 V, 50 Hz, 58 W ballast
Replacing a class B2 magnetic with a class B1 magnetic ballast
Replacing a class C magnetic with a class A2 electronic ballast
Replacing a class B1 magnetic with a class A2 electronic ballast
Replacing a class C magnetic with a class A3 electronic ballast
Replacing a class B1 magnetic with a class A3 electronic ballast
Reservation to be made here:
Be careful with catalogue prices!
A realistic approach, however, might look like this:
76
What pays off, what doesn‘t?
Electricity price
5c/kWh 10c/kWh 20c/kWh
With equal line voltage:Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W T8 lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 3745h 1873h 936h
Replacing tandem magnetic B1 ballast for 2*18W T8 lampswith electronic A2 twin ballast saves 1€ in 3534h 1767h 883h
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W TC-D lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 5076h 2538h 1269h
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 58W T8 lampwith electronic A3 ballast saves 1€ in 3021h 1511h 755h
With equal light output:
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W T8 lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 2837h 1418h 709h
Replacing tandem magnetic B1 ballast for 2*18W T8 lampswith electronic A2 twin ballast saves 1€ in 3268h 1634h 817h
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W TC-D lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 3273h 1637h 818h
Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 58W T8 lampwith electronic A3 ballast saves 1€ in 9418h 4709h 2355h
How long does it take to save 1€ of electricity costs?
But looking at the old Directive 2000/55/EUyou find the following:
T8 lamp with a class B1 MB:Systems power rating 64 WLamp power rating 58 WBallast power loss 6 Wwhich makes 9.4%
T5 lamp with class A3 EB:Systems power rating 63 WLamp power rating 54 WBallast power loss 9 Wwhich makes 16.7%
78
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
1.
Electronic ballasts have lower losses than magnetic ballasts
0W
25W
50W
75W
D C B2 B1 A3 A2 A1
Pmax
T8 lamp 58W according to 2000/55/ECLamp powerBallast loss
2.
The luminaire performs a better overall efficiency – not solely because of the lower ballast losses also due to the better lamp efficiency with high frequency operation (about 20 kHz to 60 kHz). Accordingly, the lamp is fed with a lower electric power.
But unfortunately
the old Directive only gave the absolute electrical values, irrespective of the real brightness of the lamp, which, after all, is 4% lower with an electronic ballast.
And:
The actual practical design of all classes of magnetic ballasts today deviates substantially from the ratings.
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
Nominallamp power
Maximum input power of ballast and lamp circuits(ratings according to 2000/55/EU)
Max. catalogue data found
50Hz (mag-netic)
HF (elec-tronic)
ClassD
ClassC
ClassB2
ClassB1
ClassA3
ClassA2
15W 14W >25W 25W 23W 21W 18W 16W
18W 16W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W
30W 24W >40W 40W 38W 36W 33W 31W
36W 32W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W
38W 32W >47W 47W 45W 43W 40W 38W
58W 50W >70W 70W 67W 64W 59W 55W
70W 60W >83W 83W 80W 77W 72W 68W
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
3.
The 100-Hz light flicker is abandoned with this high lamp operating frequency.
However:
There would be no mention of the flicker if ZVEI did not intend to abolish the well-proven lead-lag com-pensation of reactive power with fluorescent lamps. The arguments are not based on the principle but on an excessive rating of the compensation capacitance.?
Oh, by the way:
Don't they praise the 100 Hz technique as a flicker free progress with TV sets?
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
4.
Most electronic ballasts perform warm start capability (cathode pre-heating before firing), reducing lamp wear.
However:
Beware of overaged news!
The warm start capability may come as an extra with extra price premium to the electronic ballast; with magnetic ballasts it has always come indispensably by default, ever since fluorescent lighting has been around. There is no other way!
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
5.
Modern electronic ballasts usually provide the so-called cut-off technology (switching off the cathode heating after firing), which reduces lamp wear and saves even more energy.
However:
Beware of even more over-aged news!
The cut-off capability may come as an extra with extra price premium to the electronic ballast; with magnetic ballasts it has always come indispensably by default, ever since fluorescent lighting has been around. There is no other way!
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
6.
The lifetime expectancy of the fluorescent lamps is about 30% longer – provided the electronic ballasts perform the so-called warm start.
However:
Lifetime tests on fluorescent lamps are carried out with common glow starters instead of the advanced electronic starters when magnetic ballasts are applied. This way, one starting process is replaced with several starting attempts, while the number of starts is mentioned as a crucial ageing factor.
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
7.
Electronic ballasts are also available with instant start feature.
However:
When electronic ballasts are praised as providing ‘imme-diate start capability’, this means that the extra cost for the warm start capability has been omitted. Fortunately this is impossible with magnetic ballasts! The lamps will be grateful for this. As a compromise there are very fast acting electronic starters available, firing within 0.5s.
85
10 trumps of electronic ballasts read like:
• It is equipped with spark plugs
• It is equipped with a carburetor
• Does not require any spark plugs
• Does not require a carburetor
The advantages of the diesel engine:
The advantages of the petrol engine:
Whereas the carburetor is coming very much of age.
This is why the comparison fits all too well!
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
8.
Defective lamps are shut off automatically instead of harassing employees by permanent flashing of vain restart attempts (and even driving the ballast losses up above normal level on top of that, doing so).
However:
With magnetic ballasts together with electronic starters there are not any vain restart attempts of defective lamps either.
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
9.
Electronic ballasts facilitate the use of the even more efficient T5 lamps, working with electronic ballasts only.
So what is this then?
?
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
9.
Electronic ballasts facilitate the use of the even more efficient T5 lamps, working with electronic ballasts only.
Oh well,
there are T5 lamps and T5 lamps. Depends on whether they are labelled HE or HO.
Comparison of T5 and T8 fluorescent lampsLamp T5 »HE« T8 (measured values) T5 »HO« (catalog values)Length 1449mm 1500mm 1449mm
Power rating 35W 58W 49W 80Woperated with El. ball. (HF) Magnetic ballast (50Hz) Electronic ballast (HF)Rated system
power42W (A3)39W (A2)
---67W (B2)64W (B1)
---58W (A3)55W (A2)
92W (A3)88W (A2)
Measured lamp power
--- 49W 53W 58W --- ---
Measured system power
--- 55W 61W 69W --- ---
System voltage 207V...253V 217V 230V 244V 207V...253V 207V...253VLight flux 3300lm 4596lm 4951lm 5305lm 4300lm 6150lm
System light efficacy
79lm/W (A3)85lm/W (A2)
84lm/W (B1, measured)
81lm/W (B1, measured)
77lm/W (B1, measured)
74lm/W (A3)78lm/W (A2)
67lm/W (A3)70lm/W (A2)
Consequently it now says in the new Directive:
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
9.
Electronic ballasts facilitate the use of the even more efficient T5 lamps, working with electronic ballasts only.
Inconsequently, though, it now also gives some strange
“Second stage requirements“ in the new Directive:“The requirements applicable to double capped fluorescent
lamps 26mm in diameter (T8) during the first stage shall apply to all double capped fluorescent lamps of other dia-meters than those covered in the first stage” (16mm, 26mm).
So all lamps are equal! – All of them? No! If its diameter equals 16 mm a lamp need not be efficient; to all other lamps strict limits (those for T8 lamps) apply!
Table 1 of EU-Directive 245/2009 – minimum rated luminous lamp efficacies, 100 h initial values for T8 and T5 lamps
T5 (16 mm Ø)HE (High Efficiency) HO (High Output)
Nominal wattage
Luminous efficacy
Nominal wattage
Luminous efficacy
Nominal wattage
Luminous efficacy
15W 63lm/W 14W 86lm/W 24W 73lm/W18W 75lm/W 21W 90lm/W 39W 79lm/W25W 76lm/W 28W 93lm/W 49W 88lm/W30W 80lm/W 35W 94lm/W 54W 82lm/W36W 93lm/W 80W 77lm/W38W 87lm/W58W 90lm/W70W 89lm/W
T8 (26 mm Ø)
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
10.
By means of dimmability and eventual electronic lighting controls, say daylight adaptability, electronic ballasts may lead to additional energy savings.
However:
Only 9% of all electronic ballast are dimmable. Rather, dimmbability doubles the price again, and dimmable electronic ballasts require a control cable on top of the power cable. The power cable has to remain permanently energized, so that the electronics is able to receive signals.
10 trumps of electronic ballasts
No. 11 out of 10:
Electronic ballasts have a lobby, magnetic ones have none.
But why is this?
All producers of magnetic ballasts also produce electronic ones at some other site.
Catalogue price
Lifetime expectancy
Turnover per duty time
electronic 50.00 € ≤ 50,000 h 1.00€/1000h
magnetic 15.00 € > 300,000 h 0.05€/1000h
92
Strange developmentof lamp prices:Cross subsidies on account of business policies?
Osram PhilipsGermany Italy Austria
Type / rating 2003 2009 2008 2009 2009T8 basic 58W 2.62 € 3.65 € 6.05 € 6.66 € 0.00 €T8 tri-phosphor 36W 4.17 € 10.07 € 6.07 € 5.04 €T8 tri-phosphor 58W 4.78 € 10.95 € 6.09 € 8.09 € 5.68 €T5 HO 49W 8.88 € 6.17 € 14.03 € 14.03 € 5.22 €T5 HO 54W 8.06 € 5.68 € 13.98 € 14.40 € 5.22 €T5 HO 80W 9.78 € 6.60 € 14.89 € 15.61 € 6.66 €
Lamp
No talk at all of the disadvantages:Frequent reliability problems
Electronic ballast failures at Electronic ballast failures at Paderborn-Lippstadt airportPaderborn-Lippstadt airport
Electronic ballast failuresElectronic ballast failures
in just one yearin just one year
Electronic ballast failures at ETH ZürichElectronic ballast failures at ETH Zürich
96
Electronic ballast failures with E.ONElectronic ballast failures with E.ONin Düsseldorfin Düsseldorf
1100 pieces installed – after half a year already 400 pieces 1100 pieces installed – after half a year already 400 pieces had failed. Each and every time it was the filter capacitor.had failed. Each and every time it was the filter capacitor.
HF superimposition from other ballasts on the mains (?)HF superimposition from other ballasts on the mains (?)
Howsoever – they have now all been replaced by magneticsHowsoever – they have now all been replaced by magnetics
that it is not thethat it is not thelamps which are defectivelamps which are defectivebut rather their commom but rather their commom electronic twin ballast has failedelectronic twin ballast has failed
Each time 2 lamps located Each time 2 lamps located side by side fail youside by side fail you
may assumemay assume
Electronic ballast failures atElectronic ballast failures atBiberachBiberach University of Applied Sciences University of Applied Sciences
on a baker‘s shopon a baker‘s shop
Electronic ballast failuresat Dortmund principal railway stationat Dortmund principal railway station
Repairing the electronic ballast failures
Back to magnetic ballasts!Back to magnetic ballasts!
at Dortmund principal railway station:at Dortmund principal railway station:
Whenever two adjacent lamps... – see aboveWhenever two adjacent lamps... – see above
Electronic ballast failuresat Boisheim railway station:
200720072008200820092009
Electronic ballast failuresat Rummenohl railway station:at Rummenohl railway station:
Here you can even see them:Here you can even see them:4 twin ballasts for a total of 8 lamps4 twin ballasts for a total of 8 lamps
Electronic ballast failures at Brügge Electronic ballast failures at Brügge railway station:railway station:
Electronic ballast failures at Brügge Electronic ballast failures at Brügge railway station are continuing...railway station are continuing...
16 days of closure over Easter 2010 on 16 days of closure over Easter 2010 on account of major railway works including account of major railway works including lighting – but only two weeks later it starts lighting – but only two weeks later it starts again!again!
To be continued...To be continued...
Electronic ballast failures at Brügge Electronic ballast failures at Brügge railway station:railway station:
Electronic ballast failures at...
Statements heard in the market include:
• Magnetic ballasts are going to be phased out
• The use of magnetic ballasts is prohibited
• Magnetic ballasts don't exist any more at all
• Magnetic ballasts – what's that?
Hans Rudolf Ris,former editor in chief with Schweizer Zeitschrift für angewandte Elektro-technik:
“The Iron Age is over, the Copper Age is over, the Silicon Age has begun!”
“Dear Mr. Ris, then it amazes me why iron and copper appear to be more coveted than ever in the global marketplaces!”
Stefan Fassbinder, contemporary consultant for electrical applications with Deutsches Kupferinstitut:
0 Mio.
20 Mio.
40 Mio.
60 Mio.
80 Mio.
100 Mio.
2000 2002 2004 2005
KVGVVGEVG
0 Mio.
20 Mio.
40 Mio.
60 Mio.
80 Mio.
100 Mio.
2000 2002 2004 2005
D, CBA
The truth in figures:
www.topmagnetic.com www.celma.orgwww.vito.be
AllAll published case studies, however, published case studies, however, read like this one published in read like this one published in Germany by www.dena.de:Germany by www.dena.de:
110
• 152*700W mercury vapour lampswere replaced with: 72*400W sodium vapour lamps+72*250W sodium vapour lamps
• Replacing magnetic with dimmable electronic ballasts
• Introducing automatic daylight dependent dimming
68% of energy savings is claimedthrough the renovation of the lighting in a factory hall. Albeit, the renovation included:
111
56%savings
}
12%savings
Quite apart from the excellent PR ThyssenKrupp achieved here, promoting a technique not using any magnetic steel at all against one which uses quite a lot of magnetic steel! Congratulations!
By the way, with dimming, care has to be taken not to replace losses with losses!
Remember:Dimmable electronic ballasts are permanently live!Let us make some assumptions:• An average office is used for 3000h/a.• A conventional office lighting is operated for
2000h/a.• During half of this time, say 1000h/a,• half the power would suffice, so this yields 500h/a
savings potential calculated for full load – but:• Standby power intake remains busy for 8760h/a!
Original fabricator's slide
BLMK 13030F395 E
ELECTRONIC CONTROL GEAR
1 %13 % 100 %
20 %
50 %
80 %
100 %
lum
inou
s flu
x
system wattage
QUICKTRONIC® DE LUXE DIMMABLE
energy consumption in relation to luminous flux
Now let us do some calculations:With assumed savings of 55.8 W for a 58 W fluorescent lamp being dimmed to 0, the gross energy saving would be:
a
kWhW
a
hW 288.55*500
With assumed 3.2 W of stand-by the no-load consumption is:
a
kWhW
a
hW 282.3*87600
No savings left, since dimmed operation is always permanent filament heating operation. Who makes sure the filament heating is turned off at night and on weekends? This would reduce stand-by power intake to <1 W.
Otherwise 1/3 of the day’s saving will still get lost at night!
115
A1=A3? – Or: When does an electronic ballast match class A1?
• It shall be dimmable at least down to 10% of the full light output.
•When set to full power it shall comply with the requirements of class A3.
•When dimmed down to 25% of full light output it shall use no more than 50% of its rated power (i. e. that of class A3).
This 50% also represents the power rating!
This is logical, since e. g. also a car is ‘dimmable’: The engine provides60 kW, but in urban traffic the demand is usually only 10 kW, so the engine power is rated as 30 kW. Isn‘t it?
Or take a modernelectric locomotive:
Power for ac-celerating:6000kW.
Power during braking:-6000kW.
Power rating:0kW.
Logical, isn‘t it?
Oh yes, it isn‘t!
Light output against absolute systems power input
0lm
1200lm
2400lm
3600lm
4800lm
6000lm
0W 15W 30W 45W 60W 75W
P System
Lig
ht
ou
tpu
t
58W T8 lamp with ancient 220 V magnetic ballast, EEI=D58W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=C58W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=B258W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=B151W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast, EEI=B12*35W T5 lamps with twin electronic ballast EEI=A1 at 25°C2*35W T5 lamps with twin electronic ballast EEI=A1 at 35°Cη= 80lm/W
116
Efficacy against measured relative systems power requirement at rated voltage
0lm/W
10lm/W
20lm/W
30lm/W
40lm/W
50lm/W
60lm/W
70lm/W
80lm/W
90lm/W
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%P Syst/P Syst(U N)
Lig
htin
g e
ffic
acy
T8 lamp 58W with magnetic ballast EEI=D
T8 lamp 58W with standard magnetic ballast EEI=C
T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B2
T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1
T8 lamp 51W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1
T5 lamps 2*35W with twin el. ballast EEI=A1 at 25°C
EEI class A1 limit to standard (25°C)
0lm/W
10lm/W
20lm/W
30lm/W
40lm/W
50lm/W
60lm/W
70lm/W
80lm/W
90lm/W
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%P Syst/P Syst(U N)
Lig
htin
g e
ffic
acy
T8 lamp 58W with magnetic ballast EEI=D
T8 lamp 58W with standard magnetic ballast EEI=C
T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B2
T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1
T8 lamp 51W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1
T5 lamps 2*35W with twin el. ballast EEI=A1 at 35°C
EEI class A1 limit at 35°C
117
Alternative 1:
Of course you save most if you turn off the light while it is not really needed. But if you turn off the light completely (possibly groupwise), then you save more than you would when ‘dimmed down to 0’. Therefore:
A ‘semi automatic’ which also shuts off the electronic control gear and has to be turned on again manually.
Alternative 2:
Or wireless sensors which do not require any stand-by supply!
See: www.enocean-alliance.org
120
Conclusions so far:Dimmable electronic ballasts offer excellent opportunities for optimal lighting in conference rooms and the like. There they are a useful investment. There have been various dimming techniques for magnetic ballasts around, but they all had their drawbacks and do no longer match today‘s requirements.
The energy savings argument is better covered by low-loss magnetic ballasts with electronic starters and, where adequate, a voltage reduction technique (but which cannot be seen as dimming, since the regulation is only ≈35%).
Karl Böhmer from www.eckerle.com, an electronic ballast producer, says:
‘It is very, very hard for an electronic ballast to compete with the efficiency of a very good B1 magnetic ballast.
This is not the reason, after all, why we care for electronic ballasts, but rather...’
122
Now what can dimmable Now what can dimmable ballasts offer us?ballasts offer us?
Create adaptable lighting scenarios for Create adaptable lighting scenarios for dedicated purposes, such as in dedicated purposes, such as in conference rooms or inconference rooms or in
www.miwula.dewww.miwula.de
123
And what are the non-dimmable electronic ballasts good for?
•For low mains voltage(e. g. USA: 120 V)
•In emergency lighting (DC)
•In vehicles(DC or e. g. 162/3 Hz)
124
And in compact fluorescent lamps!
In the receptacle of a CFL you usually...
... find a plain little electronic ballast...
...even if there have been some others...
...as a...as aview into the view into the
interior of thisinterior of thissub-optimal sub-optimal
solution showssolution shows
The concept of a replaceable lamp was convincing
The efficiency was nothing worse than that of a The efficiency was nothing worse than that of a cheap electronic CFL from the DIY marketcheap electronic CFL from the DIY market
but could have been a lot better!but could have been a lot better!
127
Do compact fluorescent lamps pay off?
By principle they always do, yes!Just calculate!Rated voltage for all types: 230V Elect. price: 0.1625 €/kWh Operating time: 4.0 h/d = 1461 h/a Payback period
Ratings: Calculated values: Incandescent lamp replaced hereby
Price Power Life- Efficiency Operating Price Power Life- Efficiency Operating
P 1 P 2time techn. econom. costs P 1 P 2
time techn. econom. costs
Maxi-Lux E14 4.95€ 3W 125lm 10000h 41.7lm/W 25lm/€ 0.098c/h 1.29€ 15W 90lm 1000h 6.0lm/W 70lm/€ 0.373c/h 0.913a 1333h 27.45€ 6.844aMegaman E14 8.45€ 4W 180lm 15000h 45.0lm/W 21lm/€ 0.121c/h 1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h 1.289a 1883h 58.79€ 10.267aMaxi-Lux E14 4.95€ 5W 150lm 10000h 30.0lm/W 30lm/€ 0.131c/h 1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h 0.694a 1014h 38.25€ 6.844aMegaman E14 8.95€ 6W 280lm 15000h 46.7lm/W 31lm/€ 0.157c/h 1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h 0.899a 1314h 89.98€ 10.267aMaxi-Lux E14 4.95€ 7W 320lm 10000h 45.7lm/W 65lm/€ 0.163c/h 1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h 0.447a 653h 59.38€ 6.844a
2.95€ 25W 155lm 13000h 6.2lm/W 53lm/€ 0.429c/h 2.619a 3826h 39.20€ 10.267a1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h 2.352a 3437h 51.85€ 10.267a1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h 1.460a 2133h 83.54€ 10.267a3.45€ 40W 290lm 13000h 7.3lm/W 84lm/€ 0.677c/h 1.365a 1994h 71.47€ 10.267a
Osram Dulux EL Longlife E27 9.95€ 7W 400lm 15000h 57.1lm/W 40lm/€ 0.180c/h 0.83€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 482lm/€ 0.733c/h 1.129a 1649h 82.94€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Longlife E14 12.95€ 11W 600lm 15000h 54.5lm/W 46lm/€ 0.265c/h 1.07€ 60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 617lm/€ 1.082c/h 0.995a 1454h 122.54€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Longlife E27 9.95€ 11W 600lm 15000h 54.5lm/W 60lm/€ 0.245c/h 0.83€ 60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 795lm/€ 1.058c/h 0.768a 1122h 121.94€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Longlife E27 10.95€ 15W 900lm 15000h 60.0lm/W 82lm/€ 0.317c/h 0.99€ 75W 940lm 1000h 12.5lm/W 949lm/€ 1.318c/h 0.681a 995h 150.15€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Longlife E27 10.95€ 20W 1200lm 15000h 60.0lm/W 110lm/€ 0.398c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h 0.529a 773h 196.50€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Longlife E27 11.95€ 23W 1500lm 15000h 65.2lm/W 126lm/€ 0.453c/h 2.75€ 150W 2200lm 1000h 14.7lm/W 800lm/€ 2.713c/h 0.279a 407h 338.86€ 10.267aOsram Dulux EL Globe Economy 9.95€ 21W 1000lm 8000h 47.6lm/W 101lm/€ 0.466c/h 0.83€ 100W 2200lm 1000h 22.0lm/W 2651lm/€ 1.708c/h 0.502a 734h 99.39€ 5.476a
23W 1371lm 10000h 59.6lm/W 60lm/€ 0.604c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h 1.374a 2008h 110.43€ 6.844a905lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h452lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h69lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h
23W 1500lm 15000h 65.2lm/W 86lm/€ 0.490c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h 0.937a 1369h 182.64€ 10.267a8W 750lm 15000h 93.8lm/W 0.83€ 60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 795lm/€ 1.058c/h 10.267a
20W 1230lm 15000h 61.5lm/W 59lm/€ 0.465c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h 1.108a 1618h 186.50€ 10.267a185lm 15000h 1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h 10.267a
Osram Dulux EL Vario
Osram Dulux EL Dim
17.50€
20.95€
19lm/€ 0.168c/h
in years and operating hours
Savings and lifetime at given
duty cycle
31lm/€ 0.200c/hOsram Dulux EL Longlife E14 12.95€ 7W 400lm 15000h
Payback periodsof compact fluorescent
lamps
Megaman DorS 23.00€
57.1lm/W
15000h 48.0lm/WOsram Dulux EL Longlife E14 12.95€ 5W 240lm
230V Elect. price: 0.1625 €/kWh Operating time: 4.0 h/d = 1461 h/a Payback period
Ratings: Calculated values: Incandescent lamp replaced hereby
Price Power Life- Efficiency Operating Price Power Life- Efficiency Operating
P 1 P 2time techn. econom. costs P 1 P 2
time techn. econom. costs
4.95€ 3W 125lm 10000h 41.7lm/W 25lm/€ 0.098c/h 1.29€ 15W 90lm 1000h 6.0lm/W 70lm/€ 0.373c/h8.45€ 4W 180lm 15000h 45.0lm/W 21lm/€ 0.121c/h 1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h4.95€ 5W 150lm 10000h 30.0lm/W 30lm/€ 0.131c/h 1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h8.95€ 6W 280lm 15000h 46.7lm/W 31lm/€ 0.157c/h 1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h4.95€ 7W 320lm 10000h 45.7lm/W 65lm/€ 0.163c/h 1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h
2.95€ 25W 155lm 13000h 6.2lm/W 53lm/€ 0.429c/h1.07€ 25W 200lm 1000h 8.0lm/W 187lm/€ 0.513c/h1.07€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 374lm/€ 0.757c/h3.45€ 40W 290lm 13000h 7.3lm/W 84lm/€ 0.677c/h
9.95€ 7W 400lm 15000h 57.1lm/W 40lm/€ 0.180c/h 0.83€ 40W 400lm 1000h 10.0lm/W 482lm/€ 0.733c/h12.95€ 11W 600lm 15000h 54.5lm/W 46lm/€ 0.265c/h 1.07€ 60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 617lm/€ 1.082c/h9.95€ 11W 600lm 15000h 54.5lm/W 60lm/€ 0.245c/h 0.83€ 60W 660lm 1000h 11.0lm/W 795lm/€ 1.058c/h
10.95€ 15W 900lm 15000h 60.0lm/W 82lm/€ 0.317c/h 0.99€ 75W 940lm 1000h 12.5lm/W 949lm/€ 1.318c/h10.95€ 20W 1200lm 15000h 60.0lm/W 110lm/€ 0.398c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h11.95€ 23W 1500lm 15000h 65.2lm/W 126lm/€ 0.453c/h 2.75€ 150W 2200lm 1000h 14.7lm/W 800lm/€ 2.713c/h9.95€ 21W 1000lm 8000h 47.6lm/W 101lm/€ 0.466c/h 0.83€ 100W 2200lm 1000h 22.0lm/W 2651lm/€ 1.708c/h
23W 1371lm 10000h 59.6lm/W 60lm/€ 0.604c/h 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h905lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h452lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h69lm 0.83€ 100W 1360lm 1000h 13.6lm/W 1639lm/€ 1.708c/h
19lm/€ 0.168c/h
31lm/€ 0.200c/h12.95€ 7W 400lm 15000h
23.00€
57.1lm/W
15000h 48.0lm/W12.95€ 5W 240lm
Payback period
0.913a 1333h 27.45€ 6.844a1.289a 1883h 58.79€ 10.267a0.694a 1014h 38.25€ 6.844a0.899a 1314h 89.98€ 10.267a0.447a 653h 59.38€ 6.844a2.619a 3826h 39.20€ 10.267a2.352a 3437h 51.85€ 10.267a1.460a 2133h 83.54€ 10.267a
in years and operating hours
Savings and lifetime at given
duty cycle
128
If only they were compact! But:Which lamp is less compact than a
‘compact’ fluorescent lamp?
129
Is a compact fluorescent lamp dimmable?
By principle no – unless it is dimmable!
Dimmable CFL Megaman DorS (Dimm or Switch)
Step 1: 100% brightness (at 100% of rated power)
Dimmable CFL Megaman DorS (Dimm or Switch)
Step 2: 66% brightness (at 78% of rated power)
Dimmable CFL Megaman DorS (Dimm or Switch)
Step 3: 33% brightness (at 61% of rated power)
Dimmable CFL Megaman DorS (Dimm or Switch)
Step 4: 5% brightness (at 51% of rated power)
134
0lm/W
10lm/W
20lm/W
30lm/W
40lm/W
50lm/W
60lm/W
70lm/W
80lm/W
90lm/W
190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V
System voltage
Lighting efficacy
58W T8 lamp with magnetic ballast Siemens LZ 6561 for a 65W T12 lamp EEI=D58W T8 lamp with standard magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe L58.112 EEI=C58W T8 lamp with low-loss magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.527 EEI=B258W T8 lamp with low-loss magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512 EEI=B158W T8 lamp with electronic ballast Tridonic PC58 E011 EEI=A358W T8 lamp with low-loss magnetic ballast Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512 EEI=B158W T8 lamp with electronic ballast Tridonic PC58 E011 EEI=A3Halogen lamps 3*35W with 105VA toroidal core transformer
So shall we continue usingincandescent lamps in the living room?
Seems we better don‘t!
135
Attention! Camouflage!
T12-fluorescent lamp 20 W: 1200 lmT12-fluorescent lamp 20 W: 1200 lm Efficiency class Efficiency class CC......BB
T8 fluorescent lamp 18 W: 1350 lmT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W: 1350 lm Efficiency class Efficiency class BB......AA
T5-fluorescent lamp 13 W: 1000 lmT5-fluorescent lamp 13 W: 1000 lm Efficiency class Efficiency class BB......AA
Linestra tube 60 W: 420 lmLinestra tube 60 W: 420 lm Efficiency class Efficiency class GG
Linestra tube 35 W: 270 lmLinestra tube 35 W: 270 lm Efficiency class Efficiency class GG
At least such incandescent lamps should be forbidden
But frighteningly enough:
• fluorescent lamps contain mercury!
• fluorescent lamps dissipate ‘electrosmog’!
• fluorescent lamps cause harmonics!
www.buergerwelle-schweiz.orghave found out the truth!
Just a moment, please!1. Mercury:Industry reports a usage of about 1...4 mg/lamp.
Bürgerwelle Schweiz calculates an additional annual need of 600 kg in case of an incandescent lamp prohibition.
If, in the worst case, this dissipates evenly across Europe‘s soils, this amounts to the tremendous quantity of several hundred milligrams per square kilometre!
While nearly all of us may have the equivalent of a few 1000 fluorescent lamps in our mouths...
Just a moment, please!2. Electrosmog:Bürgerwelle Schweiz and many others report about countless individual experiences but no statistics, no medical evidence.
Who is electro-sensitive enough to perceive 20 nT should really be killed immediately at 20 mT.
A salt-sensitive person capable of tasting 20 mg of salt in a litre of soup will also get killed by eating 20 kg of sodium salt in one go.
But everyone else also will.
Just a moment, please!3. Harmonics:We‘ve had this before:• 11% of all electricity goes for light,• half of this 11% feeds fluorescent lamps,• subtracting the discharge lamps,• then there is only ≈2% of all generated power
left to go for incandescent lamps.• If we replace these with compact fluorescent
lamps it‘s only more ≈0.5% of all power consumption, since CFLs save 75% energy.
Everything is relative, and this is relatively little!
Incandescent lamps are of good nature – but: The incandescent lamp is a
glutton (electricity guzzler).
The CFL is a waveform distorter.
However: Everything is relative.
This CFL replaces an
incandescent lamp of 40 Wpower rating, so this means:
more neutral current, but:
less phase conductor current!
The CFL does save energy – also in the distrubution mains!
But by all means this mains has to be a TN-S distribution system!
So the balance out of3. Harmonics is:
Comparison of load currents – fundamental plus harmonics – when replacing an incandescent lamp (40 W) with an quivalent compact fluorescent lamp (9 W)
Incandescent lamps Compact fluorescent lampsL1 L2 L3 N Total L1 L2 L3 N Total
175mA 0mA 0mA 175mA 70mA 0mA 0mA 70mA175mA 175mA 0mA 175mA 70mA 70mA 0mA 96mA175mA 175mA 175mA 0mA 70mA 70mA 70mA 121mA
100% 0% 0% 100% 67% 16% 0% 0% 16% 11%100% 100% 0% 100% 100% 16% 16% 0% 30% 21%100% 100% 100% 0% 100% 16% 16% 16% 48% 32%
Current
Relative conductor losses
CFLs save energy – but: Compact fluorescent lamps are not compact CFL need their warm-up time CFL work optimally only at one particular temperature CFL may suffer from frequent switching There are only few dimmable CFL around
With incandescent lamp 15 W
With CFL 4 Wafter 3 s
With CFL 4 Wafter 3 min
What will the future bring?
Too hot Too bulky Too ... ?
144
Switch as Switch as often as you likeoften as you like
Full power Full power immediatelyimmediately
DC and AC, DC and AC, HF and LFHF and LF
FocussableFocussable(directed)(directed)
Fairly high Fairly high efficiency also efficiency also
at part loadat part load
Tomorrow‘s lighting technique:Tomorrow‘s lighting technique:LED lampsLED lamps
20 W halogen lamp:20 W halogen lamp:<4.000 h lifetime<4.000 h lifetime
1.25 W LED lamp:1.25 W LED lamp: >40.000 h lifetime >40.000 h lifetime
Now what‘s wrong about them? HF operation: Exceptions confirm the ruleHF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule Poor performancePoor performance Wrong colourWrong colour
CFLCFL
CFLCFL
CFLCFL
LED LED ‘‘whitewhite’’
LEDLED‘‘warm whitewarm white’’
Now what‘s wrong about them? HF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule Poor performance Wrong colour
Pub in Berlin‘s‘Blue light district’
Now what‘s wrong about them? HF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule Poor performance Wrong colour
Now what‘s wrong about them? HF operation: Exceptions confirm the rule Poor performance Wrong colourTherefore future oriented specifiers do not use electronic halogen lamp transformers but...
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125% 150%
η
Isec / Isec nom
η, 400VA standard transformer
η, 400VA toroidal core transformer
Obvious advantage of toroidal cores at part load
Transformer efficiencies
Basic characteristic of an LED
0mA
10mA
20mA
30mA
40mA
50mA
60mA
70mA
80mA
1.5V 2.0V 2.5V 3.0V 3.5V 4.0V
U
I
0mW
40mW
80mW
120mW
160mW
200mW
240mW
280mW
320mW
P
ID theor (cold)ID theor (warm)ID measPD theor (cold)PD theor (warm)PD meas
LEDs also require some sort of ballast
1T
D
nU
U
SD eIIq
kTUT
and k = 1.38*10-23 J/K (Boltzmann‘s constant)
with
All LED lamps are equal...LED lamp 12V 1.25W white
(Osram)
0mA
50mA
100mA
150mA
200mA
6V 7V 8V 9V 10V 11V 12V 13V 14V
U
I
0.0VA
0.5VA
1.0VA
1.5VA
2.0VA
2.5VA
P;
Q;
S
I =I ≈P =P ≈
S ≈Q ≈
...but some are more equal than othersLED lamp 12V 1.7W warm white
(Megaman)
0mA
75mA
150mA
225mA
300mA
6V 7V 8V 9V 10V 11V 12V 13V 14V
U
I
0.0VA
0.5VA
1.0VA
1.5VA
2.0VA
2.5VA
3.0VA
3.5VA
4.0VA
P;
Q;
S
I =I ≈P =P ≈
S ≈Q ≈
Upcoming but striving hard
Here an 8 W LED »lighting tube« would like to replace an 18 W fluorescent tube, but:•Position dependent•No tandem configuration possible•No combination with fluorescent tubes•Light or lamplet?•And how about EMC?
Upcoming but striving hardOut of 8 W power rating 5.7 W active power and 7.2 var (harmonic) reactive power are left over
Summary – part 1: Fluorescent lampsSodium low pressure vapour lamp 135 W with low-loss ballast 141.5lm/W
T5 fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 93.6lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 190 V (out of specification) 89.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with EB Cl. A3 86.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with EB Cl. A3 86.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 222 V (brightness as with EB) 82.4lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 80.6lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 79.5lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 78.6lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W with twin EB Kl. A2 77.0lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 73.8lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. D for 220 V measured at 230 V 71.7lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 66.8lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W tandem with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 66.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with EB Cl. A2 66.1lm/W2 TC-S-fluorescent lamps 2*9 W tandem with high-loss MB 55.8lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W brand quality 55.7lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 51.5lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W DIY market quality 46.7lm/WMini compact fluorescent lamp 4 W improved DIY market quality (Megaman) 44.8lm/WTC-S-fluorescent lamp 9 W single mode with high-loss MB 42.1lm/W
Sodium low pressure vapour lamp 135 W with low-loss ballast 141.5lm/W
T5 fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 93.6lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 190 V (out of specification) 89.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with EB Cl. A3 86.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with EB Cl. A3 86.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 222 V (brightness as with EB) 82.4lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 80.6lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 79.5lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 78.6lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W with twin EB Kl. A2 77.0lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 73.8lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. D for 220 V measured at 230 V 71.7lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 66.8lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W tandem with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 66.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with EB Cl. A2 66.1lm/W2 TC-S-fluorescent lamps 2*9 W tandem with high-loss MB 55.8lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W brand quality 55.7lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 51.5lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W DIY market quality 46.7lm/WMini compact fluorescent lamp 4 W improved DIY market quality (Megaman) 44.8lm/WTC-S-fluorescent lamp 9 W single mode with high-loss MB 42.1lm/W
Sodium low pressure vapour lamp 135 W with low-loss ballast 141.5lm/W
T5 fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 93.6lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 190 V (out of specification) 89.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with EB Cl. A3 86.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with EB Cl. A3 86.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 222 V (brightness as with EB) 82.4lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 80.6lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 79.5lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 78.6lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W with twin EB Kl. A2 77.0lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 73.8lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. D for 220 V measured at 230 V 71.7lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 66.8lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W tandem with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 66.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with EB Cl. A2 66.1lm/W2 TC-S-fluorescent lamps 2*9 W tandem with high-loss MB 55.8lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W brand quality 55.7lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 51.5lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W DIY market quality 46.7lm/WMini compact fluorescent lamp 4 W improved DIY market quality (Megaman) 44.8lm/WTC-S-fluorescent lamp 9 W single mode with high-loss MB 42.1lm/W
Sodium low pressure vapour lamp 135 W with low-loss ballast 141.5lm/W
T5 fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 93.6lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 190 V (out of specification) 89.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with EB Cl. A3 86.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with EB Cl. A3 86.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 222 V (brightness as with EB) 82.4lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 80.6lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 79.5lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 78.6lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W with twin EB Kl. A2 77.0lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 73.8lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. D for 220 V measured at 230 V 71.7lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 66.8lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W tandem with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 66.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with EB Cl. A2 66.1lm/W2 TC-S-fluorescent lamps 2*9 W tandem with high-loss MB 55.8lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W brand quality 55.7lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 51.5lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W DIY market quality 46.7lm/WMini compact fluorescent lamp 4 W improved DIY market quality (Megaman) 44.8lm/WTC-S-fluorescent lamp 9 W single mode with high-loss MB 42.1lm/W
Sodium low pressure vapour lamp 135 W with low-loss ballast 141.5lm/W
T5 fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 93.6lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 190 V (out of specification) 89.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with EB Cl. A3 86.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with EB Cl. A3 86.1lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 222 V (brightness as with EB) 82.4lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 80.6lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 79.5lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HE' 35 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 78.6lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W with twin EB Kl. A2 77.0lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W 'Philips TL-D Eco' with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 73.8lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. D for 220 V measured at 230 V 71.7lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp 'HO' 80 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 66.8lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W tandem with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 66.5lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with EB Cl. A2 66.1lm/W2 TC-S-fluorescent lamps 2*9 W tandem with high-loss MB 55.8lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W brand quality 55.7lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 51.5lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W DIY market quality 46.7lm/WMini compact fluorescent lamp 4 W improved DIY market quality (Megaman) 44.8lm/WTC-S-fluorescent lamp 9 W single mode with high-loss MB 42.1lm/W
Summary – part 2:LEDs and incancescent lampsLED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W
3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7 lm/W
2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0 lm/W
Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W
LED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W
3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7 lm/W
2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0 lm/W
Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W
LED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W
3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7 lm/W
2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0 lm/W
Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W
LED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W
3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7 lm/W
2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0 lm/W
Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W
LED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W
3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7 lm/W
2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0 lm/W
Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W
LED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W
3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7 lm/W
2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0 lm/W
Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W
LED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W
3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7 lm/W
2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0 lm/W
Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W
LED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W
3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7 lm/W
2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0 lm/W
Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W
Stearin candle 0.1 lm/W
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