What is the cost of Progress? Progressive Era US History Alameda High School.
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Transcript of What is the cost of Progress? Progressive Era US History Alameda High School.
What is the cost of Progress?
Progressive Era
US History
Alameda High School
1890-1920
At home Unit:– Gilded Age & Progressive Response
Abroad: America Becomes a World Power– American Expansion– WWI
SO THEN…WHAT WAS THEPROGRESSIVE RESPONSE!
•Immigration•Industrialization •Urbanization
Politics (Lack of Laws/Regulation)
Life: Education, Discrimination, Free Time
Gilded Age (What does gilded mean?)
Progressives respond to conditions brought on by rapid Industrialization!
The Industrial Revolution was the second greatest shift in all of human history, following the agricultural revolution which occurred about 11,000 years ago.
Industrialization effected EVERYTHING about life, including urbanization (movement to cities)
Cities weren’t quite ready for the safe influx of people and living conditions were harsh
The separation between rich and poor was huge
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Homework: Memorize the following vocabulary list for a pop quiz next week…
Gilded Age Progressivism Middle Class Working Class Robber Barons Captains of Industry Corruption Muckraking
Social Darwinism Gospel of wealth Industrialism Urbanization Progress Immigration Labor unions Party platform
Introductory Film
The Century: America’s Time
The American Industrial Revolution led to Gilded Age America
One of biggest shifts in human history, parelled to the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago
America leading industrial producer by 1900
Increased wages and job opportunities, but often terrible living & working conditions
PROGRESSIVES were CHALLENGING the conditions of
the GILDED AGE
Take Notes…America in the Gilded Age
Immigration The Growth of Cities
(Urbanization)
The Rise of Industry &
Big Business
Politics
How did industry improve life?
Increased wage for industrial workers More jobs available White collar jobs increased and a new middle
class emerged (though it was still small) Cities grew quickly America was leading in all industrial
categories making the country wealthy
Big Business, Robber Barons & Social Darwinism
Corporations were new and this transformed capitalism
Robber Barons v. Captains of Industry…more jobs for workers, but often low pay and harsh working conditions
Social Darwinism: survival of fittest in gaining wealth
Social Gospel emerges as practice of wealthy John D. Rockefeller
http://sparkmotive.blogspot.com/2008/04/john-d-rockefeller-american.html
Monopolies & Trusts
Corporate consolidation was new & common practice of 19th century– Monopolies: only one business dominates
industry– Trust: separate companies under one managing
board– This practice not regulated, and limited
competition so they controlled price– Examples: Standard Oil Trust (Rockefeller) and
Carnegie Steel (Andrew Carnegie)
POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE
ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS
Boss Tweed ran NYC
MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL Some political bosses were
corrupt Some political machines
used fake names and voted multiple times to ensure victory (“Vote early and often”) – called Election fraud
Graft (bribes) was common among political bosses
Construction contracts often resulted in “kick-backs”
The fact that police forces were hired by the boss prevented close scrutiny
THE TWEED RING SCANDAL William M. Tweed, known as
Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machines
Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city
Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion
Tweed was sentenced to 12 years in jail – released after one, arrested again, and escaped to Spain
Boss Tweed
CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE
Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system
The system had been based on Patronage; giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected
Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified for jobs
The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performanceApplicants for federal jobs
are required to take a Civil Service Exam
The Worker in Industrial America
Job conditions harsh for many While industrial wage rose, they
still barely were a living wage– As a result, many times the
entire family had to work which led to increase in child labor
With unions came better wages No government regulation of
working conditions often led to unsafe, unfair conditions for poor
Middle class nearly doubled, though still small
Child Labor in Mines
http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/dust.jpg
Organized Labor & Great Strikes
Unions were discouraged by bosses
Some industries did organize such as railroads and their wages and conditions improved
Strikes were a tool of unions, example is Pullman Strike of 1894
Pullman Strike, 1894
content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/...
Draw the following 4 characters in your notebook & answer the question…
HAS INDUSTRIALIZATION IMPROVED LIFE IN AMERICA????– A factory owner– A factory worker– A union organizer– A Government official
In the West
The country was expanding Farming was becoming more efficient and goods
could move easily because of railroads Populism was taking hold, seeking to align with
urban progressives. They believed in:– Increased circulation of money– Unlimited minting of silver– A progressive income tax– Gov’t ownership of communication & transportation systems
Turner thesis and the closing of the frontier often led to xenophobia
Rural conditions looked different from urban centers of the east
Discrimination at the turn of the century was heavy…
Plessey v. Ferguson legalizes segregation of the races, Jim Crow laws big in South
Xenophobia (fear of immigrants) While pubic education expanded, all people
did not have equal access– Women – Immigrants & assimilation– View of minority education (Washington v.
Dubois)booker.notebook
What was it like to live in a Gilded Age city? (1870-1900) (CH 8)
With industrialization came urbanization
Overcrowded and unsanitary conditions
Heavy pollution No government assistance for
poor No labor regulations No wage regulations Xenophobia Large waves of immigrants, esp
from Eastern and southern Europe
UNSAFE!
www.uen.org
Cities Grow…
6 cities over ½ million by 1900 (up from 2) and 32 ¼ million (up from 7)
By 1920, over ½ of Americans lived in cities with 68 cities having over 100,000 people
Life was harsh, esp. for immigrants– Housing was slum like in tenements– No ventilation, sanitary system, sewage system,
or garbage and no fire protection– City governments were corrupt
A Nation United?
NO! Collection of political
factions and machines Ghettos,
neighborhoods and ethnic enclaves
Extreme rich and poor all competing to realize THEIR “American” Dream!
www.associatedcontent.com
IMMIGRANTS AND
URBANIZATIONAMERICA BECOMES A MELTING
POT IN THE LATE 19TH & EARLY 20TH CENTURY
NEW IMMIGRANTS Millions of immigrants
entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Some came to escape difficult conditions, others known as “birds of passage” intended to stay only temporarily to earn money, and then return to their homeland
EUROPEANS Between 1870 and 1920,
about 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States
Before 1890, most were from western and northern Europe
After 1890, most came from southern and eastern Europe
All were looking for opportunity
CHINESE Between 1851 and
1882, about 300,000 Chinese arrived on the West Coast
Some were attracted by the Gold Rush, others went to work for the railroads, farmed or worked as domestic servants
An anti-Chinese immigration act by Congress curtailed immigration after 1882
Many Chinese men worked for the railroads
JAPANESE In 1884, the Japanese
government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers
The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese immigration to the west coast
By 1920, more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the west coast
THE WEST INDIES AND MEXICO
Between 1880 and 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern United States form the West Indies
They came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands
Mexicans, too, immigrated to the U.S. to find work and flee political turmoil – 700,000 Mexicans arrived in the early 20th century
LIFE IN THE NEW LAND In the late 19th century
most immigrants arrived via boats
The trip from Europe took about a month, while it took about 3 weeks from Asia
The trip was arduous and many died along the way
Destination was Ellis Island for Europeans, and Angel Island for Asians
ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK
Ellis Island was the arrival point for European immigrants
They had to pass inspection at the immigration stations
Processing took hours, and the sick were sent home
Immigrants also had to show that they were not criminals, had some money ($25), and were able to work
From 1892-1924, 17 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island’s facilities
ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR
ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND
FRICTION DEVELOPS
While some immigrants tried to assimilate into American culture, others kept to themselves and created ethnic communities
Committed to their own culture, but also trying hard to become Americans, many came to think of themselves as Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans, Chinese-Americans, etc
Some native born Americans disliked the immigrants unfamiliar customs and languages – friction soon developed Chinatowns are found in many
major cities
IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS As immigration increased,
so did anti-immigrant feelings among natives
Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration
In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which limited Chinese immigration until 1943
Anti-Asian feelings included restaurant boycotts
Why were people immigrating to the United States at this time? Where were they from?
US was extremely xenophobic at the turn of the century…
– Link to political cartoons anti immigration Cartoons.doc– why:?
Why were immigrants coming?– Push v. Pull factors– Largest period of immigration in US history– Fleeing revolutionary upheavals (ex. Mexico), fleeing
religious persecution (ex. Jews in E Europe), economic necessity (ex SE Europe)
Life like for immigrants…– Unsafe factory work, unhealthy ghettos (slums), life
desperate cycle of poverty, exhausting labor and early death
THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION
Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the Northeast & Midwest
Most immigrants settled in cities because of the available jobs & affordable housing
By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities
MIGRATION FROM COUNTRY TO CITY
Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19th century
It also meant less labor was needed to do the job
Many rural people left for cities to find work- including almost ¼ million African AmericansDiscrimination and segregation were
often the reality for African Americans who migrated North
URBAN PROBLEMS Problems in American
cities in the late 19th and early 20th century included:
Housing: overcrowded tenements were unsanitary
Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air
Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements
URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED
Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems
Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common
Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished
Fire: Limited water supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires
Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871
PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
To Summarize the Gilded Age
Industrialism
Need for cheap labor– Immigration– Exploitation of workers
Urbanization– Urban squalor
Need for Change
Wealthy industrialistsInnovationLife easier
American wealthy & powerful
Ideas for reform emerge…
The Progressive Movement! Refresh our thinking: How does technology impact
humanity? Response? Adapt? Today, this is happening? What problems are going on? Are people trying to solve them? Watch video – if this group is a modern progressive:
– What problems are they trying to solve?– How did they get people to care about them?– What solutions do they advocate?
Timeline Activity: Use the timelines to preview these questions about the Progressives:
What problems do the Progressives seem to be trying to solve?
Who-individuals and organizations-were the Progressives?
How did the Progressives get people to care about their problems?
What solutions did they advocate?
The Origins of the Progressive Movement
Roots of 20th Century Reform– Populists– Nativism– Prohibition– Purity crusades– Charity reform– Social gospel philosophy– Settlement houses
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/progressivism/index.cfm
Who were the Progressives?
Product of a political debate surrounding progress in America, so historians call the period from 1890-1920 the Progressive Era
Difficult to define them b/c they had many different beliefs, never a unified group
Generally:– White Middle class (often women)– Believed in 4 common things
Gov’t should be accountable to citizens Gov’t should curb the power & influence of wealthy Gov’t should have expanded powers to improve lives of
citizens Gov’t should be more efficient and less corrupt
What were their goals? Remember…different & sometimes contradictory:
End to “white slavery” (prostitution and sweat shops)
Prohibition “Americanization” of
immigrants Anti-trust legislation Rate regulation of
private utilities
Full gov’t ownership of private utilities
Women’s suffrage End to child labor
Progressive Tactics
Muckraking: Journalists and authors who, some say, stretched the truth to sensationalization events to draw public attention to problems
– Example: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Organized Political Lobby Private Charities/Settlement Houses
BY 1912, have a national political platform to run as a 3rd party.
REFORMERS MOBILIZE Jacob Riis was a reformer who
through his pictures hoped for change– he influenced many
The Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor
Some reformers established Settlement Homes
These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services
Jane Addams was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago)
Jane Addams and Hull House
Primary Document Analysis
http://chnm.gmu.edu/7tah/units/unit-lessons.html You must produce:
– Poster for your assigned area of concern for the Progressives
Child Labor Working Conditions Rise of Organized Labor Women’s Suffrage Temperance Movement
– Identify & Describe your topic Choose 3 primary documents that best exemplify your cause &
complete an analysis form of it prepare for presentation on your subject
Exemplar & Rubric On BoardYour Final Product
In your analysis of your primary document packet, you are looking for problems, people, methods & solutions to your assigned topic– Read documents & complete analysis forms
Select the photos, cartoons and documents they want to exhibit and write captions for each in their own words
Place into final exhibit & rehearse presentation
Presentations…
Topic Problems People Methods & Solutions
Journal…
Based on the presentations, write three paragraphs, one each to – Describe the three biggest problems Progressives
were facing– Explain the role of the key individuals or groups in
the movement– Describe the methods and solutions they offered
Muckraking:Comparing Then and Now: Is muckraking more or less successful today than in the Progressive period? Why do you think? How is it the same/different? What did we learn from the Progressive journalists?
Jungle Fast Food Nation
China’s Labor Article
China’s Environmental Article
Author
Purpose
Format (book, movie?)
Concern(s)
Response to what? What is wrong?
Successful? Why or Why not?
Read the article…
Read the article that describes the biggest problems facing the nation (you might not agree-maybe there are others you care about…perhaps you want to focus locally or globally)
You Decide…Storyboard Infomerical or Write a Song
What is the biggest issue facing your generation?
Who is concerned about it? What methods are being used to combat it? What goals to reformers have? What do you think should be done?
Now, its time to evaluate the success of the movement!
Page 389-407 describe the political successes of the Progressive Era
As you read these pages, record all of the legislation which the Progressive achieved in your notebook use chart on board
After you are finished, look back at your journaling activity & notes from the presentations
Based on your analysis of side-by-side comparison, write a five paragraph essay which responds to the question
– To what extent were the Progressives successful in achieving their goals?
– Outline & rough draft IS HOMEWORK– Peer edit Monday before conclude content, HW will be final copy
To what extent were the Progressives successful in achieving their goals?
THESIS/Introduction : Get to the Point! Counter agruement, your arguement. Be assertive. For example, “Progressive America was a turbulent world in which greed and corruption ruled. In this context many middle-class reformers came together to make the US a better place. While many historians would argue that the Progressive Movement was highly successful in combating the injustices of their time, the evidence will demonstrate that they fell short of meeting their own reform goals.”
– I. Area A Evidentiary Support Evidentiary Support Transition Sentence
– II. Area B Evidentiary Support Evidentiary Support Transition Sentence
– III. Area C Evidentiary Support Evidentiary Support Transition Sentence
– IV. Conclude Write a thesis statement which gets directly to the point Make sure all evidence supports topic sentences Make sure all topic sentences support Thesis
The Limits of Progressivism
The changes made by Progressives were limited to certain groups in the United States.
Progressives championed municipal reforms, but did little for tenant or migrant farmers.
Progressive Presidents took little action to pursue social justice reforms. Wilson continued the Jim Crow practice, begun under Taft, of separating
the races in federal offices. At the 1912 Progressive Party convention, Roosevelt declined to seat
black delegates from the South for fear of alienating white Southern Progressives.
By 1916, the reform spirit had nearly died. It was replaced by American concerns about World War I.
Chapter 11, Section 3
Women’s Suffrage
Go to textbook slides General Classes: Reading Comprehension
Questions after notes Honors: Finish essay for HW EXAM next class, BRING ALL MATERIALS!
Exam…
Group assessment based on standards You may utilize your resources 50 Minutes
– Political Cartoon– Sinclair excerpt/muckraking (4 ?) Document Based– Define Progressive Era– Immigrant experience (expected streets paved with gold, what was
reality)– How did Progressives effect role of federal gov’t?– Immigrants: settlement house worker v. nativist– Robber barons or captains of industry?– Why did population in cities boom?– Gilded Age?– What was cost of Industrial Revolution?