What is imperialism? The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by...
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Transcript of What is imperialism? The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by...
Imperialism
What is imperialism?The policy of extending a nation’s authority by
territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political control over other nations
In 19th c, a new phase of western expansion began into Asia and Africa
Sources of industrial raw materialsMarket for Western manufactured goods
Before this, Europe had been content with a few trading posts
Social DarwinismSurvival of the fittest in a societal senseJustifies racist attitudes
RacismThe belief that race determines the basic traits
and capabilities of the individual members of the race
Motives for European colonizationPoliticalEconomicExploratoryReligiousideological
Because of the size, climate, resources and strategic importance, Africa became prime candidate for conquest
European countries had to establish rules for colonizing in order to avoid constant bloodshed
The Berlin Conference
Conference held in Berlin between Nov. 15, 1884 and November 26, 1885
12 European nations attended, along with the Ottoman Empire and the United States
Supposed to talk about ending the slave trade and humanitarian efforts in Africa
Berlin Conference, cont.
Berlin Act: effective control of Africa by European powers; less bloodshed on Europe’s part
Article 34: spheres of influence doctrineArticle 35: doctrine of effective occupation
Berlin Conference, cont.
Cecil Rhodes“I contend that we are the finest race in the
world and that the more of the world we inhabit, the better . . .”
In 1880, only small part of Africa was colonized
By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent
Zulu Nation had been strong independent nation in the south that was eventually defeated by the British
The British
European powers divided up the continentNew Imperialism
Worked to directly govern large areas occupied by non-European people
Driven by economics, politics, and cultural motives
Scramble for Africa
Drive for imperialism came from ambitious individuals and not just countries
Had benefited from slave tradeAlso looked to Africa as a source for raw
materials
Economic Interests
David Livingstone: Scottish explorerArrived in Africa in 1841, died in 1873
Henry Stanley: English writerSent to find LivingstoneWanted British settlement in Congo River
basin; turned to Belgian King Leopold II
Livingstone and Stanley
1899-1902Between Britain and Boers (descendants of
original Dutch settlers in 17th c.Orange Free State and the TransvaalCecil Rhodes wanted to overthrow them (had
claimed area of Rhodesia and wanted to expand)
War breaks outUnion of South Africa established
Boer War
Imperialism in Africa reflected struggles for power in Europe
One power would expand, another would expand to block them
Everyone wants to participate to assert dominance on the global political scene
Political Competition
Social DarwinismWhite Man’s Burden
Cultural Motives?
Ottoman Empire initially controlled area of EgyptMuhammad Ali set up strong independent state
that became modernized and industrialized on a small scale
Canal seemed lucrativeCompleted in 1869Linked Mediterranean with Red SeaBritain took major interest in canal – lifeline to
IndiaEventually, Britain took over the Suez Canal and
Egypt became a protectorate of the British Empire
Suez Canal
Why the switch from trade relations to governing territories?Didn’t want other European nations taking landFeared that indigenous peoples would want a
say in economic situation
Imperialism in India
Indirect rule: local rulers are allowed to maintain their position of authorityBenefit: convenient and cost effective
Direct rule: local officials removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials from the mother country
New technologies made colonizing easierSteam-powered gunboatsRepeating riflesMachine guns
Asia and Africa weapons makers could not match European technology
The British in India
Early British imperialism in India was carried out by the British East India Trading Company
Early on, was limited to coastal tradeMughal Empire broke apart into smaller
states and the BEIC saw its chance to take over
Claimed it had to restore order
The British in India
Introduced new changesEducation systemEnglishMissionaries
Banned sati
Relationship b/w British and Indians became strained – thought British were trying to destroy Indian customs and religion
BEIC
Sepoy: Indian soldier who fought in the British army
Trouble began when British adopted a new rifle
Bite off cartridge end – greased with animal fat
Hindu = no beefMuslim = no pigRose up against BritishBoth sides committed atrocitiesFighting lasted about 2 years
Sepoy Mutiny
Queen Victoria ended the rule of the BEIC in 1858
British Crown ruled India directlyDistrust still lingeredBritish Viceroy-still had more contact with
Britain than with Indians who lived in close proximity
Results of Mutiny
India was considered the “Crown Jewel”Most British thought they were superior
Segregated neighborhoods & clubsThought India was incapable of governing
itselfBritish Raj (rule)Indian Civil Service (ICS): British
administration in India
Built railroads, roads and canalsBy 1910, India had 4th largest railroad system
in worldIndia important market for British goodsRaw materials: cotton, tea, indigoDevastated India’s textile industry
Life under the British Raj
Indians had basically no power to influence gov’t decisions
Educated groups frustrated at lack of opportunities
Reformers like Ram Mohun Roy and Mohandas Gandhi said Indians had rights
Indian National Congress-1885Radicals: boycott British goodsMuslim League-1906
Rise of Indian Nationalism
Old imperialism
Imperialism in Latin America
The Colonial Class System
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Latin AmericanRevolutions
Mexico – Miguel HidalgoHaiti – Toussaint-LouvertureArgentina – Jose de San MartinVenezuela – Simon Bolivar
Latin America after the revolutionsCaudillos – strong leader, usually ruling with the support of the military
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna - Mexico
Benito Juarez - Mexico
Trade – dominated by Britain; US (economic colony rather than political one)
Monroe Doctrine – DON’T touch Latin American independence
The Panama CanalUS gained control of a strip of land in Panama
Built the Panama Canal
eliminated 7,700 miles from the sea voyage between New York City and San Francisco
yellow fever and malaria
European powers invaded the Pacific RimBritain: Malaysia, Burma, SingaporeNetherlands: IndonesiaFrance: Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts
Excellent for plantation agriculture
Oil, tin, rubberMoved there and livedIMPACT OF COLONIZATIONSet up rigid social class system
Dutch Imperialism
Competed with the DutchTin, rubber – SingaporeImmigration policyIMPACT OF COLONIZATIONRacial conflict: Malay minority v. Chinese
majority
British Imperialism
Been in area since 1600sIMPACT OF COLONIZATIONNo encouragement of local industryDirect colonial management
paternalism
French Imperialism
Lands claimed: Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico
IMPACT OF COLONIZATIONEconomic exploitationModernization
American Imperialism
Modernization helps European businessesEducation, health, and sanitation improveMillions migrate to find workRacial and religious clashes increase
Results of Colonization
Siam (Thailand) remains independent
Independence