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CHAPTER 17 ENTERING THE WORLD STAGE
CH. 17-1 THE LURE OF IMPERIALISMAMERICAN HISTORY
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IMPERIALIST ACTIVITY
IMPERIALISM—the extension of a nation’s power over other lands
Imperialistic thoughts—Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Japan
ECONOMIC INTERESTS Industrialized countries were looking at
other nations for new customers Africa, Asia, Latin America
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MILITARY NEEDS Industrialized nations created strong
navies to defend their shores and protect trading interests
Navies needed bases where ships could refuel and make repairs
Nations needed strategic locations
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IDEOLOGY Two popular ideologies for imperialism: 1) a strong sense of NATIONALISM (love
of one’s country) 2) feeling of cultural superiority Social Darwinists believed that when
nations competed only the strongest survived
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THE SCRAMBLE FOR TERRITORY Late 1800s—European imperialist
powers had taken control of vast territories in Africa and Asia
The British Empire rules about 25% of the world’s land and population
Mid 1800s—Americans believed it was their manifest destiny to expand to the Pacific Ocean. Now people thought the USA should expand beyond that
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TAKING CONTROL OF HAWAII
Hawaii was an ideal spot for coaling stations and naval bases for ships going to and from Asia
EARLY CONTACT 1778—British explorer, Captain James
Cook visited Hawaii After Cook’s visit, Hawaii’s Chief
Kamehameha united the 8 major islands under his leadership
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He created a monarchy and began a profitable trade in sandalwood
1820s—US ships began arriving in Hawaii frequently, bringing traders and missionaries
Missionaries came to convert natives to Christianity
Missionaries and their families settled down and began raising crops (sugarcane)
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Foreigners also brought diseases that the Hawaiians were not immune to.
Population declined—300,000 (1770s) to 40,000 (1893)
SUGAR INTERESTS GAIN POWER Americans had a sweet tooth Sugar planters became very rich
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Planters needed workers Few native Hawaiians left, so people
brought in from China, Japan, Philippines
1874—Kalakaua becomes king Americans had gained control of land
and economy Kalakaua was nationalistic and
promised to put the Hawaiians back in power
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Kalakaua signed a treaty with the USA to send sugar to America tax free
Sugar tycoons wanted more power over Hawaiian affairs
PLOTTING AGAINST THE KING A group of business leaders, planters,
and trades formed a secret society called the Hawaiian League
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Purpose—overthrow the monarchy and establish a democracy in Hawaii under control of the Americans
Conflict between business and King escalated in 1886
The US wanted Pearl Harbor in exchange for renewing the sugar treaty
King Kalahaua would not give up independence of any part of the islands
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Hawaiian League forced the King to sign a new constitution at gunpoint in July 1887
King called it the BAYONET CONSTITUTION
It severely restricted the King’s powers and deprived most Hawaiians of the vote
King forced to give up Pearl Harbor
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American warships had a permanent home in Hawaii
Sugar planters had political control over Hawaii
US revoked the Sugar treaty in1890 to support sugar producers on the mainland
Hawaiian business leaders thought the only option was to become part of the US
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Secret talks about annexation began
END OF THE MONARCHY King Kalakaua died in 1891 His sister, Liliuokalani, became queen She was a nationalist that wanted to do
away with the bayonet constitution January 1893—Queen announced the
monarchy would be restored
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In response, business leaders plotted to over thrown her
American Minister to Hawaii, John L. Stevens, ordered four boatloads of Marines to take up positions about the royal palace, aiming cannons and machine guns at the building
The rebels declared an end to the monarchy
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Queen Liliuokalani surrendered under protest January 17, 1893
Rebel leaders formed a new government with Sanford B. Dole as president
Stevens recognized the new government and said the islands were under the protection of the US, all without official authorization
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ANNEXATION President Cleveland put the treaty on
hold and ordered an investigation Investigator condemned the revolt and
offered to put the Queen back on the throne
Cleveland agreed but Dole would not step down
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Cleveland would not use the military to back the Queen but he would not support annexation either
He passed the issue to the next president, William McKinley
McKinley favored annexation Congress narrowly voted in favor in 1898. Hawaii was now a territory and became the
50th state in 1959. 1993—Congress formally apologized for the
US’s role in overthrowing Liluokalania
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INFLUENCE IN CHINA
China stayed isolated from the rest of the world
Foreign traders could only go to the port at Guangzhou
1842—British forced China to open 5 ports
US also gained greater trading privileges
China spent the next 50 years keeping foreign influence out
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1895—Japan took over Taiwan Russia, France, Germany, and Great
Britain carved out their own SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
A geographic area where an outside nation exerts special economic or political control
US proposed the OPEN DOOR POLICY in 1899
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The aim was equal trading rights in China
No other countries agreed to the open door policy
Secret society known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists began attacking foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians
This society was known to westerners as the Boxers
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June 1900—the Boxers laid siege to the capital Beijing in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion
Western nations rushed 20,000 troops including 2,000 Americans
The troops quelled the rebellion September 1901—China signed a
humbling settlement agreement Western nations realized that competition
would hurt Chinese trade
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INFLUENCE IN JAPAN
Japan was not known as an imperialist nation
Mid-1800s—US pressures Japan to open its ports to trade
1853—President Fillmore send Commodore Matthew Perry and 4 ships into Tokyo Bay
Japan had never seen steamships before
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Japan knew it couldn’t defend itself against a modern navy
1854—Japan signs a treaty with the US opening up trade
Japan began a rapid modernization program
1904—RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR broke out
Spring 1905—both sides ask President Roosevelt to broker a peace treaty
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Both sides met in Portsmouth, NH to finalize a treaty
Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize
Japan was clear victor over Russia and hungry for territory
They wanted to expand in the Pacific to balance out US interests
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Roosevelt wanted to show how powerful the US military was
1907—4 squadrons of battleships, known as the Great White Fleet, began a 43,000-mile round-the-world journey
Led by Rear Admiral Charles Sperry Fleet stopped in 20 ports on 6 continents,
including Japan The fleet returned home in 1909 THE END