What is Classical Conditioning?
description
Transcript of What is Classical Conditioning?
![Page 1: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3
*What is Classical Conditioning?
![Page 2: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
*Chapter 3 Guiding
Questions
* Who was Ivan Pavlov, and how did he discover conditioning?
* Is training a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell a big deal?
* Can glands learn?
* What is the best procedure for producing conditioning?
* How could you make a conditioning effort fail?
* What happens to conditioning when you stop training?
* Why does conditioning occur?
![Page 3: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
*Our Guiding Questions
* Who was Ivan Pavlov, and how did he discover conditioning?
* What is Pavlovian conditioning?
* What do you need to accomplish Pavlovian conditioning?
* What is higher-order conditioning?
* How is Pavlovian conditioning measured?
* What variables contribute to the success or failure of conditioning?
* What happens to conditioning when you stop training?
* Why does conditioning occur?
![Page 4: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
*Imagine…
*Close your eyes.
![Page 5: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3mKAKPYh6k
![Page 6: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
*While watching Jaws, you learned to associate the sound of the theme song with the appearance of a scary shark.*You began to respond to the theme song
before the shark ever appeared.
![Page 7: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
*Pavlovian Conditioning
*AKA: Classical Conditioning*Ivan Pavlov was a key historical figure in the
study of Pavlovian conditioning
![Page 8: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
*Pavlovian Conditioning in
its Simplest Form
*Two stimuli are paired (US and CS)
*Organism eventually demonstrates a reflexive response to the CS because of its pairing with the US
*Very important! The organism does not have to do anything for the US-CS pairing to occur
![Page 9: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
*Basic Procedures
*Unconditional reflex—relationships between an event and a response that exists relatively unconditionally; “unlearned” reflexes*Unconditional stimulus—meat
*Unconditional response—salivation
*Conditional reflex—relationships between an event and a response that exist under certain circumstances (or conditionally)*Conditional stimulus—bell
*Conditional response—salivation
![Page 10: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
*Basic Procedures
*Unconditional reflex—relationships between an event and a response that exists relatively unconditionally; “unlearned” reflexes*Unconditional stimulus—shark
*Unconditional response—fear/anxiety
*Conditional reflex—relationships between an event and a response that exist under certain circumstances (or conditionally)*Conditional stimulus—Jaws theme song
*Conditional response—fear/anxiety
![Page 11: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
*Conditioning Sniffy
![Page 13: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
*In-Class Experiments
*Find a partner!
*Take out a sheet of paper (one sheet per pair).
*Write both of your full names on the paper, the date, and “Classical Conditioning Experiments” somewhere at the top of the paper.
![Page 14: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
*Basic Procedures
*Unconditional reflex—relationships between an event and a response that exists relatively unconditionally; “unlearned” reflexes*Unconditional stimulus—Puff of air*Unconditional response—Blink
*Conditional reflex—relationships between an event and a response that exist under certain circumstances (or conditionally)*Conditional stimulus—Snap *Conditional response—Blink
![Page 15: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
*Back to Sniffy
*US—Shock *UR—Fear/freeze *CS—Light *CR—Fear/freeze
![Page 16: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
* Examples of Pavlovian Conditioning
*Little Albert experiments http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE (but there is an issue with them)
![Page 17: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
*Taste Aversions
![Page 18: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
*Fear/Phobia
![Page 24: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
* Higher-Order Conditioning(A More Advanced Form of
Pavlovian Conditioning)
Pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS so that the organism begins to respond to the neutral stimulus.
![Page 28: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
*Examples of Higher-Order Conditioning
*Experiment with college students in your text (p. 67).*Child who is bullied develops fear for
other things associated with the bully (Powell, 2006).*You are stung by a wasp then notice
wasps hanging around a shed. You become anxious around sheds (Powell, 2006).
![Page 30: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
*How is Pavlovian Learning
Measured?
*By recording the latency of the response
*By using test trials in which the CS is presented randomly
*By measuring the intensity of a response
![Page 31: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
* Very Important Variables that Affect Pavlovian Conditioning
*What makes conditioning more successful or less successful?*The way in which the CS & US are paired.
Some pairings are more successful than others (see flowchart in your text).
*The contingency with which the CS & US are paired. (If one occurs, then the other occurs.)
*The contiguity in the CS-US pairing or the interstimulus interval (ISI). Shorter intervals are often better, but not always.
![Page 32: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
*The features of the CS and the US. A stronger stimulus is typically more effective (but not always). Ex: Being stung by a wasp in the woods (Powell et al., 2009)
* Whether or not the subject has had previous experience with a stimulus.*Latent inhibition—when the CS is ineffective
because it has often been present without the US
![Page 33: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
*The number of times the CS and US are paired.
*The amount of time between each trial (or pairing of the CS and US).
*Other variables related to the subject or the environment.
![Page 34: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
*Extinction
*What happens when training stops?
*Extinction is a procedure in which the CS is repeatedly presented without the US.
![Page 35: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
*When the CR no longer occurs, it is extinguished. Some CRs are very difficult to extinguish.*After a period of rest, it may be recovered
spontaneously (usually less intense response).
![Page 36: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
*Theoretical Perspectives of Conditioning: Why
does classical conditioning occur?
*What would Stimulus-Substitution Theory say?*The CS elicits a response because a new
connection in the brain is formed between the CS and the US.*This is not currently a popular theory.
![Page 37: What is Classical Conditioning?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062814/568166a7550346895dda99f1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
*What would the Wagner-Rescorla Model say?*The amount of conditioning that can occur
determines the success of conditioning. *Other features of the stimuli also play a key
factor.