Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY...

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Learning: Learning: Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning

Transcript of Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY...

Page 1: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Learning:Learning:

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

Page 2: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

Classical conditioningClassical conditioning – An – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it what PRECEDES it

Operant conditioningOperant conditioning – rewards and – rewards and punishment; A VOLUNTARY behavior is punishment; A VOLUNTARY behavior is determined by the anticipation of determined by the anticipation of something that FOLLOWS it.something that FOLLOWS it.

Page 3: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Which is which?Which is which?

1. A child is attacked by 1. A child is attacked by a dog. The child a dog. The child now fears all dogs.now fears all dogs.

2. You do your 2. You do your homework every homework every night to get good night to get good grades and avoid grades and avoid getting in trouble getting in trouble from your teachers from your teachers and parents.and parents.

Classical – involuntary, stimulus precedes behavior

Operant – voluntary, stimulus follows behavior

Page 4: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov’s Ivan Pavlov’s ExperimentsExperiments

Unbeknownst to Unbeknownst to most students of most students of psychology, psychology, Pavlov’s first Pavlov’s first experiment was experiment was to ring a bell and to ring a bell and cause his dog to cause his dog to attack Freud’s attack Freud’s cat.cat.

Page 5: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

It’s time for an in-class It’s time for an in-class experiment!experiment!

The Lemonade Powder The Lemonade Powder ExperimentExperiment

Page 6: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov’s ExperimentsIvan Pavlov’s Experiments

Pavlov paired a Pavlov paired a neutral stimulus (a neutral stimulus (a bell) with a meat bell) with a meat powder (which powder (which made the dog made the dog salivate). salivate). Eventually, dog Eventually, dog salivates to bell salivates to bell alonealone

Page 7: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

The Experimental DesignThe Experimental Design

Page 8: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Identifying PartsIdentifying PartsNeutral Stimulus – a stimulus that does not initially elicity Neutral Stimulus – a stimulus that does not initially elicity

any part of the unconditioned responseany part of the unconditioned responseBellBell

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)Meat powderMeat powder

Unconditioned Response (UCR)Unconditioned Response (UCR)SalivationSalivation

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)Conditioned Stimulus (CS)BellBell

Conditioned Response (CR)Conditioned Response (CR)SalivationSalivation

* Hint: replace “conditioned” with “learned” to make it more * Hint: replace “conditioned” with “learned” to make it more intuitive.intuitive.

Page 9: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Little AlbertLittle Albert

John Watson – famous John Watson – famous behavioralistbehavioralistLittle Albert – 11 month old Little Albert – 11 month old orphanorphanShowed him a white rat. No Showed him a white rat. No fear.fear.Made a loud noise. Albert Made a loud noise. Albert cried.cried.Showed him a white rat Showed him a white rat andand made a loud noise. Albert made a loud noise. Albert cried. Repeated several times.cried. Repeated several times.Eventually Albert cried at white Eventually Albert cried at white rat alone.rat alone.

Page 10: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Identify the partsIdentify the partsUnconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Loud noise

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Fear/crying

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

White rat

Conditioned Response (CR)

Fear/crying

Page 11: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Watson’s ViewsWatson’s Views

“ “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and my own specified world to bring them up and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, might select—doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates for the contrary and they have been advocates for the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years.” (1930)doing it for many thousands of years.” (1930)

Page 12: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

DefinitionsDefinitions

AcquisitionAcquisition – initial learning of the stimulus-response – initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship (learning that bell means meat powder)relationship (learning that bell means meat powder)ExtinctionExtinction – diminished response to the conditioned – diminished response to the conditioned stimulus when it is no longer coupled with UCS. (stop stimulus when it is no longer coupled with UCS. (stop giving meat powder with bell and dog will stop salivating giving meat powder with bell and dog will stop salivating to bell)to bell)SpontaneousSpontaneous recoveryrecovery – reappearance of an – reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest. extinguished CR after a rest. GeneralizationGeneralization – the tendency to respond to any stimuli – the tendency to respond to any stimuli similar to the CS (Dog salivates to other noises)similar to the CS (Dog salivates to other noises)DiscriminationDiscrimination – the ability to distinguish between the CS – the ability to distinguish between the CS and similar stimuli (Dog only salivates to specific tone)and similar stimuli (Dog only salivates to specific tone)

Page 13: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Application to Little AlbertApplication to Little Albert

If Little Albert generalized, what would we expect to happen?If Little Albert generalized, what would we expect to happen? – He might cry at the sight of similar objects (he did – rabbit, dog, sealskin He might cry at the sight of similar objects (he did – rabbit, dog, sealskin

coat, some rumors – Santa’s beard)coat, some rumors – Santa’s beard)How could we teach Little Albert to discriminate?How could we teach Little Albert to discriminate? – Continually expose him to stimuli similar to the rat, but only make the Continually expose him to stimuli similar to the rat, but only make the

loud noise when exposing him to the ratloud noise when exposing him to the ratHow could Little Albert’s conditioning be extinguished?How could Little Albert’s conditioning be extinguished? – Continually expose him to a white rat without making the loud noise Continually expose him to a white rat without making the loud noise

(unfortunately, this was never done because Little Albert was adopted (unfortunately, this was never done because Little Albert was adopted soon after the original experiments (he would be 83 now if he is still soon after the original experiments (he would be 83 now if he is still alive – probably scared of rats!)alive – probably scared of rats!)

If Little Albert is still alive, his fear of white rats is likely to have If Little Albert is still alive, his fear of white rats is likely to have been extinguished (no loud noise when he sees a rat). been extinguished (no loud noise when he sees a rat). However, occasionally, when he sees a rat, he may find that his However, occasionally, when he sees a rat, he may find that his heart races for a second or two. What is this called? heart races for a second or two. What is this called? – Spontaneous recoverySpontaneous recovery

Page 14: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Cognitive ProcessesCognitive Processes

It was once thought that It was once thought that cognitive processes cognitive processes weren’t involved in weren’t involved in classical conditioning. classical conditioning. Now we know better. For Now we know better. For example, therapists give example, therapists give alcoholics drink alcoholics drink containing a nausea-containing a nausea-producing drug to producing drug to condition them to avoid condition them to avoid alcohol. Because clients alcohol. Because clients KNOW that the drug is KNOW that the drug is what is actually causing what is actually causing the nausea, it doesn’t the nausea, it doesn’t work so well.work so well.

Page 15: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Biological PredispositionsBiological Predispositions

It was once believed that conditioning occurred the same in all animals It was once believed that conditioning occurred the same in all animals (and therefore you could study human behavior by studying any (and therefore you could study human behavior by studying any animal) and that you could associate any neutral stimulus with a animal) and that you could associate any neutral stimulus with a response. Not so. Animals have biological predispositions to response. Not so. Animals have biological predispositions to associating certain stimuli over othersassociating certain stimuli over others

ExampleExample – You eat a novel food and later get sick. You will be – You eat a novel food and later get sick. You will be conditioned to associate the taste of the FOOD with getting sick conditioned to associate the taste of the FOOD with getting sick (and thus avoid that food in the future), but NOT the music playing (and thus avoid that food in the future), but NOT the music playing in the restaurant, the plate it was served on, or the perfume your in the restaurant, the plate it was served on, or the perfume your neighbor was wearing.neighbor was wearing.

It is much easier to condition someone to have a fear of snake than It is much easier to condition someone to have a fear of snake than of flowers.of flowers.

Birds hunt by sight and will more quickly become conditioned to the Birds hunt by sight and will more quickly become conditioned to the SIGHT of tainted foodSIGHT of tainted food

Page 16: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Cancer patients and Cancer patients and chemotherapychemotherapy. .

Cancer patients tend to Cancer patients tend to associate the nausea associate the nausea produced by produced by chemotherapy with the chemotherapy with the hospital setting. hospital setting. – UCSUCS

chemotherapychemotherapy

– UCRUCRnauseanausea

– CSCShospital hospital

– CRCRnausea nausea

Page 17: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Taste Aversion QuestionnaireTaste Aversion Questionnaire

Imagine a bowl of your favorite soup, one Imagine a bowl of your favorite soup, one that would be a perfect 10.that would be a perfect 10.

1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - - - - 4 - - - - - 5 - - - - - 6 - - - - 7 - - - - - 8 - - - - - 9 - - - - - 10

Dislike extremely Neutral Like extremely

Now imagine that the soup was served to you in Now imagine that the soup was served to you in an ordinary bowl, but had been stirred by a an ordinary bowl, but had been stirred by a thoroughly washed, used flyswatter. How much thoroughly washed, used flyswatter. How much would you like to eat the soup?would you like to eat the soup?

If that flyswatter were brand new, how much If that flyswatter were brand new, how much would you like to eat the soup?would you like to eat the soup?

Page 18: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Taste Aversion QuestionnaireTaste Aversion Questionnaire1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - - - - 4 - - - - - 5 - - - - - 6 - - - - 7 - - - - - 8 - - - - - 9 - - - - - 10

Dislike extremely Neutral Like extremely

If the soup was first stirred with a thoroughly If the soup was first stirred with a thoroughly washed but used comb, how much would you washed but used comb, how much would you like to eat it?like to eat it?

If the soup was served in a thoroughly washed, If the soup was served in a thoroughly washed, used dog bowl, how much would you like to eat used dog bowl, how much would you like to eat it?it?

Page 19: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Taste Aversion QuestionnaireTaste Aversion Questionnaire

Now fantasize about your favorite cookie, Now fantasize about your favorite cookie, again one that would rate a perfect 10.again one that would rate a perfect 10.

1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - - - - 4 - - - - - 5 - - - - - 6 - - - - 7 - - - - - 8 - - - - - 9 - - - - - 10

Dislike extremely Neutral Like extremely

How much would you like to eat this cookie if How much would you like to eat this cookie if you’d dropped it on the grass first?you’d dropped it on the grass first?

How much would you like to eat it if a waiter had How much would you like to eat it if a waiter had taken a bite first? An acquaintance? A good taken a bite first? An acquaintance? A good friend?friend?

Page 20: Learning: Classical Conditioning. Associative Learning Classical conditioning – An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it Operant conditioning.

Taste Aversion QuestionnaireTaste Aversion Questionnaire1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - - - - 4 - - - - - 5 - - - - - 6 - - - - 7 - - - - - 8 - - - - - 9 - - - - - 10

Dislike extremely Neutral Like extremely

If the soup was first stirred with a thoroughly If the soup was first stirred with a thoroughly washed but used comb, how much would you washed but used comb, how much would you like to eat it?like to eat it?

If the soup was served in a thoroughly washed, If the soup was served in a thoroughly washed, used dog bowl, how much would you like to eat used dog bowl, how much would you like to eat it?it?