BioScience Trends. 2021; 15(1):24-32. 24 BioScience Trends ...
What Is Biotechnology? An Introduction BioScience Survey An Introduction BioScience Survey.
-
Upload
christian-george -
Category
Documents
-
view
232 -
download
2
Transcript of What Is Biotechnology? An Introduction BioScience Survey An Introduction BioScience Survey.
What Is Biotechnology?What Is Biotechnology?
An IntroductionBioScience Survey
An IntroductionBioScience Survey
Biotechnology in History?Biotechnology in History?Man manipulating living things to
produce plants, animals, or substances with desired characteristics.
FermentationUsing yeast or fungus to ferment fruit or
grain solutions into alcoholic beveragesAdding bacteria/yeast/fungus to milk in
order to make cheese or yogurt.Low tech
Man manipulating living things to produce plants, animals, or substances with desired characteristics.
FermentationUsing yeast or fungus to ferment fruit or
grain solutions into alcoholic beveragesAdding bacteria/yeast/fungus to milk in
order to make cheese or yogurt.Low tech
Controlling which individuals breed and working to predict outcomes.
Goal: produce animals and plants in a form desired.Fast horsesDisease resistant plantsSheep producing high
yields of woolCows producing high
yields of milk
Controlling which individuals breed and working to predict outcomes.
Goal: produce animals and plants in a form desired.Fast horsesDisease resistant plantsSheep producing high
yields of woolCows producing high
yields of milk
Selective BreedingSelective Breeding
Modern BiotechnologyModern Biotechnology
Technology Allows...Technology Allows...
Scientists to manipulate cells and molecules.
Cells are used to produced desired products using cellular processesDNA replicationProtein synthesisExocytosis
Scientists to manipulate cells and molecules.
Cells are used to produced desired products using cellular processesDNA replicationProtein synthesisExocytosis
Key to BiotechnologyKey to Biotechnology
Central Dogma of Biology:DNA contains sections of nucleotides that code for
specific proteins.Proteins are the primary product of
biotech companies.Proteins compose:
Hormones, receptors, enzymes, main structural component of cells and tissues.
Most key actions accomplished by proteins
Central Dogma of Biology:DNA contains sections of nucleotides that code for
specific proteins.Proteins are the primary product of
biotech companies.Proteins compose:
Hormones, receptors, enzymes, main structural component of cells and tissues.
Most key actions accomplished by proteins
Technology used in Biotech
Technology used in Biotech
Recombinant DNACutting &
recombining lengths of DNA.
Inserting new DNA into host cells for expression of the gene and creation of the product (protein).
Recombinant DNACutting &
recombining lengths of DNA.
Inserting new DNA into host cells for expression of the gene and creation of the product (protein).
Example...Example...
DiabetesPancreas does not produce the protein
insulin which breaks down sugars.DNA with gene to produce insulin
spliced into host cells.Host cells mass produce human insulin!
Expressing the insulin gene.Mass quantities of insulin produced and
collected.
DiabetesPancreas does not produce the protein
insulin which breaks down sugars.DNA with gene to produce insulin
spliced into host cells.Host cells mass produce human insulin!
Expressing the insulin gene.Mass quantities of insulin produced and
collected.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Small sample of DNA stimulated to replicate itself.
Temperature changes and enzymes copy DNA MANY times.
Allows easier analysis of DNA samples
Small sample of DNA stimulated to replicate itself.
Temperature changes and enzymes copy DNA MANY times.
Allows easier analysis of DNA samples
DNA ElectrophoresisDNA ElectrophoresisUsed to identify or find
similarities between DNA samples.
DNA is cut into sections by restriction enzymes.
Enzymes always cut at same base pattern.
Resulting similarities in fragment lengths used to ID DNA samples.Paternity testingForensic investigations
Used to identify or find similarities between DNA samples.
DNA is cut into sections by restriction enzymes.
Enzymes always cut at same base pattern.
Resulting similarities in fragment lengths used to ID DNA samples.Paternity testingForensic investigations
Stem Cell TherapyStem Cell Therapy
Stem cells can be influenced to grow into any body cell.Pleuripotent
Stem cell source: red bone marrow (adult stem cells), umbilical cord blood or embryos.
Scientists use hormones/chemicals to control and influence stem cells to grow into specific cell types.
Hope is to insert those cells to fix serious disorders: leukemia, Parkinson’s disease.
Stem cells can be influenced to grow into any body cell.Pleuripotent
Stem cell source: red bone marrow (adult stem cells), umbilical cord blood or embryos.
Scientists use hormones/chemicals to control and influence stem cells to grow into specific cell types.
Hope is to insert those cells to fix serious disorders: leukemia, Parkinson’s disease.
Actual Embryos or Stem Cells.
One of these became Mrs. Butler’s Son, Benjamin.
GenomicsGenomics
Using computers to take data from labs and sequence the order of bases on huge DNA molecules.
Order of bases allow understanding of location of genes.
Human Genome Project mapped where genes are located on DNA.
Using computers to take data from labs and sequence the order of bases on huge DNA molecules.
Order of bases allow understanding of location of genes.
Human Genome Project mapped where genes are located on DNA.
Where does Biotech happen?
Where does Biotech happen?
CompaniesProducing drugs, agricultural or
industrial products.Medical or industrial instrumentsReagents or test kits for researchProcessing data, sequencing DNA
Research institutionsUniversitiesGovernmental Agencies
National Institute of HealthCommunicable Disease Control
CompaniesProducing drugs, agricultural or
industrial products.Medical or industrial instrumentsReagents or test kits for researchProcessing data, sequencing DNA
Research institutionsUniversitiesGovernmental Agencies
National Institute of HealthCommunicable Disease Control
Biotech CompaniesBiotech Companies
Apply scientific research to make a product.
Purpose is to make a profit.
Funds allow further research.
FDA very involved, safety is key.
Apply scientific research to make a product.
Purpose is to make a profit.
Funds allow further research.
FDA very involved, safety is key.
Research institutionsResearch institutions
Scientists focused on gaining new knowledge and contributing to scientific understanding.
Results of research published in journals, presented at conferences.
Scientists focused on gaining new knowledge and contributing to scientific understanding.
Results of research published in journals, presented at conferences.
How do research labs function?
How do research labs function?
Lead scientist directs focus of labGraduate students and fellow scientists
work on questions within topic of lab.Research funded by grants from
government or foundations.Professors at major universities must
conduct research and publish papers to maintain position in university.
Data contributes to drug development or new understandings of proteins.
Lead scientist directs focus of labGraduate students and fellow scientists
work on questions within topic of lab.Research funded by grants from
government or foundations.Professors at major universities must
conduct research and publish papers to maintain position in university.
Data contributes to drug development or new understandings of proteins.
What now?What now?
We review cellular processes utilized in biotech.
Will examine recent research by scientists.
Will learn about structure of proteins and details about genetics.
We conclude with an intriguing biotech lab!
We review cellular processes utilized in biotech.
Will examine recent research by scientists.
Will learn about structure of proteins and details about genetics.
We conclude with an intriguing biotech lab!