What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at...

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What Good are What Good are Positive Emotions? Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill www.PositiveEmotions.org www.PositiveEmotions.org

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Transcript of What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at...

Page 1: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

What Good are What Good are Positive Emotions?Positive Emotions?

Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D.Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D.

University of North Carolina at Chapel University of North Carolina at Chapel HillHill

www.PositiveEmotions.orgwww.PositiveEmotions.org

Page 2: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Specific Action Specific Action TendenciesTendencies

Fear . . . . . . . . . . . escapeFear . . . . . . . . . . . escape

Anger . . . . . . . . . . attackAnger . . . . . . . . . . attack

Disgust . . . . . . . . . expelDisgust . . . . . . . . . expel

Guilt . . . . . . . . . . . make amendsGuilt . . . . . . . . . . . make amends

Shame . . . . . . . . . disappearShame . . . . . . . . . disappear

Sadness . . . . . . . . withdrawSadness . . . . . . . . withdraw

Page 3: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Specific Action Specific Action TendenciesTendencies

Contentment . . . inactionContentment . . . inaction

Joy . . . . . . . . . . free activationJoy . . . . . . . . . . free activation

Affection . . . . . . approachAffection . . . . . . approach

Relief . . . . . . . . cessation of Relief . . . . . . . . cessation of

vigilancevigilance

Page 4: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Specific Action Specific Action TendenciesTendencies

Thought–ActionThought–Action

Page 5: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Breadth of MomentaryBreadth of MomentaryThought-Action Thought-Action RepertoireRepertoire

Negative Emotions NarrowNegative Emotions Narrow

Positive Emotions BroadenPositive Emotions Broaden

Page 6: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Positive Emotions Positive Emotions BroadenBroaden Thought-Action Thought-Action RepertoiresRepertoires Joy . . . . . . . . . . . . playJoy . . . . . . . . . . . . play

Interest . . . . . . . . . exploreInterest . . . . . . . . . explore

Contentment . . . . . savor & Contentment . . . . . savor &

integrateintegrate

Love . . . . . . . . . . . all of the aboveLove . . . . . . . . . . . all of the above

Page 7: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Positive Emotions Positive Emotions Build Build Durable Personal Durable Personal ResourcesResources

Physical resourcesPhysical resources

Social resourcesSocial resources

Intellectual resourcesIntellectual resources

Psychological resourcesPsychological resources

Page 8: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

The Broaden-and-Build The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Theory of Positive EmotionsEmotions

Fredrickson (1998). Fredrickson (1998). Review of General Psychology, 2Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319., 300-319.

Fredrickson (2001). Fredrickson (2001). American Psychologist, 56American Psychologist, 56, 218-226., 218-226.

Fredrickson (2003). Fredrickson (2003). American Scientist, 91American Scientist, 91, 330-335., 330-335.

Page 9: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

The Broaden The Broaden HypothesisHypothesis

Positive emotions broaden Positive emotions broaden

people’s attention and thinking.people’s attention and thinking.

Page 10: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Empirical StrategyEmpirical Strategy

Between-Ps Manipulation:Between-Ps Manipulation:– ContentmentContentment– JoyJoy– NeutralNeutral– AngerAnger– FearFear

Dependent Measure:Dependent Measure:– Global-Local Visual ProcessingGlobal-Local Visual Processing

Page 11: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Global-LocalGlobal-LocalVisual ProcessingVisual Processing

Page 12: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Global PreferenceGlobal Preference

3 4 5 6

Fear

Anger

Neutral

J oy

Content

Fredrickson & Branigan (2005). Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313-332.

Page 13: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

The Undo HypothesisThe Undo Hypothesis

If negative emotions narrow and If negative emotions narrow and

positive emotions broaden … then positive emotions broaden … then

positive emotions should be positive emotions should be

efficient efficient antidotesantidotes for the lingering for the lingering

aftereffects of negative emotions.aftereffects of negative emotions.

Page 14: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Empirical StrategyEmpirical Strategy

Context: Speech AnxietyContext: Speech Anxiety Between-Ps Manipulation:Between-Ps Manipulation:

– ContentmentContentment– JoyJoy– NeutralNeutral– SadnessSadness

Dependent Measure:Dependent Measure:– Duration of Cardiovascular ReactivityDuration of Cardiovascular Reactivity

Page 15: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Responses to Responses to Speech PreparationSpeech Preparation Heart Rate**Heart Rate** Finger Pulse Amplitude**Finger Pulse Amplitude** Pulse Transit to Finger**Pulse Transit to Finger** Pulse Transit to Ear**Pulse Transit to Ear** Diastolic Blood Pressure**Diastolic Blood Pressure** Systolic Blood Pressure** Systolic Blood Pressure**

** p < .001

Page 16: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Duration of Duration of Cardiovascular Cardiovascular ReactivityReactivity

0 10 20 30 40 50

Sadness

Neutral

Joy

Content

Time (in seconds)

Fredrickson et al., (2000). Motivation and Emotion, 24, 237-258.

Page 17: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

The Resilience The Resilience HypothesisHypothesis

Positive emotions are an active Positive emotions are an active

ingredient within trait resilience.ingredient within trait resilience.

Fredrickson et al., (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.Tugade & Fredrickson (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320-333.

Page 18: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Empirical StrategyEmpirical Strategy

Assessed early in 2001:Assessed early in 2001:– Trait ResilienceTrait Resilience– Psychological ResourcesPsychological Resources

Assessed after September 11Assessed after September 11thth::– DepressionDepression– Psychological ResourcesPsychological Resources– Negative and Positive EmotionsNegative and Positive Emotions

Page 19: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Resilience PredictsResilience PredictsDepression after 9/11 . Depression after 9/11 . . .. .

Psychological Resilience

DepressiveSymptoms

= -.24*

p < .05.

Fredrickson et al., (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.

Page 20: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

. . . through . . . through Positive EmotionsPositive Emotions

Psychological Resilience

Positive Emotions

DepressiveSymptoms

= .02

p < .001; p < .01.

Fredrickson et al., (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.

Page 21: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Resilience PredictsResilience PredictsGrowth after 9/11 . . . Growth after 9/11 . . .

Psychological Resilience

Increases in Psychological

Resources

= .27*

p < .05.

Fredrickson et al., (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.

Page 22: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

. . . through. . . throughPositive EmotionsPositive Emotions

Psychological Resilience

Positive Emotions

Increases in Psychological

Resources

= 0.01

p < .001; p < .01.

Fredrickson et al., (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.

Page 23: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

The Build HypothesisThe Build Hypothesis

Over time, positive emotions Over time, positive emotions

build consequential personal build consequential personal

resources and increase well-resources and increase well-

being. being.

Page 24: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Empirical StrategyEmpirical Strategy

Context: Diary Study, 28 daysContext: Diary Study, 28 days Daily Measures: Daily Measures:

– Positive and Negative Emotions Positive and Negative Emotions Pre- and Post-Measures:Pre- and Post-Measures:

– Trait ResilienceTrait Resilience– Subjective Well-beingSubjective Well-being

Page 25: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Positive Emotions Positive Emotions uniquely linked to uniquely linked to growthgrowth

p < .001.Fredrickson et al., (2006). In preparation.

Increases in Increases in ResilienceResilience

Increases in Increases in SWBSWB

Daily Daily Positive Positive EmotionsEmotions

rr = .31*** = .31*** rr = .34*** = .34***

Daily Daily Negative Negative EmotionsEmotions

rr = -.16 = -.16 rr = -.14 = -.14

Page 26: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Positive Emotions Positive Emotions Increase SWB by Building Increase SWB by Building ResourcesResources

Daily Positive Emotions

Changes in Resilience

Changes in SWB

= .20

p < .001; p < .01.

Fredrickson et al., (2006). In preparation.

Page 27: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

The Flourish The Flourish HypothesisHypothesis

Positive affect is an active Positive affect is an active

ingredient within human ingredient within human

flourishing.flourishing.

Page 28: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

How much positive How much positive affect is needed to affect is needed to flourish?flourish?

Page 29: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Empirical StrategyEmpirical Strategy(Losada, 1999)(Losada, 1999) Observed 60 business teamsObserved 60 business teams

– High Performance (n = 15)High Performance (n = 15)– Medium Performance (n = 26)Medium Performance (n = 26)– Low Performance (n = 19)Low Performance (n = 19)

Coded all speech actsCoded all speech acts– Positive-NegativePositive-Negative– Inquiry-AdvocacyInquiry-Advocacy– Self-OtherSelf-Other

Created a nonlinear dynamics model Created a nonlinear dynamics model of observed interactions of observed interactions

Page 30: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Dynamics of Dynamics of Losada’s Business Losada’s Business TeamsTeams

Inquiry / Advocacy

Emotional Space

Fredrickson & Losada (2005). American Psychologist, 60, 678-686.

Page 31: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Empirical StrategyEmpirical Strategy

Context: Diary Study, 28 daysContext: Diary Study, 28 days Between-Ps Classification:Between-Ps Classification:

– FlourishingFlourishing– LanguishingLanguishing

Dependent Measure:Dependent Measure:– Ratio of Positive to Negative Ratio of Positive to Negative

EmotionsEmotions

Page 32: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

The Losada LineThe Losada LinePos : Neg = 2.9 : 1Pos : Neg = 2.9 : 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Individuals Marriages BusinessTeams

Studies

Posit

ivit

y

Rati

o

Fredrickson & Losada (2005). American Psychologist, 60, 678-686.

Page 33: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

What happens at What happens at higher levels of higher levels of positive affect?positive affect?

Page 34: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Pos : Neg = 100 : 1Pos : Neg = 100 : 1

Emotional Space

Inquiry / Advocacy

Fredrickson & Losada (2005). American Psychologist, 60, 678-686.

Page 35: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

How much positive How much positive affect is needed to affect is needed to flourish?flourish?

Pos : Neg Pos : Neg >> 2.9 : 1 2.9 : 1

Pos : Neg < 11.6 : 1Pos : Neg < 11.6 : 1

Page 36: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

Positive Affect Positive Affect Transforms PeopleTransforms People

Page 37: What Good are Positive Emotions? Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .

What Good Are What Good Are Positive Emotions?Positive Emotions?

Broaden attention and thinkingBroaden attention and thinking

Undo lingering negative emotionsUndo lingering negative emotions

Fuel psychological resilienceFuel psychological resilience

Build consequential personal Build consequential personal

resourcesresources

Seed human flourishingSeed human flourishing


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