Whales and Dolphins of Maldives by Rachel Lambert
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Transcript of Whales and Dolphins of Maldives by Rachel Lambert
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5/24/2018 Whales and Dolphins of Maldives by Rachel Lambert
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SIX SENSES LAAMU PRESENTATION
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ONE FULL PAGE IMAGE FOR A DIVIDERSLIDE
Rachel LambertMarine Biologist
Six Senses Laamu
Whales and Dolphins
of the Maldives
R. Lambert
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SIX SENSES LAAMU |
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Define cetaceans Identify the 23 whales and dolphins of the Maldives Discuss their biology, ecology and behaviour Focus on spinner dolphins Highlight the issue of disturbance
Introduce the dolphin watching guidelines whichshould
be followed
Whales and Dolphins of the Maldives
WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES
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SIX SENSES LAAMU |
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Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Cetacea
wholly (all) marine mammals
whales, dolphins & porpoises
Whales and Dolphins
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Marine mammals Homeothermic Live young Mammary glands Suckle on milk
Lungs Hair
Cetaceans
WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES
R. Lambert/HEPCA
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External Anatomy
WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES
Dorsal Fin
Tail Fluke
Pectoral Fins(Flippers)
MelonBlowhole
Rostrum/
Beak
R. Lambert/HEPCA
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2 extant sub-orders: Mysticeti baleen whales Odontoceti toothedwhales
At least 85 species 14 mysticetes 71 odontocetes
Cetaceans
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Baleen whales Possess baleen plates Filter feeders Rorquals have ventral pleats Two nostrils (blowholes) Large whales 3 species in the Maldives(Anderson et al.2012)
Mysticeti
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Balaenoptera musculus Family: Balaenopteridae 27 33 m 180,000 kg Broad U-shaped head
10 m blow Feeds on shrimp-like krill
Blue Whale
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Balaenoptera edeni Family: Balaenopteridae 15 17 m 3 distinct ridges on head Lives year-round in tropical waters
Livelier lunge feeding
Brydes Whale
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Megaptera novaeangliae Family: Balaenopteridae 14 17 m Distinctive hump on back Tubercles (lumps) on head Energetic leaps Krill and schooling fish Sing
Humpback Whale
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Toothed whales Teeth One nostril (blowhole) Posses a melon Echolocation
20 species in the Maldives(Anderson et al.2012)
Odontoceti
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Produce high frequency sounds above 120 kHz
Click train Detect the echoes when the sound bounces back offobjects
Phonic lips create the sound which is focused by themelon
Sound is received by the lower jaw Can determine the physical features of theirenvironment
Locate and hunt prey Biosonar
Echolocation
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Physeter macrocephalus Family: Physeteridae 12 18 m Largest toothed whale Submarine shape Left angled, bushy blow Spermaceti organ Diving 2000 m+ for squid
Sperm Whale
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Kogia sima Family: Kogiidae 2.5 2.7 m Dark blue/ olive brown skin Deep waters Feed on deep-sea squid, fish and crustaceans Little knowledge
Dwarf Sperm Whale
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Family: Ziphiidae Mysterious whales Strandings data mostly All deep diving Feeding mostly on squid 5 species in the Maldives Difficult to identify in the field 4 7 m
Beaked Whales
WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES
Blainvilles beaked whale
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Cuviers beaked whaleZiphius cavirostris Blainvilles beaked whale
Mesoplodon densirostris
Longmans beaked whaleIndopacetus pacificus
Ginko-toothed beaked whale*Mesoplodon ginkgodens
Atoll beaked whale*Mesoplodon hotaula
Beaked Whales
WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES
Cuviers beaked whale
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Globicephala macrorhynchus Family: Delphinidae 5 7 m Large, bulbous head Broad-based dorsal finWarm, deep waters Feed mostly on squid Highly social
Short Finned Pilot Whale
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Orcinus orca Family: Delphinidae 8 10 m Largest of the dolphin family Black with white patches Male dorsal up to 2 m 3 types of orca - transients Highly intelligent and social
Orca (Killer Whale)
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Pseudorca crassidens Family: Delphinidae 5 6 m Uniformly dark grey/ black Rounded head
Tropical/ sub-tropical waters Feed on large pelagic fish and sometimes dolphins
False Killer Whale
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Feresa attenuata Family: Delphinidae 2 2.6 m Dark grey or black Dark cape down the backWhite lips Deep, tropical and subtropical waters Feed mostly on fish and squid
Pygmy Killer Whale
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Peponocephala electra Family: Delphinidae 2.6 2.8 m Dark grey or blackWhite lips Slim body Offshore in tropical and subtropical waters Feed on pelagic fish and squid
Melon Headed Whale
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Lagenodelphis hosei Family: Delphinidae 2.6 2.7 m Bluish-grey back Cream-pink underbelly
Pantropical, oceanic distribution Dive up to 500 m to catch mid-water fish and squid
Frasers Dolphin
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Stenella coeruleoalba Family: Delphinidae 2 2.6 m Bluish greyWhite stripes Tropical and subtropical waters Often hundreds are seen together Opportunistic feeder squid, fish, crustaceans
Striped Dolphin
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Stenella attenuata Family: Delphinidae 1.7 2.6 m Grey colouration Adults have spots
Pantropical distribution Feeds at night on fish, crustaceans and squid
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin
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Grampus griseus Family: Delphinidae 2.6 3.8 m Bulbous, rounded head Dark greyWhite scars accumulate Preference for deep water Feeds on squid at night
Rissos Dolphin
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Steno bredanensis Family: Delphinidae 2.5 2.8 m Primitive appearance Head slopes smoothly Cookie cutter scars Offshore in tropical and subtropical waters Feed on fish and cephalopods
Rough Toothed Dolphin
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Tursiops truncatus
Family: Delphinidae 2.8 - 3.8 m Uniformly grey Stocky body Curved dorsal fin Coastal distribution worldwide Opportunistic feeder - fish, squid, crustaceans
Common Bottlenose Dolphin
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D. Feingold/Sea Watch Foundation
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Tursiops aduncus Family: Delphinidae 2.4 2.7 m Confused with the commons Adults may have spots Prefer shallow waters Indian and western Pacific oceans Feed on fish and squid
Indo Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin
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Stenella longirostris Family: Delphinidae 1.8 2.3 m Grey with a light stripe Underside can be pink Long, pointed rostrum Tropical waters
Spinner Dolphin
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Unique spinning behaviour during leaps Record is 7 rotations in one leap Form of communication Dislodges parasites Excitement Play Showing off
Spinner Dolphin Behaviour - Spinning
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Sleep during the day- inside the atoll
Rest half the brain at a time Hunt mesopelagic fish andsquid at night
Dive to 300 m to catch prey Seen travelling out of the atoll at sunset
Spinner Dolphin Behaviour
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Sound communication Primary method of communication EcholocationWhistles Signature whistles (Caldwell & Caldwell 1965) Co-ordinate hunting Mothercalf cohesion Alarm calls
Acoustic Communication
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Touch Physical contact Caress others with flippers and beak Mothers and young calves Aggressive Tactile Communication: Biting Tail slapping and leaping onto others Pushing others underwater
Tactile Communication
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Blow bubbles when whistling Counter-shading Aggressive Visual Communication:Wave tail from side to side Head shaking Tail slapping Staring Swimming quickly towards others
Visual Communication
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Allows people to see dolphins in their natural habitat Developed rapidly in the 1980s and seen as analternative
to whaling
The industry was never regulated and concernsdeveloped
Dolphin Watching
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THE major conservation concern Changes in the behaviourof the animals
Can affect their survival
Disturbance
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Injury collision/ propeller Can lead to death
Immediate Impacts
WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES
Institute of Zoology Sea Watch Foundation
R. Lambert/Sea Watch Foundation
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Disruption of or changes in:
swimming speed & direction surfacing behaviour (breathing) communication group size/ cohesion mating or nursing feeding/ resting patterns increased aggression
Short - term Impacts
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Bay of Islands, N.Z. resting behaviour ofbottlenose dolphins decreased (Constantine et al. 2004)
Western Australia group structure of bottlenosedolphins changed (Arcangeli & Crosti 2008)
New South Wales dive times of humpback whaleswere higher (Stamation et al. 2010)
Examples
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Alter their distribution and range Habitat abandonment
ecological impacts Increased chronic stress
reduced reproductive success
and higher mortality
Long term Impacts
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Six Senses Laamu Code of Conduct
WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES
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Keep at least 50 m away from dolphins
For whales, keep at least 100 m away No more than 3 boats should be within 150 m ofdolphins
and 300 m of whales
Boats should spend no more than 30 minutes withwhales or
dolphins Do not approach from directly behind or head on
Boats should travel side-by-side to the animals Allow the dolphins to choose to approach the boat
WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES
Code of Conduct
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No rapid changes in speed or rapid changes indirection- be predictable
Reduce speed to less than 6 knots when within 150 m Do not cut them off or chase them
Do not encircle or box in the animals, always allow the animals an escaperoute
Do not separate mothers and calves
Do not attempt to feed, touch or swim with whales ordolphins
WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES
Code of Conduct
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All whales and dolphins are protected under Maldivianlaw
(May 1993)
IWCs Indian Ocean Whale and Dolphin Sanctuary Codes of conduct implemented worldwide Encourage sustainable tourism Reduce disturbance Enhance the guest experience Ensure the future of the trips
WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES
Concluding Remarks
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Anderson, R.C., Sattar, S.A. & Adam, M.S. 2012 Cetaceans in the Maldives: areview. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 12(2): 219-225 Arcangeli, A. & Crosti, R. (2009) The short-term impact of dolphin-watchingon the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in westernAustralia. Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology, 2: 7pp.
Caldwell, M. C. & Caldwell, D. K. (1965) Individualized whistle contours inbottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Nature 207, 434435. Constantine, R., Brunton, D.H. & Dennis, T. (2004) Dolphin-watching tourboats changes bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behaviour. BiologicalConservation 117: 299-307
Stamation, K.A., Croft, D.B., Shaughnessy, P.D., Waples, K.A. & Brigss, S.V.(2010) Behavioural response of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to
whale-watching vessels on the southeastern coast of Australia. MarineMammal Science, 26 (1): 98-122.
WDC Species Guide (http://www2.wdcs.org/species/about2.php)
References
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Photo Credits
Arkive photos used under their for use in educational material terms andconditions:
teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the Material in their educational material (including, butnot limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects) in hard copy and digital format for
use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the Material is maintained
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Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association Sea Watch Foundation
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Thank You For
Listening
R. Lambert
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THANK YOU
Contact Information | www.sixsenses.com
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