Dolphins and porpoises An interactive lesson By: Lindsey Redden.
QUICK START GUIDE TOOTHED CETACEANS: WHALES, DOLPHINS, & PORPOISES...
Transcript of QUICK START GUIDE TOOTHED CETACEANS: WHALES, DOLPHINS, & PORPOISES...
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Since cetaceans are mammals, they give birth rather than lay
eggs. They generally give birth to one calf every 1-6 years;
depending on the species of cetacean, females can become
pregnant for 9-18 months! Cetaceans have inner reproductive
parts that are covered by slits. These slits are on their bellies
near their tails; males have two slits and females have three
slits. The larger slit on a male is where the penis is located and
the smaller slit is for the anus. As for the females, the larger slit
is where the vagina and anus are both located and the two
smaller slits are the mammary glands which provide milk for
calves. Mothers and calves tend to stay together in tropical
waters and single females stay there as well but for mating.
Males are able to migrate to colder waters but return to tropical
areas to meet with the females.
Danil, K., & Chivers, S. J. (2007). Growth and reproduction of female short-
beaked common dolphins, Delphinus delphis, in the eastern tropical Pacific.
Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85(1), 108-121.
How Do Whales Have Babies? (2015, July 11). Retrieved from
https://www.whalefacts.org/how-do-whales-have-babies/.
ABSTRACT: ANATOMY:
Cetaceans consist of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Whales
are either baleen and belong to the Mysticete phylogeny or are
toothed and belong to the phylogeny Odontocete. For this
powerpoint I will not be focusing on Baleen whales although I
do mention them every once in a while as a comparison to
toothed whales. Instead I will solely focus on toothed cetaceans;
some examples are Beluga whales, Sperm whales, Bottlenose
dolphins, Amazon River dolphins, Killer whales, and Harbor
porpoises. The subtopics in this powerpoint consist of the
breeding process that toothed cetaceans go through, the anatomy
of different species, migration patterns and habits, diets, threats,
and conservation. Along with these informative paragraphs, I’ve
provided pictures with fun facts that go along with the subtopics
of this presentation. Lastly, all of the references that I used will
be provided towards the end for further research if you’re
interested in reading more about them.
BREEDING PROCESS:
Migration patterns depend on the species and gender of a
cetacean as well as the environmental conditions. Some
cetaceans migrate to warmer parts during the colder seasons
and then to colder areas during the warmer seasons. But
there are some that are meant for colder climates such as
beluga whales whom are found in the Arctic or subarctic.
Belugas swim in waters that are shallow and can be as cold
as (32°F). They spend their time in colder waters (for
autumn and winter) but migrate to river basins and warmer
areas for summer. Bottlenose dolphins migrate in groups
called pods. You can find these dolphins in tropical waters
(Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific ocean). As for male sperm
whales, they can be found traveling alone around the globe
throughout their lifetime. But things such as climate change
and pollution can mess with migration patterns. Some
animals are forced to leave their regular habitats due to
temperature changes and scarcity of food.
Habitat and Distribution. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/beluga-
whales/habitat/#:~:targetText=Most beluga whales migrate
south,migrate north in the autumn.
Sperm Whale Facts. (2015, July 11). Retrieved from
https://www.whalefacts.org/sperm-whale-facts/.
MIGRATION:
DIET: The diets of toothed whales vary depending on whale, dolphin,
and porpoise. Although they all have teeth, they swallow their
food whole unless they catch a bigger prey...in this case they eat
their prey in chunks. Sperm whales eat about one ton of fish and
squid per day; they’re capable of doing so by holding their
breath for more than 90 minutes and deep diving to capture
squid. Beluga whales will eat bottom-dwellers such as fish
(cod, flounder, capelin, smelt, herring), octopus, sandworms,
squid, snails, crabs, etc. Killer whales (orcas) eat things such as
octopus, sea lions, fish, seals, seabirds, rays, squid, and sea
turtles! As for Amazon river dolphins, they tend to have a diet of
crabs, fish, turtles, shrimps, and piranhas. And bottlenose
dolphins eat similar things except for piranhas and turtles. As for
Harbor porpoises, they rarely eat octopus and squid but instead
search for fish that are non-spiny such as cod, sardines, herring,
mackerel, and whiting. So, the species and location of a
cetacean...determines its diet.
Do Whales Have Teeth? (2015, July 11). Retrieved from
https://www.whalefacts.org/do-whales-have-teeth/.
Wijnsma, G., Pierce, G. J., & Santos, M. B. (1999). Assessment of errors in
cetacean diet analysis: in vitro digestion of otoliths. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79(3), 573-575.
CONSERVATION:
We’ve all seen videos and pictures of marine animals affected
by plastic and other kinds of pollution on social media but do
we do anything about it? Well, if not then we can start now by
not partaking in plastic usage such as straws and plastic bags
which can end up in the ocean. We can “reduce, reuse and
recycle” but that’s not all. The organization I Love A Clean San
Diego provides volunteering opportunities. For example, you
can go out to a beach with a group of volunteers, pick up trash,
and in return you not only get a cleaner beach but they
sometimes give out coupons for volunteering. Many aquariums
also allow people to volunteer and be alongside cetaceans.
We’re able to gain awareness, knowledge, understanding and
gain a stronger appreciation for them. So, don’t just talk about
change...be the change!
Hoyt, E. (2012). Marine protected areas for whales dolphins and porpoises:
A world handbook for cetacean habitat conservation. Routledge.
Noaa. (2019, July 10). Fishing Gear and Risks to Protected Species.
Retrieved from https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/bycatch/fishing-
gear-and-risks-protected-species.
SOLD OUT: We have sold out of tickets for today, December 8, 2019.
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.aqua.org/Conserve/volunteer.
Volunteer. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ilacsd.org/volunteer/.
REFERENCES: Danil, K., & Chivers, S. J. (2007). Growth and reproduction of female short-beaked common dolphins,
Delphinus delphis, in the eastern tropical Pacific. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85(1), 108-121.
Do Whales Have Teeth? (2015, July 11). Retrieved from https://www.whalefacts.org/do-whales-have-
teeth/.
Endo, T., Haraguchi, K., & Sakata, M. (2002). Mercury and selenium concentrations in the internal organs
of toothed whales and dolphins marketed for human consumption in Japan. Science of the Total
Environment, 300(1-3), 15-22.
Habitat and Distribution. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/beluga-
whales/habitat/#:~:targetText=Most beluga whales migrate south,migrate north in the autumn.
How Do Whales Have Babies? (2015, July 11). Retrieved from https://www.whalefacts.org/how-do-
whales-have-babies/.
Hoyt, E. (2012). Marine protected areas for whales dolphins and porpoises: A world handbook for
cetacean habitat conservation. Routledge.
Noaa. (2019, July 10). Fishing Gear and Risks to Protected Species. Retrieved from
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/bycatch/fishing-gear-and-risks-protected-species.
SOLD OUT: We have sold out of tickets for today, December 8, 2019. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.aqua.org/Conserve/volunteer.
Sperm Whale Facts. (2015, July 11). Retrieved from https://www.whalefacts.org/sperm-whale-facts/.
Volunteer. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ilacsd.org/volunteer/.
Wijnsma, G., Pierce, G. J., & Santos, M. B. (1999). Assessment of errors in cetacean diet analysis: in vitro
digestion of otoliths. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79(3), 573-
575.
All cetaceans have holes on the top of their heads called
“blowholes” which are for breathing; while baleen whales have
two blowholes that are side by side, toothed whales only have
one. They dive to deep depths, hold their breath for long periods
of time, and eventually rise above the water to breathe. Although
cetaceans lack hair, they have blubber which is a layer of fat that
retains their body heat and helps with their buoyancy. Pectoral
fins which are located on each side of a cetacean’s body are for
maneuvering and steering. A tail fin has two flukes, used for
swimming and are made of connective tissue (flexible). Most
cetaceans have dorsal fins which are meant for stability but not
all of them do. Beluga whales lack but they’re able to lean up
against the ice in the Arctic. As for teeth, they have one set for
life. Dolphins have 72-100 identical teeth which are long and
pointy for grabbing food. Porpoises have about 38-40 teeth that
are located on the upper jaw and 40-48 located on the lower jaw.
The teeth of a porpoise are small and “spade-like.” Beluga
whales have 34 teeth in total and they’re thick and short. Killer
whales have 40-56 teeth and sperm whales have a row of 18-26
on each side of their lower jaw but have no teeth on the upper
jaw. Their upper jaw is occupied by “sockets” which their teeth
fit perfectly into. This oral structure allows them to smoothly
slurp prey into their mouths.
Do Whales Have Teeth? (2015, July 11). Retrieved from
https://www.whalefacts.org/do-whales-have-teeth/.
Sperm Whale Facts. (2015, July 11). Retrieved from
https://www.whalefacts.org/sperm-whale-facts/.
There are multiple threats to cetaceans due to the fact that
marine life is affected very easily by the actions of humans.
Pollution interferes with the growth and productivity of the
oceans; when one species is killed, the rest of the food chain is
affected. Climate change also causes ice sheets to melt; since
the sun no longer has white ice sheets to bounce its heat off of,
the water absorbs it, and the temperature of our oceans
change. Fishing methods such as purse seines, pelagic
longlines, and midwater trawls have accidentally caught “non-
targets” such as dolphins, sharks, and sea turtles and this is a
major threat. This hurts the populations of marine animals and
it adds up overtime. The last threat is the Taiji Japan dolphin
hunting which has occurred for many generations. This
cultural tradition has been exploited by animal activists but
Japan continues to hunt. They sell the blubber, red meat, fins,
lungs, kidneys, and livers. Dolphins are stabbed in their neck
and have a wooden rod plunged into their wound which causes
them to drown but die slowly. They’re also sold alive to other
countries such as China for their marine parks. But the locals
in Japan believe it’s just a part of their lifestyle to hunt, sell,
and eat dolphins because their ancestors did. So, we should all
be aware of threats like these because we have the power to
make a difference and protect our marine animals and oceans.
Endo, T., Haraguchi, K., & Sakata, M. (2002). Mercury and selenium
concentrations in the internal organs of toothed whales and dolphins
marketed for human consumption in Japan. Science of the Total
Environment, 300(1-3), 15-22.
Glick, D. (2017, January 18). Global Climate Change, Melting Glaciers.
Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-
warming/big-thaw/.
THREATS:
By: Jennifer Menke Lammi TOOTHED CETACEANS: WHALES, DOLPHINS, & PORPOISES
FUN FACT: The capturing of dolphins in Japan have been
somewhat consistent from 2007-2019. The killings decreased
in 2009 when the documentary “The Cove” came out which
exploited Japan’s dolphin hunting . And the release of
dolphins only began in 2011. Taiji's chart of reported dolphin kills, captures, and releases from Dolphin
Project page "Taiji Facts/Frequently asked Questions.“
Photograph credit: DolphinProject.com
FUN FACT: Beluga whales can swim backwards!
Beluga Whale. (2018, May 31). Retrieved from https://seahistory.org/sea-history-for-kids/beluga-whale/.
FUN FACT: Most dolphin
calves stay by their mothers’
side for 3-6 years; they learn
to adapt and capture food.
Chicago Tribune article "Breeding
Dolphins a complicated
undertaking for zoos, aquariums."
Photographer: Tony Briscoe
FUN FACT: Did you
know that Killer Whales
are at the top of their food
chain? Yes, they’re
capable of killing adult
whales and can even go up
against sharks! Home. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://us.whales.org/.
Sperm whales: 77,000-130,000 lbs, 50-55 ft long
Beluga whales: (females) 2,998 lbs & 9.8-13.1 ft long/ (males) 3,307 lbs & 11.2-15.1 ft long
Killer whales: (females) 3,000-6,000lbs & 16-23 ft long (males) 8,000-12,000lbs & 20-26f ft long
Bottlenose dolphins: 330-1,400 lbs & 6.6-13 ft long
Amazon river dolphins: 220-350 lbs & 6.5-8.5 ft long
Harbor porpoises: 130-200 lbs & 5-6 ft long