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Transcript of Wh Explorers
# 3 U n it E x p lo r a t io n a n d
D is c o v e r y
Reconquista Retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian soldiers
after 732 AD (Battle of Tours) Completed by Portugal – early 1400s Completed by Spain – 1492
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http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/iberian.gif
Reconquista
Iberian Muslims – called “Moors” Christian Soldiers: Conquistadores
Used by Spain and Portugal to explore Africa and the New World for the “Glory of God”
Kings also needed to get them off the Iberian peninsula – they could cause trouble with no one left to fight
Reconquista Image
Spices
Key to wealth in the Renaissance world
Highly desired by Europeans in an age before refrigeration
Grown in what is today Indonesia
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Spices
Spice Trade was controlled by Muslims (remember – Mecca had been a trading center before Islam came to Arabia – the trade flowed through Arabia and Egypt and into the Northern Italian City States)
Pepper – worth its weight in gold by 1492
Cloves and Cinnamon both very expensive – used for “medicine”
Modern Spice Market in Turkey
Factors that lead to Exploration Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources
in Europe.
Support for the diffusion of Christianity
Political and economic competition between European empires
Innovations in navigational arts (European and Islamic origins)
Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator
Map showing Spanish and Portuguese Explorations of Africa and the New World
Let’s start with the rivalry between Spain and Portugal
Portugal is first out of the gate-They didn’t have the Spanish Inquisition-They take anyone who thinks they can make sailing better-They are the 1st to sail to Africa then to get to India and Indonesia
Prince Henry the Navigator Portuguese prince – Son of
King John I (first king of Portugal)
Started a school of navigation in Portugal
Wanted to bring the Renaissance to Portugal – needed money to do so
spices = money Dreamed of sailing around
Africa and reaching the Spice Islands of the Indies
Prince Henry the Navigator and the Portugal Empire
The Portuguese yearned to find a sea route to India to thwart Arab middlemen who controlled overland routes, keeping prices of pepper and other spices high by keeping supplies low.
CARAVEL-A multi-sail ship that can sail in different directions regardless of which way the wind blows. Larger, sturdier than previous ships.
ASTROLABE-(invented by the Muslims). Shows latitude by position of the stars.
COMPASS-(Chinese) Shows direction by always pointing due North.
Better maps-maps began to include the western continents!
NAVIGATIONAL ARTS
Portuguese Explorations
Series of explorations sent down the coast of Africa – looking for the route around it to India
Portuguese Explorations
Ran into islands off the coast of Africa (Madeira and Azores)
Found the bight of Africa in the 1450s (before Henry’s death)
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Kingdom of GhanaPowerful and wealthy African coastal kingdom
found in the Bight of AfricaThree major trading items
Salt (used for preserving meat and milk)Gold (will fund Portuguese exploration)Slaves (minor trading item in the 1450s – not
really important until the discovery of the New World and the establishment of sugar plantations)
Slavery out of Africa12 million slaves taken:
1450-1880Portuguese ran the trade Middle Passage – from Africa to
Havana, CubaWhere did they all go?
1 million never reached land3 million to Brazil2.5 million to Caribbean3 million to New Spain2 million to Europe (various
places – many as domestic servants , coachmen and other house laborers)
500,000 to what is today the US South
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The Middle Passage
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The Middle Passage is the slave trade route from Africa to the New World
Africa Europeans, especially
Portuguese established trading posts along the coasts
Traded in slaves, gold, and other products
Trading posts became center of slave trade
Slavery and the Middle Passage
http://www.kislakfoundation.org/millennium-exhibit/pics/burnside/0261.jpg
Slavery and the Middle Passage
Slavery and the Middle Passage
Meanwhile…
The Portuguese just keep going and going and going….
Map showing Spanish and Portuguese Explorations of Africa and the New World
Portugal and the Search for SpicesAfter finding Ghana the
Portuguese continued down the coast of Africa
1498 – Vasco Da Gama rounds the Cape of Good Hope and establishes trade with India and Indonesia
Portugal quickly became Europe’s spice traders
Huge money to be made by Portugal in trade (salt, slaves and spices)
Africa’s Indian Ocean Coast Arabs had already established
trading posts Swahili was the common
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Africa’s Indian Ocean Coast
Intrusion of the Portuguese--established trading posts
Impact on Spain and international trade■ Spain wanted the
gold, spices, wealth of the Portuguese.
■ Sent out expeditions to compete with Portuguese
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Asia India, the East Indies,
and China were colonized first by small groups of merchants
More merchants and army followed
Portuguese, Dutch and British established trading companies■ Dutch East India,
British East India Companies
Indian textiles influenced the British textile industry-cotton, design
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The British will eventually discover a route to India and they will defeat all others to take over the country.
They will change the world with the East India Tea Company
So how did the East India Tea Company end up changing the world?
East India Tea Company
What comes to mind when you hear the word "corporation?" Maybe a giant, faceless conglomerate? Ruthless captains of industry? Perhaps you think of corporate scandals like Enron and WorldCom.
In fact, the unscrupulous plundering done by some modern-day corporations pales in comparison to the activities carried out by one of the world's first corporations: the British East India Company
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East India Tea CompanyThe concept of corporations was first
established under ancient Roman law [source: University of Virginia].
But it wasn't until England emerged from the Middle Ages that it created what we recognize as the modern corporate structure.
It all began on Dec. 31, 1600, when Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter to the British East India Corporation, naming the corporation "The Governor and Company of Merchants of London, trading with the East Indies."
The corporation conducted business in the East Indies (land that we now consider India and the Middle East) at the behest of the queen
http://www.wordtravels.com/images/map/India_map.jpg
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East India Tea CompanyThe East India Company established a few
major precedents for modern corporations. But it also shaped the world in countless other ways.
With both the financial and military support of the Crown, the EIC served as an instrument of imperialism for England.
The company had its own private army and raised soldiers in the areas it subjugated. Its expansionism spurred several wars that produced at least two sovereign nations.
Among its many claims to fame (and notoriety), the EIC indirectly built Yale University, helped create two nations and was the world's largest drug-dealing operation in the 18th century.
http://www.wordtravels.com/images/map/India_map.jpg
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China Chinese created enclaves
(certain areas) to restrict foreign influence and control trade
Portuguese, Dutch, British competed for trade in China
Official imperial policy established to control foreign influences and trade
China didn’t need anything from the western world so they had no strong desire to trade
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Japan Japanese society characterized by powerless
emperors ruled by military leaders (shoguns) Adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign
influences Foreigners (Dutch) could only trade in Nagasaki
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Let’s go back to the rivalry between Spain and Portugal
Spain is behind the game- even with what will be the #1 navy (called the Spanish Armada) in the world.
That armada will later be sunk by fate, bad weather, and Elizabeth I of England in 1588 - never to rise again!
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In 1598 Philip III of Spain offered a prize and a lifetime pension to anyone who could discover a way to find the longitude at sea.
Later the English through Parliament and the scientific societies did the same.
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http://www.cs.utah.edu/~bigler/pictures/europe2002/spain/el%20escorial.jpg
Meanwhile on the other side of the world…the unknown world
Christopho Columbo From a common family in Genoa, Italy (a sea trading city with
connections to the Spice trade) went to Portugal early in the 1470s Worked for the Portuguese sailing from Lisbon to Iceland – hears tale
of the Vikings and western settlements Believed that the Vikings had actually settled north of Japan on the
east coast of Asia Heavily influenced by the Journal of Marco Polo, an Italian who
traveled overland to China in the 13th century Developed a plan to sail west to reach the Indies Pitched his plan to the Portuguese crown – turned him down (Portugal
is already going around Africa and dealing with Ghana) 1486 – Arrives in Spain – Reconquista is not finished – has to wait –
Queen Isabella liked the idea, but would not fund it until the end of the Reconquista
1492 – Two Worlds Collide Jan 1492 – Granada surrenders – Reconquista is
over and the Spanish crown agrees to fund Columbus’ venture
Columbus was given three ships: Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria
October 12, 1492 – land sighted Columbus named the island “Hispaniola” and
claimed it for Spain (most experts believe he’s somewhere in the modern Bahamas)
He’s convinced that he’s somewhere off the east coast of China
Called the natives “Indians” – named after the Indies (where he believes he is)
Christopher Columbus:a critical assessment Crazy? He saw Asians in
the Caribbean Visionary? He opened
the way to the West Heartbroken? He sailed 4
times to the New World, yet always believed that he was just off the coast of Asia
Died Penniless in Spain Did he really “discover”
anything? Why is he so important?
Nueva Espaňa
Three reasons to come to the new worldG o d : Christianize the American IndiansG o ld : gold found in Central Mexico
(Aztecs) and silver found in Peru (Incas)G lo r y : glory for the Conquistadores
Nueva EspaňaSuper colony –
stretched from today’s Utah to the end of South America
Capital: Mexico City
Spanish really focused on the gold and silver mines of central and south America
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It’s a lot of Gold….
It’s a lot of gold and silver coming from the new world to Spain
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http://www.flheritage.com/archaeology/underwater/galleontrail/plateFleets.cfm
It’s a lot of Gold….
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The vast amounts of natural resources discovered in the New World inspired envy among Spain’s European rivals, especially France and England. Spanish shipments of silver ( plata ), gold, gems, spices, and other exotic goods soon became prey for pirates and corsairs intent on stealing their share. To counter this threat, Spain developed a formal convoy system as early as 1537 to protect its merchant vessels from predators. At least two armed escorts, a capitana or flagship sailing at the front of the fleet and an almiranta or vice-flagship in the rear, accompanied the heavily laden ships across the Atlantic. Additional armed galleons often protected large fleets. To pay for this protection, merchants whose cargos were carried in the fleet paid a tax on their goods to the Spanish Crown
How much gold and silver?
$2.35 Trillion in today’s money
Pirate…
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Remember that rivalry between Spain and Portugal?
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
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The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty to solve the land dispute between Castile (present-day Spain) and Portugal.
1) It clarified the spheres of influence and rights of possession in the New World.-
2) it reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal.-
3) it granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain.
The treaty was organized where the land would be divided by a hypothetical north-south (longitudinal) line around the world.
Spanish Missions The Spanish used a series of missions to link the parts of
New Spain together Many of the cities of the American southwest were
originally missions San Diego, San Antonio, Santa Fe, Los Angeles, Santa
Barbara, San Francisco Missions
1/3 Church 1/3 fort 1/3 school
Alamo (San Antonio)
Nueva EspanaIndigenous - native - people became enslaved on plantations where they worked until they died. These mega-farms or mining plantations were called encomienda - labor system used by the Spanish to colonize the New World
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Map of New Spain
Meanwhile other nations are discovering this new world…
Especially England and France
North American Colonization
Six European Countries colonized North America – 3 were minor settlements
R u s s ia – Alaska – fishing and whalingS w e d e n – New Sweden (along the
Delaware River) – now southern parts of New Jersey
( )N e t h e r la n d s D u t c h – New Amsterdam – becomes New York in 1664
European Colonization of North America
Major European Settlements in North America
• Spanish – Nueva Espana – stretched to Utah – included Florida (has oldest city in the US)– This territory was not where Spain concentrated its
resources• French
– New France (along the St. Lawrence Seaway)– Louisiana (along the Mississippi River)– Mostly settled for trade with the Indians– French saw the Indians as allies and partners– Colonies run by Absolutism – governors had complete
control
Map of New France
Map of New France
English Settlements
Most were founded for religious choice
Puritans – wanted to clear the Anglican Church of its Catholicism
Quakers – went to Pennsylvania
Only Rhode Island founded for religious freedom
Gives America the idea of the “city on a hill” – we’re God’s chosen people
Generally founded for economic reasons
Cash crops Tobacco Indigo (blue dye) Rice Cotton (after 1793)
Heavily dependent on labor Will turn to slavery by 1640
– it makes economic sense Home of the “American
Dream”
Northern Colonies(Massachusetts)
Southern Colonies(Virginia)
Map of the English Colonies before 1763
What purpose did the colonies serve? Why did they exist?
Mercantilism – economic system whereby colonies exist solely to serve the mother country in terms of providing raw materials and as a market for finished goods. The “needs” of the colony were secondary to the needs of the mother country.
Mercantilism and Triangle Trade
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Triangle Trade
The Columbian Exchange O ld Wo r ld t o N e w
Wo r ld N e w Wo r ld t o O ldWo r ld
People – colonists / slaves
Horses and other draft animals
Agricultural products – wheat
Religion – ChristianityDiseases – especially
smallpox Ideas behind
government and culture
Agricultural products -- corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, potatoes
Diseases – syphilis
Columbian Exchange
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