Western Europe : The Middle Ages
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Transcript of Western Europe : The Middle Ages
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600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.
Originally created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
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Europe c. 200 CE
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PeriodizationEarly Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
[Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600]
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Europe in the 6c
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The Medieval Catholic Church (West)
Filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. Monasticism: St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of
poverty, chastity, and obedience. Provided schools for the children of
the upper class. Inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. Libraries & scriptoria to copy books
and illuminate manuscripts. Monks missionaries to the
barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
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The Power of the Medieval Church
Bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. The church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. Tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat. Curb heresies crusades; Inquisition Tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].
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A Medieval Monk’s Day
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A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium
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Illuminated Manuscripts
St. John’s University?
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Printed Psaltar
Gregorian Chant
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Medieval Embroidery
The Bayeux Tapestry, 11c
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Illuminated Manuscripts
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Charlemagne: 742 to 814
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Charlemagne’s Empire
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Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800
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Odo of Metz. Interior of the Palatine
(Palace)Chapel of Charlemagne
(Aachen, Germany), 792-805voussoirs
modeled after San Vitale/
Octogon/columns/clear
structural/divisions
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The Carolingian Renaissance
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Carolingian Miniscule
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Carolingian Empire/Equestrian
portrait of Charlemagne (Metz, Germany), early ninth century
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Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843
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Main Parts of a Medieval Castle---Why?
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Chauvigny Castle, France, 11c
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FeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.
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Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
Fortified Cities
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The Rise of European Monarchies: England
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Parts of a Medieval Castle
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The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
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Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
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The Medieval Manor
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Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
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RomanesqueCathedralArchitectural Style
Á Rounded Arches.Á Barrel vaults.Á Thick walls.Á Darker, simplistic interiors.Á Small windows, usually at
the top of the wall.
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RomanesqueFloor Plans
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St. Filibert, France, 10c
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Interior of a RomanesqueCathedral
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Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
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Setting Out on Crusade
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Christian Crusades: East and West
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Crusades Impact• Recapture “Lost” Knowledge • Books, “Aristotle”• Mathematics –”Arabic Numerals”• Medical and Surgical Procedures• Goods, Trade and Roads Rebuilt• Architectural Ideas and Concepts• “Tourism”
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PeriodizationEarly Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
[Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600]
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Vikings, Magyars, Mongols…• Many of the Nations or “Ethnicities”
were formed during the Middle Ages• Germanic Tribes merged with
Norsemen, Celts, etc.• Northern Slavs- Modern-day Poles,
Czechs, Russians, etc.• Pagans to Roman Catholics or
Eastern Orthodox
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Viking Age• Explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided,
traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic from the late 8th to the mid-11th century.
• These Norsemen (Northmen) used their famed longships to travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga River in what would become Russia, and as far west as Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland ---- (Minnesota’s Kensington Runestone c.1364?)
• As far south as Al-Andalus Spain• Medieval history of Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland and the
rest of Europe in general.• Norsemen-Normans, Russians- Novgorod and Kiev, Anglo-
Saxons, Jutes, Danes, Swedes, etc.
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Animal head post, from the Oseberg ship burial (Norway), c. 825, wood
“gripping beasts”Vikings/ fusion of
interlaced pattern and the animal form/
gruesome rituals of human sacrifice/Odin,
Thor, and Freya/ Valhalla/ Valkyries/
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Two views of the Oseberg ship (Oslo)
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Left: Wood carved portal of the stave church at Urnes,
Norway, c. 1050-1070
Below: drawing of a stave church
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English Monarchies• House of Normandy - 1066-1154• House of Plantagenet -1154-1399–Richard the Lionheart – (r. 1189-1199)-Crusades-Saladin– James I – (r. 1199-1216)-Magna Carta
• House of Lancaster – 1399-1461
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William I (r. 1066-1087)• Change of rulers creation
of feudal state• Programs of building and
fortification• Changes to the English
language• Shift in the upper levels of
society and the church• Adoption of some aspects
of continental church reform
• Modern Monarchy of England begins
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William the Conqueror-Norman: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)
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William the Conqueror• To press his claim to the English crown,
William invaded England in 1066, leading an army of Normans, Bretons, Flemings, and Frenchmen
• Victory over the English forces of King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings
• Suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest
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Text: Here King Harold was slain, and the English fled.
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William the Conqueror/ King Harold of England
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Battle of Hastings in 1066
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Magna Carta, 1215
King John I “Great Charter” Monarchs were not above the law. Kings had to consult a council of advisors. Kings could not tax arbitrarily.*
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The Beginnings of the British Parliament Great Council: middle class merchants,
townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.
Eventually called Parliament. By 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords nobles & clergy.o House of Commons knights and
burgesses.
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The Rise of European Monarchies: France
All throughout EuropeKingdoms move toward Unification of peoples of The Realm
Recreation of theRoman Empire?
Reconquesta
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France in the Middle Ages• From the death of Louis the Pious in 840 to the middle of the 15th century.
The Middle Ages in France– West Francia (843–987) and the Viking invasions and the piecemeal
dismantling of the Carolingian Empire by local powers,– the elaboration of the seigneurial economic system and the feudal
system of rights and obligations between lords and vassals,– the growth of the region controlled by the House of Capet (987–
1328) and their struggles with the expanding Norman and Angevin regions,
– a period of artistic and literary outpouring from the 12th to the early 14th centuries,
– the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), the protracted dynastic crisis of the Hundred Years' War with the Kingdom of England (1337–1453) and the catastrophic Black Death epidemic (1348), and
– the expansion of the French nation in the 15th century and the creation of a sense of French identity
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“Germans”• The English term Germans has
referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages.
• Holy roman Empire• Later Kingdom of Germany and the
Holy roman empire of the Germanic Nation
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Holy Roman
Empire c. 1000
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Holy Roman Empire c. 962-1806
• Otto I was crowned King of Germany in 962, but he is nevertheless considered by some to have been the first Holy Roman Emperor
• although the Roman imperial title was first restored to Charlemagne, Otto was the first emperor of the realm who was not a member of the earlier Carolingian dynasty.
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Otto I• While Charlemagne had been
crowned Emperor in 800, his empire had been divided amongst his grandsons
• the Imperial title had lain vacant for nearly forty years. On 2 February 962, Otto was crowned Emperor of what later became the Holy Roman Empire
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Otto III r. 980-1023• Otto III (980 – 23 January
1002), a King of Germany, was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire.
• He was elected King in 983 on the death of his father Otto II and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 996.
• King of Germany and King of Italy
• Aachen and St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
• Enlightened ruler?• Byzantine Empire issues?
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Magyar Migrations
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Stephen I of Hungary• first King of Hungary (r. 1000–1038). • He greatly expanded Hungarian control over the Carpathian Basin during his lifetime• Broadly established Christianity (Roman Catholicism) in the region • Considered to be the founder of the Kingdom of Hungary.•1000-1918
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Hungarian campaigns in the 10th century. Most European nations were praying for mercy: "Sagittis hungarorum libera nos Domine" - "Lord save us
from the arrows of Hungarians"
Magyars
Stephen I
Saint in bothRoman Catholic and now the Orthodox Faith
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The Mongols Invade Russia
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Mongols, Tartars, Turks• Migrations end in conquest even
though for some short-lived• In time, many assimilate into the
peoples of Europe• Each ethnic group (nation) creates
fortifications to defend themselves from the “Barbarian Hordes”
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Medieval Universities
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Oxford University
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Late Medieval Town Dwellings
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Medieval Trade
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Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly: Controlled membership
apprentice journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices
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Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop
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Crest of a Cooper’s Guild
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PeriodizationEarly Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
[Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600]
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Eurasia Timeline
Modern Age?“Dark Ages”
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Late Middle Ages• the 14th century was a time of great progress within the arts and sciences.
Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began.
• The absorption of Latin texts had started before the 12th Century Renaissance through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks (1453), when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy
• The changes brought about by these developments have caused many scholars to see it as leading to the end of the Middle Ages, and the beginning of modern history and early modern Europe.
• Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.
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Hanseatic League (c. 13th -17th c)• an economic alliance of trading cities and their
merchant guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe.
• Stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period.
• The League was created to protect commercial interests and privileges granted by foreign rulers in cities and countries the merchants visited.
• The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. Despite this, the organization was not a city-state, nor can it be called a confederation of city-states
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Hanseatic League
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Gothic Art• Gothic period emerges from France. A.k.a.
modern art• 12th to 14th c. and beyond• Elegant, ornate style- Christian and secular
styles• Guilds and artistic patronage• Black Death 1347-1350• The pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the
flying buttress
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The Gothic Cathedral
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Gothic Floor Plans
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Canterbury Cathedral, England
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Gothic CathedralArchitectural Style
Á Began in France in the 12c.Á Pointed arches.Á Flying buttresses. Á Stained glass windows.Á Elaborate, ornate interior.Á Taller, more airy à lots of light.Á Lavish sculpture à larger-than-
life.
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Interior of a Gothic Cathedral
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Interior of a Gothic Cathedral
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St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12c
“Flying” Buttresses
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Flying Buttress
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Gothic “Filigree” Closeups
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Chartres Cathedral, Paris
Royal Portal
Jamb Figures
The “Pillar People”
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Cathedral Gargoyles
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Stained Glass Windows
Á For the glory of God.
Á For religiousinstructions.
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Notre Dame Cathedral 1163-1240
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The good, of course, is always beautiful, and the beautiful never lacks proportion. --- Plato
Rose Window Chartres Cathedral, Paris
Sacred Geometry
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“Rose” Windows of Various Kinds
Original Design
Buddhist Mandala
Labyrinth, 1200
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Chartres CathedralPlan for all Rose Windows
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Which Interior Is Which?
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Which Vault Is Which?
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Which Cathedral Style Is Which?
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Cathedral of Mont-Saint Michel:A Fortress & A Church
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Spanish Castle, 14c
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Relinquary, late 12c
Late Medieval Church Art
Chalice, paten, and straw, mid-13c
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Á St. Francis’Rule Approved
Á GiottoÁ 1288-92?Á Tempera on
wood and ground gold.
Late Medieval Art
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Á The EpiphanyÁ GiottoÁ 1320Á Tempera on wood and ground gold.
Medieval Religious Themes
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Á Giotto
Á 1305
Á Tempera onwood andground gold.
The Crucifixion
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The Plague
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The Culprits
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The Famine of 1315-1317
By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate.
A population crisis developed. Climate changes in Europe produced
three years of crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain.
As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died.
One consequence ofstarvation & povertywas susceptibility todisease.
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1347: Plague Reaches Constantinople
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From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411
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Lancing a Buboe
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The Disease Cycle
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria.
Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.
Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Human is infected!
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Medieval Art & the Plague
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Medieval Art & the Plague
Bring out your dead!
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Medieval Art & the Plague
An obsession with death.
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Attempts to Stop the Plague
A Doctor’s Robe
“Leeching”
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Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!
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ScapegoatsPograms against the Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle” obligatory badge
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Death Triumphant
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The Mortality Rate
35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!
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What were thepolitical,economic,and social effectsof the Black Death??
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Catholic Church Splits• Western Schism or Papal Schism was a split
within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417. • Two men simultaneously claimed to be the true
pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414–1418).
• The simultaneous claims to the papal chair of two different men hurt the reputation of the office. The Western Schism is occasionally called the Great Schism, though this term is more often applied to the East–West Schism of 1054
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Western Schism (1378-1413)
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Themes of Conflict
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• The French nobility selected Philip of Valois, a cousin of the last king through the male line.
– He founded a new French dynasty that ruled through the 16c.
– He was chosen in preference to King Edward III of England, whose mother was the daughter of the late king, Philip IV.
• In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of France.”
Controversy Over Succession
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Land Belonging to British Kings
• A longer standing issue was the status of lands within France that belonged to English kings.
• Edward was actually a vassal of Philip’s, holding sizable French territories as fiefs from the king of France [it went back to the Norman conquest - 1066].
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Conflict Over Flanders
• Wool industry.
• Flanders wants its independence from French control.
• Asks England for help.
The ‘dagger’ pointing at the ‘heart’ of England!
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A Struggle for National Identity
• France was NOT a united country before the war began.
• The French king only controlled about half of the country.
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Europe c. 1430
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• The use of the English defensive position was the use of the longbow.
• Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt from a crossbow.– Could pierce an inch of
wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards
• A longbow could be fired more rapidly.– 6 arrows per minute.
The Longbow as a Weapon
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Early English Victories
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The Effective Use of the Cannon at Poitiers, 1356
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Troubles• Peasant Revolt in 1381 was put
down by King Richard II[r. 1377-1399].
• After charges of tyranny, Richard II was forced to abdicate in 1300.
• Parliament elected Henry IV [r. 1399-1413], the first ruler from the House of Lancaster.– Henry avoided war taxes.– He was careful not to alienate
the nobility.• Therefore, a truce was signed
ending French and British hostilities [for the time being, at least].
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A Burgundian Presence
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Treaty of Troyes (1420)• Charles VI’s son [the future
Charles VII], was declared illegitimate and disinherited.
• Henry V married Catherine, the daughter of Charles VI.– Henry was declared the
legitimate heir to the French throne!
• A final English victory seemed assured, but both Charles VI and Henry V died in 1422.
• This left Henry’s infant son, Henry VI [r. 1422-1461], to inherit BOTH thrones.
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Height of English Dominance
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The French “Reconquest”• The two kings’ deaths ushered in the
final stage of the 100 Years’ War [1422-1453].– Even though in 1428 the military
and political power seemed firmly in British hands, the French reversed the situation.
• In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious Joan of Arc, the French king, Charles VII, was able to raise the English siege of Orleans.– This began the reconquest of the
north of France.
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Joan of Arc (1412-1432)• The daughter of prosperous
peasants from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English.
• Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation.– Her “voices” told her to
go to the king and assist him in driving out the English.
• She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader
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The End of the War
• Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued.
• By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers except Calais.
• In 1453 the French armies captured an English-held fortress.– This was the last battle of the war.
• There was not a treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.• Here comes the next phase…
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France Becomes Unified
France in 1337
France in 1453
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600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.