HomeostasisWhat is homeostasis?

Circle the examples below that show situations that your body needs to respond to maintain homeostasis:

shivering in a cold swimming pool sweating in gym class

getting goosebumps on a cold winter day getting hungry

sleeping at night breathing faster when running

getting thirsty thinking hard during a test

Homeostasis and CellsThe human body has many specialized cells. Specialized cells perform specific functions for the

body. Match the type of cell with its function to help the body maintain homeostasis.

skin cell carries electrical messages form the brain to body

red blood cell fights bacteria in body

muscle cell carries oxygen from lungs to rest of body

nerve cell covers and protects the body from the outside

white blood cell contracts and allows for movement

Groups of Cells Form TissuesWhat is a tissue?

Fill in the chart below describing the four types of tissue found in the body:Type of Tissue Description Examples

EpithelialMade of layers of tightly packed

cells that line the surfaces of the body.

skin, lining of mouth and nose,lining of the digestive system

Organization of Your Body

Name: __________________8 th Grade Science Read the section in the flexbook and fill in this worksheet. Due on _________________

Groups of Tissues for OrgansWhat is an organ?

Describe the role of each type of tissue in the organ of the heart.

nervous tissue – sends messages to control the beating of the heart

epithelial tissue –

connective tissue –

muscle tissue –

Groups of Organs Form Organ SystemsFill in the chart below describing the functions of the organ systems.

Organ System Function

cardiovascularTransport oxygen, hormones and nutrients to the body cells.

Moves wastes and carbon dioxide away from cells.

lymphatic

digestive

endocrine

integumentary

muscular

nervous

reproductive

respiratory

skeletal

urinary

immune

Homeostasis and Feedback RegulationFeedback regulation occurs when the response to a stimulus has an effect of some kind on the

original stimulus. The most common in a negative feedback loop. See example below:

Try to fill in the empty boxes on the following negative feedback loops:

Lesson Summary

The levels of organization in the human body include: _______________, _______________,

_______________, and _______________ _______________.

A _______________ is a group of cells working together.

An _______________ is made of two or more _______________ that work together.

Organs that work together make up _______________ _______________.

There are four types of tissue in the body: _______________ tissue, _______________ tissue,

_______________ tissue, and _______________ tissue.

There are ______ major organ systems in the body.

Organs and organ systems work together to maintain _______________.

Drop in body temperature. Drop in blood sugar level.

Your Skin and HomeostasisWhat are the three parts of your body that make your integumentary system?

What are three ways your integumentary system helps you maintain homeostasis?

Functions of SkinDescribe how your skin performs the following functions for your body:

My skin provides a barrier by

My skin helps control body temperature by

My skin helps me gather information from my environment by

My skin helps me get rid of some types of waste by

My skin acts as a sun block by

Structure of SkinWhat is keratin?

Use colored pencils to color the cross section of skin below:

The EpidermisDescribe the structure and function of the epidermis.

The Integumentary System

Name: __________________8 th Grade Science Read the section in the flexbook and fill in this worksheet. Due on _________________

What is melanin?

The DermisWhere is the dermis located?

What structures are located in the dermis?

Oil Glands and Sweat GlandsOil glands make sebum. What does sebum do for the body?

Sweat glands make sweat. What does sweat do for the body?

Nails and HairHair and nails are made of the protein _______________.

NailsWhat are the functions of nails?

Label and color the picture of a fingernail.

HairWhat makes hair colors different?

What are the functions of hair?

Label and color the sketch.

Keeping Skin HealthyWhy is some sunlight good for you?

Why do some people get sunburn more easily than others?

What causes 90% of skin cancers?

Bathing and HygieneList things that can accumulate on your skin and encourage the growth of bacteria.

What effects does the bacteria on skin have?

How can you keep your skin healthy?

InjuryDescribe how the skin heals itself?

When is it necessary to get stitches for a cut?

Lesson Summary

Skin acts as a _______________ that keeps particles and water out of the body.

The skin helps to _______________ the body in hot temperatures, and keeps the body

_______________ in cool temperatures.

Skin is made up of two layers, the _______________ and the _______________.

Pimples occur when the skin produces too much _______________.

Hair and nails are made of _______________, the same protein as skin.

Nails grow from nail _______________ and hairs grow from hair _______________ in the skin.

Ski cancer can be caused by excess exposure from _______________ light from the

_______________ or tanning beds.

Frequent _______________ helps keep the skin clean and healthy.

Wearing _______________ and a _______________ when outdoors can help prevent skin cancer.

The Skeletal System

Name: __________________8 th Grade Science Read the section in the flexbook and fill in this worksheet. Due on _________________

Your SkeletonThe main organs of the skeletal system are the _______________.

Humans have a backbone, therefore they are classified as _______________.

The adult human skeleton has _______ bones.

How does the skeleton of babies and small children compare to the skeleton of an adult?

What are the functions of cartilage and ligaments?

cartilage-

ligamants-

Label the picture of the skeleton with the names of the bones.

Functions of BonesExplain how the skeletal system provides the following functions for the body:

Support-

Protection-

Movement-

Making blood cells-

Storage-

Structure of BonesDescribe the two main types of bone found in the body.

Describe the two types of marrow found in the body.

Label and color the picture of the femur.

Joints and How They MoveDraw lines to match the type of joint on the left with the description on the right.

Fixed joint Allows for little movement. Found in vertebrae.

Partly moveable joint Allows for movement. Found in limbs.

Moveable joint Do not allow for any bone movement. Found in skullMoveable Joints

Fill in the chart below to describe the different types of joints.

Type of Joint Short Description Locations in Body

ball and socketA ball-shaped surface of one

bone fits into the cup-like shape of another. Allows for movement

in all directions.

hip and sholder

hinge

pivot

gliding

Keeping Bones and Joints Healthy

Eating WellWhat two nutrients are important to maintain a healthy skeletal system?

List some foods that contain nutrients important to maintaining a healthy skeletal system?

How does your skin help you maintain a healthy skeletal system?

Lesson Summary

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments make up the _______________ system.

The skeleton supports the body against the pull of _______________.

The skeleton provides a ______________ that supports and protects soft _____________ of the body.

Bones work together with _______________ to move the body.

Blood cells are mostly made inside the bone _______________.

There are three types of joints in the body: ___________, partly _____________ and _____________.

____________ and ____________ are the two most important nutrients for a healthy skeletal system.

The breakdown of the _______________ leads to pain and stiffness in the joint.

A _______________ is an injury to a ligament.

A _______________ is a break or crack in a bone.

The Muscular System

Name: __________________8 th Grade Science Read the section in the flexbook and fill in this worksheet. Due on _________________

Types of MusclesLong, thin cells that are able to contract are called muscle _______________.

What is the difference between voluntary muscles and involuntary muscles?

Fill in the chart below to describe the three types of muscles.

Type of Muscle Voluntary/Involuntary Location in Body Job

skeletal

involuntarymove food through the

digestive system

heartpump blood through body

Below are pictures of muscle cells. Write the type of cells below each picture.

__________________ __________________ __________________

Muscles, Bones, and MovementDraw lines to match the term on the left with the description on the right.

tendon the muscle that contracts to cause and joint to bend

ligament the muscle that contracts to cause a joint to straighten

flexor a tough band of connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone

extensor connective tissue that joints bones together

Muscles and the Nervous SystemDraw a sketch and label it showing how the nervous system controls muscles. Include the

following parts in your sketch: brain, nerves, muscle

Muscles and Exercise - Fill in the chart below to describe the three types of exercise

Type of Exercise Purpose Examplesaerobic

increase muscle strength

stretching

Muscle InjuriesHow does warming up before exercise reduce the chance of injury?

What is a strain?

What is tendonitis?

SteroidsWhat are some of the negative effects of taking anabolic steroids to increase muscle size?

Lesson Summary

The body has three types of muscle tissue: _______________, _______________, _______________. Muscles move the body by __________________ against the skeleton. Muscles are controlled by the __________________ system. Regular __________________ improves the health of the muscular system and makes muscles bigger

and stronger. Muscular __________________ is the ability of a muscle to exert ________________ during a

contraction. Muscular __________________ is the ability of a muscle to continue to contract over a long time

without getting tired. A __________________ is an injury to a muscle in which the muscle __________________ tear

because the muscle contracts too much or contracts before the muscle is warmed up. Tiny tears and swelling in a tendon results in __________________.

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System

Name: __________________8 th Grade Science Read the section in the flexbook and fill in this worksheet. Due on _________________

Functions of the Cardiovascular SystemThe four jobs of the cardiovascular system are:

1. a _______________ delivery service 2. a _______________3. a _______________ system 4. a _______________ against diseases

What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system?1. 2. 3.

The Movement of GasesWhat body system works closely with the cardiovascular system to move gases around the body?

Every cell in your body needs the gas ____________ and needs to get rid of the gas ___________.

_______________ is an important protein found in the blood. It allows oxygen gas to attach to it.

Parts of the Cardiovascular SystemDraw lines to match the term on the left with the description on the right.

heart fight against infection and diseases

arteries blood never leaves the blood vessels inside of the body

veins pumps blood through blood vessels

capillaries carry oxygen

plasma thin-walled blood vessels, carry blood to heart, has valves

red blood cells a colorless, watery fluid in which blood cells are suspended

white blood cells thick-walled blood vessels, carry blood away from heart

closed system a network of tiny blood vessels, allows for exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and body cells

Two Blood Circulation SystemsThere are two “loops” of the cardiovascular system. Describe the two loops below:

systemic circulation-

pulmonary circulation-

Summary The _______________ system includes the _______________, the blood _______________, and

the _______________. There are three main types of blood vessels in the body: _______________, _______________,

and _______________. _______________ circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygen-rich

blood away from the _______________, to the body, and returns oxygen-poor blood back to the _______________.

_______________ circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygen-poor blood away from the _______________, to the lungs, and returns oxygen-rich blood back to the _______________.

Heart and Blood Vessels

Name: __________________8 th Grade Science Read the section in the flexbook and fill in this worksheet. Due on _________________

The HeartHow many chambers are in the human heart?

How are the atria different from the ventricles?

Complete the statements below to describe the job of each chamber of the heart.

The right atrium

The right ventricle

The left atrium

The left ventricle

Where is the Heart?Describe the heart’s location. Explain why it seems like the heart is on the left side of the chest.

Blood Flow Through the HeartHow does the “left side loop” and “right side loop” differ with blood flow through the heart?

The HeartbeatWhat is the function of valves in the heart? What produces the heartbeat sound?

Blood Circulation and Blood Vessels

1. Label the following chambers of the heart:right atriumleft atriumright ventricleleft ventricle

2. Color the heart and surrounding blood vessels:use light/bright red for oxygen-rich blood areasuse dark red/maroon for oxygen-poor areas

Summary The heart is divided into _________ chambers, the left and right _______________ and the left

and right _______________. The _______________ side of the heart collects oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to

the _______________, where it releases _______________ and picks up _______________. The _______________ side carries the oxygen-rich blood back from the _______________ into

the _____________ of the heart, which then pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The _______________ in the heart prevent blood from flowing backward into the heart.

Health of the Cardiovascular System

Name: __________________8 th Grade Science Read the section in the flexbook and fill in this worksheet. Due on _________________

Blood Vessels and Blood PressureWhat causes pressure on the walls of blood vessels?

What happens to the blood pressure as you move to blood vessels further from the heart?

What can be said about the blood pressure in veins?

Name and describe the two blood pressure readings

Healthy Blood Pressure RangesWhat are healthy ranges for blood pressure?

Circle the factors below that can affect blood pressure ranges:

age gender race exercise emotions

sleep stress nutrition drugs disease

Cardiovascular Diseases

Draw lines to match the term on the left with the description on the right.

hypertension A loss of brain function due to a blockage of the blood supply to the brain. It can be caused by a blood clot, an object gets caught in a blood vessel, or by a bleedingblood vessel.

atherosclerosis Occurs when blood cannot reach the heart because of ablood vessel is blocked. If cardiac muscle is starved ofoxygen for more than about five minutes, it will die.

coronary heart disease When a person’s blood pressure is always high. Systolic blood pressure is 140 or higher and/or diastolic bloodpressure is 90 or higher. Can lead to many othercardiovascular problems.

heart attack Hardening or inflammation of the arteries that causesswelling and a buildup of material called plaque. Causes thearteries to narrow, making blood flow through the artery difficult.

stroke The end result of the buildup of plaque within the walls of coronary arteries. May cause angina (chest pain).

Keeping Your Cardiovascular System Healthy

What is a risk factor?

Give a short description of the following risk factors for CVD that you cannot control:

Age:

Gender:

Genetics:

Give a short description of the following risk factors for CVD that you can control:

Tobacco smoking:

Diabetes:

High cholesterol levels:

Obesity:

High blood pressure:

Lack of physical activity:

Poor eating habits:

Summary Blood _______________ is the force put on the walls of blood _______________ by circulating

blood. The force put on the balls of _______________ is called blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured by an instrument called a __________________________. In the United States, the healthy ranges for _______________ blood pressure is less than 120mm

Hg and _______________ pressure is 80 mm Hg. _______________ occurs when a person’s blood pressure is always _______________. A _______________ disease (CVD) is any disease that affects the _______________ system.

_______________, ______________ heart disease and ______________ are examples of CVDs. Cardiovascular diseases are _______________ diseases. Having a poor _______________ and

not getting enough _______________ are two major causes of CVD.

The Respiratory System

Name: __________________8 th Grade Science Read the section in the flexbook and fill in this worksheet. Due on _________________

Roles of the Respiratory System

Label the following parts of the respiratory system on the diagram to the right:

nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, diaphragm

Parts of the Respiratory System

Draw lines to match the term on the left with the description on the right.

diaphragm the area of the throat the produces your voice

nose/nasal cavity small sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place

pharynx the major breathing muscle

larynx a flap of tissue that overs the trachea when you swallow

trachea a long tube from the pharynx to the bronchi

bronchi a pathway in the throat for food and air

epiglottis filters, warms and moistens the air you breath

alveoli tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs

How We Breathe

Is breathing mostly a voluntary or involuntary action?

Describe inhalation.

Describe exhalation.

Use colored pencils to highlight the bloodvessels in the picture in the picture.

The Journey of a Breath of Air

Fill in the boxes in the following diagram. Color the blood with colored pencils.

Breathing and Cellular Respiration

What is cellular respiration?

What are the waste products of cellular respiration?

Summary

Your _______________ system is made up of the tissues and organs that allow _______________

to enter and _______________ to leave your body.

Respiratory system organs in include your _______________, _______________,

_______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________

During _______________, the _______________ contracts and moves _______________, and

brings air into the lungs.

During _______________, the _______________ and rib muscles _______________and air is

pushed out of the lungs.

_______________ enters the lungs, then passes through the alveoli and into the ______________.

The oxygen is carried around the body in _______________.

_______________, a waste gas, moves into the blood _______________ and is brought to the

lungs to be released into the air during _______________.

The _______________ that arrives from the lungs is used by the _______________ during

cellular respiration to release the _______________ stored in molecules of sugar.

Health of the Respiratory System

Name: __________________8 th Grade Science Read the section in the flexbook and fill in this worksheet. Due on _________________

Respiratory System DiseaseWhat can happen to your respiratory system when homeostasis is thrown out of balance?

What is the difference between an acute disease and a chronic disease?

List the structures of the respiratory system that a respiratory disease can affect:

Circle the causes of respiratory diseases below:

bacteria viruses pollutants tobacco smoke genetic causes

Draw lines to match the respiratory disease on the left with the description on the right.

bronchitis A disease where the cells in the lungs grow out of control. Can form a tumor. There is an increased risk of getting this disease if you smoke.

asthma A common and often deadly disease caused by a bacteria. Considered infectious, because it can be spread from person to person. Most commonly attacks the lungs. Considered highly contagious because the bacteria is spread by a cough or sneeze.

pneumonia Inflammation of the bronchi. The bronchi become red and swollen. The acute form of this disease can be caused by bacteria for viruses. The condition may last for several days to several weeks. Chronic forms of this disease can last for months or years.

tuberculosis (TB) A chronic lung disease caused by the breakdown of lung tissue. The tissues that support the alveoli become hard and stiff, instead of springy and flexible. The efficiency of the alveoli is reduced. People with this disease experience shortness of breath during exercise.

lung cancer A chronic condition in which the bronchioles are inflamed and narrow. The muscles around the bronchioles contract and narrow the airways. Excess mucus is made. Causes a person to have difficulty breathing, their chest feels tight, and they may wheeze. Can be caused by allergens, cold or warm air, most air, exercise or stress.

emphysema An illness in which the alveoli become inflamed and filled with fluid. Gas exchange cannot properly take place. Caused by infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.

Causes of Respiratory DiseaseDescribe briefly how the following can cause respiratory diseases:

pathogens –

pollution –

lifestyle choices –

Dangers of SmokingA friend of yours tried cigarettes for the first time. You are afraid they will become a smoker. Write a letter, using information from the flexbook, as to why they shouldn’t smoke.

Dear Friend,

Keeping Your Respiratory System HealthyDesign a billboard about ways to keep your respiratory system healthy. Use information from the flexbook. Use colored pencils to draw what the billboard will look like below.

Summary Respiratory diseases are diseases that affect the _______________, _______________,

_______________, _______________, and _______________. Respiratory diseases can reduce the amount of _______________ that gets into the blood. _______________ is an illness that occurs when the _______________ are inflamed and narrow. Difficulty breathing happens because of the _______________, contraction of the

_______________, and the production of _______________ by the cells that line the bronchioles. Disease of the respiratory system that are caused by exposure to tobacco smoke include

_______________, ______________, and cancers of the ______________ and ______________. Cigarette smoking cause ______ percent of lung cancer deaths. Avoid _______________, get enough_______________, and wash your _______________ in

order to protect your respiratory system from illness.

The Digestive System

Name: __________________8 th Grade Science Read the section in the flexbook and fill in this worksheet. Due on _________________

What Does the Digestive System Do?What are the main jobs of the digestive system?

What is the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion?

Describe the process of absorption.

Color and label the diagram of the digestive system.

Include the following parts:pancreas, esophagus, mouth, tongue,anus, rectum, liver, epiglottis, stomach,salivary glands, large intestine,small intestine, appendix

The Role of Enzymes in DigestionHow do enzymes help with digestion?

Draw lines to match the enzyme with its function.

amylase produced in the pancreas, used to break down fats

pepsin produced in the liver,secreted into intestines,breaks down fat

trypsin produced in they salivary glands, helps break down starches

lipase produced in the pancrease, breaks down proteins

bile produced in the stomach, breaks down protien

Digestive Organs and Their RolesHow long is the adult human digestive system?

Why do you think digestive organs are lined with sticky, slippery mucus?

Use colored pencils to draw a sketch to show your understanding of how peristalsis moves food through the digestive system.

Describe how each part listed below contributes to the process of digestion.mouth –

esophagus –

stomach –

small intestine –

villi –

large intestine –

liver –

Bacteria in the Digestive SystemList the ways bacteria in the large intestine is helpful:

Keeping Your Digestive System HealthyDesign a poster about ways to keep your digestive system healthy. Use information from the flexbook. Use colored pencils to draw what the poster will look like below.

Summary The digestive system _______________ food, _______________ nutrients, and

_______________ of food wastes. Digestive _______________ speed up the reactions of _______________ digestion. The main organs of the digestive system are the _______________, _______________,

_______________, _______________, and _______________. ______________ in the large intestine produce ______________ and have other roles in the body.