ANIMALSSPECIALIZED CELLS & BODY SYSTEMS

SPECIALIZED CELLS: BLOOD• BLOOD: FLUID THAT TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES THROUGHOUT THE

BODY• MADE OF 2 MAIN SUBSTANCES: • 1. PLASMA: 90% WATER PLUS DISSOLVED PROTEINS, GLUCOSE,

MINERAL IONS, HORMONES, & CARBON DIOXIDE.• 2. BLOOD CELLS: 3 TYPES:

• RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)= CARRIES OXYGEN THROUGHOUT THE BODY (MOST NUMEROUS)

• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)= DEFEND AGAINST DISEASE• PLATELETS= FORM BLOOD CLOTS

SPECIALIZED CELLS: MUSCLE• MUSCLE CELLS: SHORTEN TO CAUSE MOVEMENT OF THE BODY.

THEY MOVE THE SKELETON, HEART, AND INTERNAL ORGANS• THREE MAIN TYPES

1. SKELETAL2. CARDIAC3. SMOOTH

• MUSCLE CELLS HAVE MANY, MANY MITOCHONDRIA (BECAUSE THEY REQUIRE SO MUCH ENERGY)

SPECIALIZED CELLS: EPITHELIUM• EPITHELIAL CELLS FORM THE LINING OF STRUCTURES.• THIS INCLUDES:• SKIN• LINING OF BODY CAVITIES

• THREE TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS1. SQUAMOUS: FLAT, THIN, AND SOFT. THESE LINE CHEEKS,

BLOOD VESSELS, LUNGS, AND OTHER BODY CAVITIES.2. CUBOIDAL: CUBE-SHAPED3. COLUMNAR: LINE THE SMALL INTESTINE.

BODY SYSTEMS: RESPIRATORY

• RESPIRATION: MOVEMENT OF AIR IN AND OUT OF LUNGS (BREATHING)INSPIRATION: BREATHING INEXPIRATION: BREATHING OUT

INVOLVES THE LUNGSTRACHEABRONCHIAL TUBESALVEOLI

BODY SYSTEMS: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• A TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR MANY SUBSTANCES (INCLUDING BLOOD)• INVOLVES THE• HEART= PUMP SYSTEM• VEINS= CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART• ARTERIES= CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART• BLOOD VESSELS= FOUND THROUGHOUT THE BODY AND VARY IN

SIZE

BODY SYSTEMS: SKELETAL SYSTEM• PROVIDES SUPPORT AND STRUCTURE FOR THE BODY, MOSTLY IN

THE FORM OF BONES• INVOLVES• BONES= MADE OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE• JOINTS= WHERE BONES COME TOGETHER.

1. BALL & SOCKET JOINT: LIKE HIP OR SHOULDER2. HINGE JOINT: LIKE KNEE OR ELBOW3. IMMOVABLE JOINT: LIKE THE SKULL

• CARTILAGE= FLEXIBLE TISSUE THAT PROVIDES ADDITIONAL SUPPORT

BODY SYSTEMS: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM• PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN FOOD INTO SMALLER

MOLECULES THAT THE CELL CAN USE• INVOLVES:

• MOUTH= TEETH MECHANICALLY BREAK DOWN FOOD• ESOPHAGUS= PERISTALSIS MOVES FOOD DOWN ESOPHAGUS

(THROAT)• STOMACH= BREAKS DOWN FOOD WITH GASTRIC JUICE (VERY

ACIDIC)• SMALL INTESTINE= ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS INTO THE

BLOODSTREAM• LARGE INTESTINE= WATER IS REABSORBED BY THE BODY &

WASTES ARE EXPELLED

BODY SYSTEMS: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM• MALES HAVE• SPERM• TESTES= GLANDS THAT PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE

• FEMALES HAVE • OVARIES= RELEASE EGGS• FALLOPIAN TUBE= PATH OF EGGS TO UTERUS• UTERUS= PLACE FOR EMBRYO (BABY) TO DEVELOP

SPERM + EGG= ZYGOTE (WHICH DEVELOPS INTO A FETUS UNTIL FINAL A BABY IS BORN)

BODY SYSTEMS: MUSCULAR SYSTEM• ENABLES APPROPRIATE MOVEMENT• ENABLES THE FUNCTION OF ORGANS• THREE TYPES

• 1. SKELETAL= ATTACHED TO BONES AND MOVES THE BODY (VOLUNTARY)

• 2. SMOOTH= LINE INTERNAL ORGANS AND MAKE UP THE WALLS OF VESSELS (INVOLUNTARY)

• 3. CARDIAC= FOUND IN THE HEART (INVOLUNTARY)

BODY SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM

• CONTROLS AND COMMUNICATION NETWORK OF THE BODY• NEURONS= NERVE CELLS• SENSORY NEURONS GET INFO FROM YOUR 5 SENSES• MOTOR NEURONS CARRY INFO FROM BRAIN TO MUSCLES TO

CAUSE ACTION• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM• BRAIN• SPINAL CORD

BODY SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM• CONSISTS OF ALL OTHER PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM.• CARRIES IMPULSES FROM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD TO THE

REST OF THE BODY• AUTONOMIC SYSTEM= CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY SYSTEMS,

LIKE GLANDS & SMOOTH MUSCLES.• SOMATIC SYSTEM= CONTROLS VOLUNTARY SYSTEMS, LIKE

SKELETAL MUSCLES

BODY SYSTEMS: URINARY SYSTEM• PRODUCES, TEMPORARILY STORES, AND ELIMINATES WASTE (URINE)• INVOLVES THE

• KIDNEYS= FILTERS LIQUID WASTE AND PRODUCES URINE• URETERS= PATHWAY OF URINE TO BLADDER• BLADDER= HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT STORES URINE• URETHRA= TUBE THAT TAKES URINE FROM THE BLADDER OUT

OF THE BODY

BODY SYSTEMS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM• REGULATES THE EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON BODY FUNCTION• TWO TYPES OF GLANDS:• EXOCRINE GLANDS= SECRETE SUBSTANCES INTO BODY

CAVITY OR ONTO SKIN’S SURFACE. EX. SWEAT GLANDS & MAMMARY GLANDS• ENDOCRINE GLANDS= SECRETE HORMONES INTO

BLOODSTREAM.

• HORMONES INCLUDE: GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN, ADRENALINE, & THYROXIN

BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM

• CELLS AND TISSUES THAT DEFEND THE HUMAN BODY AGAINST PATHOGENS-INVOLVES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)

• LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: CONNECTING NETWORK AMONG PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

• LYMPH= FLUID CONTAINED IN LYMPH VESSELS• TISSUE FLUID= SURROUNDS CELLS AND CONSISTS OF WATER AND

LEUKOCYTES• LYMPH NODES= MASSES OF TISSUE LOCATED AT INTERVALS ALONG THE

LYMPH VESSELS

BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM

• SPLEEN= LARGEST LYMPH ORGAN• INFLAMMATION= LOCALIZES THE INFECTION AND ALLOWS THE BODY TO

DESTROY PATHOGENS• FEVER= INCREASE IN BODY TEMPERATURE• ANTIGEN= VIRUS, BACTERIA, FUNGI (WHATEVER THE INVADING ORGANISM)• ANTIBODIES= SPECIFIC TO ONE ANTIGEN. BINDS TO ANTIGEN AND BLOCKS

EFFECTS.

BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM• IMMUNITY= ABILITY TO RESIST DISEASE.• ACTIVE IMMUNITY= • ACQUIRED WHEN AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IS ACTIVATED IN

THE BODY. (YOU GET SICK AND YOUR BODY BUILDS UP ITS IMMUNITY)• LONG TERM IMMUNITY

• PASSIVE IMMUNITY=• WHEN ANTIBODIES ARE INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY. (FROM

MOTHER TO INFANT THROUGH BREAST-FEEDING)• SHORT TERM IMMUNITY

RECAP OF BODY SYSTEMS

• RESPIRATORY • CIRCULATORY• SKELETAL• DIGESTIVE• REPRODUCTIVE

• MUSCULAR• NERVOUS• URINARY• ENDOCRINE• IMMUNE