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Supplementary Information
New constraints on elemental and Pb and Nd isotope compositions of South American and Southern African aerosol sources
to the South Atlantic Ocean
R. Khondokera, D. Weissa, *, T. van de Flierdta, M. Rehkämpera, K. Kreissiga, B. J. Colesa, S. Strekopytovb, E. Humphreys-Williamsb, D. Shoufeia,c, A. Boryd, V. Bout-Roumazeillesd, P. Smichowskie, P. Cid-Agüerof, M. Babinskig, R. Losnoh, F. Monnai
a* Dept. of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ , UK
b Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
c CRPG, UMR-CNRS 7358, Vandœuvre, Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France
dUniversity of Lille, CNRS, University of Littoral Côte d’Opale, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d’Orceanologie et de Géosciences, F 59000 Lille, France
e National Atomic Energy Commission, Av. Gral Paz 1499, Buenos Aires, Argentina
f University of Magallanes, Avda. Bulnes, 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile
g Geochronological Research Centre, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
h LISA Faculty of Science, University of Paris, Batiment P4 393, Paris, France
I Univerisity of Bourgogne, Batiment Gabriel, Dijon, France
Table S1. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) relevant for the sample solution aliquots analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS
Element
LOQ
ICP-AES, ppm
Al
0.1
Fe
0.1
K
0.01
Mg
0.01
Mn
0.02
Na
0.5
Cu
0.05
Pb
0.05
Cd
0.05
Zn
0.02
Cr
0.05
Ni
0.02
Co
0.02
V
0.05
ICP-MS, ppb
La
0.01
Ce
0.03
Pr
0.003
Nd
0.007
Sm
0.002
Eu
0.002
Gd
0.002
Tb
0.002
Dy
0.002
Ho
0.002
Er
0.002
Tm
0.001
Yb
0.002
Lu
0.002
Sc
0.03
Th
0.06
Y
0.005
Analyses of blank samples that were prepared and handled in the same manner as sample solutions consistently yielded concentrations below the LOQ values for all elements.
Table S2. Major element concentrations of samples from South America and Southern Africa, in % (w/w)
Sample ID
Sample Location
Al2O3
CaO
Fe2O3
K2O
MgO
MnO
Na2O
South America
Rural – Topsoil, Bed sediment (bulk)
4
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
4.66
26.8
1.93
0.878
3.76
0.112
1.51
5
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
11.6
1.80
4.41
1.92
2.76
0.115
3.31
8
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
12.8
1.72
5.63
2.23
2.49
0.127
3.46
9
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
12.3
2.31
5.17
2.15
2.49
0.139
3.73
10
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
11.5
1.72
5.21
2.02
2.22
0.126
3.05
11
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
11.3
2.14
4.95
2.00
2.81
0.113
2.93
12
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
11.8
1.85
4.55
1.78
1.68
0.0955
3.12
19
Rio Gallegos, Southern Patagonia
13.2
1.96
5.22
1.43
1.25
0.0482
2.28
21
Rio Gallegos, Southern Patagonia
12.9
3.90
5.55
1.17
1.97
0.131
2.71
35
Rio Santa Cruz, Southern Patagonia
14.1
3.31
4.70
1.65
1.65
0.114
3.02
40
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
14.5
3.84
4.96
0.883
2.85
0.0811
2.43
42
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
15.8
1.16
6.01
0.861
1.27
0.0476
1.39
1
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
13.0
2.22
4.93
1.73
1.64
0.0835
2.75
2
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
13.4
2.47
5.08
1.89
1.84
0.0675
2.83
13
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
11.9
1.52
4.71
1.76
1.47
0.0489
2.57
15
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
12.5
2.80
3.93
1.61
1.77
0.0775
4.64
17
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
10.6
2.90
3.75
1.22
1.52
0.104
4.17
24
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
11.9
2.58
3.79
1.65
1.36
0.0791
3.49
27
Bahia Grande, Southern Patagonia
9.68
2.54
3.01
1.13
1.26
0.0724
2.55
28
Bahia Grande, Southern Patagonia
12.0
3.01
4.51
1.65
2.05
0.101
2.83
30
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
13.0
2.20
4.20
1.61
1.17
0.0461
2.43
32
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
7.32
1.38
2.34
1.00
0.623
0.0298
1.57
33
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
11.8
2.25
4.16
1.72
1.36
0.0645
2.84
38
Argentino Lake, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
11.6
2.52
4.73
1.37
1.35
0.0871
1.82
Volcanic – Volcanic clasts and tephra (bulk)
CH
Chaiten Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
13.5
1.64
1.46
3.07
0.324
0.0563
4.05
PU1
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
13.8
2.03
4.42
2.83
0.620
0.107
5.99
PU2
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
13.3
1.99
4.15
2.82
0.592
0.0981
5.66
PU3
Puyehue Volcano, lakeside near La Angostura
11.9
1.91
2.75
2.81
0.475
0.0709
4.54
CO
Cotopaxi Volcano, Northern Volcanic Zone
18.2
7.00
8.64
1.52
5.116
0.125
4.63
Table S2. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
Al2O3
CaO
Fe2O3
K2O
MgO
MnO
Na2O
Urban – Road dusts (50-100μm), Aerosols (<10μm)
3C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
11.3
3.28
4.10
2.17
1.16
0.0727
2.37
9C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
10.9
4.74
5.93
2.10
1.39
0.0939
2.32
110C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
10.2
4.51
5.97
1.86
1.10
0.0864
2.15
112C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
9.47
4.79
6.01
1.99
1.18
0.0916
1.96
3D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
9.95
3.23
4.13
2.28
1.20
0.0659
2.02
9D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
9.66
4.41
4.84
2.17
1.28
0.0774
2.05
110D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
8.53
4.16
6.04
1.75
1.01
0.0852
1.79
112D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
10.11
4.63
5.42
1.89
1.13
0.0840
2.09
648
Urban Area, São Paulo
0.543
0.0276
0.658
0.276
0.116
0.0184
0.526
649
Urban Area, São Paulo
0.219
0.157
0.263
0.0103
0.173
650
Urban Area, São Paulo
0.441
0.0204
0.483
0.214
0.116
0.0142
0.736
Southern Africa
Rural – Lichen
PILA
Rural Area, Johannesburg
0.530
7.21
0.329
0.366
0.164
0.0153
0.0187
Urban – Lichen
RIV
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.08
0.600
0.526
0.759
0.173
0.0130
0.0396
DEL
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.34
2.98
0.706
0.851
0.206
0.0185
0.0392
CMG
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.09
0.642
0.627
0.760
0.130
0.0128
0.0181
EMER
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.61
2.95
0.803
0.577
0.197
0.0174
0.0329
HUDD
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.16
0.212
0.634
0.667
0.143
0.0158
0.0307
BOT2
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.05
0.129
0.594
0.786
0.153
0.0105
0.0325
Mine – Tree bark
DRD-TB
Mine Dump Site, Johannesburg
0.312
2.44
0.209
0.0657
0.0769
0.110
0.0266
Table S2. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
Al2O3
CaO
Fe2O3
K2O
MgO
MnO
Na2O
South America – rural and volcanic sediment, <5 μm
4
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
3.55
n.d.
1.93
0.614
4.30
0.142
0.660
32
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
22.5
1.41
7.55
2.10
1.57
0.0923
0.950
42
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
22.9
0.15
9.07
0.823
1.30
0.0533
0.475
CH
Chaiten Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
14.4
1.47
1.68
3.72
0.445
0.063
4.31
PU2
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
14.1
1.76
3.76
3.46
0.466
0.101
5.27
Reference Material
USGS G-2
This study (n=12)
13.7
1.88
2.55
4.41
0.719
0.0310
3.86
RSD (%)
3.1
4.9
1.2
3.7
4.2
4.7
4.3
USGS G-2
Reference values
15.39
1.96
2.66
4.48
0.75
0.03
4.08
RSD (%)
1.9
4.1
6.4
2.9
4.0
33
3.2
The reference values for the USGS G-2 Granite reference material are from Gladney et al. (1992). The precision of our G-2 data is 1x relative standard deviation (RSD) calculated from the results of multiple individual analyses (n = 12).
n.d. = not determined.
Table S3. Rare earth element, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni, Co, Y, Th, V, and Sc concentrations for samples from South America and Southern Africa (μg g-1)
Sample ID
Sample Location
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
South America
Rural – Topsoil, Bed sediment (bulk)
4
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
7.72
17.8
2.00
8.01
1.66
0.427
1.58
0.248
1.52
0.311
0.898
0.137
0.864
0.133
5
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
20.1
45.2
5.21
21.0
4.52
1.06
4.14
0.653
3.92
0.814
2.29
0.338
2.14
0.329
8
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
22.2
49.9
5.72
23.0
4.96
1.13
4.56
0.715
4.37
0.881
2.59
0.383
2.48
0.374
9
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
21.5
48.3
5.58
22.4
4.74
1.14
4.43
0.705
4.32
0.874
2.54
0.378
2.41
0.368
10
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
21.0
47.0
5.36
21.6
4.55
1.06
4.29
0.669
4.10
0.826
2.34
0.360
2.29
0.356
11
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
20.7
46.5
5.35
21.6
4.60
1.07
4.26
0.666
4.05
0.820
2.38
0.358
2.30
0.350
12
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
21.9
49.1
5.63
22.5
4.86
1.13
4.37
0.689
4.16
0.839
2.43
0.359
2.31
0.353
19
Rio Gallegos, Southern Patagonia
13.3
27.3
2.84
10.5
2.07
0.635
1.66
0.269
1.68
0.357
1.11
0.178
1.21
0.196
21
Rio Gallegos, Southern Patagonia
18.6
40.4
4.62
18.5
3.84
1.09
3.46
0.530
3.18
0.642
1.82
0.275
1.77
0.267
35
Rio Santa Cruz, Southern Patagonia
19.4
43.3
4.81
19.3
4.07
1.10
3.99
0.627
3.90
0.809
2.34
0.359
2.35
0.366
40
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
14.0
27.9
2.97
11.5
2.10
0.794
1.80
0.264
1.56
0.307
0.837
0.125
0.783
0.117
42
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
7.72
16.7
1.87
7.49
1.59
0.398
1.44
0.239
1.51
0.322
0.943
0.153
1.03
0.162
1
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
20.1
44.7
5.20
21.0
4.48
1.10
4.21
0.663
4.08
0.824
2.42
0.359
2.29
0.349
2
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
20.9
46.3
5.37
21.6
4.64
1.10
4.42
0.700
4.30
0.876
2.52
0.380
2.46
0.376
13
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
22.0
47.8
5.67
22.9
4.87
1.14
4.52
0.699
4.27
0.859
2.51
0.374
2.41
0.375
15
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
20.0
44.2
5.15
20.8
4.36
1.10
4.18
0.656
3.98
0.810
2.29
0.347
2.22
0.338
17
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
20.3
45.5
5.36
21.7
4.53
1.07
4.32
0.675
4.05
0.814
2.28
0.348
2.17
0.323
24
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
17.5
37.9
4.40
17.7
3.68
0.991
3.50
0.543
3.29
0.672
1.94
0.287
1.86
0.285
27
Bahia Grande, Southern Patagonia
17.9
34.9
3.77
14.1
2.68
0.809
2.52
0.417
2.76
0.565
1.71
0.256
1.66
0.250
28
Bahia Grande, Southern Patagonia
17.0
36.6
4.17
16.6
3.56
0.930
3.30
0.519
3.17
0.649
1.91
0.286
1.83
0.293
Table S3. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
30
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
25.6
53.5
6.42
25.4
5.21
1.29
4.67
0.722
4.33
0.873
2.58
0.382
2.44
0.375
32
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
21.9
44.3
5.58
22.4
4.56
1.26
4.52
0.704
4.29
0.867
2.45
0.371
2.38
0.363
33
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
17.8
37.9
4.47
18.0
3.76
0.948
3.57
0.564
3.43
0.697
1.99
0.302
1.95
0.297
38
Argentino Lake, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
23.0
49.0
5.70
22.5
4.47
1.05
3.95
0.594
3.46
0.693
1.93
0.291
1.86
0.287
Volcanic – Volcanic clasts and tephra (bulk)
CH
Chaiten Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
37.2
70.6
7.15
23.1
3.86
0.755
3.27
0.506
2.78
0.573
1.80
0.278
1.99
0.310
PU1
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
30.8
69.0
8.66
37.0
8.41
1.61
8.45
1.32
8.89
1.80
5.83
0.833
5.88
0.881
PU2
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
30.2
66.9
8.46
36.1
8.27
1.66
8.38
1.30
8.73
1.76
5.75
0.819
5.73
0.869
PU3
Puyehue Volcano, lakeside near La Angostura
24.9
52.8
6.75
29.2
6.77
1.36
7.07
1.09
7.37
1.48
4.79
0.689
4.93
0.739
CO
Cotopaxi Volcano, Northern Volcanic Zone
14.6
27.9
3.52
15.2
3.25
0.961
3.04
0.416
2.54
0.472
1.36
0.190
1.26
0.196
Urban – Road dusts (50-100μm)
3C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
34.1
64.1
7.74
28.7
5.10
1.10
4.18
0.625
3.73
0.731
2.15
0.331
2.13
0.319
9C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
45.8
95.1
10.6
40.3
7.36
1.33
5.61
0.794
4.56
0.868
2.49
0.368
2.44
0.381
110C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
39.2
77.8
8.76
33.8
6.03
1.18
4.71
0.687
3.96
0.787
2.26
0.341
2.34
0.366
112C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
52.8
106
11.9
43.7
7.15
1.15
5.17
0.735
3.86
0.713
1.91
0.285
1.85
0.279
3D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
45.9
106
10.1
37.9
6.12
1.16
4.29
0.602
3.42
0.651
1.88
0.280
1.78
0.279
9D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
42.2
90.1
10.3
39.0
6.49
1.14
4.58
0.608
3.39
0.621
1.77
0.269
1.73
0.266
110D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
47.9
91.5
10.8
39.6
6.47
1.02
4.31
0.586
3.27
0.597
1.70
0.247
1.64
0.240
112D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
39.5
81.4
8.87
33.3
5.80
1.11
4.56
0.637
3.68
0.716
2.07
0.301
1.93
0.295
Table S3. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Urban – Aerosols (<10μm)
648
Urban Area, São Paulo
5.00
6.42
0.572
1.94
0.299
0.0648
0.209
0.0272
0.130
0.0214
0.0676
0.00727
0.0528
0.00593
649
Urban Area, São Paulo
4.13
4.88
0.518
1.31
650
Urban Area, São Paulo
9.95
9.53
0.871
2.62
0.399
0.100
0.286
0.0385
0.219
0.0360
0.0893
0.0113
0.0890
0.0127
Southern Africa
Rural – Lichen
PILA
Rural Area, Johannesburg
5.56
10.6
0.929
3.13
0.492
0.122
0.413
0.0608
0.355
0.0690
0.191
0.0280
0.177
0.0270
Urban – Lichen
RIV
Urban Area, Johannesburg
3.41
7.34
0.755
2.69
0.509
0.0961
0.453
0.0733
0.467
0.0907
0.260
0.0401
0.261
0.0425
DEL
Urban Area, Johannesburg
5.55
12.0
1.19
4.31
0.809
0.153
0.705
0.111
0.689
0.139
0.385
0.0599
0.391
0.0615
CMG
Urban Area, Johannesburg
3.85
8.32
0.868
3.19
0.605
0.119
0.546
0.0865
0.543
0.104
0.293
0.0434
0.276
0.0438
EMER
Urban Area, Johannesburg
4.66
8.91
1.05
3.85
0.703
0.158
0.658
0.105
0.601
0.123
0.342
0.0555
0.337
0.0463
HUDD
Urban Area, Johannesburg
3.70
7.80
0.869
3.25
0.617
0.116
0.564
0.0918
0.539
0.113
0.342
0.0512
0.328
0.0481
BOT2
Urban Area, Johannesburg
3.51
7.12
0.748
2.82
0.555
0.103
0.457
0.0717
0.451
0.0872
0.244
0.0391
0.242
0.0389
Mine – Tree bark
DRD-TB
Mine Dump Site, Johannesburg
2.68
4.04
0.477
1.68
0.275
0.0624
0.245
0.0364
0.203
0.0399
0.105
0.0160
0.0985
0.0146
Table S3. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
South America – rural and volcanic sediment, <5 μm
4
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
5.89
14.2
1.64
6.38
1.35
0.307
1.28
0.191
1.07
0.220
0.646
0.0890
0.585
0.0900
32
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
32.4
100
9.91
41.3
9.42
2.16
9.53
1.45
7.96
1.57
4.72
0.636
4.26
0.609
42
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
6.14
12.7
1.45
5.22
1.13
0.309
1.06
0.187
1.17
0.264
0.838
0.133
0.948
0.153
CH
Chaiten Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
24.6
48.4
5.25
17.5
2.96
0.529
2.44
0.377
2.09
0.428
1.38
0.210
1.48
0.230
PU2
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
29.7
71.6
8.94
36.9
8.39
1.58
8.74
1.44
8.66
1.85
5.89
0.880
6.16
0.924
Reference Material
USGS G-2
This study (n=12)
86.7
158
15.9
52.4
7.19
1.34
4.00
0.459
2.16
0.353
0.853
0.113
0.696
0.0908
RSD (%)
0.7
0.6
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.8
2.1
2.0
2.7
2.5
1.9
2.8
12.0
2.2
USGS G-2
Reference values
87
158
16.3
51.5
6.8
1.41
4.1
0.49
2.08
0.35
0.88
0.117
0.72
0.12
RSD (%)
2.8
1.6
3.0
2.2
2.1
5.0
4.0
8.6
25
3.8
5.1
4.4
5.8
13
Table S3. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
Cu
Pb
Cd
Zn
Cr
Ni
Th
Co
Y
V
Sc
South America
Rural – Topsoil, Bed sediment (bulk)
4
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
10.8
4.25
0.137
46.8
13.0
6.4
2.31
4.67
7.44
38.7
4.93
5
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
7.00
11.4
0.0541
69.3
42.0
14.0
7.20
8.55
19.2
100
12.7
8
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
7.44
13.0
0.0472
83.9
51.5
18.9
8.41
10.5
21.5
122
15.3
9
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
9.74
14.7
0.0630
76.0
43.8
16.8
7.49
10.9
21.2
115
14.1
10
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
9.85
14.2
0.0677
84.4
49.6
18.0
7.88
10.9
20.2
130
14.9
11
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
10.1
13.9
0.0527
83.2
46.7
17.4
7.74
11.0
20.3
116
14.4
12
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
6.15
10.8
0.0413
68.1
44.4
15.3
7.55
8.29
21.1
106
13.9
19
Rio Gallegos, Southern Patagonia
22.7
16.7
0.0655
71.9
39.4
9.3
7.28
8.13
9.18
84.0
13.9
21
Rio Gallegos, Southern Patagonia
12.6
8.12
0.0799
69.2
42.5
13.5
4.56
12.2
16.3
114
16.5
35
Rio Santa Cruz, Southern Patagonia
14.9
10.9
0.0935
72.6
27.1
18.3
5.89
13.3
21.1
109
14.6
40
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
22.3
9.86
<0.0015
55.4
30.5
22.0
3.90
18.8
7.72
105
12.2
42
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
19.4
13.5
0.0823
65.3
29.7
10.1
4.35
7.04
8.24
106
11.3
1
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
9.79
10.6
0.0861
67.0
38.7
12.4
6.76
7.73
19.9
94.8
12.3
2
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
9.78
11.2
0.0870
69.7
41.6
14.1
7.65
8.56
20.8
105
13.0
13
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
11.8
12.5
0.0607
68.9
45.0
12.8
7.64
5.32
21.8
104
13.4
15
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
8.11
9.49
0.0399
56.8
39.6
13.2
6.14
8.35
20.4
89.0
12.6
17
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
7.92
7.00
0.0364
48.2
34.0
13.3
4.92
8.28
20.7
88.2
12.4
24
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
6.76
8.45
0.0444
49.6
32.4
11.9
5.05
8.00
17.1
80.7
10.6
27
Bahia Grande, Southern Patagonia
3.71
6.27
0.0337
39.0
66.9
10.5
4.83
7.43
14.5
66.7
10.1
Table S3. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
Cu
Pb
Cd
Zn
Cr
Ni
Th
Co
Y
V
Sc
Rural – Topsoil, Bed sediment (bulk)
28
Bahia Grande, Southern Patagonia
16.7
10.5
0.0784
64.9
54.0
19.9
5.95
11.0
17.1
102
13.8
30
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
10.5
12.9
0.0467
56.8
38.4
10.8
8.24
8.83
22.6
76.4
12.5
32
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
8.12
11.8
0.0474
55.3
28.5
11.2
6.90
7.39
21.9
76.8
11.5
33
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
10.3
10.5
0.0821
56.2
13.7
11.7
5.92
8.39
18.4
78.5
10.7
38
Argentino Lake, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
18.1
9.87
0.0989
65.1
47.1
18.4
7.11
11.9
17.9
99.1
12.8
Volcanic – Volcanic clasts and tephra (bulk)
CH
Chaiten Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
2.81
19.2
0.0612
33.7
0.974
0.343
12.9
1.19
12.0
3.30
2.31
PU1
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
17.8
16.5
0.192
83.8
0.606
0.409
0.482
3.66
48.0
15.3
18.3
PU2
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
15.6
17.4
0.194
82.7
1.45
0.477
0.473
3.78
47.1
17.7
18.2
PU3
Puyehue Volcano, lakeside near La Angostura
13.6
18.8
0.140
80.8
0.329
0.268
0.346
2.25
41.8
6.36
15.2
CO
Cotopaxi Volcano, Northern Volcanic Zone
21.4
7.12
0.108
89.3
41.3
25.4
0.185
27.0
13.8
216
25.4
Urban – Road dusts (50-100μm)
3C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
234
244
0.999
519
66.2
23.3
8.52
7.71
17.9
52.8
6.70
9C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
231
482
0.796
643
113
32.7
12.6
8.86
21.2
72.8
7.94
110C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
794
489
1.73
1000
117
58.6
10.5
9.42
19.3
63.3
7.26
112C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
944
569
1.79
1306
144
174
17.9
18.2
17.7
55.1
6.50
3D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
298
269
0.819
422
79.0
19.2
12.6
7.25
16.3
46.3
5.60
9D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
142
426
0.624
535
81.2
21.7
14.5
7.32
15.6
43.9
5.90
110D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
1623
547
1.25
1199
116
46.0
12.7
9.35
15.0
52.4
5.44
Table S3. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
Cu
Pb
Cd
Zn
Cr
Ni
Th
Co
Y
V
Sc
Urban – Aerosols (<10μm)
112D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
627
407
1.75
993
96.5
44.3
11.2
8.70
17.4
58.7
6.87
648
Urban Area, São Paulo
93.7
97.1
4.50
584
146
25.2
0.619
2.08
40.4
40.4
0.437
649
Urban Area, São Paulo
42.2
133
5.54
990
n.d.
17.0
2.02
6.90
14.6
650
Urban Area, São Paulo
220
270
13.1
1357
278
53.2
0.716
9.48
34.5
34.5
0.705
Southern Africa
Rural – Lichen
PILA
Rural Area, Johannesburg
11.7
6.07
0.0613
30.3
202
12.7
0.876
1.96
1.88
7.17
0.885
Urban – Lichen
RIV
Urban Area, Johannesburg
23.5
68.7
0.295
84.5
147
8.99
1.07
1.59
2.48
11.1
1.37
DEL
Urban Area, Johannesburg
33.0
108
0.212
80.6
196
14.4
1.64
2.56
3.81
17.2
1.99
CMG
Urban Area, Johannesburg
20.6
71.0
0.322
121
91.8
10.9
1.21
2.34
2.81
11.6
1.54
EMER
Urban Area, Johannesburg
44.1
93.7
0.292
80.5
119
12.3
1.41
2.67
3.09
13.6
1.71
HUDD
Urban Area, Johannesburg
20.1
46.9
0.149
94.3
116
10.4
1.33
1.69
2.76
11.0
1.46
BOT2
Urban Area, Johannesburg
18.5
52.5
0.158
72.8
156
10.8
1.15
1.75
2.22
11.2
1.27
Mine – Tree bark
DRD-TB
Mine Dump Site, Johannesburg
6.92
9.53
0.121
31.6
26.4
7.14
0.373
5.72
1.11
3.36
0.459
Table S3. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
Cu
Pb
Cd
Zn
Cr
Ni
Th
Co
Y
V
Sc
South America – rural and volcanic sediment, <5 μm
4
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
10.9
4.71
0.146
68.0
9.76
6.04
5.59
36.4
4.09
5.85
1.68
32
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
19.5
24.1
0.098
130
45.0
30.4
14.7
147
22.0
43.6
10.6
42
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
28.8
18.8
0.082
96.7
45.4
13.0
9.09
159
12.6
6.60
5.85
CH
Chaiten Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
3.83
20.5
0.069
47.1
3.63
1.44
1.72
9.00
2.95
13.3
13.0
PU2
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
13.2
24.9
0.190
83.8
0.521
0.404
3.05
8.40
11.5
52.8
8.88
Reference Material
USGS G-2
This study (n=12)
9.12
31.6
0.0242
86.1
7.63
2.15
23.8
4.48
9.10
35.1
4.69
RSD (%)
6.0
1.6
22.8
4.3
7.6
9.4
1.2
1.8
1.6
2.3
4.8
USGS G-2
Reference values
8.50
29
0.016
85
8.7
2
23.5
4.5
9.4
38
3.8
RSD (%)
6.6
5.4
6.3
3.1
25
5.2
3.6
4.4
3.5
3.4
4.7
The reference values for the USGS G-2 Granite reference material are from Gladney et al. (1992) for Cd and Cr, from Dulski (2001) for the REE, Y and Th, and from Pretorius et al. (2006) for all other elements. The precision of our G-2 data is 1x relative standard deviation (RSD) calculated from the results of multiple individual analyses (n = 12).
n.d. = not determined.
Table S4. Lead and Nd isotope compositions and εNd values for samples from South America and Southern Africa
Sample ID
Sample Location
206Pb
207Pb
±2SE
208Pb
207Pb
±2SE
206Pb
204Pb
±2SE
207Pb
204Pb
±2SE
208Pb
204Pb
±2SE
144Nd
143Nd
±2SE
εNd
South America
Rural – Topsoil, Bed sediment (bulk)
4
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
1.1967
0.0001
2.4681
0.0001
18.696
0.001
15.623
0.002
38.560
0.005
0.512669
0.000029
0.6
5
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
1.2004
0.0002
2.4744
0.0004
18.781
0.007
15.645
0.009
38.713
0.028
0.512477
0.000014
-3.1
8
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
1.1902
0.0002
2.4641
0.0004
18.614
0.007
15.639
0.009
38.536
0.029
0.512463
0.000018
-3.4
9
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
1.1936
0.0003
2.4671
0.0005
18.668
0.008
15.640
0.010
38.586
0.033
0.512486
0.000018
-3.0
10
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
1.1988
0.0003
2.4726
0.0006
18.755
0.009
15.640
0.012
38.684
0.038
0.512505
0.000012
-2.6
11
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
1.1998
0.0001
2.4731
0.0001
18.771
0.002
15.645
0.003
38.691
0.007
0.512488
0.000011
-2.9
12
Bahia San Sebastian, Southern Patagonia
1.2000
0.0001
2.4740
0.0001
18.776
0.001
15.647
0.001
38.711
0.001
0.512477
0.000010
-3.1
19
Rio Gallegos, Southern Patagonia
1.1983
0.0002
2.4714
0.0004
18.725
0.004
15.626
0.006
38.620
0.021
0.512599
0.000017
-0.1
21
Rio Gallegos, Southern Patagonia
1.1978
0.0001
2.4717
0.0003
18.722
0.001
15.631
0.003
38.639
0.008
0.512623
0.000015
-0.3
35
Rio Santa Cruz, Southern Patagonia
1.1995
0.0001
2.4723
0.0001
18.757
0.003
15.637
0.003
38.663
0.009
0.512598
0.000014
-0.8
40
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
1.1870
0.0001
2.4590
0.0003
18.534
0.001
15.615
0.003
38.397
0.008
0.512814
0.000026
3.4
42
Punta Arenas, Southern Patagonia
1.1960
0.0001
2.4695
0.0001
18.697
0.002
15.632
0.003
38.605
0.009
0.512561
0.000022
-1.5
1
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
1.1962
0.0003
2.4696
0.0006
18.707
0.010
15.639
0.012
38.622
0.038
0.512461
0.000035
-3.5
2
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
1.1978
0.0002
2.4713
0.0004
18.737
0.006
15.644
0.008
38.660
0.025
0.512448
0.000025
-3.7
13
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
1.2006
0.0001
2.4741
0.0002
18.772
0.002
15.636
0.003
38.686
0.005
0.512463
0.000010
-3.4
15
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
1.1968
0.0001
2.4695
0.0003
18.707
0.003
15.630
0.004
38.601
0.014
0.512540
0.000013
-1.9
17
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
1.1734
0.0001
2.4465
0.0001
18.327
0.002
15.618
0.002
38.212
0.008
0.512582
0.000020
-1.1
24
Rio Grande, Southern Patagonia
1.1967
0.0003
2.4707
0.0004
18.719
0.005
15.642
0.008
38.647
0.023
0.512559
0.000018
-1.5
Table S4. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
206Pb
207Pb
±2SE
208Pb
207Pb
±2SE
206Pb
204Pb
±2SE
207Pb
204Pb
±2SE
208Pb
204Pb
±2SE
144Nd
143Nd
±2SE
εNd
27
Bahia Grande, Southern Patagonia
1.1963
0.0001
2.4716
0.0003
18.701
0.001
15.632
0.008
38.636
0.008
0.512575
0.000021
-1.2
28
Bahia Grande, Southern Patagonia
1.1987
0.0001
2.4742
0.0003
18.748
0.005
15.640
0.005
38.698
0.018
0.512511
0.000021
-2.5
30
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
1.1967
0.0001
2.4739
0.0003
18.711
0.005
15.635
0.005
38.681
0.020
0.512576
0.000014
-1.2
32
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
1.1814
0.0001
2.4579
0.0002
18.461
0.002
15.627
0.002
38.410
0.008
0.512573
0.000017
-1.3
33
Rio Santa Cruz, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
1.1969
0.0001
2.4746
0.0001
18.715
0.002
15.636
0.002
38.694
0.005
0.512570
0.000017
-1.3
38
Argentino Lake, El Calafate, Southern Patagonia
1.1967
0.0001
2.4745
0.0001
18.714
0.003
15.638
0.003
38.698
0.010
0.512544
0.000023
-1.8
Volcanic – Volcanic clasts and tephra (bulk)
CH
Chaiten Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
1.2026
0.0001
2.4780
0.0003
18.812
0.006
15.643
0.006
38.763
0.020
0.512586
0.000008
-1.0
PU1
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
1.1908
0.0001
2.4670
0.0002
18.601
0.003
15.621
0.004
38.538
0.013
0.512829
0.000009
3.7
PU2
Puyehue Volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone
1.1907
0.0001
2.4664
0.0003
18.590
0.008
15.612
0.008
38.505
0.027
0.512841
0.000010
4.0
PU3
Puyehue Volcano, lakeside near La Angostura
1.1891
0.0001
2.4656
0.0001
18.570
0.002
15.617
0.002
38.506
0.004
0.512831
0.000009
3.8
CO
Cotopaxi Volcano, Northern Volcanic Zone
1.2002
0.0001
2.4703
0.0003
18.765
0.002
15.635
0.003
38.623
0.011
0.512816
0.000010
3.5
Urban – Road dusts (50-100μm)
3C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
1.1626
0.0001
2.4391
0.0001
18.158
0.001
15.619
0.001
38.094
0.003
0.511957
0.000010
-13.3
9C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
1.1605
0.0001
2.4378
0.0001
18.141
0.002
15.631
0.003
38.104
0.007
0.511840
0.000009
-15.6
110C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
1.1615
0.0001
2.4394
0.0001
18.154
0.001
15.629
0.001
38.126
0.003
0.511946
0.000009
-13.5
112C
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
1.1629
0.0001
2.4448
0.0001
18.187
0.002
15.639
0.002
38.233
0.007
0.511633
0.000009
-19.6
3D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
1.1630
0.0001
2.4420
0.0001
18.165
0.003
15.618
0.003
38.128
0.046
0.511704
0.000010
-18.2
9D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
1.1567
0.0001
2.4373
0.0001
18.084
0.001
15.633
0.001
38.100
0.005
0.511660
0.000009
-19.1
Table S4. (continued.)
Sample ID
Sample Location
206Pb
207Pb
±2SE
208Pb
207Pb
±2SE
206Pb
204Pb
±2SE
207Pb
204Pb
±2SE
208Pb
204Pb
±2SE
144Nd
143Nd
±2SE
εNd
Urban – Aerosols (<10μm)
110D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
1.1630
0.0001
2.4425
0.0001
18.190
0.002
15.640
0.002
38.200
0.007
0.511785
0.000017
-16.6
112D
Urban Area, Buenos Aires
1.1636
0.0001
2.4430
0.0001
18.186
0.001
15.629
0.002
38.182
0.005
0.511940
0.000015
-13.6
624
Urban Area, São Paulo
1.1887
0.0001
2.4472
0.0002
18.634
0.003
15.676
0.002
38.364
0.008
0.511852
0.000017
-15.3
648
Urban Area, São Paulo
1.1645
0.0002
2.4299
0.0003
18.192
0.012
15.621
0.012
37.959
0.032
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
649
Urban Area, São Paulo
1.1592
0.0002
2.4265
0.0004
18.096
0.004
15.615
0.014
37.879
0.008
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
650
Urban Area, São Paulo
1.1646
0.0001
2.4354
0.0002
18.189
0.006
15.618
0.003
38.036
0.009
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
681
Urban Area, São Paulo
1.1829
0.0002
2.4333
0.0003
18.518
0.012
15.655
0.012
38.092
0.032
0.511915
0.000019
-14.1
Southern Africa
Rural – Lichen
PILA
Rural Area, Johannesburg
1.1380
0.0001
2.4043
0.0002
17.773
0.002
15.617
0.003
37.547
0.007
0.511610
0.000015
-20.1
Urban – Lichen
RIV
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.0936
0.0001
2.3573
0.0001
17.002
0.003
15.547
0.003
36.650
0.009
0.511527
0.000014
-21.7
DEL
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.0926
0.0001
2.3574
0.0001
16.968
0.002
15.531
0.002
36.613
0.007
0.511596
0.000012
-20.3
CMG
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.1162
0.0001
2.3568
0.0004
17.394
0.005
15.583
0.007
36.727
0.021
0.511585
0.000017
-20.5
EMER
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.0956
0.0001
2.3596
0.0002
17.019
0.002
15.534
0.003
36.653
0.009
0.511564
0.000013
-21.0
HUDD
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.1058
0.0001
2.3692
0.0003
17.191
0.004
15.546
0.005
36.833
0.015
0.511646
0.000017
-19.4
BOT2
Urban Area, Johannesburg
1.0939
0.0017
2.3590
0.0004
16.984
0.066
15.526
0.037
36.679
0.107
0.511565
0.000015
-20.9
Mine – Tree bark
DRD-TB
Mine Dump Site, Johannesburg
1.3133
0.0002
2.2866
0.0003
21.186
0.007
16.132
0.007
36.886
0.022
0.511306
0.000018
-26.0
Table S4. (continued)
Sample ID
Sample Location
206Pb
207Pb
±2SE
208Pb
207Pb
±2SE
206Pb
204Pb
±2SE
207Pb
204Pb
±2SE
208Pb
204Pb
±2SE
144Nd
143Nd
±2SE
εNd
South America – rural and volcanic sediment, <5 μm
4
1.1946
0.0001
2.4695
0.0001
18.683
0.001
15.639
0.001
38.619
0.003
0.512672
0.000018
0.7
32
1.1942
0.0001
2.4739
0.0001
18.699
0.001
15.658
0.001
38.736
0.003
0.512616
0.000015
-0.4
42
1.1965
0.0001
2.4702
0.0001
18.709
0.001
15.637
0.001
38.627
0.003
0.512548
0.000023
-1.8
CH
1.2031
0.0001
2.4781
0.0002
18.816
0.003
15.640
0.003
38.758
0.011
0.512618
0.000013
-0.4
PU2
1.1892
0.0001
2.4653
0.0001
18.577
0.001
15.621
0.001
38.510
0.003
0.512868
0.000014
4.5
Reference Material
±2SD
±2SD
±2SD
±2SD
±2SD
±2SD
USGS G-2
This study (n=22)
1.1764
0.0010
2.4873
0.0007
18.399
0.016
15.640
0.014
38.902
0.044
0.512230
0.000025
-8.0
USGS G-2
Weis et al. (2006)
1.1765
0.0002
2.4878
0.0002
18.396
0.023
15.636
0.005
38.900
0.019
0.512235
0.000015
-8.0
The quoted 2SE ‘within-run’ precision quoted for samples is 2x standard error of the mean calculated from the individual cycles of each run.
The quoted precision for the USGS G-2 Granite reference material is the 2SD ‘external’ precision calculated from the results of multiple sample runs, for both the data of this study and the literature values of Weis et al. (2006).
n.d. = not determined. εNd values are reported relative to a CHUR value of 0.512638.