PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES

AMONG EMPLOYED MOTHERS OF SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN IN A

NUCLEAR FAMILY IN SELECTED URBAN AREAS AT TUMKUR”

SUBMITTED BY:

MRS. JISHA MARY GEORGE

1ST YEAR M.SC NURSING

MENTAL HEALTH NURSING

SRI RAMANA MAHARSHI COLLEGE OF NURSING

TUMKUR

2011-2013

1

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR

DISSERTATION

1 NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

AND ADDRESS

MRS. JISHA MARY GEORGE

I YEAR M. Sc NURSING

SRI RAMANA MAHARSHI COLLEGE

OF NURSING, SIRA ROAD,

TUMKUR-572106.

2 NAME OF THE INSTITUTE SRI RAMANA MAHARSHI COLLEGE

OF NURSING TUMKUR.

3 COURSE OF THE SYUDY AND

SUBJECT

IST YEAR M. SC. NURSING

(MENTAL HEALTH NURSING)

4 DATE OF ADMISSION 15-07-2011

5 TITLE OF THE STUDY ASSESSMENT OF STRESS AND

COPING STRATEGIES AMONG

EMPLOYED MOTHERS OF SCHOOL

GOING CHILDREN IN A NUCLEAR

FAMILY IN SELECTED URBAN AREAS

AT TUMKUR.

2

INTRODUCTION

Tension is who you think you should be.  Relaxation is who you are.  ~Chinese Proverb

The term stress and coping relate symmetrically to one another: stress being the conditions or

circumstances with which an individual have to cope and coping being at least one possible response to

stress .Etymologically, the word cope is derived from the Latin word colpus- a blow, via the French

couper- to cut. Its primary meaning of hitting or cutting then produced secondary sense of contending

with and finally overcoming.1

The term stress has only recently come into vague, partly because of the persistent task of arm

adequate definition for the concept. Selye, who has become known as the founding father of stress

research, defined stress as ‘the state manifested by a specific syndrome which consists of nonspecifically-

induced changes within a biologic system”. He determined that physical beings respond to stressful

stimuli with a predictable set of physiological changes.2The theorists assume that social support

enhances the coping process and reduce stress. The nature of stress has been shown to span over

several aspects of family life such as daily care demands, emotional distress, interpersonal and

social-psychological adjustment of the family member as well as the course and outcome of the

disease.2

Concerning the causes of stress, most studies have pointed the fact that incidence

of stress is due to over worker.(Laver).In USA work place stress has doubled since 1985.

Approximately 1/3 of all Americans consider job related stress as their greatest source of stress.

According to worldwide poll 82 % of respondent reported that work related pressure cause them

to feel stress on a regular basis and almost 1/3 of the respondent experienced stress every day.3

3

Stress means pressure and in human life it represents an uneasy experience. It is defined

as an unpleasant psychological and physical state caused due to some internal and/or external

demand that go beyond or capacity. “Stress is too well known but too little understood” says

Hans Selys. He defines stress as the wear and tear of the body. The effect in the body of long-

term response can include structural damage and chronic illnesses. Selye also suggested that

“General Adaptation Syndrome” manifest as alarm, reaction, short term, acute response pattern,

stress is a person adaptive response to a stimulus that places excessive psychological and

physical depends on that person. Stress is a person’s response to an inappropriate level of

pressure.2

Stress is a complex, dynamic process of interaction between a person and his or her

environment. It is a war one person reacts mentally and emotionally to the various conditions.

Stress was divided in to several subclasses based on the type of problems faced by respondents

i.e. worried stress, family related stress, relationship related stress, financial stress, personal

stress, and bereavement stress. Each individual reacted to the stresses to which he was exposed in

a unique individual manner. The coping strategies are either aided by personality defenses

operating within an optimum range or interfered with by defenses when these are ineffective at

one extreme of this range or are symptomatically obtrusive at the other. 4

Most of the working mothers have school going children 4-15 years of age. This will

make more stresses in mothers, because they have to make those children ready for school before

going for their work. The mothers have to meet their children’s need also. In a nuclear family she

has to take care of the whole family. This will increase their emotional stress. These increasing

stresses will cause so many physical and mental problems. So it is necessary to assess the stress

and coping strategies among employed mothers of school going children in a nuclear family to

avoid all these problems.

Coping is the cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and internal

demands appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the individual. A distinction that is

often made in coping literature is between active and avoidant coping strategies. Active coping

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strategies are either behavioral or psychological responses designed to change the nature of the

stressor itself or how one thinks about it. Whereas avoidant coping strategies lead people into

activities or mental states that keep them from directly addressing stressful events. Mothers are

most commonly coped by emotional release.5

NEED FOR STUDY

Give your stress wings and let it fly away.  ~Terri Guillemets

5

The Indian workplace is rapidly changing in accordance with the economic conditions,

technology, corporate employment practices and demographic trends of the country.

Globalization has had strong implications on the attitudes of women, their work and health. This

study provides a profile of work-related health status that arises from a mixed pattern of

employment, work processes and social support system. Major social, biological and chemical

hazards are likely to be encountered in traditional female employment.

Women’s health creates an impact to the entire environment where she lives and works.

The health issue arises due to mental tension, stress, depression and anxiety. This is found in

almost all the working women in the office, running business and at home. Now a day’s women

are exposed to official jobs along with maintaining the private life in the society. Social support

at the family level is fading away due to increasing nuclear family norms, and at the

organizational level due to automation systems. Most women muddle through, worrying and

fighting with their problems in isolation. This leads to psychological and emotional stress,

thereby increasing psychosomatic complaints. Support from the organization, family and friends

have increasingly been recognized as useful in reducing stress, protecting health and enhancing

quality of life. 6

Kim found at the family level that the relationship of work stress and family stress to the

health of women in Korea. There was a significant positive relationship between social support

and perceived health status, but significant negative relationship between perceived health status

and work stress as well as family stress.7

A study on “stress in families with children”, cross- sectional data from Danish health

and morbidity survey were used. 2813 women aged 25 to 49 years answered one question on

perceived stress. Women who were lone parents and worked more than 37 hours a week, had a

markedly increased level of stress (95%) compared to single women without children working

37 hours a week.8

6

Empirical studies have indicated that global stress perceived by women at the workplace

include psychological and physical work demands, job control, anticipation of job loss,

assessment of work associates, fear of abuse, family functions and stressful life events. It is

difficult for working women to manage and balance their responsibilities. Women are working

and earning near level of salary of men.

Women workforce constitutes an integral part of total workforce in India. On 31st march 2004, women constituted 19 per cent of the total workforce. The participation of women in the labor force has always been lower than that of men, in the rural as well as urban areas. The work participation rate for women has increased significantly. In 1981, work participation rate for women was only 19.67 per cent which increased up to 22.73 per cent in 1991 and 26.68 per cent in 2001. In the women workforce, women from rural areas are greater in number as compared to the urban areas. The studies have shown that in 2004, only 19% was women working ratio, in 2005 women working ratio is increased to 58%, in 2011 women working ratio is 75%.

7

 

A study on “maternal employment and women’s wellbeing” states that employed and

married women reported experiencing more deterioration of physical and mental health than the

non-employed women. According to a survey conducted on working mothers, it states that most

children of working mothers spend an average of 23 hours in childcare:

i. 37% spend less than 10 hours in child-care.

ii. 27% spend 40 hours or more in childcare.

iii. 89% of working mothers are somewhat satisfied with their childcare solution.

8

iv. On average a working mother spend $700 on childcare.10

From the above studies or statistics, the stress level among working women is high. But

the researcher is interested in assessing the stress level among working mothers who are having

children. All these worries will keep nagging the working mothers’ mind and they will lose

concentration from their jobs. For this reason, the researcher felt that there is a need to assess the

stress level among working mothers who have school going children.

The most important defenses were isolation of affect, denial, and motor activity, and it is

suggested that these may have broad application as "normal" defenses. An important and even

urgent need of the parents was to encompass the tragic events unfolded before them within some

broad framework of meaning comprehensible in terms of their experiences and beliefs.9

Despite the positive impact of women on the economy, educators and parents frequently cite

parents' busy work schedules as a major obstacle to family involvement. Mothers' involvement in

their children's education is one of the family demands that could be negatively impacted by

increased maternal employment.9 30% of mothers experienced a high level of work-life conflict,

and the strong association of work-life balance strain with poor physical and mental health and

low satisfaction with work and family life was evident.10

There are a number of different strategies that working mothers use to balance the

demands of workplace and family. Working mothers in many fields experience conflicts between

motherhood and professional advancement. Between 1985 and 2005, employment by day care

centers increased over 250 percent, representing a gain of almost 400,000 new jobs11.

A Study conducted on Motherhood today, tougher challenges, less success, revealed that

46% of working mothers are interested to work part time because of their younger children.60%

of the working mothers feel that they take out their stress on their families. Burden is more

severe when women are mothers of young children whose needs are primarily a mother’s

responsibility12

9

It has seen that all employed mothers who have school children are going through stress

and depression throughout the world. They are suffering from stress related disorders also. Some

working mothers will cope with the situation through some adaptive measures and who could not

cope with the situation will suffer from stress related disorders.

Persons who juggle various role experiences have decreased levels of depression and

anxiousness, as well as fewer problems with their health. These people may have extra income,

easing financial stress and social support from work colleagues. Most of the health problems

faced by the city’s workingwomen, between the ages of 22 and 58, stem from their work place.

Psychosomatic problems like backache, eye problems, fatigue, chest pain, loss of appetite and

insomnia are a result of conditions surrounding them at work.13

As globalization and industrialization started, women were encouraged to be educated

and work according to the interest. This was a good sign for the women because they were

recognized in the society but due to this, women, mainly employed mothers of school going

children are facing many stress related problems. They have adjustment relationship problem

with the family members, children and work place. They even had to face lot of stress because

they have to do multiplicity of roles 11. The investigator assumed that the working mothers are

affected by these problems. Since majority of the working mothers have school going children,

researcher is interested to know about the level of stress and how they cope with work and

family. Hence forth, the investigator felt the need to assess the stress and coping strategies

among employed mothers of school going children in a nuclear family in selected areas at

Tumkur.

10

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The major goal of review of literature is to develop a strong knowledge base to carry out

research, to generate research question, to identify what is known and not known about a topic,

to identify conceptual or theoretical tradition within the bodies of literature.

1. Studies related to employed women.

2. Studies related to factors influencing stress on employed mothers.

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3. Studies related to stress and related problems of working mothers.

4. Studies related to coping strategies of employed mothers.

1. STUDIES RELATED TO EMPLOYED WOMEN.

In a recent issue of Working Mother, the tabulated result of a non scientific survey were published,

based on 563 working mothers responses to what pushes your stress button? Among the respondents,

nearly half said that they feel stress out once or twice a week, and 38% reported feeling these ways more

than 3 times a week. Furthermore only 11% said that they asked for help when they are dealing with a

stressful situation, compared with 60% who reported that they typically shoulder the burden themself by

either organising themselves better or working a little harder. 14

A study in 2007 examined the sample of working and non working, the relationship between

stress and working status data were gathered from 540 women living in turkey. The respondents were

selected randomly. Women were informed that the purpose of the study was to gather information on

stress and each participant attended a face to face interview. Mean, standard deviation, t test were

perform. Stress symptom scale, stress related factors and total stress score were significantly associated

with state of working. Family issue (p>0.001), environmental issue (p<0.001), social self issue (p<0.001),

individual role issues (p<0.001) and financial issues (P<0.001) in working women, have a higher score

than that of the non working women. Working women in the sub scales of immune system (p<0.001) and

susceptibility stress scale have a higher average score than that of the non working .15

2. STUDIES RELATED TO FACTORS INFLUENCING STRESS ON EMPLOYED MOTHERS.

A study conducted on examination of stress factors in working mothers of school going

children’s. Study revealed that children's neediness for care was related more to

maternal stress and that child's acceptability was related more to paternal stress. Professionals

12

who serve families with school going children may need to devise more specialized support

programs to help working mothers become emotionally close to their atypical children and may

need to provide more respite services for mothers. Result shows that employed mothers of

school-aged children’s need to support the extend beyond the usual early childhood period.16

A study was conducted on factors influencing stress on working mothers. They had

studied mothers working in railway, bank and teaching institutions and had examined three

factors like experience, grade of work, and type of family. Samples of 96 working mothers were

taken. The study identified that respondent from all three dimensions that length of service has

positive and negative relationship with stress. Even then more personnel responded as personnel

with lesser experience, experienced more stress as compared to individual with more service

years. Workers in railway had more stress than other two dimensions and workers from nuclear

family had more stress than from joint family.17

3. A STUDY RELATED TO STRESS AND RELATED PROBLEMS OF

WORKING MOTHERS.

A comparative study was done on the psychological symptoms observed in the working

women and housewives .76 married working women and 68 house wives who were at least

secondary school graduates were randomly selected from the center of Kenya. They were given

questioning socio demographic characteristics. The psychological symptoms scanning scale was

applied in the study .T- testing and correlation analysis was used for statistical analysis .It was

found that Anxiety, phobia, paranoia and psychosomatic subscales points and average of

symptoms were significantly higher in the housewives18.

A study conducted on Symptoms of anxiety and depression among employed mothers of

school going children. Study states that sample is population based, and 1,081 parents were

invited to fill out questionnaires. Maternal mental distress was measured by the Hopkins

Symptom Checklist (SCL-25). Study results that chronic strain related to children and child

care-taking consistently predicted maternal mental distress. Among the specific

child related strains, problems with child care-taking were significantly associated with maternal

13

symptom levels at all time points. Finally concluded that the risk and protective factors found

here may have implications for prevention and intervention of coping strategies of mothers of

school going children.19

A study conducted on Job stress, psychosocial strain, and physical health problems in

women employed of school going children’s. The studies was focused to investigate women

employed of school going children’s of psychosocial strain and physical health problems as well

as moderating effects on relations between job stress and these indices. Qualitative methods were

used for investigations women employed outside the home social support from supervisors and

coworkers were found to moderate some of the relations between job stress and measures of

psychosocial strain. , however, evidenced no moderating effects for relations involving

job stress. Study results that employed mothers of school going children’s need coping

interventions for decreasing psychosocial strain, and physical health problems.20

4. STUDIES RELATED TO COPING STRATEGIES AMONG EMPLOYED

MOTHERS OF SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN.

A Study conducted on the role of employed mother-child relationship in development of

coping strategies. This study consisted of two interrelated work stages. In stage one, set the goal

to investigate coping styles and. In stage two, studied the relationship between coping styles of

the patients and mother-child interactional patterns, considering the role of communication in

development of stress handling and problem management. Methods used by Researcher two

questionnaires: Anxiety Handling Questionnaire and the Beck-Weissman Dysfunctional

Attitudes Scale (DAS), shortened version. The Consensus Rorschach was administered in order

to reveal interactional dynamics. In summary, 1769 code units were analyzed. The present results

indicate some possibilities for explanation how fragile self-image and self-punishing coping

patterns may develop in the patients as a possible effect of mother-child interaction dynamics.21

14

A Study conducted on stresses and coping strategies experienced by employed mothers.

Study shows that as an increasing percentage of mothers of school going children enter the labor

force, there is a need for a better understanding of the experience of employment and its impact

on women and their families. In the present study, employed women enacting multiple roles

were asked to describe their perceptions of the stresses and coping strategies of the experience.

One hundred eighteen employed mothers of school going children were interviewed. The major

stresses that emerged from the responses included lack of time, child-related problems, and

maternal guilt. coping strategies aspects included personal benefits, financial rewards, and

improved family life. Finally, Implications for families, health practitioners, and researchers are

intervened. 22

A study conducted on stress and coping strategies process among mothers of school

going children’s: preliminary model testing. Study investigates that One hundred seventy-

three mothers returned a parenting survey that focused on: stressors, perceived stress, health

practices and coping strategies .Work status and children’s difficultness were related to

perceived stress. Neither had direct effects on maternal identity, but was related to it through the

mediating effects of perceived stress. Notable among the health practices predicting identity

were self-actualizing expression, nutrition, interpersonal support, and stress management. These

findings shows that a stress and coping strategies  process model of mothers of school going

children’s in which: (a) effects of stressors on maternal identity are mediated by perception

of stress, and (b) health practices contribute positively and directly to maternal identity.23

From the above literature, researcher has realized that employed mothers of

school going children have more stress. So the researcher designs a study to assess the stress and

coping strategies of employed mothers of school children.

15

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A STUDY TO ASESS THE STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES AMONG EMPLOYED

MOTHERS OF SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN IN A NUCLEAR FAMILY IN SELECTED

URBAN AREAS AT TUMKUR”.

6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

6.3.1 To assess the level of Stress among employed mothers of school going Children in a

nuclear family.

6.3.2 To assess the level of coping strategies among employed mothers of school going Children

in a nuclear family.

6.3.3 To correlate the level of Stress and Coping among employed mothers of school going

Children in a nuclear family.

16

6.3.4 To determine the association between the Stress and Coping with selected demographic

variables.

6.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES:

H 1 There will be significant relationship between Stress and Coping among employed

mothers of school going Children in a nuclear family.

H 2 There will be significant association between Stress and selected Demographic variables

of employed mothers of school going Children in a nuclear family.

H 3 There will be significant association between Coping and selected Demographic variables

of employed mothers of school going Children in a nuclear family.

6.5 VARIABLES: Variables are an attribute of a person or objects that varies, that takes different values.

Research variable in this study the stress and coping strategies of the employed mothers

of school going children in nuclear families.

Extraneous variables in this study are age, education, religion, occupation, experience,

number of children, place of work.

6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

Assessment: It refers to the measurement of stress and coping strategies of the

employed mothers of school going children in a nuclear family.

17

Stress : It refers to the mental or emotional strain or tension of the employed mothers

in a nuclear family.

Coping strategies: It refers to the action adapt with the situation taken by the

employed mothers to adapt with the situation.

Employed mothers: In this study, employed mothers refer to the women who are

employed under any authority or institution for 6-8 hours per day with age ranging

from 21-45 years.

School going children: A child who is going to any schools and aged between

4-15years.

6.7 ASSUMPTIONS:

The employed mothers in the selected area have stress and they are coping with the

situation.

The employed mothers would be co-operative and willing to express their stress and

coping methods.

The stress and coping strategies of the employed mothers are influenced by demographic

factors like education, age, religion etc.

6.8 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

- The study will be delimited to the employed mothers working in any organization.

- The study is delimited to employed mothers who are working in selected urban area at

Tumkur.

18

- The stress and coping strategies will be measured by self-administered questionnaire.

- The study is delimited to the nuclear families.

- The study is delimited to the employed mothers of school going children.

6.9 PILOT STUDY:

The pilot study will be conducted among 10 samples. The purpose of pilot study is to find

out the feasibility of conducting study and design on plan of statistical analysis. This also will

help to assess the practicability of carrying out the main study. The findings of the pilot study

samples will not be included in main study.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

7.1 SOURCE OF DATA: The data will be collected from employed mothers in selected urban area at Tumkur.

7.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: The study will be initiated only after obtaining permission from the samples.

The data collection procedure will be carried out for a period of three months. At first a

good rapport will be established with the samples and the purpose of the study will be explained

to them, so as to get the co-operation from them.

For procedure of data collection, a questionnaire interview schedule will be used for

collection of data.

PART I: questionnaire related to demographic data.

19

PART II:

SECTION A: Consist of rating scale to assess the level of stress of the employed mothers

of school going children in nuclear family.

SECTION B: consist of checklist to assess the coping strategies which they use to reduce

their stress.

7.2 (1) RESEARCH APPROACH: A descriptive survey research approach will be used.

7.2 (2) RESEARCH DESIGN: Descriptive research design is used for this study.

7.2 (3) RESEARCH SETTINGS: The study will be conducted in nuclear families in selected urban area at Tumkur.

7.2 (4) POPULLATION: Population of the study will be,

TARGET POPULATION: The employed mothers who are working in some

organizations.

ACCESSIBLE POPULATION: The employed mothers in nuclear families in selected

area, Tumkur.

7.2 (5) SAMPLE SIZE: The total study sample consists of 100 employed mother’s nuclear family in selected areas

at Tumkur.

7.2 (6) SAMPLE TECHNIQUES: Random sampling method will be used.

20

7.2 (7) SAMPLING CRITERIA:

INCLUSIVE CRITERIA:

The employed mothers who are working in any organizations at Tumkur.

Those employed mothers who are available during the period of data collection.

Those who are willing to participate in the study.

Those who have age ranging from21-45years.

EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA:

Employed mothers who are not present at the time of study.

7.2 (8) DATA COLLECTION METHODS:

Demographic Performa.

Rating scale to assess the stress.

Checklist to assess the coping strategies.

7.2 (9) DATA ANALYSIS METHODS: The data collected will be organized tabulated and analyzed by using descriptive and

inferential statistics. The data will be planned to present in the form of tables and figures.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: Frequency and percentage for analysis of demographic

data and mean percentage and standard deviation will be used for assessing the level of

stress and coping methods.

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: It will be used for chi-square test. The chi-square will

be used to find out the association between demographic variables with stress and coping

methods.

TIME AND DURATIONOF THE STUDY:

21

The time and duration of the study will be limited to six weeks or as per the guidelines of

university.

7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR

INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENT OR OTHER

HUMAN OR ANIMAL? IF SO PLEASE, DESCRIBE BRIEFLY. Science the study is descriptive interventions are not required.

7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARENCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR

INSTITUTION? Yes, the pilot study and the main study will be conducted after the approval from the

research committee. Permission will be obtained from the concerned head of the institution. The

purpose and details of the study will be explained to the study subjects and an informed consent

will be obtain from them. Assurance will be given to the study subjects regarding the

confidentiality and anonymity of the data collected from them.

22

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Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2911506.

32. Loecher .B. Benefits of a balancing Act prevention .2002 April: 48-54.

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9 SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

10 REMARKS OF THE GUIDE

11 NAME AND DESIGNATION OF

11.1 GUIDE

11.2 SIGNATURE

26

11.3 CO-GUIDE(IF ANY)

11.4 SIGNATURE

11.5 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

11.6 SIGNATURE

12 12.1 REMARKS OF PRINCIPAL

12.2 SIGNATURE

27