· Web view(3) 2 pts. Describe thermal convection. Include the source of heat, where this heat...

GEOL 2: Historical Geology with LabMid-Term I

(2) 2 pts. A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations. A) law B) hypothesis C) generalization D) theory

(3) 2 pts. The currently accepted age of the Earth is ________ years. A) 4.6 billion B) 4.6 thousand C) 6.4 million D) 6.4 trillion

(2) 2 pts. Which is the thinnest Earth layer?A) Continental Crust B) Oceanic Crust C) Mantle D) Core

(3) 2 pts. Describe thermal convection. Include the source of heat, where this heat goes, what it does to Earth’s materials, and what those materials do. Include information about the two following questions: Why do the Earth materials rise? Why do they fall?

(4) 2 pts. What are Earth’s layers based upon physical properties?A) core, mantle, lithosphereB) core, mantle, crustC) core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphereD) inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere

(5) 2 pts. What are Earth’s layers based upon mineralogy/chemical properties?A) core, mantle, lithosphereB) core, mantle, crustC) core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphereD) inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere

(6) 2 pts. Sedimentary rocks that are dipping at an angleA) were always that way. B) have been uplifted/deformed tectonically.C) are younger than the fault that cut them. D) are older than the fault that cut them. E) A & B F) B & C G) B & D

(7) 2 pts. What happens to oceanic crust as it gets older, in the correct order?A) crust cools, becomes more dense, and sinks B) crust becomes more dense and sinksC) crust gets more dense, cools, and rises D) crust heats, becomes less dense, and rises

1 | P a g e


(8) 2 pts. Oceanic crust rock composition is ____ and Continental crust rock composition is _____.A) mafic, felsic B) felsic, mafic C) algic, felsic D) mafic, algic

(9) 2 pts. Which is the most dense?A) continental crust B) oceanic crust C) core D) mantle

(10) 2 pts. Which is the least dense?A) continental crust B) oceanic crust C) core D) mantle(15) 2 pts. Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition? A) Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layers.B) Older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata.C) Strata with fossils are generally deposited on strata with no fossils.D) Older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale.

(16) 2 pts. Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of cross cutting relations? A) Rocks are younger than a fault if they are cut by the fault.B) Processes that cut across geological units are older than those geological units.C) Processes that cut across geological units are younger than those geological units.D) Fossils are younger than a fault if they are cut by the fault.

(18) 2 pts. The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.A) geosphere B) asthenosphere C) astrosphere D) lithosphere

(19) 2 pts. In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units? A) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere B) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphereC) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust D) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

(20) 2 pts. The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth. 13) ______A) inner core B) crust C) mantle D) outer core

(21) 2 pts.________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma. A) Igneous B) Primary C) Sedimentary D) Indigenous

(22) 2 pts.________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth. A) Secondary B) Sedimentary C) Igneous D) Metamorphic

(23) 2 pts.________ is the process by which rocks break down in place to produce soils and sediments. A) Subduction B) Lithification C) Weathering D) Metamorphism

(1) 3 pts. Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?A) A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.B) A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.C) In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.

2 | P a g e


D) A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.

(29) 1 pts. A(n) ________ texture represents a single, long period of cooling and crystallization.A) glassy B) pyroclastic C) aphanitic D) phaneritic

(30) 3 pts. Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture?A) The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are too small to be visible without a magnifying lens or microscope.B) The mineral grains have glassy textures.C) The rock consists of broken, volcanic-rock and mineral fragments.D) The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes.

(36) 1 pt. Which one of the following shows the correct order (left to right) of decreasing magma viscosity?A) rhyolite, andesite, basalt B) andesite, rhyolite, basaltC) basalt, rhyolite, andesite D) basalt, andesite, rhyolite

(25) 3 pts. Extrusive igneous rocks are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why?A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock.B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow.C) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.D) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small mineral grains.

(9) 1 pts. Which of the following describes the light reflecting characteristics of a mineral?A) luster B) color streak C) virtual absorption D) fluorescence

(10) 1 pts. The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as:A) streak B) cleavage C) cracking luster D) crystal form

(12) 1 pt. All silicate minerals contain ________ and ________.A) iron; silicon B) silicon; sodium C) oxygen; carbon D) silicon; oxygen

(13) 1 pts. The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.A) 4 oxygen ions B) 6 oxygen ions C) 4 sodium ions D) 6 sodium ions

(20) 1 pts. Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with striations?A) orthoclase B) microcline C) plagioclase

(21) 1 pts. Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?A) quartz B) orthoclase C) hornblende D) muscovite

(22) 1 pts. Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica?A) orthoclase B) muscovite C) augite D) olivine

3 | P a g e


(27) 1 pts. The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock are known as ________.A) silica content B) texture C) mineral content D) Bowen's reaction series

(28) 1 pts. A ________ is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when the lava was still mainly liquid.A) porphyrocryst B) vesicle C) phenocryst

(47) 1 pt. What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia?A) Breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded.B) A breccia is well stratified; a conglomerate is poorly stratified.C) Breccia clasts are the size of baseballs; conglomerate clasts are larger.D) Breccia has a compacted, clay-rich matrix; conglomerate has no matrix.

(48) 1 pt. Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the ________.A) colors of the cementing minerals B) grain sizes of the detrital particlesC) compositions of soluble minerals D) degree of compaction and lithification

(53) 3 pts. ________ is a strong, parallel alignment of coarse mica flakes and/or of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock.A) Rock cleavage B) Foliation C) Stress streaking D) Marbleizing

For the following 3 questions, use the figure below.

(1) 1 pt. Which type of volcano erupts with lava low in Si?A) L B) NC) O D) J

(1) 1 pt. Which has the form of a stratovolcano?A) J B) KC) O D) N

(1) 1 pt. Which type of volcano is the source for the Columbia River Flood Basalts?A) N B) J C) L D) O

(1) 1 pt. Which rocks are sorted properly, from low Si to high Si content?A) Rhyolite, Dacite, Andesite, Basalt B) Basalt, Andesite, Dacite, RhyoliteC) Basalt, Dacite, Andesite, Rhyolite D) Basalt, Rhyolite, Andesite, Dacite

4 | P a g e


(1) 1 pt. Which Cascade volcanoes has the most frequent eruptions?A) Mt. St. Helens B) Mt. Adams C) Mt. Hood D) Mt. Ranier

(1) 1 pt. Which volcano type is associated with the correct rock?A) fissure flow – rhyolite B) shield volcano – granite C) caldera – basalt D) shield volcano – basalt

(1) 1 pt. In the figure below, match the letter L and M with the correct level of sorting.A) L = poorly sorted, M = well sortedB) L = not sorted, M = well sortedC) L = well sorted, M = poorly sorted

(1) 1 pt. In the figure at the right, match the letter J and K with the correct descriptionA) J = transported a long distance, K = transported a short distanceB) J = transported a short distance, K = transported a long distanceC) J = time transported, K = transported a short distance

(1) 1 pt. Rank these particle sizes in the order of increasing size.A) clay, silt, sand, gravel B) silt, clay, sand, gravelC) sand, clay, silt, gravel D) gravel, sand, silt, clay

(24) 2 pts. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? A) Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks.B) Igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism.C) Magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks.D) Metamorphic rocks may melt to magma.

(27) 2 pts. An unconformity is a buried ________. A) surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata belowB) fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata belowC) surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata belowD) fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below

5 | P a g e


(28) 2 pts. Which of the following best characterizes an angular unconformity? A) Horizontal lava flows lie below the unconformity, and horizontal, sedimentary strata lie above.B) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity with loose, unconsolidated soil above.C) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity, and bedding in younger strata above is parallel to the unconformity.D) It is the discordant boundary between older strata and an intrusive body of granite.

(29) 2 pts. Sandstone strata and a mass of granite are observed to be in contact. Which of the following statements is correct geologically? A) The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism.B) The granite is older if it contains inclusions of sandstone.C) The granite is older if the sandstone contains pebbles of the granite.D) The sandstone is younger if the granite contains sandstone inclusions.

(30) 2 pts. Assume that you have just examined several flat-lying sedimentary layers. After much study you determine that there is a considerable span of time for which no sedimentary rock layer exists at this site. You have just discovered a(n) ________. A) disconformity B) example of cross-cutting relationshipsC) series of conformable strata D) angular unconformity

(31) 2 pts. What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it? A) theory of correlative deposition B) law of original correlationC) law of superposition D) theory of superstition

The following 7 questions refer to the following diagram:

6 | P a g e


(55) 1 pt. Which is younger (more recent)?A) the fault or B) Rhyolite Dike B

(56) 1 pt. Which is younger?A) the Haephest Granite or B) Rhyolite Dike B(57) 1 pt. Which is younger?A) the Leif Limestone or B) the Dink-Dink Sandston

(58) 1 pt. Which is younger?A) the Dink-Dink Sandstone or B) the Plainview Shale

(59) 1 pt. Which is younger?A) Rhyolite Dike A or B) the Killarney Limestone?

(60) 1 pt. Which is youngerA) Rhyolite Dike A or B) the Haephest Granite

(61) 5 pt. Radiometric ages indicate that the Haephest Granite is 85 million years old and Rhyolite Dike A is 30 million years old.

7 | P a g e


a) What can you say about the age of Rhyolite Dike C?A) Rhyolite Dike C is older than 85 million years. B) Rhyolite Dike C is younger than 30 million yrs.C) We cannot tell how old Rhyolite Dike C is. D) Rhyolite Dike C is older than 30 million yrs.

b) What can you say about the age of the Kings Sandstone?A) Kings Sandstone is older than 85 million yrs. B) Kings Sandstone is younger than 30 million yrs.C) We cannot tell how old Kings Sandstone is. D) Kings Sandstone is older than 30 million yrs.

(32) 2 pts. The half-life of carbon-14 is about 6000 years. Assume that a sample of charcoal formed by burning of living wood 15,000 years ago. How much of the original carbon-14 would remain today? A) between 33% and 50% B) between 25% and 50% C) more than 50% D) between 12.5% and 25%

(33) 2 pts. The percentage of radioactive atoms that decay during one half-life is always the same. T/F

(34) 2 pts. After two half-lives there is no longer any of the original radioactive material remaining. T/F

(35) 2 pts. After three half-lives, one-ninth of an original, radioactive parent isotope remains and eight-ninths has decayed into the daughter isotope. T/F

(36) 4 pts. In the chart of radioactive decay shown at the right:(a) how many half-lives have elapsed by this time? __2__(b) how many half-lives have elapsed by this time? __3__

(37) 2 pts. All of the following are evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics EXCEPT for _______. A) hot spotsB) paleomagnetismC) ocean floor drillingD) changes in the Moon's orbit due to shifting plates

(38) 2 pts. Which of the following energy sources is thought to drive the lateral motions of Earth's lithospheric plates? A) electrical and magnetic fields localized in the inner coreB) swirling movements of the molten iron particles in the outer coreC) export of heat from deep in the mantle to the top of the asthenosphereD) gravitational attractive forces of the Sun and Moon

(1) 2 pts. The youngest seafloor rocks are found:A) nearest to the mid-ocean ridges

8 | P a g e


B) nearest to the continental shelvesC) evenly distributed throughout the oceanD) underneath the continentsE) where the ocean is the flattest

(39) 2 pts. Pull-apart rift zones are generally associated with a ________ plate boundary. A) convergent B) divergentC) transform D) all plate boundaries

(40) 2 pts. New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________. A) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magmaB) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magmaC) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magmaD) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma

(41) 2 pts. The volcanoes and deep valleys of east Africa are related to a ________. A) continental collision zone between Africa and the Zagros Mountains along the southern margin of EurasiaB) transform fault aligned with the Red Sea carrying the Arabian and African blocks in opposite directionsC) continental rift along which parts of the African continent are beginning to slowly separateD) fault allowing Arabia to slip westward past east Africa and penetrate into Turkey

(42) 2 pts. The ________ is an example of an active, continent-continent collision. A) westward movement of the South American plate over the Nazca plateB) Arabian Peninsula slamming into North Africa under the Red SeaC) northern movement of Baja California and a sliver of western California toward the Hawaiian IslandsD) northward movement of India into Eurasia

(43) 2 pts. Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as ________. A) reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations along the ridgeB) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridgeC) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axisD) concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma

(44) 2 pts. The distance between the modern Hawaii Volcano (Mauna Loa = 0 years old) and the island that is circled is 3,200 km. What is the plate motion rate for the past 30 million years? (Round your answer to the nearest mm.) A. 156 mm/year

9 | P a g e


B. 458 mm/yearC. 107 mm/yearD. 352 mm/year

(46) 2 pts. In the diagram below, label each illustration with the correct type of plate boundary.Convergent, Transform, Divergent

TRANSFORM DIVERGENT CONVERGENT

(48) 2 pts. List the units and processes from oldest to youngest.

Delete this: A B C D E L K M F G H J I

(1) 2 pts. An unconformity is a buried ________. A) surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata belowB) fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata belowC) surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata belowD) fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below

10 | P a g e


(1) 2 pts. Which of the following best characterizes an angular unconformity? A) Horizontal lava flows lie below the unconformity, and horizontal, sedimentary strata lie above.B) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity with loose, unconsolidated soil above.C) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity, and bedding in younger strata above is parallel to the unconformity.D) It is the discordant boundary between older strata and an intrusive body of granite.

(1) 2 pts. Visualize five horizontal sedimentary strata exposed in a cliff or canyon wall identified by consecutive numbers, 1 being the lowest bed and 5 being the highest. Which of the following statements concerning the strata are TRUE? A) bed 5 is the oldest B) bed 3 is older than beds 2 and 4C) beds l and 3 are older than bed 4 D) bed 4 is older than bed 2(1) 2 pts. By applying the law of superposition ________ ages can be determined. A) relative B) conventionalC) radiometric D) both relative and radiometric

(1) 2 pts. ________ is an erosional contact between tilted, older strata below and horizontal, younger strata above. A) A disconformity B) Cross cuttingC) An angular unconformity D) Inverse bedding

(1) 2 pts. Sandstone strata and a mass of granite are observed to be in contact. Which of the following statements is correct geologically? A) The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism.B) The granite is older if it contains inclusions of sandstone.C) The granite is older if the sandstone contains pebbles of the granite.D) The sandstone is younger if the granite contains sandstone inclusions.

(1) 2 pts. Assume that you have just examined several flat-lying sedimentary layers. After much study you determine that there is a considerable span of time for which no sedimentary rock layer exists at this site. You have just discovered a(n) ________. A) disconformity B) example of cross-cutting relationshipsC) series of conformable strata D) angular unconformity

(1) 2 pts. What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it? A) theory of correlative deposition B) law of original correlationC) law of superposition D) theory of superstition

11 | P a g e


(7) 5 pt. Using the figure at the right, knowing the stream is 1,000 years old, what is the slip rate on the fault?

A) 100 mm/yr B) 10 mm/yr C) 1 mm/yr D) 1,000 mm/yr

(53) 1 pt. The Elastic Rebound Theory is made up of four parts. Which of the following is in the correct sequential order?A) stress, rebound, rupture, strainB) rebound, rupture, stress, strainC) stress, strain, rupture, reboundD) none of these is correct

12 | P a g e

· Web view(3) 2 pts. Describe thermal convection. Include the source of heat, where this heat...

Documents

Transcript of · Web view(3) 2 pts. Describe thermal convection. Include the source of heat, where this heat...