Web 2.0 and Historians – History 2.0 accessing and sharing scholarly information

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Web 2.0 and Historians – History 2.0 accessing and sharing scholarly information Serge Noiret History Information specialist Atelier Multimédia, 27 October 2010 EUI, Villa Schifanoia, Sala Triaria

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Web 2.0 and Historians – History 2.0 accessing and sharing scholarly information. Serge Noiret History Information specialist. Atelier Multimédia, 27 October 2010 EUI, Villa Schifanoia, Sala Triaria. 1.The web before the web. Organizing Worldwide Information: Paul Otlet, (1868-1944). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Web 2.0 and Historians – History 2.0 accessing and sharing scholarly information

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Web 2.0 and Historians – History 2.0 accessing and sharing scholarly information

Serge NoiretHistory Information specialist

Atelier Multimédia, 27 October 2010EUI, Villa Schifanoia, Sala Triaria

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1.The web before the web1.The web before the web

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Organizing Worldwide Information: Organizing Worldwide Information: Paul Otlet, (1868-1944)Paul Otlet, (1868-1944)

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Paul OtletPaul Otlet

Belgian Citizen, born in Brussels, (1868-1944). Positivist, Utopist and Internationalist Together with Henri La Fontaine creates the

RBU, Répertoire bibliographique universel (1895) with 3 x 5 cm. paper cards: 400.000 in 1895 and 15 millions are available in 1934.

To promote his knowledge with international collaborations, Otlet created the IIB: Institut International de Bibliographie.

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Paul Otlet - 2Paul Otlet - 2

He invented the “Classification décimale universelle” (CDU), Universal decimal classification between 1904 and 1907

He contacted Melvyl Dewey which accepted that its own system would be elaborated but only if the CDU would not be translated into English….

Otlet added to the subject classification an algorhytm to define intersections between subject matters:

Ex: "31:[622+669](485)" are the statistics for extracting minerals in Sweden.

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The “palais Mondial” or “ville de la The “palais Mondial” or “ville de la connaissance mondiale” which became , connaissance mondiale” which became ,

before WWI, the before WWI, the MundaneumMundaneum

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Organisation of the Documentation within Organisation of the Documentation within the Mundaneumthe Mundaneum

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The “Répertoire Bibliographique Universel” -The “Répertoire Bibliographique Universel” -

Universal Bibliographic RepertoryUniversal Bibliographic Repertory

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Before the WebBefore the Web

«Nessun libro sul tavolo da lavoro; al suo posto uno schermo e un telefono. Tutti i libri e le informazioni stanno laggiù, lontano, in un immenso edificio.... Da là si farà apparire sullo schermo la pagina da leggere per conoscere la risposta alle domande poste al telefono, con o senza fili»

(Paul Otlet, Trattato di documentazione (1934) p. 342).

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““Physical Linkage”Physical Linkage” Scrive il suo famoso trattato di documentazione

“Traité de Documentation. Le livre sur le livre. Théorie et Pratique” in 1934.(Some selected Otlet essays in English)

He invented the “hyperlink” the node through which accessing information on a document

Like Tim Berners-Lee’s “Semantic Web” today, the Mundaneum was not understood only to find documentation on all topics but also to conceptualize the added sense value to these documents through semantic linkage between them.

Otlet was interested to multi-media documents preservation and comunication

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Otlet’s “material Web”Otlet’s “material Web” Il New York Times di giugno 2008 scrive: “Otlet’s version of hypertext held a few

important advantages over today’s Web. For one thing, he saw a smarter kind of hyperlink. Whereas links on the Web today serve as a kind of mute bond between documents, Otlet envisioned links that carried meaning by, for example, annotating if particular documents agreed or disagreed with each other. That facility is notably lacking in the dumb logic of modern hyperlinks.”

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Motore di ricerca multimediale e analogicoMotore di ricerca multimediale e analogico

Nel 1896, Otlet usava il medium comunicativo di allora –la posta- per trasmettere l’informazione

Dopo pagamento, inviava le schede della sua CDU.

Gli utenti erano avvertiti se le loro domande superavano le 50 risposte !

Otlet voleva creare dei nodi informativi e mandare una copia fisica della sua CDU in alcune capitali del mondo oltre alla sede di Bruxelles: Paris, Washington, D.C., Rio de Janeiro.

Già nel 1912, Otlet rispondeva a più di 1500 richieste informative all’anno.

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La rete pensata senza il digitaleLa rete pensata senza il digitale

Si può dunque parlare di “motore di ricerca analogico”, di “paleo-web” o anche di “web analogico”

Otlet aveva capito che l’informazione oltre la sua classificazione andava comunicata: bisognava fare circolare l’informazione scientifica e lavorare in modo collettivo per raccogliere ed organizzare la documentazione

La struttura organizzativa della conoscenza mondiale voluto da Otlet somigliava più che alla rete -che non si può ne dominare ne controllare dal punto di vista di un indicizzazione completa dei contenuti- all’enciclopedismo sociale della Wikipedia.

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Otlet’s idea of “Collective Work”Otlet’s idea of “Collective Work”

before Wikipediabefore Wikipedia  ”Le travail de documentation se présente sous un triple aspect : il

importe tout d'abord de collectionner et de classer méthodiquement tous les titres de ce qui a été écrit et publié dans les différents pays et aux diverses époques ; puis, l'oeuvre s'élargissant, il y a lieu de réduire en leurs éléments toutes les publications et tous les écrits et de les redistribuer pour en former des dossiers conçus comme les chapitres et les paragraphes d'un unique livre universel ; enfin, devant l'abondance des documents, le besoin s'impose de les résumer et d'en coordonner les matériaux en une Encyclopédie universelle et perpétuelle. Une telle encyclopédie, monument élevé à la pensée humaine et matérialisation graphique de toutes les sciences et de tous les arts est l'étape ultime. Elle aurait en fait pour collaborateurs tous les penseurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays ; elle serait la somme totale de l'effort intellectuel des siècles... » (Paul Otlet)

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2.Wikipedia at the beginning2.Wikipedia at the beginning

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Les débuts ? Wikipedia et Web 2.0Les débuts ? Wikipedia et Web 2.0

• Wikipedia est née en 2001 avant le Web 2.0• Elle préfigure les caractéristiques du Web 2.0 selon

Tim O’Reilly avec son “user generated content” dans le browser

• Elle est dédiée à l’écriture collaborative et collective• Permet l’intégration d’un grand nombre de

collaborateurs et d’auteurs• Difusion d’un esprit positif pour une collaboration

utile et sensée à produire une forme d’intelligence “collective” grâce au grand nombre

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Wikipedia ouvre la voieWikipedia ouvre la voie: : Tim O’Reilly et le web 2.0Tim O’Reilly et le web 2.0

• “J’ai longtemps soutenu qu’une des différences centrales entre l’époque des PC et l’ère du Web 2.0 est que lorsque l’internet devient plateforme, plutôt que d’obtenir juste une adjonction de PC, vous pouvez établir des applications qui exploitent des effets de réseau, de sorte que plus les gens les emploient, plus elles s’améliorent. J’ai employé l’expression “exploiter l’intelligence collective” pour désigner ce phénomène.”

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3.Passing information in web 2.0 3.Passing information in web 2.0 contextscontexts

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Trajectoire der l’informationTrajectoire der l’information

• Débuts: o portail générique Yahoo o moteurs de recherche

• Web 2.0:o Portail personnalisé (iGoogle)o Flux RSS qui informent activement

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Web 2.0 ? – RIA -1Web 2.0 ? – RIA -1

• Rich Internet Application (RIA)o Possible avec le langage AJAX (Asynchronous

Java Script et XML)o Social software’s o Reccomendationso Blogso Podcastso Tags o Folksonomies

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Web 2.0 ? – SOA - 2Web 2.0 ? – SOA - 2

• Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)o Flux RSSo Services Webo Mash-up (vient de l’art contemporain

comme CoBrA)o Applications intégrées à d’autres

applications

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Web 2.0 ? – SA - 3Web 2.0 ? – SA - 3

• Le sio-sémantiques: les Social applications: les utilisateurs participent aux contenuso Taggingo Contribution aux Wikiso Podcast - Videocasto Blogging

• L’utilisateur final enrichit et fait corps avec l’application elle-même

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Web 2.0 ? – Web 2.0 ? – Add SenseAdd Sense -4 -4

• Le double click pour obtenir l’info était du Web 1.0

• Ajouter du sens (et des “adds” ou placards publicitaires par rapport à ce qui est visualisé: ex.GMAIL traite les mots des messages pour proposer les publicités “utiles”, (google add-sense)

• Combinaison du système des social networks avec le web sémantique

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Web 2.0 ? – Les sites - 5Web 2.0 ? – Les sites - 5• Le web 2.0 se définit surtout par rapport aux sites

de nouvelles compagnies nées entre 2004 et 2005o Google Maps – Flickr – Del.icio.us – Digg –

Facebook – MySpace – YouTube• Les contenus de ces sites ne sont plus véhiculés

par le courriel mais à travers le “browser” dans les sites eux-mêmes.

• Ces sites sont avant tout dynamiques, mis à jour et interactifs et non plus statiques comme auparavant

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Web 2.0 ? – 6 – L’ère des “webacteurs” Web 2.0 ? – 6 – L’ère des “webacteurs”

• Les nouveaux outils sont simples à manier comme les Blogs

• Pas de consommation seulement passive des contenus mais participation active des internautes qui s’impliquent, participent et proposent: o des services, des contenus, des mots-clé (tags),

des commentaires, des signets, des images, dse vidéos, etc..

• On ne surfe plus seulement mais on agit

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Web 2.0 – 7 - Savoirs collectifsWeb 2.0 – 7 - Savoirs collectifs• L'ensemble des services web 2.0 – dont Wikipédia –

ne sont pas simplement liés à l'apparition de nouvelles technologies

• Ils s'inscrivent dans une évolution culturelle fondamentale qui encourage l'explicitation des savoirs de chacun et favorise le développement de l'intelligence collective.

• Le savoir se démocratise (?) et “naissent des formes hybrides qui relèguent la traditionnelle distinction entre savoirs savants et savoirs profanes. » (Laure Endrizzi)

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S.Noiret: Histoire et Web 2.0, ATHIS VII, Rome 6 décembre 2008

En résumé: le Web 2.0 selon Gino En résumé: le Web 2.0 selon Gino RoncagliaRoncaglia

• “User generated content” dans l’hypertexte• Web sémantique simplifié et filtré par de nouveaux

software’s pour des utilisateurs individuels• Filtrage collaboratif et social qui permet de réunir des

utilisateurs “similaires” dans les social networking tools

• “Social networking” et interaction• Plateformes collaboratives• Design nouveau des sites qui permettent de mieux

intégrer l’interaction et la collaboration

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Avantages/désavantages du Web 2.0 ?Avantages/désavantages du Web 2.0 ?

• Dan Cohen, historien “digital” et directeur du Center for History and New Media de la George Mason University, se demandait: “How can we maximize the web’s advantages and minimize its disadvantages to create the best forms of online history

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Avantages du web 2.0 selon Cohen -1Avantages du web 2.0 selon Cohen -1• Le web met en communication “créative”

plusieurs webacteurs indépendamment du lieu où il s se trouvent permettant ainsi une communication synchronisée et non-synchronisée

• La toile est avant tout collaboration facilitée • La toile offre l’accumulation d’informations, de

compétrences, de connaissances, suite à l’action des internautes

• Le web c’est la possibilité de charger et de transmettre des quantités très importantes de documents.

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Avantages du web 2.0 selon Cohen -2Avantages du web 2.0 selon Cohen -2

• L’information est aujourd’hui codifiée pour faciliter la recherche et le traitement aussi grâce aux internautes

• Le web permet d’éliminer les barrières des publications de type traditionnel en facilitant la traduction des contenus, la révision constante et la mise à jour.

• Ajoutons que le web 2.0 offre des programmes qui permettent de mieux gérer et d’interagir avec les contenus des plateformes directement dans le browser comme Zotero

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Problèmes critiquesProblèmes critiques

• Instabilité et précariété de l’information• Difficulté de présenter des textes d’histoire

facilement lisibles avec le computer par rapport aux formes traditionnelles de pubblication des textes

• Enorme difficulté de discernement entre les “déchets” et l’information de type scientifique dans le web: distinguer the good from the bad …

• Ajoutons la décentralisation plus forte encore de “l’autorité”

• La fragmentation ultérieure de la notion d’auteur et de l’autorialité

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4. Digital historian 2.04. Digital historian 2.0

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How to face History 2.0 matters ?How to face History 2.0 matters ?• Describing “uses and practices” more then talking

about web 2.0 technologies themselves• Difficult to understand and organize disciplinary

changes even for Digital Humanities Specialists• The AAHC (American Association for History

and Computing) in April 2008 has cancelled its conference on Web 2.0 and History organized at the CHNM, George Mason a year later….

• The 2011 AHA (American Historical Association) annual meeting offers 6 panels on 300.. About digital history matters write Dan Cohen in his blog.

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Topics of the AAHC meeting in 2008Topics of the AAHC meeting in 2008

• What does Web 2.0 History involve? • How does Web 2.0 History differ from Web 1.0

History? • What does it enable us to do that could not be

done in Web 1.0? • What are the implications of Web 2.0 History for

teaching and research? • What are the positive and negative aspects of

Web 2.0 History?

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Digital History 2.0 – What to look at ?Digital History 2.0 – What to look at ?

• Open source programs used to interpret history• Tagging and history • Wikis and history• Blogs and history • RSS and history • Data ownership: databases and history analysis • Mapping history (Google-based documentation) • Podcasting and history • Digital video (such as YouTube) and history • Virtual worlds (such as Second Life) and history • Crowdsourcing and history

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L’histoire numérique: avènement du L’histoire numérique: avènement du “collectif”“collectif”

• Particitation des jeunes/vieux, hommes/femmes, experts/dilétants

• Commentaires collectifs • Signets collectifs• Ecriture collective • Création d’archives collectifs• Partages des informations, des savoirs et des

commentaires dans de nouveaux types de sites• Les nouveaux programmes pour historiens

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5.Web 2.0 web sites and their 5.Web 2.0 web sites and their scientific contentsscientific contents

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History within Web 2.0 social networksHistory within Web 2.0 social networks

WikipediaFacebookYoutubeFlickrGoogle Universe: Blogger, Reader, PicasaTwitterTumblr

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Looking empirically at History 2.0 Looking empirically at History 2.0 contentscontents

• Access to Disciplinary Information within new networks and with new technologies

• The Writing of History is becoming sometimes a collective activity, you find co-autors, blogs and wiki’s are asking to contribute contentess

• Crowdsourcing is used to complete individually collective contents, especially primary sources in born digital formats and/or as meta-sources

• Teaching History is performed through e-learning platforms (Moodle at EUI)

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““Sharing”: Sharing”: l’information et signets partagésl’information et signets partagés

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PodcatsPodcats

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YouTubeYouTube

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TwitterTwitter

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TUMBLRTUMBLR

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BlogsBlogs

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WikipediaWikipedia

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Facebook: accessing OPAC’sFacebook: accessing OPAC’s

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Facebook - 2Facebook - 2

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Facebook 3 - EHPSFacebook 3 - EHPS

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LinkedinLinkedin

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DeliciousDelicious

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Google MyAccountGoogle MyAccount

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iGoogle tools: feed readeriGoogle tools: feed reader

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FlickrFlickr

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La photographie d’usage collectif avec FlickrLa photographie d’usage collectif avec Flickrselon selon USA TodayUSA Today

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Usages sociaux des photographies Usages sociaux des photographies digitales: Flickrdigitales: Flickr

• Usage typique du web 2.0: Flickr• Stewart Butterfield, fondateur de Flickr avec sa

femme Caterina Fake, déclare à

USA Today en 2006, que: o Flickr’s biggest innovation came from

recognizing the social nature of photography. "It's meant to be shared, talked about, pointed to, saved, archived and available by as many means as possible," he says.

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Interactive Archive: HistoGraficaInteractive Archive: HistoGrafica• HistoGrafica is a

community-driven website with high aims - making a large amount of historical pictures easily accessible in one place on the web. Everyone can share and describe their old pictures on HistoGrafica and help expand this free archive.

• Together, we can create the biggest, freely available archive of geo- and timetagged historical pictures in the world.

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TinEye: searching with pixelsTinEye: searching with pixels

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Digital History at George MasonDigital History at George Mason

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S.Noiret: Histoire et Web 2.0, ATHIS VII, Rome 6 décembre 2008

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““Please share your thoughts or read about thePlease share your thoughts or read about the experiences of others who have shared experiences of others who have shared

””

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Web sites using Web 2.0 facilitiesWeb sites using Web 2.0 facilitiesPrimary Sources for the History of EuropePrimary Sources for the History of Europe