Weathering and Soil Geology 101 Ted Brewster.
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Transcript of Weathering and Soil Geology 101 Ted Brewster.
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Weathering and Weathering and SoilSoilGeology 101Geology 101
Ted BrewsterTed Brewster
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WeatheringWeathering The act of breaking down existing The act of breaking down existing
rockrock Can be done by Can be done by mechanicalmechanical or or
chemicalchemical processes processes Both methods serve to create Both methods serve to create
sediment from existing rock typessediment from existing rock types
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Mechanical Mechanical WeatheringWeathering
Physical Disintegration of the rockPhysical Disintegration of the rock The rock breaks into smaller piecesThe rock breaks into smaller pieces More surface area exposed to More surface area exposed to
chemical weathering processeschemical weathering processes The rock changes physically but The rock changes physically but
not chemicallynot chemically ExamplesExamples
Frost wedging, roots, pressure Frost wedging, roots, pressure release, and abrasionrelease, and abrasion
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Change in Surface AreaChange in Surface Area
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Frost WedgingFrost Wedging
Water fills into small cracks within the Water fills into small cracks within the rockrock
When water freezes into ice it expandsWhen water freezes into ice it expands This small expansion slowly makes the This small expansion slowly makes the
crack larger, so more water can fill incrack larger, so more water can fill in Over time and successive melting and Over time and successive melting and
freezing cycles the cracks open up freezing cycles the cracks open up enough to split the rock into piecesenough to split the rock into pieces
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Frost WedgingFrost Wedging
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Frost WedgingFrost Wedging
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Roots – Biological Roots – Biological WeatheringWeathering
The act of plant roots breaking rocks The act of plant roots breaking rocks apartapart
The roots of the plant find cracks and The roots of the plant find cracks and slowly grow downward into the crackslowly grow downward into the crack
Over time the effect of the root Over time the effect of the root growth breaks the rock into piecesgrowth breaks the rock into pieces
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Tree in Tree in LimestonLimeston
ee
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Tree RootsTree Roots
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Pressure ReleasePressure Release
Most rocks are formed at depth and Most rocks are formed at depth and then are moved to the surfacethen are moved to the surface
The pressure at depth is high, as the The pressure at depth is high, as the rocks move to the surface they rocks move to the surface they expandexpand
This is similar to compressing a This is similar to compressing a sponge, then letting expand in watersponge, then letting expand in water
The expansion causes the mineral The expansion causes the mineral grains to break away from each othergrains to break away from each other
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Pressure Release - Pressure Release - SheetingSheeting
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Spheroidal WeatheringSpheroidal Weathering
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AbrasionAbrasion
Removing small pieces of rock over Removing small pieces of rock over time by wind or watertime by wind or water
Like using sandpaper on the rockLike using sandpaper on the rock Slowly the rock is just worn awaySlowly the rock is just worn away Causes the rounding of angular Causes the rounding of angular
piecespieces
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Abrasion – Death Valley, Abrasion – Death Valley, CACA
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Differential WeatheringDifferential Weathering
Layers of rock are not of the same Layers of rock are not of the same resistance to weatheringresistance to weathering
Some layers are left intact while Some layers are left intact while others are weathered away almost others are weathered away almost completelycompletely
Most prominent in layers that have Most prominent in layers that have been tilted onto their sidesbeen tilted onto their sides
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DifferentiaDifferential l
WeatherinWeathering - g - DikeDike
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Sorting and RoundingSorting and Rounding As pieces of sediment move away As pieces of sediment move away
from their parent rock they changefrom their parent rock they change Sorting – the ratio of different sizes Sorting – the ratio of different sizes
of material within the rockof material within the rock More uniform size indicates farther More uniform size indicates farther
from sourcefrom source Rounding – the shape of the edges Rounding – the shape of the edges
of the sediment piecesof the sediment pieces More rounding indicates farther from More rounding indicates farther from
sourcesource
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SortingSorting
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RoundingRounding
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Chemical WeatheringChemical Weathering Rock decomposition that actually Rock decomposition that actually
dissolves the rock minerals and dissolves the rock minerals and forms new onesforms new ones
Most minerals form at depth with Most minerals form at depth with little waterlittle water
Surface has abundant water, so the Surface has abundant water, so the reaction can form new mineralsreaction can form new minerals
Some minerals are soluble in water Some minerals are soluble in water and dissolveand dissolve Limestone, halite, gypsum, etcLimestone, halite, gypsum, etc
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Weathering of GraniteWeathering of Granite
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Chemical WeatheringChemical Weathering
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Slate vs LimestoneSlate vs Limestone
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Acid WeatheringAcid Weathering
Many carbonate minerals are Many carbonate minerals are susceptible to acidssusceptible to acids
If the water around them contains an If the water around them contains an acid, then the rock is more likely to acid, then the rock is more likely to dissolve quicklydissolve quickly
We see this in cities with acid rainWe see this in cities with acid rain Buildings, Statues, Tombstones, etcBuildings, Statues, Tombstones, etc
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Cleopatra’s NeedleCleopatra’s Needle
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Salt Weathering - GreeceSalt Weathering - Greece
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ClimateClimate
Climate plays a big role in Climate plays a big role in determining the type of weathering determining the type of weathering most commonmost common
Desert – mechanical abrasionDesert – mechanical abrasion Tropical (warm and wet) – chemicalTropical (warm and wet) – chemical Arctic – mechanical frost wedgingArctic – mechanical frost wedging
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Climate and WeatheringClimate and Weathering
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SoilsSoils
Weathered, unconsolidated Weathered, unconsolidated materials on top of bedrockmaterials on top of bedrock
Capable of supporting plant growthCapable of supporting plant growth Other material is called regolithOther material is called regolith
Soils form over long periods of timeSoils form over long periods of time Exact time depends on the climate Exact time depends on the climate
conditionsconditions Soils have layers called Soils have layers called horizonshorizons
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Soil HorizonsSoil Horizons
O horizonO horizon Dark colored layer just below the Dark colored layer just below the
vegetationvegetation Contains decomposed plant material called Contains decomposed plant material called
humus that forms organic acidshumus that forms organic acids A horizonA horizon
Zone of leaching formed by percolation of Zone of leaching formed by percolation of rain water through the O horizonrain water through the O horizon
Wet climates have larger A horizons than Wet climates have larger A horizons than desertsdeserts
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Soil HorizonsSoil Horizons
B horizonB horizon Accumulation of leaching products from Accumulation of leaching products from
horizon Ahorizon A Tends to be clay rich and stained red by Tends to be clay rich and stained red by
hematite and limonitehematite and limonite C horizonC horizon
Incompletely weathered bedrockIncompletely weathered bedrock Transitional layer between bedrock and Transitional layer between bedrock and
evolving soil aboveevolving soil above
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Soil Soil Profile Profile
by by ClimateClimate
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Soil Horizons - HawaiiSoil Horizons - Hawaii
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Soil Horizons in AZSoil Horizons in AZ
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Sedimentary StructuresSedimentary Structures
Ancient structures that can Ancient structures that can determine the depositional determine the depositional environment of the rockenvironment of the rock
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Graded BedsGraded Beds
Graded Beds – sorted layers of sediment
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Ripple MarksRipple Marks
•Ripple marks – shallow ripples that indicate a current direction
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Cross BeddingCross Bedding
Cross bedding – angled sediment layers that indicate either wind or water flow direction
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Fossil RootsFossil Roots
Fossil plant roots – filled in holes made by roots
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Mud CracksMud Cracks
•Mud cracks – filled in cracks from muddy and dry environments
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Dinosaur FootprintDinosaur Footprint
•Fossil footprints, tracks, or burrows – any impression in the sediment made by living creatures that was then filled in