We considered a range of different issues around coordinating … · 2018-05-14 · Baseline Data...
Transcript of We considered a range of different issues around coordinating … · 2018-05-14 · Baseline Data...
We considered a range of different issues around coordinating information on water
User Interactions
User Interactions
Markets, Politics
Markets, Politics
UsabilityUsability
CostCost
Format Limitations
Format Limitations
Information Context
Information Context
LocationLocation AvailabilityAvailability PricePrice QualityQualityLaw of One PriceLaw of One Price
Collective Action ProblemsCollective Action Problems
Winners / LosersWinners / Losers
Gangs & GovernmentGangs & Government
We considered a range of different issues around coordinating information on water
User Interactions
User Interactions
UsabilityUsability
CostCost
Format Limitations
Format Limitations
User Interactions
User Interactions
UsabilityUsability
CostCost
Format Limitations
Format Limitations
• S MS• Flashing• V oice• U SSD
User Interactions
User Interactions
UsabilityUsability
CostCost
Format Limitations
Format Limitations
• SMS• Flashing• V oice• USSD
(in Swahili)
Information Context
Information Context
LocationLocation AvailabilityAvailability PricePrice QualityQuality
Information Context
Information Context
LocationLocation AvailabilityAvailability PricePrice QualityQuality
Information Context
Information Context
LocationLocation AvailabilityAvailability PricePrice QualityQuality
Information Context
Information Context
LocationLocation AvailabilityAvailability PricePrice QualityQuality
• Describinglocations
identifying landmarks
identifying landmarks
Information Context
Information Context
LocationLocation AvailabilityAvailability PricePrice QualityQuality
• Describinglocations
Markets, Politics
Markets, Politics
Law of One PriceLaw of One Price
Collective Action ProblemsCollective Action Problems
Winners / LosersWinners / Losers
Gangs & GovernmentGangs & Government
Markets, Politics
Markets, Politics
Law of One PriceLaw of One Price
Collective Action ProblemsCollective Action Problems
Winners / LosersWinners / Losers
Gangs & GovernmentGangs & Government
Markets, Politics
Markets, Politics
Law of One PriceLaw of One Price
Collective Action ProblemsCollective Action Problems
Winners / LosersWinners / Losers
Gangs & GovernmentGangs & Government
Summer/Fall 2007: Mass disconnections
“It was a police operation to do away with illegal cartels…”
“More than 90% of vendors [in Mathare] steal our water…”
NWC, Crow & Obada 2009
Markets, Politics
Markets, Politics
Law of One PriceLaw of One Price
Collective Action ProblemsCollective Action Problems
Winners / LosersWinners / Losers
Gangs & GovernmentGangs & Government
Summer/Fall 2007: Mass disconnections
“It was a police operation to do away with illegal cartels…”
“More than 90% of vendors [in Mathare] steal our water…”
NWC, Crow & Obada 2009
New York Times, June 20 2007:
“Might Drink Your Blood, but Otherwise Not Bad Guys”
Markets, Politics
Markets, Politics
Law of One PriceLaw of One Price
Collective Action ProblemsCollective Action Problems
Winners / LosersWinners / Losers
Gangs & GovernmentGangs & Government
Information Context
Information Context
LocationLocation AvailabilityAvailability PricePrice QualityQuality
User Interactions
User Interactions
UsabilityUsability
CostCost
Format Limitations
Format Limitations
• SMS• Flashing• V oice• USSD
(in Swahili)
• Describinglocations
suggestive evidence
• Better water information can improve clean water uptake (Jalan and Somanathan 2008; Luoto 2009; Madajewicz et al. 2007).
• Demand for water elastic at low prices but inelastic at high prices (Ashraf et al. 2007; Berry et al. 2008; Kremer et al. 2009).
• The poor are willing to pay slightly more “with their feet” for clean water (Kremer et al. 2009).
• Mobile phones can improve market efficiency (Aker 2010; Jensen 2007).
randomized impact evaluation
• Gold standard of impact evaluations
• Entail random assignment of individuals or groups into “treatment” and “control” groups
• Outcomes compared across treatment and control groups
• Randomization eliminates selection bias and supports causal inference
randomized impact evaluation
GOAL: Obtain convincing estimates of M-Maji’scost-effectiveness
randomized impact evaluation
randomized impact evaluation
randomized impact evaluation
User Feedback?Reduced Water Prices?
Lower Travel Costs?Higher Clean Water Uptake?
randomized impact evaluation
www.umande.org
Our Community Partner
www.umande.org
M- Maji
Baseline Data Collection
Household Survey(1000 randomly selected households asked about access to clean water and other public services)
Water Prices(Water prices sampled once a week in all villages, 10-20
weeks, following dry cycle)
Water Quality(Same 60 watering points tested for fecal contamination
every 3 weeks for 9 weeks)
GPS Study(Jerry cans used for collecting water rigged with GPS
data loggers to study water search paths)
African Population and Health Research CenterCenter for Disease Control (CDC)
Center on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE)Herufi Library (Kenya Census)
Kenya Ministry of HousingKenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS)
Langata Stakeholders ForumNairobi Water and Sewerage Company
Map KiberaUmande Trust
UN HabitatWater and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP)
Baseline Data Collection
Household Survey(1000 randomly selected households asked about access to clean water and other public services)
Water Prices(Water prices sampled once a week in all villages, 10-20
weeks, following dry cycle)
Water Quality(Same 60 watering points tested for fecal contamination
every 3 weeks for 9 weeks)
GPS Study(Jerry cans used for collecting water rigged with GPS
data loggers to study water search paths)
sampling design
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2011)
Price for water normally and during shortages?Distance to closest watering point?Village where water is found during shortages?Importance of water price, distance, and quality?Knowledge of water-borne diseases?Water treatment habits and diarrheal infection rates?Access to electricity, toilets, schools, clinics, police?Access to mobile phones?Participation in community organizations and village meetings?Knowledge of local political leaders?Quality of roof, wall, floor?Education, Ethnicity?
Baseline Data Collection
Household Survey(1000 randomly selected households asked about access to clean water and other public services)
Water Prices(Water prices sampled once a week in all villages, 10-20
weeks, following dry cycle)
Water Quality(Same 60 watering points tested for fecal contamination
every 3 weeks for 9 weeks)
GPS Study(Jerry cans used for collecting water rigged with GPS
data loggers to study water search paths)
Source: Map Kibera (2011)
Source: W
orld Bank (2005)
Baseline Data Collection
Household Survey(1000 randomly selected households asked about access to clean water and other public services)
Water Prices(Water prices sampled once a week in all villages, 10-20
weeks, following dry cycle)
Water Quality(Same 60 watering points tested for fecal contamination
every 3 weeks for 9 weeks)
GPS Study(Jerry cans used for collecting water rigged with GPS
data loggers to study water search paths)
Courtesy: Ben Crow, UCSC
Baseline Data Collection
Household Survey(1000 randomly selected households asked about access to clean water and other public services)
Water Prices(Water prices sampled once a week in all villages, 10-20
weeks, following dry cycle)
Water Quality(Same 60 watering points tested for fecal contamination
every 3 weeks for 9 weeks)
GPS Study(Jerry cans used for collecting water rigged with GPS
data loggers to study water search paths)
1. Advertisements (brochures, wall paintings)
2. Community meetings, women’s groups
3. Organize first group of test users
4. Formal M-Maji launch with community
M-Maji Launch (May/June 2011)
Welcome to M-Maji!
1. Request Water2. Sell Water3. Complain
OK < > Back
M-Maji Launch (May/June 2011)
M‐Maji
helping residents of Kibera find clean, affordable water
on their mobile phones
WHO WE ARE
M-Maji is a team of American and Kenyan students,
professors, and designers. We are based at Stanford
University and the University of Nairobi, and in Kibera we are collaborating with local
community partner Umande Trust. We are committed to
increasing access to clean, safe water in Kibera, Kenya.
For more information visit: http://mmaji.wordpress.com
or e-mail: [email protected]
HOW IT WORKS
M-Maji collects advertisements
from water sellers in Kibera and puts them into a location-
specific database.
Water buyers
can then access this database to see where there is water nearby.
M‐Maji
The M-Maji team solicits feedback and conducts
random quality testing to ensure that buyers get the quality of information they
deserve.
M-Maji Launch (May/June 2011)
As a non‐profit project, M‐Maji seeks to save communi es me and money in their daily search for water, and empower them with knowledge about water quality. M‐Maji operates in close collabora on with Umande Trust and Stanford University (USA). Please visit M‐Maji at: h p://mmaji.wordpress.com/. Contact: Sunny Jeon, M‐Maji Project Lead Email: [email protected]; Tel: +254 (0)701 320 995
Communi es in Kibera lack consistent access to clean and affordable drinking water. But they do not lack access to mobile phones. M‐Maji uses this insight to develop an innova ve, cost‐effec ve IT solu on to help clean water delivery systems in Kibera.
Sample Screenshot for Water Vendor
Sample Screenshots for Water Buyers
Please describe the location you are selling water using less than 160 characters.
OK < > BACK
In what village are you looking
for water?
1. Kisumu Ndogo 2. Kambi Muri 3. Makina
OK < > BACK
KSH2 per jerry can @ Salome’s next to St. Marys Church, facing
mobile charging station.
OK < > BACK
M-Maji
1. Advertisements (brochures, wall paintings)
2. Community meetings, women’s groups
3. Organize first group of test users
4. Formal M-Maji launch with community
M-Maji Launch (May/June 2011)
Welcome to M-Maji!
1. Request Water2. Sell Water3. Complain
OK < > Back
Welcome to M-Maji!
1. Request Water2. Sell Water3. Complain
OK < > Back
User Feedback?Reduced Water Prices?
Lower Travel Costs?Higher Clean Water Uptake?
M-Maji
1. Model for sustainability
4 key challenges
1. Model for sustainability
2. Partnering with telecomm companies
4 key challenges
3 Villages, 20,000 households
10% of households adopt M-Maji 1/week, 150 vendors use 3/week
9,800 USSD sessions/monthand 8,000 SMS/month
3 Villages, 20,000 households
10% of households adopt M-Maji 1/week, 150 vendors use 3/week
9,800 USSD sessions/monthand 8,000 SMS/month
On YU:
KSH 13,800 = $172/month
On SAFARICOM:
KSH 70,800 = $885/month
Both Networks: $363/month service charge
1. Model for sustainability
2. Partnering with telecomm companies
3. Test and refine prototype
4 key challenges2KSH @ George’s
Watering Point, near St. Mary’s
Primary School in Gatwekera
OK < > Back
LAI
1. Model for sustainability
2. Partnering with telecomm companies
3. Test and refine prototype
4. Navigate through Kibera NGO industry
4 key challenges
Special ThanksLeann Bankoski
Prof. Michele BarryAidah Binale
Prof. Joshua CohenProf. Ben Crow
Prof. Rob DainesProf. Larry Diamond
Erica EstradaWendy Ju
Kelvin Bai LugakaProf. Edward Miguel
Sally MadsenCaleb Ogara
Josiah OmottoProf. Dan OrwaJackie Sargent
Prof. Peter WaiganjoProf. Terry Winograd
andour amazing collaborators
at Umande and the Univ. of Nairobi