The medium coupling effect on propagation of guided waves ...
Waves. Waves 3 Types of Waves Mechanical Waves: Wave motion that requires a medium (ie. water,...
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Transcript of Waves. Waves 3 Types of Waves Mechanical Waves: Wave motion that requires a medium (ie. water,...
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Waves
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Waves3 Types of Waves
Mechanical Waves: Wave motion that requires a medium (ie. water, sound, slinkies, …)
Electromagnetic Waves: No medium is needed (light, radio waves, x-rays,…)
Matter Waves: Electron and other particles show wave like behavior under certain conditions
Physics Definition: A vibration or oscillation that transfers energy.
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The Energy of Waves
Nicknamed Galloping Gerdie
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Mechanical WavesClassified by how they
displace the medium in which they travelTransverse
waves: Medium is displaced perpendicular to the direction of the wave
Longitudinal Waves: Medium is displaced parallel to the direction of the waveSurface
Waves: Medium is displaced both perpendicular and parallel to the direction of the wave
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Particles of a medium move in response to a passing wave but do not move along with the wave
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Properties of a Wave
f
Amplitude: Displacement from the line of equilibrium to the height of a crest or trough.
Crest: The highest displacement from the line of equilibrium.
Trough: The lowest displacement from the line of equilibrium.
Wavelength: Shortest distance between points of a wave, where the wave pattern repeats itself
Wave speed: Speed at which a wave travels through a medium. It depends solely on the properties of the medium. Independent of the wavelength or the frequency
Frequency: The number of waves that pass a given point in a second of time.
v f
Line of equilibrium
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RefractionReflectionDiffraction
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ReflectionWaves may “bounce off” Waves may “bounce off”
barriers.barriers.Law of Reflection = The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
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Ray DiagramsDiagrams that show the direction
of a wave front in two or three dimensions
Normal
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RefractionWaves may change when they pass from one medium to another.
Wave length and wave velocity may change while frequency remains constant
Waves also may change direction – that change in direction of waves at the boundary between the two different media is known as refraction
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Refraction of Light Waves
Ray Diagram of Refraction
i
r
i
= angle of incidence
r= angle of refraction
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DiffractionDiffraction is the bending of
waves around a barrier
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Interference of WavesPrinciple of Superposition – The displacement of a medium caused by
two or more waves is the algebraic sum of the displacements caused by the individual waves.
The result of superposition is interference
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Constructive InterferenceDestructive Interference
Two kinds of Two kinds of interference can occur interference can occur
when waves meetwhen waves meet
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Standing vs Traveling Waves
A traveling wave is a disturbance which is created by a vibrating object and subsequently travels through a medium from one location to another, transporting energy as it moves. The most commonly observed traveling wave is an ocean wave.
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Standing wave patterns are always characterized by an alternating pattern of nodes and antinodes.
Standing wave patterns are also characterized by antinodal positions - positions along the medium that undergo maximum displacement from a high upward displacement to a high downward displacement. Antinodes are the result of a crest meeting a crest to form a supercrest and a trough meeting a trough to form a supertrough.
Such positions are referred to as nodal positions or nodes. Nodes are the result of the meeting of a crest with a trough; this form of interference is known as destructive interference and leads to a point of "no displacement." A node is a point of no displacement.
Standing vs Traveling Waves
A standing wave pattern is a pattern which results from the interference of two or more waves along the same medium. All standing wave patterns are characterized by positions along the medium which are standing still.
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Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Interference
ConstructiveDestructiveStanding Wave
Traveling Wave