Introduction

Over the past decades. Malaysia has exploited its ample water resource for water supply for homes and industries as well as agriculture, where consumer have the access to water when needed. The very first water supply was piped by British in 1804, when the first aqueduct was built in bricks to transport water from the hills to the town of Penang. By the end of 19th century piped water was available for household through water tap and stand pipes through the country. At that time, it is a common thing that piped water was untreated throughout the world. In 1906, first slow sand filter plant in Malaysia was built at the Ampang Intake for Kuala Lumpur. In 1934 the first rapid sand filter plant was built in Ayer Hitam in Penang. Both plants are still in service today.

Below are details collect on 2009 by Malaysian water association:-

Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia is achieve various achievements, as well as faced some challenges too. Universal access to water supply at reasonable tariffs is a important achievement. The government plays an important role to make the sector more effective, to produce a sustainable funding mechanism and to develop the customer orientation of service providers through sector reforms indorsed in 2006. The reform forms a modern institutional structure for the water sector, including an independent regulatory agency, an asset holding company and commercialized state water companies that have to achieve certain key performance indicators that will be supervised by the regulatory agency. The government has also stated its intention not

to embark on new private sector contracts for water provision, after a bout of such contracts during the 1990s showed mixed results.

Water resources development has been a catalyst for socioeconomic development of the country. However, the water situation for some parts of the country has changed from one of relative abundance to one of scarcity. The growth in population and expansion in urbanization, industrialization and irrigated agriculture are imposing growing demands and pressure on the water resources, besides contributing to the rising water pollution. Any new development of water resource incurs rising cost, besides having to face rigorous scrutinisation from environments and conservationist. The fact that the volume of water available is finite and the demand for water is increasing indicates that supply approach in water management is unsustainable.

Objective

To provide a cost efficient, safe and convenient water supply system that fulfills the demand of SMK Kuala Krai students and Staff.

Water supply system for in Kuala Krai

Kuala Krai is a 2329 km2 area with population density of 51/km2. It’s a territory and a town with 117800 population in the interior state of Kelantan. The local authority that monitored the water quality for the state of Kelantan is Jabatan Air Negeri Kelantan (JANK). Water supply system of the state of Kelantan has been privatize by government on 1 October 1995. The water supply system of Kelantan is handle by Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd. Currently there are 4 water treatment plants supplying water to the town of Kuala Krai.

No. Water Treatment Plant Design capacity, m3/day Supply Volume, m3/day1. Tualang 8000 78212. Pahi 21000 197883. Manek Urai 6750 61814. Sungai Nal 2000 2032

Therefore, there is plentiful of water supply in the town of Kuala Krai.

Water tower for the school

A water tower is a simple device that is used to store water. It is elevated to support water tank at a sufficient height to pressurize a water supply system for the distribution of treated water, and also to provide emergency water supply for fire protection. According an article written by S.Najman from KelatanTV website, the people of Kuala Krai sometimes experience slow water flow water in their taps, unstable flow condition and also reduction in water quality. It is also stated that, the water treatment plant undergoing maintenance and improvement in design capacity. Therefore a water tower should be install in SMK Kuala Krai together with a pump to so that the water can be supplied to the tank when the hydrostatic pressure is low.

The water tank capacity and elevation

Elevation

The buildings in SMK Kuala Krai is about two storey high. Two storey building are approximately 20 to 22 feet high excluding roof height. Therefore, it is sufficient to place the water tank at the elevation of 25 feet. Tank is position at the highest elevation which is 42.8 in order to ensure sufficient hydrostatic pressure for water distribution.

Capacity of the water tank

Water tank is normally design to sustain water supply for one who day.

Assume each classroom is SMK Kuala Krai has 40 students. Therefore,

Total Number of student 24 X 40 = 960

Number of staff in a similar school is 112 in the year 2009.

960 + 112 = 1072

2 x 1072 = 2144 people in the school.

According to Malaysia water association and Teknik Air JKR 92/87

Daily water demand in school per person is 15 gallon/day.

2144 X 12 = 25728 gallon/person/day

According to appendix C schools fall under Class D risk.

The fire flow for Class D risk is 1140 litres per minute.

Litre convert to gallon(US)

L*0.264172.21997= 1140*0.264172 =301 gallon per minute

Fire tank should be able to supply water for minimum 30 minutes and maximum 2 hours.

Since this project involve in life of children, adopting 2 hours of fire water flow in required.

Therefore, the fire flow rate is

301*2*60=36120 gallons for 2 hours

Total water demand is 25728 + 36120 =61848 gallons/day

The capacity of the tank should be approximately 60000 gallon.

Piping

Piping selection

Water is supplied to the school and during construction of the school by tapping to the main pipe which runs along the main road. This eases the tapping cost for plumbing. As for the inlet water pipe diameter, it should be about 2 inches (50.8mm) based on the standard plumbing practice in Malaysia. The type of the type is High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe because of its durability to weather, workability and its cheap than the galvanized iron (GI) pipe.

Pipe network

The red color line indicate the inlet pipe that supplies water from main pipe. The blue color line indicates the outlet pipe from the water tank for domestic use. Since main pipe is tap at the entrance of the school so that it’s easy for the meter reader to take reading and post the bill to the letter box. The inlet pipe fix along the edges of the school so that any leaks of water will not contribute direct to the soil erosion near the buildings.

No. Appendix A Appendix BWater Demand Local Authority

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Low Cost Terrace House /Flat

Single Storey Terrace / Low Medium & Medium Costs Flats

Double Storey Terrace House/High Cost Flats

Semi Detached House

Bungalow / Condominiums

Shophouse (Single Storey)/ Gerai

Shophouse (Double Storey)

Shophouse (Three Storey)

Light Industrial

= 1135 lpd (250 gpd)

= 1360 lpd (300 gpd)

= 1590 lpd (350 gpd)

= 1820 lpd (400 gpd)

= 2270 lpd (500gpd)

= 2270 lpd (500 gpd)

= 2730 lpd (600 gpd)

= 4090 lpd (900 gpd)

= 1590 lpd (350 gpd)

= 2730 lpd (600 gpd)

= 65,000 l/ha/day (6,000 gal/acre/day)= 50,000 l/ha/day (4,500 gal/acre/day)

Johor

MelakaNegeri SembilanSelangor

PerakPulau PinangKedah

Perlis

Pahang

TerengganuKelantanSabahSarawak

- Syarikat Air Johor (SAJ) Holdings Sdn Bhd- Perbadanan Air Melaka- Jabatan Bekalan air negeri sembilan- Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd- Lembaga Air Perak- Perbadanan Air Pulau Pinang- Jabatan Bekalan Air Negeri Kedah- Jabatan Bekalan Air Negeri Perlis- Jabatan Bekalan Air Negeri Pahang- Syarikat Air Terengganu- Syarikat Air Kelantan- Lembaga Air Sabah- Lembaga Air Sarawak

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Workshop

Semi Detached / Bungalow Workshops

Heavy Industry

Medium Industry

Light Industry

Office / Complex / Commercial (Domestic Usage)

Hotels (with dining and laundry facility – Demestic Usage)

Hotel (3 star)

Hotel (5 star)

Schools /Education

Institutions

-Day School / Institution

- Fully Residential

Hospitals (domestic usage)

Mosque (domestic usage)

Other place of worship

= 33,000 l/ha/day (3,000 gal/acre/day)= 1,200 lpd/100Sq.M (250gpd/1,000 sq.ft.)

1,360 lpd/room (300 gpd /room)2,000 lpd/room (440gpd/room)

55 lpd / student (12 gpd / student)360 lpd / student (80 gpd / student)1,100 lpd / bed (240 gpd / bed)135 lpd / person (12 gpd / person)55 lpd / person ( 12 gpd / person)820 lpd / store (180 gpd / store)5000 lpd / service bay (1080gpd / service bay)

21.

Wet Market

Petrol Kiosk

No. Appendix A Appendix BWater Demand Local Authority

22.

23.

Stadium

Golf Course

55 lpd / person ( 12 gpd / person )5500 lpd / hole (1200 gpd / hole )

Note:- gpd = Gallon per daylpd = Liter per dayl/ha/day = Liter/hectares/day

Reference

http://www.mwa.org.my/publication-dguideline.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia

https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wups.html

http://airkelantan.com.my/maklumat-pengguna/kapasiti-pengeluaran-air/

http://www.jank.kelantan.gov.my/jank/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=271&lang=ms

http://www.kelantantv.my/v1/blog-ktv/112-sebahagian-besar-penduduk-kuala-krai-nikmati-bekalan-air-bersih