WateWaterr

Global Water DistributionGlobal Water Distribution

► 71% of Earth’s surface is water71% of Earth’s surface is water

►97% is salt water in oceans and seas97% is salt water in oceans and seas►3% is fresh water3% is fresh water

77% of fresh water is 77% of fresh water is frozen in glaciers frozen in glaciers

& polar ice caps& polar ice caps 13% is available13% is available

• some is deep in aquifer or as vapor some is deep in aquifer or as vapor in atmospherein atmosphere

• not always where it is needednot always where it is needed

WatershedsWatersheds

►Area of land drained by a Area of land drained by a riverriver

Porosity of SoilsPorosity of Soils

►For water to get into groundwater, it For water to get into groundwater, it must pass through soilmust pass through soil

►Porosity- the amount of space between Porosity- the amount of space between the particles that make up soil or a the particles that make up soil or a rockrock

Water QualityWater Quality

►Pollution anywhere in Pollution anywhere in watershed can pollute riverwatershed can pollute river

►Ex: Plastic blow out of trash Ex: Plastic blow out of trash cans in city, goes into cans in city, goes into drainage and rain washes drainage and rain washes them into ocean.them into ocean.

Permeability of SoilsPermeability of Soils

PermeablePermeablethe ability of soil or rock to allow water to the ability of soil or rock to allow water to

flow throughflow through

• Sandstone, limestone, sand, gravel are Sandstone, limestone, sand, gravel are permeablepermeable

• Clay & Granite are impermeableClay & Granite are impermeableImpermeable soils are reason why LV has Impermeable soils are reason why LV has

flash floodsflash floods

Recharge ZoneRecharge Zone

►The area of the Earth’s surface where The area of the Earth’s surface where water percolates downwater percolates down

Subsidence in LV- we were drawing Subsidence in LV- we were drawing water out of groundwater causing water out of groundwater causing valley to sinkvalley to sink- 10 feet in downtown10 feet in downtown

• Now they recharge groundwater in Now they recharge groundwater in Winter from Lake MeadWinter from Lake Mead

Water UsesWater Uses

►Vast differences between countriesVast differences between countries• US uses 300 L/day (80 gallons)US uses 300 L/day (80 gallons)

only half used inside home, rest used outdoors only half used inside home, rest used outdoors for lawns, etcfor lawns, etc

• India uses 41 L/dayIndia uses 41 L/day

See Table 1 p. 277See Table 1 p. 277

Water PollutionWater Pollution

►The introduction of chemical, physical The introduction of chemical, physical or biological agents into water that or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and adversely degrade water quality and adversely affects the organisms that depend on affects the organisms that depend on that waterthat water

Main CausesMain Causes

►IndustrializationIndustrialization

►Rapid Human GrowthRapid Human Growth

PreventionPrevention

►Point SourcePoint Source• Source can be identified and origin Source can be identified and origin

locatedlocated• Enforcing clean up is difficult, Enforcing clean up is difficult,

ex: Perchloratesex: Perchlorates

►Non-Point SourceNon-Point Source• Controlling is difficultControlling is difficult• Ex: highway construction & maintenanceEx: highway construction & maintenance

storm water runoff, litterstorm water runoff, litter

Pollution Types and SourcesPollution Types and Sourcesfor Point Source Pollutionfor Point Source Pollution

►23 million septic tank systems23 million septic tank systems►190,000 storage lagoons for polluted 190,000 storage lagoons for polluted

wastewaste►9,000 municipal landfills9,000 municipal landfills►About 2 million underground storage About 2 million underground storage

tanks containing pollutants such as tanks containing pollutants such as gasolinegasoline

►Thousands of public and industrial Thousands of public and industrial wastewater treatment plantswastewater treatment plants

Pollution Types and SourcesPollution Types and Sourcesfor Non-Point Source Pollutionfor Non-Point Source Pollution

►Pesticides from crop landPesticides from crop land►50 million tons of fertilizer applied to 50 million tons of fertilizer applied to

crops and golf courses each yearcrops and golf courses each year►10 million tons of dry salt applied to 10 million tons of dry salt applied to

highways for snow & ice removal highways for snow & ice removal every yr.every yr.

Thermal PollutionThermal Pollution

► Increase in temperature of a body of waterIncrease in temperature of a body of water►Decreases the amount of oxygen the Decreases the amount of oxygen the

water can holdwater can hold►Fish and aquatic organisms may suffocate Fish and aquatic organisms may suffocate

and dieand die►Below Dam- decrease in temp cause Below Dam- decrease in temp cause

nativenative

fish to be endangered speciesfish to be endangered species

Groundwater PollutionGroundwater Pollution

►Pollutants enter when surface water Pollutants enter when surface water percolates down from the Earth’s surfacepercolates down from the Earth’s surface

►Pollution can enter & affect groundwaterPollution can enter & affect groundwater• Clean upClean up

-recharge is slow (can take hundreds to -recharge is slow (can take hundreds to

thousands of years)thousands of years)

-difficult to decontaminate-difficult to decontaminate

Ocean PollutionOcean Pollution

Activities on land cause 85% of oceanActivities on land cause 85% of ocean pollution pollution

ex: oil, toxic wastes, medical wastesex: oil, toxic wastes, medical wastes

Ships can legally dump wastewater & Ships can legally dump wastewater & garbage overboard in some parts of garbage overboard in some parts of oceanocean

ex: Cruise ship pollutionex: Cruise ship pollution

Read:Read:

Ecofact on Cruise Ship Ecofact on Cruise Ship PollutionPollution

RiverRiver

Comes from same root word Comes from same root word as as

Rival Rival Wars fought over water Wars fought over water

sourcessources

Issues for Water Issues for Water ConservationConservation

►Conservation may not be enough to Conservation may not be enough to prevent water shortagesprevent water shortages DesalinizationDesalinization

►ProblemsProblems• changes salinity in ocean areachanges salinity in ocean area• expensiveexpensive

Transporting Fresh WaterTransporting Fresh Water►ProblemsProblems

ExpensiveExpensive Greek IslandsGreek Islands

SolutionsSolutionsFor the FutureFor the Future

Water ConservationWater Conservation

►In AgricultureIn Agricultureuse of drip irrigation & computer use of drip irrigation & computer programs to coordinate watering programs to coordinate watering timestimes

Know why the water savings Know why the water savings from Math Practice: Israeli from Math Practice: Israeli AgricultureAgriculture

Water ConservationWater Conservation

►In IndustryIn Industry Golf courses use “gray water” in Golf courses use “gray water” in

LV; takes less energyLV; takes less energy Recycling of cooling and Recycling of cooling and

wastewaterwastewater

Water ConservationWater Conservation

►In HomeIn Home Low flow toilet & shower headsLow flow toilet & shower heads Landscaping-water at night to Landscaping-water at night to

prevent evaporation and/or use prevent evaporation and/or use xeriscapingxeriscaping

Homework Homework

►Study for the TESTStudy for the TEST