1. President Washington transforms the ideas of the Constitution into a real government. George Washington 1st President of the United States

2. State court decisions may be appealed to federal courts Judiciary Act of 1789 Creates Supreme Court 3 circuit courts 13 district courts 3. Washington Shapes the Executive Branch Washington elected first president of U.S. in 1789 Executive branch is president, vice president Congress creates State, War, Treasury Departments President Washington (far right) meets with his first Cabinet: (from left to right) Henry Knox, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph (with back turned), and Alexander Hamilton. 4. Alexander Hamilton becomes Secretary of Treasury Washington adds Attorney General These Department heads are Cabinet 5. Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict Hamilton: Strong central government led by wealthy/educated Jefferson: Strong state, local government; Peoples participation Hamilton has Northern support; Jefferson has Southern/Western support ALEXANDER HAMILTON 17551804 THOMAS JEFFERSON 17431826 6. Hamiltons Economic Plan U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, Private citizens Plan Pay foreign debt with money collected from excise taxes and protective tariffs Create a National Bank Assume states debt Some Southern states have paid debts, against taxes to pay for North 7. Plan for a National Bank Hamilton proposes Bank of the United States: Funded by government/ private investors Issue paper money/handle taxes 8. Disagreement over Congressional authority to establish bank Debate begins over strict and loose interpretation of Constitution Strict interpretation (Jefferson): If it doesn't specifically say you can then you can't. Loose interpretation (Hamilton): If it doesn't specifically say you can't then you can. 9. The District of Columbia To win Southern support for his debt plan, Hamilton suggests: moving nations capital from NYC to South Washington, D.C. planned on grand scale; government seat by 1800Pierre LEnfant proposed a federal capital of spacious, tree-lined boulevards, symbolizing the freedom of the young republic. 10. Split in Washingtons cabinet leads to first U.S. political parties Federalists and Democratic-Republicans Jeffersons allies: Democratic-Republicans Hamiltons allies: Federalists Two-party system established as two major parties compete for power 11. Protective tariff Import tax on goods produced overseas Excise tax Charged on products manufacture, sale, or distribution 12. Whiskey Rebellion Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay excise tax on whiskey (which Hamilton called a luxury but they called a necessity). They used whiskey as a medium of exchange in a barter system (like money) Beat up federal marshals, threaten secession, no major loss of life Federal government shows it can enforce laws by sending in militia 13. Whiskey Rebellion: A group of rebels taking part in the Whiskey Rebellion tar and feather a tax collector. 14. Events in Europe sharply divide American public opinion in the late 18th century. French revolutionaries storm the Bastille in Paris, France, on July 14, 1789. 15. Reactions to the French Revolution Federalists pro-British Democratic-Republicans pro-French Washington declares neutrality, will not support either side 16. Jays Treaty Chief Justice John Jay makes treaty with Britain, angers Americans British evacuate posts in Northwest, may continue fur trade British do not agree to stop seizing ships and sailors United States northern region circa 1794 17. Treaty with Spain Pinckneys Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo, signed. Spain gives up claims to western U.S. Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic 18. Fights in the Northwest Miami tribe chief, Little Turtle, defeats U.S. army Battle of Fallen Timbers General Anthony Wayne defeats Miami Confederacy at Fallen Timbers Miami sign Treaty of Greenville Give up southern 2/3 of Ohio Get less than actual value for land The Miami war chief Little Turtle negotiates with General Anthony Wayne. 19. During his farewell address, Washington gave the nation two pieces of advice: 1. Do not enter into permanent entangling alliances 2. Do not create political parties. While we ignored the second piece of advice, we managed to stay neutral through the first several presidents 20. First Party-Based Elections Federalist John Adams elected president Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, is vice president Result of sectionalism Placing regional interests above nation John Adams 2nd President of the United States 21. French see Jays Treaty as violation of alliance; seize U.S. ships XYZ Affair French officials demand bribe to see foreign minister U.S. refuses to pay Congress creates Navy Department Adams tries to Avoid War Undeclared naval war rages between France and U.S. for two years 22. The Alien and Sedition Acts Federalists suspicious of immigrants because Many are active Democratic-Republicans Some are critical of Adams 23. Federalists push Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Congress Alien Acts Raise residence requirements for citizenship Permit deportation, jail Sedition Act Fines, jail terms for hindering, lying about government Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers, politicians jailed 24. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Jefferson and Madison see Alien and Sedition Acts as misuse of power Organize opposition in Virginia and Kentucky legislatures 25. Resolutions call acts violation of First Amendment rights Nullification States have right to void laws deemed unconstitutional First time the word nullification is heard and also the first time someone threatens secession. 26. The United States expands its borders during Thomas Jeffersons administration. Election of 1800: Jefferson beats Adams, but ties running mate Aaron Burr House of Representatives chooses president: Hamilton intervenes with Federalists to give Jefferson victory Reveals flaw in electoral process; Twelfth Amendment passed Electors cast separate ballots for president, vice president Thomas Jefferson 3rd president of the United States 27. The Election of 1800 is sometimes called the Revolution of 1800 because it is a peaceful transition of power from one party to an opposition party. Convention of 1800: ends naval war with France and restores trade. Also ends U.S. alliance with France. 28. Simplifying the Presidency Jefferson replaces some Federalists with Democratic- Republicans Reduces size of armed forces; cuts social expenses of government Eliminates internal taxes; reduces influence of Bank of the U.S. Favors free trade over government-controlled trade, tariffs 29. Federalist John Marshall is chief justice for more than 30 years Adams pushes Judiciary Act of 1801, adding 16 federal judges Appoints Federalist midnight judges on his last day as president Jefferson argues undelivered appointment papers are invalid 30. Marbury v. Madison William Marbury sues to have papers delivered Judiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme Court order Marshall rules requirement unconstitutional Judicial review Supreme Court able to declare laws unconstitutional Chief Justice John Marshall If . . . the courts are to regard the constitution, and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply. 31. The Louisiana Purchase Louisiana returned to France; Jefferson fears strong French presence Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from Napoleon Jefferson doubts he has constitutional authority Louisiana Purchase doubles size of U.S. and gives U.S. total control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans. 1805 Map of Louisiana by Samuel Lewis; courtesy the Library of Congress 32. Lewis and Clark Jefferson appoints Lewis and Clark to lead Corps of Discovery: Explore new territory, find route to Pacific Gather information about people, plants, animals Native American woman, Sacajawea, serves as interpreter, guide Supplies for the journey west. 33. British and French Rivalries British blockade or seal French ports to prevent ships from entering Britain and France seize American ships, confiscate cargoes 34. Grievances Against Britain Impressment Seizing Americans, drafting them into British navy Chesapeake incident further angers Americans Jefferson convinces Congress to declare embargo, or ban on exports Embargo, meant to hurt Europe, also hurts U.S. Congress lifts it, except with Britain and France 35. Tecumsehs Confederacy William Henry Harrison makes land deal with Native American chiefs Shawnee chief Tecumseh tries to form Native American confederacy: Tells people to return to traditional beliefs/practices Presses Harrison, negotiates British help; many tribes dont join The Great Spirit gave this great land to his red children. TECUMSEH 36. The War Hawks: Western and Southern Congressmen War Hawks Want war with Britain because natives use British arms and they wish to gain land in Canada and Florida. War Hawk Henry Clay of Kentucky War Hawk John C Calhoun of South Carolina 37. President Madison chooses war, thinks Britain is crippling U.S. trade/economy U.S. army unprepared; early British victories Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British on Lake Erie Native Americans fight on both sides; Tecumseh killed in battle British blockade U.S. ports along east coast 38. British raid/burn towns along Atlantic coast British burn Washington D.C. Americans win battle for Fort McHenry (Baltimore) and Star Spangled Banner is written by Francis Scott Key. A lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched as Fort McHenry withstood 30 hours of bombardment from the British. The sight of the flag still raised at the end of the battle inspired him to first write "The Star-Spangled Banner". 39. The Battle of New Orleans: General Andrew Jackson gains national fame and defeats superior British force at Battle of New Orleans after treaty to end war has been signed. Andrew Jackson leading the American forces to victory over the British during the Battle of New Orleans in a painting by E. Percy Moran, ca. 1910. 40. Treaty of Ghent, peace agreement signed in 1814 Declares armistice or end to fighting; Does not resolve all issues. No land is exchanged. 1815, commercial treaty reopens trade between Britain and U.S. 1817, Rush-Bagot agreement limits war ships on Great Lakes 41. 1818, northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at 49th parallel Agree to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years American manufacturing benefits and grows American nationalism is increased.