Wars of the Roses.docx

7/25/2019 Wars of the Roses.docx

1/27

WARS OF THE ROSES

The Wars of the Roses were a series of dynastic wars fought between the supporters of two rival branches of the

royal House of Plantagenet the Houses of LancasterandYork, whose heraldic sybols were the red and the white

rose respectively for thethrone of !ngland" They were fought in several sporadic episodes between #$%% and#$&%, though there was related fighting both before and after this period" 'lthough the naes of the rival Houses

were derived fro the cities of Yorkand Lancaster, the corresponding duchieshad little to do with these cities" The

lands and offices attached to the (uchy of Lancaster were ainly in )loucestershire, *orth Wales, and +heshire,

while estates and castles that were part of the (uchy of York and the !arldo of archwere spread throughout

!ngland, any of which were in the Welsh arches"

The iddle 'ges was a period when kings claied divine right and were believed by their people to be the

-Lord.s anointed/, directed and guided by the hand of )od" 0t was considered that the king had a duty to defend his

people and to uphold the law of the land, but the way he fulfilled these functions was entirely dependent on the

character of the individual sovereign" 'lthough the king still wielded vast personal power, the cople1ity of

governent in a kingdo with illions of citi2ens had led to increasing delegation of power through a growing

nuber of state departents"

The -race of powerful agnates/ was created in the fourteenth century by 3ing !dward 000" He and his wife

Philippa of Hainault had thirteen children, including five sons who all grew to aturity" !dward arranged strong

arriages for the with !nglish heiresses, and created the first ever !nglish dukedos of +ornwall, +larence,

Lancaster, York, and )loucester" The rule of priogeniture generally applied to the royal succession" 4ince the

'narchy caused by the death of Henry 0 without a ale heir no a5or probles had arisen with this approach"

However, fro the deposition ofRichard 00 to the end of the fifteenth century, the +rown was the focus of

discontent, partly because of the rise of the so6called -over6ighty sub5ects/" 7wing largely to the nuber of sons

produced by 3ing !dward, too any leading sub5ects had a clai to the throne or aspired to be the power behind it"

!dward.s son !dward, the 8lack Prince had died a year before hi" His second son Lionel of 'ntwerp,#st (uke of +larence had also predeceased hi, but left one daughter naed Philippa" 4he thus becaeheiress

presuptiveto 3ing Richard" Philippa arried!dund ortier, 9rd !arl of arch, but the couple died within a

onth of each other in #9" The childless 3ing Richard naed their son Roger ortier, $th !arl of arch as

his heir presuptive, but Roger too died in #9:&, leaving his young son !dund ortier, %th !arl of arch"

When the 8lack Prince.s line failed,priogeniturewould have dictated the +rown passing to !dund ortier for

he was the direct descendant of Lionel of 'ntwerp" 8ut when 3ing Richard.s throne was usurped by his cousin

Henry of 8olingbroke and the counterclai of the young !dund ortier was brushed aside, the noral line of

succession was by6passed" This was a crucial issue that led to what becae known as the Wars of the Roses"

The prie overs in the Wars were ebers of the landed aristocracy royal dukes, ar;uesses, earls, and a

great nuber of barons, knights, and landed gentry" any controlled huge estates and en5oyed political alliances

that put at their disposal large nubers of feudal retainers and tenants" 0n addition, the practice of keeping largenubers of paid en6at6ars 6 known as -aintenance/ increased a noblean.s prestige, often easured in ters

of his -affinity/


2/27

Hundred Years War, !nglish landowners coplained vociferously about the financial losses resulting fro the loss

of their continental holdings" This too is often considered a contributory cause of the Wars of the Roses"

't the sae tie, the iddle class was growing ore prosperous and influential through its ercantile interests"

The slow decline of the wool trade was offset by increased deand fro abroad not only for woollen cloth, but for

tin, lead, leather, and other products" +alais which reained in !nglish hands after the rest of !ngland.s >rench

territories were lost was the chief wool arket, attracting erchants fro all over !urope" The iportance of

retaining +alais was therefore crucial for the nation.s continued prosperity" (uring the Wars, however, +alais also

cae to be seen as a potential place of refuge for those who had fallen fro power, and even as a springboard for thepotential invasion of !ngland"

The lower classes, eanwhile heavily influenced by the teachings of theLollardsand increasingly prepared to

;uestion the established order began to show a lessening of respect for authority and the law, which contributed to

the general atosphere of unrest" >ro the beginning ofHenry ?0.sreign in #$@@, coplaints about corruption,

public disorder, riots, and the aladinistration of 5ustice becae widespread" 7ne of the biggest threats to law and

order cae fro soldiers returning fro the wars in >rance" 4hort of oney, accustoed to violence, and now freed

fro ilitary discipline, any took to a life ofbrigandageand law6breaking" 4oe of these entered the service of

nobleen as part of their private aries" 'lthough the 3ing.s +ouncil governed the country in the nae of the child

3ing, it was unable to control the agnates"

A WEAK AND CORRUPTED REGIME

Henry ?0 cae to the throne of !ngland as an infant, only nine onths old" His uncle Aohn, (uke of 8edford

was naed as his Lord Protector" 'fter the death of 8edford in #$9%, the young 3ing was surrounded by ;uarrel6

soe councillors and advisors" His surviving paternal uncle Huphrey, (uke of )loucester sought to be naed

Lord Protector and deliberately courted the popularity of the coon people for his own ends, but he was opposed

by +ardinal 8eaufortandWillia de la Pole, #st (uke of 4uffolk" 4uffolk succeeded in having )loucester arrested

for treason" He died while awaiting trial in prison at 8ury 4t" !dundsin #$$B" However, with severe reverses in>rance when !ngland lost virtually all its >rench holdings 4uffolk was stripped of office for poorly e1ecuting the

continuingHundred Years Warwith >rance, and was urdered on his way to e1ile" !dund 8eaufort, @nd (uke of

4oersetsucceeded hi as leader of the party seeking peace with >rance" Richard, (uke of York who succeeded

8edford as Lieutenant in >rance eanwhile represented those who wished to prosecute the war ore vigorously,

and he critici2ed the royal court and 4oerset in particular for starving hi of funds and en during his capaigns

in >rance" 0n all these ;uarrels, Henry had taken little part, and was therefore seen as a weak and ineffectual king"

0n addition, he suffered fro episodes of ental illness that he ight have inherited fro his grandfather +harles

?0 of >rance"

8y #$%C, any considered Henry incapable of carrying out the duties and responsibilities of a king" There was

a violent popular revolt in 3ent Aack +ade.s rebellion" The grievances were e1tortion by soe of the 3ing.s

officials and the failure of the courts to protect the local property6owners of all classes" The rebels occupied parts of

London, but were driven out by the citi2ens after soe of the fell to looting" They eventually dispersed after they

were supposedly pardoned, but several including +ade were later e1ecuted" Two years later, Richard of York

returned to !ngland fro his new post as Lieutenant of 0reland and arched on London, deanding 4oerset.s

reoval and refor of the governent" >ew of the nobles supported such a drastic action, however, and York was

forced to subit to superior force at8lackheath" He was iprisoned for uch of #$%@ and #$%9, but was released

after swearing not to take ars against the court"

The increasing discord at court was irrored in the country as a whole" *oble failies engaged in private feuds

and showed increasing disrespect for the royal authority and for the courts of law" ThePercy6*eville feudwas the

best6known of these private wars, but others were being conducted freely" 0n any cases, they were fought between
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollardyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollardyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigandagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigandagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beauforthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years'_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years'_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy-Neville_feudhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy-Neville_feudhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy-Neville_feudhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollardyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigandagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beauforthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years'_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cadehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy-Neville_feud


3/27

old6established failies and forerly inor nobility raised in power and influence by Henry 0? in the afterath of

the rebellions against hi" The ;uarrel between the Percys long the earls of *orthuberland and the

coparatively upstart *evilles followed this pattern, as did the feud between the +ourtenays and 8onvilles

in+ornwalland (evon" ' factor in these feuds was the presence of large nubers of soldiers discharged fro the

!nglish aries that had been defeated in >rance" *obles engaged any of these to ount raids, or to pack courts of

5ustice with their supporters to intiidate suitors, witnesses, and 5udges"

This growing civil discontent, the abundance of feuding nobles with private aries, and corruption in 3ing

Henry.s royal court fored a political cliate ripe for civil war" With the 3ing so easily anipulated, power restedwith those closest to hi at court in other words, 4oerset and the Lancastrian faction" Richard and the Yorkist

faction who tended to be physically placed further away fro the seat of power found their power slowly being

stripped away" Royal power also started to slip as the 3ing was persuaded to grant any royal lands and estates to

the Lancastrians"

0n #$%9, Henry suffered the first of several bouts of coplete ental collapse, during which he failed even to

recogni2e his new6born son !dward of Westinster,Prince of Wales" ' +ouncil of Regency was set up, headed

by Richard of York who still reained popular with the people as Lord Protector" York soon asserted his power

with ever6greater boldness" He iprisoned 4oerset, and backed his *eville allies his brother6in6law, the !arl of

4alisbury, and 4alisbury.s son, the !arl of Warwick in their continuing feud with the !arl of *orthuberland,a

powerful supporter of the 3ing" However, Henry recovered in #$%% and once again fell under the influence of those

closest to hi at court" (irected by the 3ing.s ;ueen consort, the powerful and aggressiveargaret of 'n5ou who

eerged as the de factoleader of the Lancastrians Richard was forced out of the royal court" argaret built up an

alliance against Richard, and conspired with other nobles to reduce his influence" 'n increasingly thwarted Richard,

fearing arrest for treason, finally resorted to ared hostilities in #$%%"

THE YORKIST UPRISING

The very first sign of a Yorkist uprising happened during the reign of Henry ?" The 4outhapton Plotwas anotable conspiracy to dethrone 3ing Henry, and it was led by the !arl of +abridge, Richard a son of !dund of

Langley, #st (uke of York and the fourth son of !dward 000" The plot failed, however, and +abridge was e1ecuted

for treason in #$#%, at the start of the capaign that led to the 8attle of 'gincourt" His wife, 'nne ortier who

had died in #$## was the daughter of Roger ortier, and thus a descendant of Lionel of 'ntwerp" Her brother

!dund ortier died childless in #$@%, and his clai and titles thus passed to 'nne.s descendants" Richard

the son of +abridge and 'nne ortier was four years old at the tie of his father.s e1ecution" 'lthough

+abridge was attainted,3ing Henry later allowed Richard to inherit the title and lands of +abridge.s elder

brother !dward, @nd (uke of York who had died fighting alongside the 3ing at 'gincourt, and had no issue"

Henry who had three younger brothers, and was hiself in his prie and recently arried had no doubt that the

Lancastrian right to the +rown was secure" However, Henry.s preature death led to his only son coing to the

throne as an infant, and the country being ruled by regents" The late 3ing.s younger brothers produced no surviving

legitiate issue, leaving only distant cousins the 8eauforts as alternative Lancaster heirs" Thus, Richard of

York.s clai to the throne becae ore significant, placing hi in a position to threaten the weak 3ing Henry ?0"

Richard the (uke of York led a sall force toward London and was et by HenryDs forces at 4t 'lbans, north of

London, on @@ ay #$%%" The relatively sall >irst 8attle of 4t 'lbanswas the first open conflict of the civil war"

RichardDs ai was ostensibly to reove Epoor advisorsE fro 3ing HenryDs side" The result was a Lancastrian

defeat" 4everal proinent Lancastrian leaders, including 4oerset and *orthuberland, were killed" 'fter the

battle, the Yorkists found Henry hiding in a local tannerDs shop, abandoned by his advisors and servants, apparently

having suffered another bout of ental illness"


4/27

and his allies regained their position of influence" With the king indisposed, York was again appointed Protector, and

argaret was shunted aside, charged with the kingDs care"

>or a while, both sides seeed shocked that an actual battle had been fought and did their best to reconcile their

differences, but the probles that caused conflict soon re6eerged, particularly the issue of whether Richard the

(uke of York, or Henry and argaretDs infant son !dward, would succeed to the throne" argaret refused to accept

any solution that would disinherit her son, and it becae clear that she would only tolerate the situation for as long

as the (uke of York and his allies retained the ilitary ascendancy"

Henry recovered and in >ebruary #$%F he relieved York of his office of Protector" 0n the autun of that year,

Henry went on royal progressin the idlands, where the king and ;ueen were popular" argaret did not allow hi

to return to London where the erchants were angry at the decline in trade and the widespread disorder" The kingDs

court was set up at +oventry" 8y then, the new(uke of 4oersetwas eerging as a favourite of the royal court"

argaret persuaded Henry to revoke the appointents York had ade as Protector, while York was ade to return

to his post as lieutenant in 0reland"

(isorder in the capital and the north of !ngland rench fleets on the south coast were growing, but the king and ;ueen reained intent on protecting

their own positions, with the ;ueen introducing conscriptionfor the first tie in !ngland" eanwhile, YorkDs ally,

Warwick rench coast, but his attepts

to evict Warwick were easily repulsed" Warwick and his supporters even began to launch raids on the !nglish coast

fro +alais, adding to the sense of chaos and disorder" 8eing attainted, only a successful invasion would restore the

YorkistsD lands and titles" Warwick travelled to 0reland to concert plans with York, evading the royal ships

coanded by the (uke of !1eter"

0n late Aune #$FC, Warwick, 4alisbury and !dward of arch crossed the +hannel and rapidly established

theselves in3entand London, where they en5oyed wide support" 8acked by a papal eissary who had taken their

side, they arched north" 3ing Henry led an ary south to eet the while argaret reained in the north with

Prince !dward" 't the8attle of *orthaptonon #C Auly, the Yorkist ary under Warwick defeated the Lancastrians,

aided by treachery in the kingDs ranks" >or the second tie in the war, 3ing Henry was found by the Yorkists in a

tent, abandoned by his retinue, having apparently suffered another breakdown" With the king in their possession, the

Yorkists returned to London"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_progresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscriptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscriptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(bishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(bishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(bishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Dayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Dayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Paul's_Cathedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Captains,_Lieutenants_and_Lords_Deputies_of_English_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Captains,_Lieutenants_and_Lords_Deputies_of_English_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Captains,_Lieutenants_and_Lords_Deputies_of_English_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Leaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Leaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Trollopehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_progresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscriptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(bishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Dayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Paul's_Cathedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Captains,_Lieutenants_and_Lords_Deputies_of_English_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Leaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Trollopehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)


5/27

0n the light of this ilitary success, Richard of York oved to press his clai to the throne based on the

illegitiacy of the Lancastrian line" Landing in north Wales, he and his wife +ecilyentered London with all the

cereony usually reserved for a onarch" Parliaentwas assebled, and when York entered he ade straight for

the throne, which he ay have been e1pecting the Lords to encourage hi to take for hiself as they had acclaied

Henry 0? in #9::" 0nstead, there was stunned silence" York announced his clai to the throne, but the Lords, even

Warwick and 4alisbury, were shocked by his presuptionG they had no desire at this stage to overthrow 3ing Henry"

Their abition was still liited to the reoval of his councillors"

The ne1t day, York produced detailedgenealogiesto support his clai based on his descent froLionel of'ntwerpand was et with ore understanding" Parliaent agreed to consider the atter and accepted that YorkDs

clai was better, but by a a5ority of five, they voted that Henry ?0 should reain as king" ' coproise was

struck in 7ctober #$FC with the'ct of 'ccord,which recognised York as HenryDs successor, disinheriting HenryDs

si16year6old son, !dward" York accepted this coproise as the best offer" 0t gave hi uch of what he wanted,

particularly since he was also ade Protector of the Real and was able to govern in HenryDs nae"

ueen argaret and her son had fled to north Wales, parts of which were still in Lancastrian hands" They later

travelled by sea to4cotlandto negotiate for 4cottish assistance"ary of )ueldres, ueen +onsort to Aaes 00 of

4cotland, agreed to give argaret an ary on condition that she cede the town of8erwickto 4cotland and aryDs

daughter be betrothed to Prince !dward" argaret agreed, although she had no funds to pay her ary and could only

proise booty fro the riches of southern !ngland, as long as no looting took place north of theRiver Trent"

The (uke of York left London later that year with the !arl of 4alisbury to consolidate his position in the north

against the Lancastrians who were reported to be assing near the city of York"He took up a defensive position

at 4andal +astlenearWakefieldover +hristas #$FC" Then on 9C (eceber, his forces left the castle and attacked

the Lancastrians in the open, although outnubered" The ensuing 8attle of Wakefieldwas a coplete Lancastrian

victory" Richard of York was slain in the battle, and both 4alisbury and YorkDs #B6year6old second son, !dund, !arl

of Rutland,were captured and e1ecuted" argaret ordered the heads of all three placed on the gates of York"

The 'ct of 'ccord and the events of Wakefield left the #&6year6old !dward, !arl of arch, YorkDs eldest son, as

(uke of York and heir to his clai to the throne" With an ary fro the pro6Yorkist arches


6/27

eanwhile, !dward of arch advanced towards London fro the west where he had 5oined forces with

WarwickDs surviving forces" This coincided with the northward retreat by the ;ueen to (unstable,allowing !dward

and Warwick to enter London with their ary" They were welcoed with enthusias, oney and supplies by the

largely Yorkist6supporting city" !dward could no longer clai siply to be trying to free the king fro bad

councillorsG it had becoe a battle for the crown" !dward needed authority, and this seeed forthcoing when

Thoas 3epe,the 8ishop of London, asked the people of London their opinion and they replied with shouts of

E3ing !dwardE" This was ;uickly confired by Parliaent, and !dward was unofficially crowned in a hastily

arranged cereony atWestinster 'bbeyaidst uch 5ubilation, although !dward vowed he would not have a

foralcoronationuntil Henry and argaret were e1ecuted or e1iled" He also announced that Henry had forfeitedhis right to the crown by allowing his ;ueen to take up ars against his rightful heirs under the 'ct of 'ccord,

though it was being widely argued that !dwardDs victory was siply a restoration of the rightful heir to the throne,

which neither Henry nor his Lancastrian predecessors had been" Parliaent had accepted this arguent the year

before"

!dward and Warwick arched north, gathering a large ary as they went, and et an e;ually ipressive

Lancastrian ary at Towton" The8attle of Towton,near York, was the biggest battle of the Wars of the Roses" 8oth

sides agreed beforehand that the issue would be settled that day, with no ;uarter asked or given" 'n estiated $C,CCC

I&C,CCC en took part, with over @C,CCC en being killed during


7/27

alliance with >rance and had been negotiating a atch between !dward and a >rench bride" However, !dward had

arried !li2abeth Woodville, the widow of a Lancastrian knight, in secret in #$F$" He later announced the news of

his arriage asfait accompli, to WarwickDs considerable ebarrassent"

This ebarrassent turned to bitterness when the Woodvilles cae to be favoured over the *evilles at court"

any of ueen !li2abethDs relatives were arried into noble failies and others were granted peerages or royal

offices" 7ther factors copounded WarwickDs disillusionentJ !dwardDs preference for an alliance

with8urgundyrather than >rance and reluctance to allow his brothers)eorge, (uke of +larenceandRichard, (uke

of )loucester,to arry WarwickDs daughters 0sabeland 'nne" >urtherore, !dwardDs general popularity was on thewane in this period with higher ta1es and persistent disruptions of law and order"

8y #$F:, Warwick had fored an alliance with !dwardDs 5ealous and treacherous brother )eorge, who arried

0sabel *eville in defiance of !dwardDs wishes in +alais" They raised an ary that defeated the kingDs forces at

the 8attle of !dgecote oor" !dward was captured at7lney, 8uckinghashire, and iprisoned at iddleha

+astlein Yorkshire" ew of the nobles were prepared to support WarwickDs sei2ure of power" !dward was escorted

to London by WarwickDs brother )eorge, the'rchbishop of York, where he and Warwick were reconciled, to

outward appearances"

When further rebellions broke out in Lincolnshire,!dward easily suppressed the at the 8attle of Losecoat

>ield">ro the testiony of the captured leaders, he declared that Warwick and )eorge had instigated the" They

were declared traitors and forced to flee to >rance, where argaret of 'n5ou was already in e1ile" Louis K0 of

>rance,who wished to forestall a hostile alliance between !dward and !dwardDs brother6in6law +harles the 8old,

(uke of 8urgundy,suggested the idea of an alliance between Warwick and argaret" *either of those two forerly

ortal eneies entertained the notion first, but eventually they were brought round to realise the potential benefits"

However, both were undoubtedly hoping for different outcoesJ Warwick for a puppet king in the for of Henry or

his young sonG argaret to be able to reclai her failyDs real" 0n any case, a arriage was arranged between

WarwickDs daughter 'nne and argaretDs son !dward, and Warwick invaded !ngland in the autun of #$BC"

!dward 0? had already arched north to suppress another uprising in Yorkshire" Warwick, with help fro a

fleet under his nephew, the 8astard of >auconberg, landed at (artouth and rapidly secured support fro the

southern counties and ports" He occupied London in 7ctober, and paraded Henry ?0 through the streets of London

as the restored king" WarwickDs brother Aohn *eville, who had recently received the epty title ar;uess of

ontagu and who led large aries in the 4cottish arches, changed loyalties to support his brother" !dward was

unprepared for this event and had to order his ary to scatter" He and )loucester fled fro (oncaster to the coast,

and thence toHollandand e1ile in 8urgundy" They were proclaied traitors, and any e1iled Lancastrians returned

to reclai their estates"

WarwickDs success was short6lived, however" He overreached hiself with his plan to invade 8urgundy in

alliance with the 3ing of >rance, tepted by 3ing LouisD proise of territory in the *etherlands as a reward" This

led !dwardDs brother6in6law, +harles of 8urgundy, to provide funds and troops to !dward to enable hi to launch an

invasion of !ngland in #$B#" !dward landed with a sall force at Ravenspuron the Yorkshire coast" 0nitially

claiing to support Henry and to be seeking only to have his title of (uke of York restored, he soon gained the city

of York and rallied several supporters" His brother +larence turned traitor again, abandoning Warwick" Having

outanoeuvred Warwick and ontagu, !dward captured London" His ary then et WarwickDs at the 8attle of

8arnet" The battle was fought in thick fog, and soe of WarwickDs en attacked each other by istake" 0t was

believed by all that they had been betrayed, and WarwickDs ary fled" Warwick was cut down trying to reach his

horse" ontagu also was killed in the battle"

argaret and her son !dward had landed in theWest +ountryonly a few days before the 8attle of 8arnet"

Rather than return to >rance, argaret sought to 5oin the Lancastrian supporters in Wales and arched to cross
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodvillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Clarencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Clarencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Nevillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Nevillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edgecote_Moorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edgecote_Moorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney,_Buckinghamshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney,_Buckinghamshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Woodville,_1st_Earl_Rivershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Woodville,_1st_Earl_Rivershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodvillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodvillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodvillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nibley_Greenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nibley_Greenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Neville_(archbishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Neville_(archbishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Boldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Boldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Boldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_of_Fauconberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenspurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenspurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barnethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barnethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodvillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Clarencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Nevillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Nevillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edgecote_Moorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney,_Buckinghamshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Woodville,_1st_Earl_Rivershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodvillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nibley_Greenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Neville_(archbishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Boldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_of_Fauconberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenspurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barnethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barnethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country


8/27

the 4evernbut was thwarted when the city of )loucesterrefused her passage across the river" Her ary, coanded

by the fourth successive (uke of 4oerset, was brought to battle and destroyed at the8attle of Tewkesbury" Prince

!dward, the Lancastrian heir to the throne, was killed" With no heirs to succeed hi, Henry ?0 was urdered shortly

afterwards, on #$ ay #$B#, to strengthen the Yorkist hold on the throne"

The restoration of !dward 0? in #$B# is soeties seen as arking the end of the Wars of the Roses proper"

Peace was restored for the reainder of !dwardDs reign" His youngest brother,Richard, (uke of )loucester,and

!dwardDs lifelong copanion and supporter, Willia Hastings, were generously rewarded for their loyalty,

becoing effectively governors of the north and idlands respectively" )eorge of +larence becae increasinglyestranged fro !dward, and was e1ecuted in #$B& for association with convicted traitors"

When !dward died suddenly in #$&9, political and dynastic turoil erupted again" any of the nobles still

resented the influence of the ;ueenDs Woodville relatives


9/27

descendants forfeited their rights to the crown" Henry had spent uch of his childhood under siege in Harlech +astle

or in e1ile in 8rittany" 'fter #$B#, !dward 0? had preferred to belittle HenryDs pretensions to the crown, and ade

only sporadic attepts to secure hi" However his other, argaret 8eaufort, had been twice rearried, first to

8uckinghaDs uncle, and then to Thoas, Lord 4tanley, one of !dwardDs principal officers, and continually

prooted her sonDs rights"

8uckinghaDs rebellion failed" 4oe of his supporters in the south rose up preaturely, thus allowing RichardDs

Lieutenant in the 4outh, the(uke of *orfolk, to prevent any rebels fro 5oining forces" 8uckingha hiself

raised a force at 8reconin id6Wales" He was prevented fro crossing the River 4evernto 5oin other rebels in thesouth of !ngland by stors and floods, which also prevented Henry Tudor landing in the West +ountry"

8uckinghaDs starving forces deserted and he was betrayed and e1ecuted"

The failure of 8uckinghaDs revolt was clearly not the end of the plots against Richard, who could never again

feel secure, and who also suffered the loss of his wife and eleven6year6old son, putting the future of the Yorkist

dynasty in doubt"

any of 8uckinghaDs defeated supporters and other disaffected nobles fled to 5oin Henry Tudor in e1ile"

Richard ade an attept to bribe the (uke of 8rittanyDs inister to betray Henry, but Henry was warned and

escaped to >rance, where he was again given sanctuary and aid"

+onfident that any agnates and even any of RichardDs officers would 5oin hi, Henry set sail

fro Harfleuron # 'ugust #$&% with a force of e1iles and >rench ercenaries" With fair winds, he landed

inPebrokeshiresi1 days later" The officers Richard had appointed in Wales either 5oined Henry or stood aside"

Henry gathered supporters on his arch through Wales and the Welsh arches, and defeated Richard at the8attle of

8osworth >ield"Richard was slain during the battle, supposedly by the Welsh an6at6arsRhys ap Thoaswith a

blow to the head fro hispolea1e"


10/27

SOUTHAMTON PLOT

Mortimer was the great-grandson of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, second surviving son of

King Edward ,and his claim to the throne was thus superior to that of !enr" # and his father,!enr" #, who

derived their claim from !enr" #$s father,%ohn of &aunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, third surviving son of Edward

' Moreover Edmund Mortimer$s father, (oger Mortimer, )th Earl of March, had *een widel" consideredheir

presumptiveto King (ichard ,who had no issue, and Edmund Mortimer himself had *een heir presumptive to

(ichard while a "oung child' +1

he three ringleaders of the plot were Edmund Mortimer$s *rother-in-law, (ichard of Conis*urgh, .rd Earl of

Cam*ridge/!enr" 0crope, .rd aron 0crope of Masham2whose uncle(ichard le 0cropehad *een e3ecuted

for his part in a 1)45 revolt also supporting Mortimer$s right6/ and0ir homas &re", whose son, homas, had

*een *etrothed in 1)17 to Cam*ridge$s onl" daughter, sa*el'+7

he nominal principal, the Earl of March, informed King !enr" of the plot on .1 %ul", stating that he had onl"

8ust *ecome aware of it' (ichard, 0crope, and &re" were promptl" arrested' he trial took place in

0outhampton, on the site now occupied *" the(ed Lion nn'&re" was *eheaded on 7 August and the two

peers on 5 August, *oth in front of the argate'0atisfied, !enr" sailed for 9rance on 11 August'

0crope$s involvement in the conspirac" surprised contemporaries, and continues to pu::le historians, as he

was a ro"al favourite'an Mortimerclaims 0crope had merel" insinuated himself into the confidence of

Cam*ridge and &re" to *etra" the conspirac", 8ust asEdward, Duke of ;orkhad done with the Epiphan"

(isingin 1)44, *ut was forestalled *" Edmund Mortimer$srevelation of the conspirac" to the King on .1 %ul"'+.

+citation neededith the death ofthe Duke of ;ork,the Earl of Cam*ridge$s elder *rother, at the attle of Agincourtlater that

"ear, Cam*ridge$s son (ichard


11/27

after !enr" #$s death' hrough his mother,he also inherited the Mortimer claim to the throne on the Earl of

March$s death/ later in life (ichard would use this claim to tr" to dethroneKing !enr" #'

FIRST BATTLE OF ST. ALBANS

he incapacitation of !enr" # *" mental illness in 1)5) had led to the recall to court of (ichard of ;ork, hisclosest adult relative, who had *een *anished to his estates after a failed re*ellion in 1)57, and his

appointment to govern England asLord


12/27

he first *attle of 0t Al*ans was relativel" minor in militar" terms,+dubiousdiscuss*ut politicall" was a complete victor"

for ;ork and >arwickF ;ork had captured the king and restored himself to complete power, while 0omerset and

the @evilles$ northern rivals!enr" estminster, alesand *ecome King himself' 0hecontinuall" plotted and agitated against (ichard and the @evilles, his chief supporters amongst the no*les'

+10he was supported *" several no*les, man" of them the sons of ;ork$s opponents who had died at 0t'

Al*ans'

he renewed out*reak of open warfare was precipitated *" some high-handed actions *" ;ork$s

nephew (ichard @eville, 1?th Earl of >arwick' >arwick held the post of Captain of Calais,and late in 1)5B, he

had led ships from Calais in attacks on merchant ships from LI*eckand 0pain, on o*scure grounds of

acknowledgement of English sovereignt" in the Channel' hough these actions infuriated the ro"al court, the"

were popular among the merchants, particularl" inLondonandKent, as the" removed competitors for English

trade with 9landers' >hen >arwick was summoned to London to e3plain his actions *efore the King$s council,

there was violence *etween >arwick$s retinue and the ro"al household' >arwick claimed that his life had *een

threatened, and he returned to Calais with an" charges unanswered' +7+.

Margaret took this to *e open defiance of !enr"$s authorit"' 0he had long *efore persuaded !enr" to move the

court from London to theMidlands,where her supporters had the most influence' he" *egan mustering their

forces, and summoned a council to *e held in Coventr"on 7) %une' (ichard of ;ork, his *rother in law (ichard

@eville, 5th Earl of 0alis*ur"2>arwick$s father6 and >arwick himself feared that the" would *e arrested for

treason if the" went to their opponents$ heartland, and refused to attend' he" were uickl" indicted for

re*ellion'+)

(ichard$s forces *egan the campaign dispersed over the countr"' (ichard himself was at Ludlowin the>elsh

Marches,0alis*ur" was atMiddleham Castlein@orth ;orkshireand >arwick was at Calais' As 0alis*ur" and

>arwick marched to 8oin (ichard, Margaret ordered a force under%ames uchet, 5th aron Audle"to intercept

0alis*ur"' At the *lood"attle of lore !eath, Audle"$s forces were routed'

Even after this defeat, the forces availa*le to !enr" and Margaret outnum*ered ;ork$s, 0alis*ur"$s and

>arwick$s com*ined armies *" two to one' he ;orkist arm" tried to move towards London, *ut found their path
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:First_Battle_of_St_Albans#Dubioushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:First_Battle_of_St_Albans#Dubioushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:First_Battle_of_St_Albans#Dubioushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_de_Cliffordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_de_Cliffordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans#cite_note-Goodman24-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckinghamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_6th_Earl_of_Devonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_6th_Earl_of_Devonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans#cite_note-Hicks114-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans#cite_note-Hicks114-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Protectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Protectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Waleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Waleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Waleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Captains,_Lieutenants_and_Lords_Deputies_of_English_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Captains,_Lieutenants_and_Lords_Deputies_of_English_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_(England)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_(England)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_(England)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Marcheshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Marcheshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Marcheshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Marcheshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:First_Battle_of_St_Albans#Dubioushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_de_Cliffordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans#cite_note-Goodman24-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckinghamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_6th_Earl_of_Devonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans#cite_note-Hicks114-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Protectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Protectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Waleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Captains,_Lieutenants_and_Lords_Deputies_of_English_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_(England)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Marcheshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Marcheshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath


13/27

*locked *" the Lancastrian arm" with King !enr" himself nominall" at its head, and fell *ack to >orcester'

!ere, (ichard attended massin the cathedral *efore sending written protestations of his lo"alt" to !enr"'

hese were ignored'+5

(ichard retreated towards Ludlow, *efore making a stand at a fortified position near Ludford, 0hropshireon 17

cto*er' !is troops e3cavated a defensive ditch in a field on the opposite side of the (iver emefrom Ludlow,

near the *ridge which gave the *attle its name' he" also constructed *arricades of carts in which cannon were

emplaced' !owever, morale was low, not least *ecause the ro"al standard could *e seen fl"ing in the

Lancastrian arm", and it was known that King !enr" himself was present, in full armour' 9or much of his reign,

!enr" had *een regarded as an ineffectual ruler, and he had even lapsed into madness for periods of several

months at a time' (ichard of ;ork and his supporters had maintained that the" were opposed onl" to !enr"$s

=evil counsellors=' @ow the" realised that their arm" would pro*a*l" refuse to fight against !enr" himself' +?

Among the troops *rought *" >arwick from Calais were ?44 men led *"Andrew rollope, an e3perienced

soldier' During the night, rollope and his men and others from the ;orkist forces defected to the Lancastrians'

+&iving the impression of returning to Ludlow for the night, ;ork, 0alis*ur" and >arwick a*andoned their

armies and fled'+B;ork, with his second sonEdmund, Earl of (utland, fled into>ales,and from there to reland'

0alis*ur", >arwick and ;ork$s eldest son Edward, Earl of Marchwent to the >est Countr"where a supporter,

0ir %ohn D"nham, loaned them a *oat which took them to Calais, where the garrison still supported >arwick'+

At dawn on 1. cto*er, the leaderless ;orkist troops knelt in su*mission *efore !enr", and were pardoned'

;ork had a*andoned not onl" his troops *ut also his wife Cecil" @eville, Duchess of ;ork, his two "ounger

sons &eorgeand(ichardand his "oungest daughterMargaret, who were found standing at the Ludlow Market

Cross when the Lancastrians arrived' he" were placed in the care of the Duchess$s sister Anne, wife

of!umphre" 0tafford, 1st Duke of uckingham,one of Margaret$s supporters' he Lancastrian troops

proceeded to plunder Ludlow, *ecoming drunk on looted wine and committing man" outrages' +?

!enr" and his arm" then returned to Coventr", where a arwick'+14

Although it had appeared that the countr" had *een united *ehind King !enr" at the time of the attle of

Ludford ridge, within a short time the *ehaviour of !enr"$s court had prompted man" complaints thatLancastrian favourites were enriching themselves at the e3pense of the King and populace' t was these

grievances which (ichard of ;ork had first used as prete3t to take arms against !enr"$s court in the earl"

1)54s' >ithin si3 months of the *attle, >arwick was a*le to land at0andwichin Kent, with popular support

from London and the south east of England' !e then marched into the Midlands and, aided *" treacher" in the

Lancastrian arm", he captured King !enr" at theattle of @orthampton'

BATTLE OF SANDWICH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludford,_Shropshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludford,_Shropshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Temehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-Royle244-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Trollopehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckinghamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckinghamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckinghamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-Royle244-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludford,_Shropshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Temehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-Royle244-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Trollopehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckinghamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-Royle244-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)


14/27

Edward, Earl of Marchand (ichard, Earl of 0alis*ur",had fled to the English stronghold of Calaisafter their

defeat at theattle of Ludford ridge'+1

0ent ahead *" >arwick, 0ir %ohn Denham found the king$s fleet l"ing at 0andwich' Arriving at dawn, Denham

launched an attack while the king$s officers were still in *ed' +7!is success was so overwhelming that he =tooke

the principall shippes of the K"nge$s navie''' well furnished with ordinaunce and artillarie=' +.

>ith command of theEnglish Channelsecured *" this *attle, a small ;orkist arm" of a*out two thousand men

landed in Kent from Calais ahead of March and >arwick' nce the town of 0andwich itself had *een secured

*" his forces in %une 1)?4, >arwick landed there with March and 0alis*ur" on 7? %une 1)?4' !aving cleared

the Channel of 9rench pirates 2who had *een a*le to raid the town thanks to the chaos caused in England *"

the civil war6 and having made the coast of Kentsafe, >arwick was received in Kent as a hero'+1

>arwick$s arm" soon increased in num*ers, 8oined *" man" new recruits, and was largel" well supported as it

proceeded *" wa" ofCanter*ur"and pro*a*l">ickham*reau3' he ;orkist commanders had remained

popular in Kent, and the officers in charge of protecting the count" against them even 8oined forces with the

re*els' he growing arm" then marched onLondon,where it arrived on 7 %ul" to *e welcomed *" >illiam

!ulin,+)+5Lord Ma"or of London,and homas ourchier,Arch*ishop of Canter*ur"' he ;orkist arm" then

marched towards@orthamptonto meet!enr" #and his Lancastrian arm", and the two forces met at the attle

of @orthamptonon 14 %ul"'+1

BATTLE OF NORTHAMTON

After the disintegration of the ;orkistarm" atLudford ridgein 1)5, man" of the ;orkist commanders wentinto self-imposed e3ile' he Duke of ;orkand his second sonEdmund, Earl of (utland, retired to the relative

safet" ofDu*lin, reland' !is principal supporters the Earl of >arwickand his father theEarl of 0alis*ur",and

;ork$s son Edward, Earl of MarchreachedCalaison 7 @ovem*er 1)5, where >arwick found his uncle Lord

9aucon*erg' n England, theLancastrianswere uick to e3ploit the ;orkist flight' heEarl of >iltshirewas

appointed Lieutenant of reland and theDuke of 0omerset*ecameCaptain of Calais' @either however

succeeded in occup"ing their new posts as the rish refused to dislodge ;ork and the gates of Calais remained

firml" closed to their new $Captain$'

he Lancastrians gave 0omerset an arm" to storm Calais, *ut first the" had to cross the Channel, so the

construction of a fleet was started at 0andwichin Kent'n %anuar" and Ma" 1)?4, >arwick made a raid on

0andwich and stole the ships' +.n %une 1)?4, the ;orkist invasion was pre-empted *" an attack on 0andwich,

which had *een reinforced with several hundred Lancastrian troops commanded *" s*ert Mundford' +)he

;orkist force under Lord 9aucon*erg, 0ir %ohn >enlock and %ohn D"nham sei:ed the port, capturing troops

and armaments'+)Mundford was captured, taken to ("s*ank tower and e3ecuted' +)>arwick left his uncle, Lord

9aucon*erg, in 0andwich with a small force of ;orkists to act as a *ridgehead for his planned invasion of

England'+)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-jones-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-jones-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickhambreauxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickhambreauxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(bishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-jones-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-jones-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Neville,_1st_Earl_of_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Neville,_1st_Earl_of_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lancasterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lancasterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lancasterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_of_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_of_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Griffiths859-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Griffiths859-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Griffiths859-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Griffiths859-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Griffiths859-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Griffiths859-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-jones-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-jones-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickhambreauxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(bishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)#cite_note-jones-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Neville,_1st_Earl_of_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Neville,_1st_Earl_of_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lancasterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_of_Calaishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Griffiths859-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Griffiths859-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Griffiths859-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Griffiths859-4


15/27

n 7? %une 1)?4, >arwick, 0alis*ur" and Edward landed at 0andwich with 7,444 men at arms' King !enr"

#and his Hueen, Margaret of An8ou, were at Coventr"with their small arm"' >arwick entered London on 7

%ul" with an arm" of supporters num*ering appro3imatel" 14,444'

he King$s forces took up a defensive position at @orthampton, in the grounds ofDelaprJ A**e", with their

*acks to the (iver @ene,with a water-filled ditch in front of them topped with stakes' he defending arm" was

around 5,444 strong, consisting mainl" of men-at-arms' he Lancastrians also had some field artiller"'

>hile approaching, >arwick sent a delegate to negotiate with the King on his *ehalf' he Lancastrian

commander, the Duke of uckingham,replied =he Earl of >arwick shall not come to the King$s presence and

if he comes he shall die'= During >arwick$s advance to @orthampton he was twice more denied access to the

King$s person' nce in position, he sent a message that read =At 7 o$clock will speak with the King or will

die='

At two o$clock the ;orkists advanced' he men were in column, *ut the hard rain *lowing in their faces

somewhat hindered them' As the" closed with the Lancastrians, >arwick was met *" a fierce hail of arrows,

*ut the rain had rendered the Lancastrian collection of cannon uite useless'

>hen >arwick reached the Lancastrian left flank, commanded *"Lord &re" of (uthin,+5treacher" ensued'

&re" had his men la" down their weapons and simpl" allow the ;orkists to have eas" access into the camp

*e"ond' his treacher" was the result of a secret message from Lord &re" to March sa"ing that he would

change sides if the ;orkists would *ack him in a propert" dispute with Lord 9anhope' Certainl" >arwick had

ordered his men not to la" violent hands on ordinar" soldiers especiall" those wearing the *lack ragged staff

of Lord &re"$s men' here ma" also have *een inducements and promises of high office *" >arwick' &re"

*ecamereasurer of Englandin 1)?.' After this, the *attle lasted a mere thirt" minutes' he defenders were

una*le to manoeuvre inside the fortifications, and fled the field as their line was rolled up *" attacking ;orkists'

he Duke of uckingham, the Earl of 0hrews*ur",Lord EgremontandLord eaumont+?all died tr"ing to save

!enr" from the ;orkists closing on his tent' hree hundred other Lancastrians were slain in the *attle' King

!enr" # was captured *" an archer, !enr" Mountfort'+7

!enr" was found in his tent *" >arwick, March and 9aucon*erg'+70howing him proper respect the" escorted

him to Delapre A**e", then @orthampton, and finall" London, where the tower garrison surrendered soon after'

+7

BATTLE OF WAKEFIELD

King !enr" # ascended the throne when he was onl" nine months old' !e grew up to *e an ineffective king,

and prone to spells of mental illness' here were increasingl" *itter divisions among the regents and councillors

who governed in !enr"$s name, mainl" over the conduct of the!undred ;ears$ >arwith 9rance' " the late

1))4s, two opposing factions had formed *ehind Edmund eaufort, 7nd Duke of 0omerset, and (ichard of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delapr%C3%A9_Abbeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delapr%C3%A9_Abbeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckinghamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckinghamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Grey,_1st_Earl_of_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Grey,_1st_Earl_of_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Grey,_1st_Earl_of_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_1st_Baron_Egremonthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_1st_Baron_Egremonthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_1st_Baron_Egremonthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumonthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumonthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumonthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Goodman38-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Goodman38-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Goodman38-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Goodman38-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Goodman38-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years'_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years'_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delapr%C3%A9_Abbeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckinghamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Grey,_1st_Earl_of_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_1st_Baron_Egremonthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumonthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Goodman38-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Goodman38-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)#cite_note-Goodman38-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years'_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset


16/27

;ork' ;ork was Lieutenant in 9rance for several "ears and resented *eing supplanted in that office *"

0omerset, who had then failed to defend@ormand"against 9rench armies'+1

(ichard of ;ork was not onl" the wealthiest magnate in the land, +7*ut was also descended through *oth his

parents from King Edward ,leading to calls that he *e recognised as successor to the childless King !enr"'

+.!is rival, 0omerset, *elonged to the eaufort famil", who were distant cousins of King !enr"' riginall"

illegitimate, the eauforts had *een made legitimate *" an Act of elsh Marches*ut at

the confrontation with the ro"al arm" which *ecame known as the attle of Ludford, some of >arwick$s

contingent from the garrison ofCalais, led *" e3perienced captainAndrew rollope, defected overnight' ;ork

and the @evilles promptl" a*andoned their troops and fled' he ne3t da", the outnum*ered and leaderless;orkist arm" surrendered'

;ork went to reland, while 0alis*ur", >arwick and ;ork$s eldest son Edward, Earl of Marchmade their wa" to

Calais, where >arwick was Consta*le' Lancastrian attempts to reassert their authorit" over reland and Calais

failed, *ut ;ork and his supporters were declared traitors andattainted' he victorious Lancastrians *ecame

reviled for the manner in which their arm" had looted the town of Ludlow after the ;orkist surrender at Ludford

ridge, and the repressive acts of a compliant


17/27

n 1)?4, the @evilles invaded England through a foothold the" had alread" esta*lished at0andwichand rapidl"

secured London and the 0outh of England where >arwick had popular support' he" then advanced north to

engage !enr"$s arm" in the Midlands' At the attle of @orthampton,part of the Lancastrian arm" defected and

the rest were decisivel" defeated'+B!enr" was captured on the *attlefield for the second time' !e was taken to

London, and confined in the ishop of London$s palace'+&eorge @eville, ishop of E3eter, was appointed

Chancellor of England and#iscount ourchier2;ork$s *rother in law6 was appointed reasurer'+14

he Duke of ;ork landed in Chestersome weeks later and made his wa" to London with much pomp'

Entering ales and left the Earl of >arwick in charge in London' !e himself

marched to the north of England on Decem*er, accompanied *" his second son Edmund, Earl of (utland,

and the Earl of 0alis*ur"' !is force was said *" some to num*er B,444 to ,444 men, *ut *" others to *e onl" a

few hundred strong, as ;ork intended to recruit local forces with aCommission of Arra"'+1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bourchier,_1st_Earl_of_Essexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bourchier,_1st_Earl_of_Essexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Accordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccleshall_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccleshall_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Rowse143-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlech_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlech_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Tudorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Tudorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Gueldershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick_upon_Tweedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick_upon_Tweedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick_upon_Tweedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Rowse144-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Rowse144-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_de_Cliffordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Ros,_9th_Baron_de_Roshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_14th_Earl_of_Devonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_14th_Earl_of_Devonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Rowse143-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Rowse143-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Baron_Neville_de_Rabyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Goodwin145-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hullhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hullhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontefracthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_Arrayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_Arrayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bourchier,_1st_Earl_of_Essexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Accordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccleshall_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Rowse143-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlech_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Tudorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Gueldershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick_upon_Tweedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick_upon_Tweedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Rowse144-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_de_Cliffordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Ros,_9th_Baron_de_Roshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somersethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_14th_Earl_of_Devonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Rowse143-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Baron_Neville_de_Rabyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Goodwin145-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hullhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontefracthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_Arrayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-19


18/27

;ork had pro*a*l" underestimated the num*ers of the Lancastrian arm" in the north, which was still *eing

reinforced' n 1? Decem*er, at the attle of >orksopin@ottinghamshire, ;ork$s vanguard clashed with a

contingent from the >est Countr" moving north to 8oin the Lancastrian arm", and was defeated'+74

n 71 Decem*er, ;ork reached his own fortress of 0andal Castlenear >akefield' !e sent pro*es towards the

Lancastrian camp at arwick had arrived'

" another account, theAnnales Rerum Anglicorum, %ohn @eville himself o*tained a Commission of Arra" from

(ichard of ;ork to raise B,444 men to fight on ;ork$s side under his older *rother, the Earl of >estmoreland,

who apparentl" was a simpleton *" this time *ut nevertheless the most senior peer in the famil"'+1B!aving

gathered this force and enticed ;ork to leave the castle to rende:vous with him, %ohn @eville then defected to

the Lancastrians'+71rollope was also supposed to have sent messages via feigned deserters that he was

prepared to change sides once again to support ;ork'+7.

Another suggestion was that ;ork and his opponents had agreed a da" for *attle 2? %anuar", the9east of

Epiphan"6 after a Christmas truce, *ut when ;ork moved into the open the Lancastrians treacherousl" attacked

earlier than had *een agreed, catching ;ork at a disadvantage while man" of his men were a*sent foraging for

supplies'+7)he simplest suggestion was that ;ork acted rashl"'+1.9or e3ample, historian %ohn 0adlerstates that

there was no Lancastrian deception or am*ush/ ;ork led his men from the castle on a foraging e3pedition, and

as successive Lancastrian contingents 8oined the *attle, ;ork$s arm" was outnum*ered and overwhelmed'+75

he ;orkists marched out of 0andal Castle down the present-da" Man"gates Lane towards the Lancastrians

located to the north of the castle' t is generall" accepted that, as ;ork engaged the Lancastrians to his front,others attacked him from the flank and rear, cutting him off from the castle' n Edward !all$s wordsF

''' *ut when he was in the plain ground *etween his castle and the town of >akefield, he was environed on

ever" side, like a fish in a net, or a deer in a *uckstall/ so that he manfull" fighting was within half an hour slain

and dead, and his whole arm" discomfited' +7?

he ;orkist arm" was surrounded and destro"ed'
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Worksophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Warner49-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandal_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Waurinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Waurinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Waurinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Waurinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Calder,_West_Yorkshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Dockray10-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Dockray10-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Warner50-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Neville,_2nd_Earl_of_Westmorlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Goodwin145-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Dockray10-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Dockray10-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Rowse143-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sadler_(historian)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sadler_(historian)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Dockray12-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Worksophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Warner49-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandal_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Waurinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Waurinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Calder,_West_Yorkshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Dockray10-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Warner50-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Neville,_2nd_Earl_of_Westmorlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Goodwin145-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Dockray10-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Rowse143-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sadler_(historian)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield#cite_note-Dockray12-26


19/27

ne near-contemporar" source 2Gregory's Chronicle6 claimed that 7,544 ;orkists and 744 Lancastrians were

killed, *ut other sources give wildl" differing figures, from 7,744 to onl" 44 ;orkist dead'

he Duke of ;ork was killed in the fighting' !is son (utland attempted to escape over >akefield ridge, *ut

was overt

Wars of the Roses.docx

Documents

Transcript of Wars of the Roses.docx