Warm up

Who is Jeanette Rankins, and how is she related to WWI?

Warm up

What was the Woman’s Land Army?

America at War: Home and AbroadCh. 23B (745-767)

The student will understand how the U.S. switched from peace time to war time, the major battles of WWI, the economic impact of war, and the end of the war.AL COS 11th grade #5 

I. Vote for war A. Congressional numbers B. Jeanette Rankins-- pacifist who voted “no” on declaring war

II. Preparing for war—As the U.S. entered the war, the army was very unprepared, with little combat experience and an aging officer corps. A. Army 1. Selective Service Act—led to the draft of U.S. males into the military

First act: by the U.S. in the war was to send naval support, supplies, arms, and $3 billion in loans.

All men from 21 to 30 years of age (later extended 18 to 45), inclusive, had to register. Exemptions from service were granted to men who had dependent families, indispensable dutiesat home, or physical disabilities. 2,800,000 menwould be inducted.

Selective Service Act: or draft was met with enthusiasm by young male Americans.

American Expeditionary Force: (AEF) this collection of volunteers, draftees, and National Guardsmen made up the American troops, lead by General Pershing, would eventually help defeat the Central Powers.

http://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/LostPoets/0011.QT for video

2. Women in the war 3. Amount of training 4. John J. Pershing—leader of the AEF

B. Economy 1. War Industries Board—created cooperation among labor, businesses, and govt. a. Allocated raw materials b. Established production priorities c. Coordinated competing businesses d. Led by Bernard Baruch

a. It oversaw all aspects of industrial production and distribution , established priorities for national industrial production and distribution and provided incentives for manufacturers to retool for war-related production.b. Temporarily-suspended anti-trust laws encouraging cooperation among industries.c. Its director had almost dictatorial powers to allocate scarce materials, standardize production, fix prices and coordinate purchasing, fostering a new cooperation between military and civilian agencies

War Industries Board: had the task to increase the nation’s war-related production.

government regulations: of most industries came about when Wilson won the authority to set up government agencies to regulate the U.S. economy.1.Important precedents were set for expanding federal power in a crisis, that later guided federal efforts in dealing with the international economic crisis of the 1930s. 2.The shift from peacetime production to wartime production was hurried and inefficient. 3. Unemployment virtually disappeared, as wages and the cost-of-living rose. 4.Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups were found.

Lever Food and Fuel Control Act: gave the President the power to manage the production and distribution of foods and fuels vital to the war effort.a. It set the price of farm products and formed a corporation to buy all US and Cuban sugarb. It encouraged increased production in key areas and coordinated domestic food consumption with the need to export large quantities of food to the Allies.c. To avoid rationing, it encouraged voluntary food conservation for the war effort with such observances as "Wheatless Wednesdays" and "Meatless Tuesdays"d. Food exports rose from 12.3 million to 18.6 million tons, increasing farm income by 30% between 1915-18.

2. Lever Food and Fuel Control Act (1917)3. Fuel Administration4. Food Administration—Hoover used propaganda and voluntary efforts to ensure adequate food supplies

Food Administration: managed by Hoover who used voluntary restraint and increased efficiency to increase food available for the war effort.

5. Woman’s Land Army6. 5000 government agencies—supervised home-front activities7. Railroads—nationalized the railroads8. Demise of anti-trust activity

immigrants: were greatly limited at this time for fear of spies, and a literacy test was passed to exclude those who could not read English or some other languages.

9. Federal Trade Commission—attempt by Wilson to control the economic influence of big business 10. War profits

a. Example: US Steel profit rose from $76 million before war to $478 million in 1917 b. Total corporate profits jumped from $4 billion in 1914 to $10 billion in 1917

11. 18th Amendment—prohibition

Intro 1

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

III. Major battles (video) and trench warfare (see readings)IV. Battle on several fronts A. Battle of the Marne—French forces stop German forces in 1914 B. Battle of the Somme—introduced the “new weapon” artillery C. Battle of Verdun—“heart of France” D. Battle of Jutland—British suffered greater losses but the Germans never Again attempted to break out of their ports battle-helmets-cut-death-toll -

The Battle of the Somme - July 1, 1916 (03:01)

Days That Shook the World: 1901–1954. BBC. 1999.unitedstreaming. 3 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>

American soldier dies during a German gas attack, May, 1918.2 million troops eventually reached Europe but a large number arrived too late to see any action. It has been calculated that 112,432 Americans died. Of these, around 50 per cent died from disease (mainly influenza).

British Gas Casualties: 1914-18 Deaths Non-FatalChlorine 1,976 164,457Mustard Gas 4,086 16,526

 

convoy: a group of unarmed ships surrounded by military ships to protect troops and supplies.The number of ships lost toGerman submarine attack was cut by more than 50 percentin late 1917.

Ships LostGray = Allied PowersBlack = Central Powers

CountryBattle Ships

Cruisers Gunboats Torpedo Boats Submarines Destroyers

Russia 4 2 1 0 14 22

France 4 5 2 8 12 11

Great Britain 13 25 7 11 54 64

Italy 3 3 1 6 8 8

United States 0 3 1 0 1 2

Japan 1 4 0 1 0 2

Germany 1 7 8 55 200 68

Austria-Hungary 3 2 0 4 7 4

Turkey 1 2 4 5 0 3

 

E. Air wars (see http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal206/gal206.htmlWWI FIrstsF. Russian front collapses

Russian Revolution: of 1917 led to Lenin making peace with Germany, thereby increasing pressure on the Allies.

G. St. Mihiel—1st major U.S. success for the AEF

What was the treaty between Germanyand Russia and what were its provisions?

H. Argonne Forest—last major battle of war in which even the AEF felt the horrors of war with 26,000 deadI. Influenza—killed more people than the war with an estimate of 20 to 40 million world-wide

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/influenza/

death toll: was an estimated eight million, not including civilians who died from the fighting, starvation, and disease.

Although records and estimates vary on the figures of total dead and wounded during the First World War it is still obvious that the figures were on a scale never

envisaged by any military strategists. In his History of the First World War A. J. P. Taylor gives the following figures (loss of life):

USA 114,095

British Empire 251,900

Turkey 375,000

Italy 460,000

Great Britain 761,213

Austria-Hungary 1,100,000

France 1,358,000

Russia 1,700,000

Germany 2,000,000

Total Military Loss of Life 8,120,208

Total Civilian Loss of Life 8,742,296

In terms of losses (military) this amounted to 5,509 per day. In addition, in the final stages of the War and in the ensuing peace, Europe was ravaged by an epidemic

of Spanish influenza which caused the deaths of over 6,000,000 people.

Heroes of World War I: U.S. Soldiers go to War (04:48)

Heroes of World War I. AIMS Multimedia. 1996.unitedstreaming. 3 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>

V. African-Americans A. Discriminations faced—segregated regiments and divisions B. Jobs—mainly not combatant roles except those who fought for the French C. Successfully fought for the French and were highly decorated

African Americans: in Europe were kept apart from white troops and were often used for manual labor.

369th Infantry

VI. The war at home A. Liberty bond drive—McAdoo—financing for the war (“buy war bonds or you’re pro-German.”)

Liberty Bonds: special war bonds sold to support the Allied cause.a. Five national campaigns sold war bonds to partially finance war costs. [June 1917 - $2 billion/ Nov 1917 - $3.8 billion/ May 1918 - $4.2 billion/ Oct 1918 - $6 billion/ Victory Loan April 1919 - $4.5 billion]b. The total war cost was 33.5 billion with pensions and post-war expenses

B. Creel Committee on Public Information— propaganda used to spread the U.S. government’s official version of the war a. Buy war bonds b. War for freedom and democracy c. U.S. fighting a barbarous nation d. German invasion of U.S. a possibility

C. Intellectuals and the war 1. Favored the war as a way to defend culture 2. Favored the war as a way to increase govt. activism (reforms)D. Anti-German feelings—German-Americans were harassed and abused, and accused by the American government of being anti-American (“liberty cabbage instead of sauerkraut”)

anti-war protesters: were offended by Wilson’s call for the U.S. to fight for liberty and freedom

Sedition Act (1918): It became a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds, or "willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the US form of government, the US constitution or the US armed forces or to "willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production" of things "necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war . . . with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder the United States in theprosecution of the war."

E. Anti-war activist 1. Preparedness movement—despite neutrality stances, this group advocated rearmament and universal military training 2. Key players: Randolph Bourne, Jeannette Rankins, Eugene V. Debs

Eugene V. Debs: given a ten year jail sentence for criticizing the U.S. government and the war.

Abrams vs US - Supreme Court by a 7-2 vote upheld the right of the govt. to imprison protesters.

3. Govt. reaction a. Wilson’s attitude was that they were stupid. b. Espionage Act-- designed to suppress anti-war criticism c. Schenck v. United States—upheld convictions under the Espionage Act under the idea of “clear and present danger.”

VII. Economic impact of war A. Union membership nearly doubles B. Factory production increases by 1/3 C. Inflation of 60% D. Voluntary decrease in certain foods but increase in cigarette smoking E. Movement of African Americans to cities for economic opportunities F. Women served in the military, industries, and were given the right to vote (19th).

minorities and women: benefited from the war with better and higher paying jobs due to the shortage of manpower during the war.

G. Prohibition boosted by German beer names, need to preserve food, and beer is viewed as a vice undermine the U.S. 18th Amendment: calling for prohibition

came about in part because of the greater need for grains to make bread for those fighting overseas.

VIII. End of the war coming-home-from-world-war-i A. Wilson’s 14 points or war aims (listen to report) Fourteen Points: Wilson’s program for “peace without victory.”

Self-determination: the power to make decisions about one’s own future.

1. Purpose—to secure the peace and address the general causes of WWI 2. Why it failed a. War losses were so great that neither side could forgive and forget; there could be no “peace without victory.” b. Wilson wanted League so badly that he sacrificed almost everything else

B. Treaty of Versailles (listen to report) 1. Big 4—David Lloyd George (GB); Georges Clemenceau (Fr), Vittorio Orlando (It), and Woodrow Wilson (U.S.); defeated powers, including Germany and Russia, were not invited. Provisions— harshly punitive in that it disarmed and stripped Germany of territory and charged them with reparations; also see how Europe map changed; “war guilt” clause forced Germany to take total blame for war; League of Nations formed to prevent future wars

Versailles Peace Conference: meeting toend the war but did not include Russiaor Germany.Compromise: Wilson is forced to give in or modify many of his fourteen points in order to get the cooperation of the Big Four and the U.S. Senate.

League of Nations: or Article 10 of the Versailles treaty was Wilson’s idea for global security in which members pledged to regard an attack on one as an attack on all.“The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of allMembers of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which thisobligation shall be fulfilled.”

Palaise Wilson Geneva, Switzerland

League of Nations Building inGeneva 1937-1946

Court of Honor and Steps of the League of Nations Assembly Building in Geneva

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Wilson would be surprised by the opposition of the Senate to the treaty. So he took it to the people of the U.S. He exhausted himself and collapsed in September 1919 from a stroke.

3 groups of Senators1. Internationalists (Wilsonians including FDR) who

supported the treaty without reservations.2. Reservationists (Henry Cabot Lodge; Herbert

Hoover) who were willing to accept the League in some form as long American freedom of action was preserved.

3. Irreconcilables (smallest group—2 dozen out of 96)

Wilson opposed the treaty with reservations and called on his supporters to oppose it in the November 1919 vote. It failed 39-55. In the same month, the treaty without reservations failed 38-55. But the only group to vote “No” in both cases was the few Irreconcilables. Finally, after months of negotiations, the Senate voted again on the treaty with reservations. Despite Wilson’s continued opposition to the the treaty with reservations, 22 Democrats broke rank and voted in favor of the treaty. It failed on a 49-35 vote. Twelve do not vote for a variety of reasons.

SEE NEXT SLIDE.

Overall, the U.S. Senate:feared to ratify the Versailles treaty and Article 10 because they feared it would draw the U.S. into

unpopular foreign wars. But a compromise to fix this problem could not be found.

The President “shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur;” Article 2, Section 2

By how short was the vote? It failed on a 49-35 vote. See notes

2. Why U.S. Senate failed to ratify? a. Wilson went personally and damaged his health (stroke in Sept. 1919) b. Democrats lost control of the Senate c. No prominent Republicans brought to the peace commission d. U.S. returns to isolationism e. Conservative Republicans argued that the League of Nations would limit U.S. sovereignty

f. Henry Cabot Lodge’s position—approve but only with significant modificationsg. Woodrow Wilson made it less likely to pass by his refusal to compromise on the issue of the League of Nations

OTHER PROBLEMS WITH TREATYReparations: payment from an enemy for economic injury; Germany was billed 33 billion. “will make compensation for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to their property during the period of thebelligerency” Article 232. Ultimate would only pay $4.5 billion.

OTHER PROBLEMS WITH TREATYWar Guilt clause: specifically blamed the Germans for World War I and would lead to Germany paying heavy reparations. ARTICLE 231.The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.

Versailles Peace treaty: officially ended the war, but the U.S. Senate never ratified it. "Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the state of war declared to exist between the Imperial German Government and the United States of America by the joint resolution of Congress approved April 6, 1917, is hereby declared at an end.” Treaty of Peace with Germany, 1921

casualties video

Election of 1920: Wilson failed to convince the Senate, so he went to a grass roots efforts with the American people. He hoped that the election of 1920 would send a message, but the American people voted for the Republican party, not Wilson’s Democratic party.

3. 1920 election—demonstrated that the nation wanted to return to “normalcy” in that they rejected Wilson and the Democrats call for joining the League of Nation and elected a Republican president

 

4. Future results: reparations would ruin Germany economy setting stage for Hitler; U.S. signs separate treaty with Germany and does not join League; U.S. banks and businesses never get paid back on war debts; guilt over treatment of Germany will leave GB and France more forgiving to Hitler’s aggression

When the German economy could not maintain the payments, the DawesPlan (1924) reduced the payments. When it became clear that the paymentswere still too high, the Young Plan(1929) reduced it 26 billion over 58 years (1988). The Depression hits, andHitler comes to power. No more payments until after WWII.

Postwar difficulties: thousands of men came back needing jobs, but there was no plan in place to help them to readjust to civilian life. Jobs became very scarcefrank-w-buckles-the-last-surviving-us-veteran-of-world-war-i.

America at War: Home and AbroadCh. 23B (745-767)

The student will understand how the U.S. switched from peace time to war time, the major battles of WWI, the economic impact of war, and the end of the war.AL COS 11th grade #5