War of 1812
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Transcript of War of 1812
War of 1812
War of 1812’s Roots Adams Administration
Quasi War with France Jefferson Takes Office
Trade with Britain and France was $60 annually France and Britain are at WAR in Europe –
Remember Napoleon
Jefferson Responds Why did he avoid war?
Lack of army and navy Nonimportation Act 1806
America will not import from Britain All this did was create a lucrative black market
and smugglers
Chesapeake - Leopard Clash between American Chesapeake and
British Leopard resulted in 4 Americans dead, 18 wounded and 4 impressed
Jefferson Responds In order to avoid war he passes Embargo Act of
1807 Non-exportation plus Non-importation America cannot trade with any foreign country
until France and Britain buckle
Results of Jefferson’s Foreign Policy
Economic downturn Revival of Federalist opposition (temporary
revival) Perception by both France and Britain that the
US is weak
Madison Gives it a Try Enter James Madison Nonintercourse Act 1809 – replacing Jefferson’s
Embargo Let’s Try That Again – Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) War becomes the only alternative
Party Politics Federalist Party was dying a slow death Expansion of the Republicans should have been
great, right? Broader base means less ideological purity
New Forces within the Republican Party Quids War Hawks
These are the forces that Madison has to deal with
War Declaration of War June 4 and June 18 1812
The vote is remarkably close: House: 79-49 Senate: 19-13 This doth not bode well for Mr. Madison’s War
Military Side of the War
At first America enjoys the same advantages we had during the Revolution Defensive position Britain is distracted by European War
Some Disadvantages Just reduced the army and navy
Embarrassment Three Canadian Campaigns Three Embarrassments End to the dream of adding Canada to America 1813 Napoleon loses Battle of Leipzig in October –
suddenly Britain can focus her attention in America – uh, oh, spaghetti-Os Britain leads a three pronged attach to divide America Initially works well – they invade Washington and
Burn the Capitol and White Hous
Those Pesky Federalists
Wartime opposition breathed a flicker of life into the Federalist Party
Key New England areas refused to support calls for militia’s to defend against attacks from Canada
Hartford Convention – Dec. 1814
Ending the War Negotiations were underway in December 1814
to make peace between Britain and America The Deal- The Treaty of Ghent:
Americans agreed not to push forcing Britain to accept their neutral rights – it was now a moot point
Territorial boundaries (Canada) were left to be argued in Committees
Enter Andrew Jackson Battle of New Orleans (Jan. 8, 1815) – Happens
technically after the peace but before news of the treaty had spread
Jackson was leading an army of veterans from the Creek Indian theater of the war
Details of the battle really don’t matter – key takeaway: Jackson becomes an overnight celebrity
Effects of the War Foreign Policy – Begrudging respect from France and
Britain – in the future they would be more likely to negotiate than resort to war
Native Americans Ohio Valley tribes are utterly defeated making way for a
new settlement push and demand for Indian removal Domestic Politics
Death of the Federalist Party – the Hartford Convention spelled disaster for the part and ensured its death
Also the death of Jefferson’s Old Republicans – leading to a younger more aggressively “democratic” brand of Republicanism
How Do We Tell The Story?
In 1812, the U.S. declared war on the United Kingdom, officially beginning the War of 1812. What started the war? Did it play a signficant role in history? The answers depend on who tells the story.
Below are excerpts from textbook descriptions of the War of 1812. Select the country where the textbook was written.
"Little was resolved for the future by the Peace of Ghent which ended the official hostilities. . . . Many Americans still harboured grudges against Britain going back to the War of Independence.”
A.Canada B.United States C.Great Britain D.Caribbean
"The Americans treated the War of 1812 as a second War of Independence, a necessary struggle to complete the process of separation from the mother country. National survival was taken as victory. From the British perspective, the war had been little more than a sideshow to the major struggle, which was against Napoleon in Europe. Only in the Canadas did the War of 1812 have any great impact.”
A.Canada B.United States C.Great Britain D.Caribbean
"Between 1812 and 1814 Britain and the United States fought a war over [trade with Latin America].”
A.Canada B.Great Britain C.United States D.Caribbean
"After the War of 1812, Americans felt a new sense of patriotism and a strong national identity. The young nation also gained new respect from other nations in the world.”
A.Canada B.United States C.Great Britain D.Caribbean