War Consumes War Consumes EuropeEurope

KEY IDEA: KEY IDEA: One One European nation after European nation after another was drawn into another was drawn into a large and a large and industrialized war that industrialized war that resulted in many resulted in many casualties.casualties.

Complex AlliancesComplex Alliances

The system of alliances turned The system of alliances turned the war between Austria-the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia into a wider Hungary and Serbia into a wider war.war.

Russia moved against Austria-Russia moved against Austria-Hungary. Figuring that Germany Hungary. Figuring that Germany would support Austria-Hungary.would support Austria-Hungary.

Russia moved troops against Russia moved troops against Germany as well.Germany as well.

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

Germany declared war on Russia. Germany declared war on Russia. Soon after, it also declared war Soon after, it also declared war on France, Russia’s ally.on France, Russia’s ally.

Germany had a plan for winning Germany had a plan for winning the war on two fronts. It called the war on two fronts. It called for a rapid push through France, for a rapid push through France, a quick defeat of that nation, and a quick defeat of that nation, and a turn to face Russia in the east. a turn to face Russia in the east.

Great Britain Declares WarGreat Britain Declares War

To capture France To capture France quickly, Germany mquickly, Germany moved oved through Belgium, which through Belgium, which was a neutral country.was a neutral country.

Britain was outraged by Britain was outraged by this and declared war this and declared war on on Germany. Germany.

Alliances ChangeAlliances Change

France, Britain, and Russia France, Britain, and Russia were later joined by Italy, were later joined by Italy, which broke from Germany which broke from Germany and Austria-Hungary. and Austria-Hungary.

They were called the They were called the Allies.Allies.

The Central Powers EmergeThe Central Powers Emerge

Bulgaria and the Ottoman Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire joined Germany Empire joined Germany and Austria-Hungary. and Austria-Hungary.

They were called the They were called the Central Powers.Central Powers.

The Schlieffen Plan FailsThe Schlieffen Plan Fails

After the German army After the German army moved almost to Paris, moved almost to Paris, French defenses French defenses strengthened and stopped strengthened and stopped them in September 1914. them in September 1914.

Both sides became bogged Both sides became bogged down down in a bloody conflict. in a bloody conflict.

War in the TrenchesWar in the Trenches

Soldiers dug deep trenches intoSoldiers dug deep trenches into the ground, protecting the ground, protecting

themselves with barbed wire themselves with barbed wire and machine guns. and machine guns.

Inside the trenches, they lived in Inside the trenches, they lived in mud, suffered the lack of food, mud, suffered the lack of food, and were killed or wounded by and were killed or wounded by exploding bombs. exploding bombs.

Attacks were even Attacks were even worse.worse.

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Generals still hoped to win ground withGenerals still hoped to win ground with

massed attacks of huge armies. But, massed attacks of huge armies. But, when soldiers left the trenches to when soldiers left the trenches to storm enemy lines, they faced storm enemy lines, they faced powerful weapons. powerful weapons.

Machine guns, tanks, poison gas, and Machine guns, tanks, poison gas, and larger pieces of artillery killed larger pieces of artillery killed hundreds of hundreds of thousands of soldiers.thousands of soldiers.

The Eastern FrontThe Eastern Front

The war on the Eastern Front showed more The war on the Eastern Front showed more movement at first—but it was equally movement at first—but it was equally destructive.destructive.

Russian armies attacked both Germany and Russian armies attacked both Germany and Austria-Hungary. After some early success, Austria-Hungary. After some early success, they were driven back in both places. they were driven back in both places.

One reason was that Russia did not have a One reason was that Russia did not have a fully industrial economy. fully industrial economy. It could not keep It could not keep troops supplied.troops supplied.

Russia’s Greatest ResourceRussia’s Greatest Resource

Russia had a huge population Russia had a huge population and could send millions to war.and could send millions to war.

The large Russian army The large Russian army provided a constant threat to provided a constant threat to Germany, preventing it from Germany, preventing it from putting its full resources against putting its full resources against the allies in the west.the allies in the west.

War Affects the WorldWar Affects the World

KEY IDEA KEY IDEA World War I World War I spread to several spread to several continents and used the continents and used the full resources of many full resources of many governments.governments.

The Gallipoli CampaignThe Gallipoli Campaign

The war moved into Southwest The war moved into Southwest Asia when the Allies hoped to Asia when the Allies hoped to take a part of the Ottoman take a part of the Ottoman Empire called the Dardanelles. Empire called the Dardanelles.

That would allow them to That would allow them to capture Constantinople—the capture Constantinople—the Ottoman capital—and send Ottoman capital—and send supplies to Russia through the supplies to Russia through the Black Sea.Black Sea.

The Battle to Control the Black Sea

Gallipoli Peninsula

Lawrence of ArabiaLawrence of Arabia

In another thrust at In another thrust at that empire, a British that empire, a British officer named T. E. officer named T. E. Lawrence helped lead Lawrence helped lead an Arab revolt against an Arab revolt against Ottoman rule.Ottoman rule.

As a result, the Allies As a result, the Allies were able to capture were able to capture several important cities several important cities in Southwest Asia.in Southwest Asia.

The War Widens Beyond EuropeThe War Widens Beyond Europe

Japan took German colonies in Japan took German colonies in China and the Pacific Ocean. China and the Pacific Ocean.

The Allies also captured three The Allies also captured three of the four German colonies in of the four German colonies in Africa. Africa.

People in the Allies’ colonies People in the Allies’ colonies joined in the war effort. Some joined in the war effort. Some worked for the Allied cause. worked for the Allied cause. Others fought in the armiesOthers fought in the armies..

Unlimited Submarine WarfareUnlimited Submarine Warfare

The British had used their The British had used their strong navy to block all strong navy to block all supplies from reaching supplies from reaching Germany. Germany.

In response, the Germans In response, the Germans increased their submarine increased their submarine attacks on ships that attacks on ships that brought food and supplies brought food and supplies to the Allies.to the Allies.

U.S. Ships are SunkU.S. Ships are Sunk

U.S. President Woodrow U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had protested this Wilson had protested this policy before, and did so policy before, and did so again. again.

When American ships were When American ships were sunk, the American people sunk, the American people grew angry.grew angry.

                                                                    

                                     

The Sinking of the LusitaniaThe Sinking of the Lusitania

The Lusitania was sunk on May 7, 1915 by a German submarine killing 1,198 people including 128 U.S. citizens.

The Zimmerman LetterThe Zimmerman Letter

Then the British intercepted a Then the British intercepted a secret message from Germany’ secret message from Germany’ foreign minister, Arthur foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to Mexico. In the Zimmerman, to Mexico. In the letter, Germany offered to help letter, Germany offered to help Mexico regain land lost to the Mexico regain land lost to the United States in the 1840s if Mexico United States in the 1840s if Mexico allied itself with Germany. allied itself with Germany.

This and the submarine attacks This and the submarine attacks turned many Americans against turned many Americans against Germany. In April 1917, Congress Germany. In April 1917, Congress declared war on Germany.declared war on Germany.

America Declares War on America Declares War on GermanyGermany

The Zimmerman letter The Zimmerman letter along with the increased along with the increased submarine attacks turned submarine attacks turned many Americans against many Americans against Germany. Germany.

In April 1917, Congress In April 1917, Congress declared war on Germany.declared war on Germany.

A Total WarA Total War

By that 1917, the war had By that 1917, the war had had a terrible impact, killing had a terrible impact, killing millions and radically millions and radically changing the lives of changing the lives of millions more—people at millions more—people at home as well as soldiers.home as well as soldiers.

This “Great War,” as it was This “Great War,” as it was called, was a total war.called, was a total war.

The Demands of WarThe Demands of War

It demanded all the resources of the It demanded all the resources of the countries that fought it. countries that fought it.

Governments took control of factories, Governments took control of factories, telling them what to produce and how telling them what to produce and how much of it to make.much of it to make.

Governments rationed food and other Governments rationed food and other goods, limiting how much people could goods, limiting how much people could buy and hold.buy and hold.

Propaganda was used to Propaganda was used to generate generate support for the war.support for the war.

Propaganda was used to Propaganda was used to generate support for the generate support for the

war.war.

Women go to WorkWomen go to Work

With so many men in the field, With so many men in the field, women played a growing role in women played a growing role in the economies of the countries the economies of the countries at war. at war.

Women worked in factories, Women worked in factories, offices, and shops; they built offices, and shops; they built planes and tanks, grew food and planes and tanks, grew food and made clothing. made clothing.

These changes had an impact on These changes had an impact on people’s attitudes toward what people’s attitudes toward what kind of work women could do.kind of work women could do.

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

In 1917, the United States In 1917, the United States entered the war, and Russia left entered the war, and Russia left it. Suffering during the war it. Suffering during the war chipped away at the Russian chipped away at the Russian people’s support for the czar.people’s support for the czar.

In March, he stepped down. The In March, he stepped down. The new government hoped to new government hoped to continue fighting the war, but continue fighting the war, but the Russian the Russian armies refused. armies refused.

Czar Nicolas II steps down

Russia Signs a Treaty with Russia Signs a Treaty with GermanyGermany

In October of 1917, a new In October of 1917, a new revolution struck. Led by revolution struck. Led by Vladimir Lenin, Communists Vladimir Lenin, Communists seized Russia’s government.seized Russia’s government.

Russia quickly made a new Russia quickly made a new non-aggression treaty with non-aggression treaty with Germany, the Brest-Litovsk Germany, the Brest-Litovsk Treaty- giving Treaty- giving up huge up huge amounts of land in return amounts of land in return for peace.for peace.

One Last PushOne Last Push

March 1918, Germany March 1918, Germany tried one final attack. tried one final attack.

Once again, the German Once again, the German army nearly reached Paris. army nearly reached Paris.

The The soldiers were tired, soldiers were tired, and supplies were short, and supplies were short, though.though.

22ndnd Battle of the Marne Battle of the Marne

The Allies—now with fresh The Allies—now with fresh American troops— drove American troops— drove the Germans back.the Germans back.

Bulgaria and the Ottoman Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire surrendered.Empire surrendered.

A Flawed PeaceA Flawed Peace

In October, a revolution In October, a revolution toppled the emperor of toppled the emperor of Austria-Hungary. In November, Austria-Hungary. In November, Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to step down in Germany. step down in Germany.

The new government agreed to The new government agreed to stop fighting, and on stop fighting, and on November 11, 1918, Europe November 11, 1918, Europe was finally at peacewas finally at peace..

The Final Cost of WarThe Final Cost of War

Deaths: 8.5-9 million including Deaths: 8.5-9 million including over 1 million civiliansover 1 million civilians

Total casualties: 37.5 millionTotal casualties: 37.5 million

Cost: $350 billionCost: $350 billion

Nearly an entire generation of Nearly an entire generation of European men were wiped out!European men were wiped out!