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What's love got to do, got to do with it
What's love but a sweet old fashionednotionWhat's love got to do, got to do with itWho needs a heart when a heart canbe broken
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Is rural Canada broken?
Is rural a sweet-old fashioned notion?
Whats RURAL got to do with it?
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WhatWhats Rural got to dos Rural got to do
With It?With It?Getting to the Heart ofGetting to the Heart of
Migration in CanadaMigration in Canada
Dr. Deatra Walsh
Research ScientistAtlantic RURAL Centre
Dalhousie [email protected]
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QuestionsQuestions and the responseand the response
What is rural?
What is the role of rural in rural studies?
How does rural play a role in policydiscussions?
Is rural the only pillar against which weexamine rural issues?
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OutlineOutline
ContextContext
ResearchResearch ConclusionsConclusions
Research and Policy ImplicationsResearch and Policy Implications
Issues, rather than place, drive policyIssues, rather than place, drive policy
development and we have to realize that issuesdevelopment and we have to realize that issues
cross [rural and urban] linescross [rural and urban] lines (Douglas, cited(Douglas, cited
in Wilson, 2009).in Wilson, 2009).
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She doesnShe doesnt think of this town as ruralt think of this town as rural
She doesnShe doesnt think this town is dyingt think this town is dying
But if not she then who does?But if not she then who does?
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From Whence did this Dying TruthFrom Whence did this Dying Truth
Come?Come?
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Context:Context:
QuestionsQuestions
The framing of migration is as important asmigration itself (Cresswell, 2006; Milbourne,2007)
What is the character of rural as portrayed
through migration studies /discourse?
What does rural look like? The structuring of rural space (Cruickshank,
2009)
Who decides and why? Discursive actors (Jones, 1995)
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Though we may not be able to point to a true
rurality, it may be possible to identify certaindiscourses about ruralityt h a t s e r v e t oen a b le a n d s u p p o r t t h e r ep r o d u ct io n o f p a r t i cu la r u n e v e n s o cia l r e la t io n s ,
e co n o m ic d i s t r ib u t io n a n d s o cia ls t ra t i f i c a t io n s (Pratt, 1996:70).
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Context:Context:
Migration FrameworksMigration Frameworks
Embedded in the economy (Arango, 2000;
Castles, 2007) and migration-developmentnexus (Sorensen et al., 2002; Raghuram, 2009)
Reliant upon sender and receiver communities
(Fitzgerald, 2006).
Based upon sedentarism (Cresswell, 2006;Malkki, 1992)
Governed by data availability and usage (Belland Ward, 1998; 2000)
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ContextContext
Resource Reliance in CanadaResource Reliance in Canada
Natural resourcesNatural resourcesour forests, energy, andour forests, energy, and
minerals and metalsminerals and metalsare fundamental to theare fundamental to the
daily lives of Canadiansdaily lives of CanadiansThe natural resourcesThe natural resources
sectors and earth sciences industries have beensectors and earth sciences industries have been
an engine of econom ic grow th and joban engine of econom ic grow th and jobcreationcreation for generationsfor generations--NRCan, n.d.NRCan, n.d.
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ContextContext
Resource Reliance in CanadaResource Reliance in Canada
Adopted from Stedman et al. (2004)
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Map from Randall and Ironside, 1996
ContextContext
Resource Reliance in Rural CanadaResource Reliance in Rural Canada
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Source: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 2006
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Nomagic
solutionto
solve
ruraldecline:WilliamsCBC2006
Black Tickle: A Tow n on Death Row ; aBad Omen for Rural Canada (Moore,2007)
Rur al reality checkW ith its population dw indling, how can ru ralNewfoundland and Labrador survive?(CBC NL, 2006)
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Context:Outcomes
Migration is thebarometer of the relativeeconomic success or failure of an area (Rye,2006; Stockdale, 2004). The role of the resource economy
Privileging ofplace over people, particularlyrural places Rural as in decline; There somethingWRONG with
rural (the character of rural)
Downplaying of issues and complexity ofindividuals lives
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Research:Research:
QuestionsQuestions
Could we change this character of rural as
portrayed through migration?
What can be learned from:
a non-economic point of entry (Halfacree, 2004;Milbourne, 2007)?
a non-resource context?
a focus on gender ed lived realities (Smith, 1990)?
Data re-engagement m obility not necessar ilyplace (Bell and Ward, 1998; 2000; Cresswell, 2006;Sheller and Urry, 2006)?
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Mixed methods (Smith, 2007) and mixedapproaches
45 semi-structured inter view s in Newfoundland -m igration biographies and narratives since highschool (Halfacree and Boyle, 1993; Ni Laoire, 2000)
Longitudinal Canadian taxfiler data analyses -m igration pattern s and trajectories acrossgeographies
Research:Research:
MethodsMethods
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Qualitative Research:Qualitative Research:
Location NewfoundlandLocation Newfoundland
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Research:Research:
Qualitative Respondents (n=45)Qualitative Respondents (n=45)
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Research:Research:
Rural Sample ProfileRural Sample Profile
Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population; Authors research
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Leaving after high school is normal andexpected
Women predominantly left to pursue post-secondary educationwithin the province.
..it wasnt if you go to university, it waswhen you go to university (i38-Leaver)
Those who initially left for employment-related purposes or to be with partnersmigrated out-of- province
Research Findings:Research Findings:
LeavingLeaving
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Reasons associated with family, employmentReasons associated with family, employment
and supportand support
He started at this rotation stuff and I hadHe started at this rotation stuff and I had
no family [there], he had no family there sono family [there], he had no family there so
we moved backwe moved back my family is all heremy family is all here And thatAnd thats the support system I kinda relys the support system I kinda rely
on when [he] is goneon when [he] is gone (i11(i11--Returner)Returner)
Research Findings:Research Findings:
ReturningReturning
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Research Findings:Research Findings:
Moving InMoving In
Associated with employment, educational
opportunities, location and non-familialnetworks
we have no family. We have no
connection other than work (i33-in-migrant).
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Associated with employment opportunities,Associated with employment opportunities,
relationships to people, places and spacesrelationships to people, places and spaces
I think itI think its hard to go back once yous hard to go back once youveve
been away, at least my experience isbeen away, at least my experience is (i43(i43--
Leaver)Leaver)
I love my friends. ThatI love my friends. Thats a lot of the reasons a lot of the reason
that keeps me where I amthat keeps me where I am (i45(i45--Leaver)Leaver)
Research Findings:Research Findings:
Moving away and staying awayMoving away and staying away
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Men and women leave rural and small town areas acrossMen and women leave rural and small town areas across
Canada at similar ratesCanada at similar rates
It is slightly higher for womenIt is slightly higher for women
Men and women stay in and return to rural areasMen and women stay in and return to rural areas
Staying slightly higher for men; returning is slightly higherStaying slightly higher for men; returning is slightly higher
for womenfor women
Male and Female Migration Patterns 1989Male and Female Migration Patterns 1989--2004 (in %)2004 (in %)
Research Findings:Research Findings:
Longitudinal Migration PatternsLongitudinal Migration Patterns
Women Men Differential
Left RST and were in LUC 2004 42 40 2
Left RST and returned to RST by
2004 11 9 2
Stayed in RST 47 51 4
Source: Statistics Canada, Longitudinal Administrative Databank, Special Tabulation
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Research Findings:Research Findings:
Longitudinal Migration TrajectoriesLongitudinal Migration Trajectories
Females Males
$50,900$34,800
$38,900$27,900
Source: Statistics Canada: Longitudinal Administrative Databank, Special Tabulation
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So Whats RURAL got to do withit?
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Its simply the best?
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Importance of gender, complexity and livedImportance of gender, complexity and livedrealityreality--o t h e r f a ct o r so t h e r f a ct o r s --not necessarilynot necessarilyruralrural
placesplaces
Women frame being there not necessarily inWomen frame being there not necessarily interm ofterm ofruralrural oror urbanurbanbut in terms ofbut in terms of
relationsrelations
I understand the need for urban and ruralI understand the need for urban and ruralor whatever if you want to define places.or whatever if you want to define places.
But I certainly donBut I certainly dont think theret think theres anys anydifference in people necessarilydifference in people necessarily (i17(i17--Returner)Returner)
Research Findings:Research Findings:
The Relational LensThe Relational Lens
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Conclusions:Conclusions:
Issues across geographiesIssues across geographies
Understanding migration is aboutUnderstanding migration is aboutunderstanding peopleunderstanding people inin placeplace
Focus in not on separate geographies, but issuesFocus in not on separate geographies, but issuesand interactions that stretch across geographiesand interactions that stretch across geographies
Importance of different rurals; not a bundle ofImportance of different rurals; not a bundle ofruralrural
Issues, rather than place, drive policyIssues, rather than place, drive policy
development and we have to realize that issuesdevelopment and we have to realize that issuescross [rural and urban] linescross [rural and urban] lines (Douglas, cited(Douglas, citedin Wilson, 2009).in Wilson, 2009).
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Research:Research:
ImplicationsImplications
Awareness of frameworks for examiningAwareness of frameworks for examining
ruralrural issuesissuesMoving beyond just place and ruralMoving beyond just place and rural--urbanurbandichotomiesdichotomies
Attention to a relational lens; familyAttention to a relational lens; familyperspective (Cooke, 2008)perspective (Cooke, 2008)Economics do not explain everythingEconomics do not explain everything
Use of and approach to dataUse of and approach to data
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Across Geographies:Across Geographies:
RuralRural--toto--Urban GradientUrban Gradient
CLASSIFICATION DETAILS
Larger CMAs Montreal, Toronto, VancouverMedium CMAs 500k to 1.1 mil
Smaller CMAs 100k to 499,999
CAs 10k to 99,999
Larger Urban Centres (LUCs) All CMAs and CAsStrong MIZ 30% commuters
Moderate MIZ 5-29% commuters
Weak MIZ Up to 5% commuters
No MIZ No CommutersRural and Small Town (RST)
areas
All non CMA/CA areas
Source: McNiven et al., 2000
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Final Thoughts:Final Thoughts:
Strengthening researchStrengthening research--policy linkspolicy links
http://crrf.concordia.ca/
http://crhrs-scrsr.usask.ca/
http://rural-research-network.blogspot.com/
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Final Thoughts:Final Thoughts:
Strengthening researchStrengthening research--policy linkspolicy links
October 14-16, 2010
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ReferencesReferencesArango, J. 2000. "Explaining Migration: A Critical View." International Social Science
Journal 165:285-296.Castles, S. 2007. Twenty-First-Century Migration as a Challenge to Sociology. Journal of
Ethnic and Migration Studies 33(3):351-371.Bell, M. and G. Ward. 1998. "Patterns of Temporary Mobility in Australia: Evidence from the
1991 Census."Australian Geographical Studies 36(1): 58-81.Bell, M. and G. Ward 2000. "Comparing Temporary Mobility with Permanent Migration."
Tourism Geographies 2(1): 97-107.Castles, S. 2007. Twenty-First-Century Migration as aChallenge to Sociology. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies33(3):351-371.
Bridger, J.C. and T. R. Alter. 2008. An Interactional Approach to Place-based Development.Community Development 39(1): 99-111.
CBC News Online (n.a). (2006. No magic solution to solve rural decline: Williams.http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2006/10/12/williams-rural.html October 12 (Accessed November 2009).
--. 2006. Rural Reality Check: With its Population Dwindling, how can Rural Newfoundlandand Labrador Survive? http://www.cbc.ca/nl/features/ruralrealitycheck/ (AccessedFebruary 22, 2010).
Cooke, T.J. 2008. Migration in a Family Way. Population, Space and Place 14(4): 255-265.
Cruickshank, J.A. 2009. A Play for Rurality Modernization versus Local Autonomy.Journal of Rural Studies 25(98-107).Cresswell. T. 2006. On the Move: Mobility in the Modern Western World. New York:
Rutledge.Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 2006. Demographic Change: Issues and
Implications. Economics and Statistics Branch.http://www.economics.gov.nl.ca/pdf2006/demographyupdate.pdf(Accessed November2009).
Halfacree, K. H., and P.J. Boyle. 1993. "The Challenge Facing Migration Research: the Case fora Biographical Approach." Progress in Human Geogra phy17:333-348.
Halfacree, K 2004. A utopian imagination in migration's terra incognita? Acknowledging thenon-economic worlds of migration decision-making. Population, Space and Place10:239-253.
Halseth, G., S. Markey and D. Bruce. 2010. (eds). The Next Rural Economies: ConstructingRural Place in a Global Economy. Oxfordshire, UK: CABI International.
Jones, O. 1995. Lay Discourses of the Rural: Developments and Implications for RuralStudies. Journal of Rural Studies 11(1):35-49.
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ReferencesReferencesMcNiven,C., H. Puderer and D. Janes. 2000. Census Metropolitan Area and Census Agglomeration
Influenced Zones (MIZ): A Description of the Methodology. Geography Division, StatisticsCanada.2000-2. Ottawa.
Milbourne, P. 2007. "Re-populating Rural Studies: Migrations, Movements and Mobilities." Journal ofRural Studies 23:381-386.
Moore, O. 2007. A Town on Death Row. Globe and Mail online edition. November 10.http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/article796011.ece (Accessed November 2009).
Natural Resources Canada. N.d. Important Facts on Canada's Natural Resources. http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/stat/index-eng.php (Accessed November 2009).
Ni Laoire, C. 2000. "Conceptualizing Irish Rural Youth Migration: A Biographical Approach."International Journal of Population Geography6:229-243.
Pratt, A. C. 1996. Discourses of Rurality: Loose Talk or Social Struggle? Journal of Rural Studies 12(1): 69-78.
Raghuram, P. 2009. "Which Migration, What Development? Unsettling the Edifice of Migration andDevelopment." Population, Space and Place 15:103-117.
Randall, J.E. and G. Ironside. 1994. Communities on the Edge: An Economic Geography of ResourceDependent Communities in Canada. The Canadian Geographer 40(1): 17-35.
Rye, J.F. 2006. Leaving the Countryside: An Analysis of Rural-to-Urban Migration and Long-TermCapital Accumulation.Acta Sociologica 49(1): 47-65.
Smith, D.E. 1990. The Conceptual Practices of Power: A Feminist Sociology of Knowledge. Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
Smith, D. P. 2007. "The changing faces of rural populations: (re) Fixing the gaze or eyes wideshut?" Journal of Rural Studies 23:275-282.
Srensen, N., N. Van Hear, and P. Engberg-Pedersen. 2002. "The Migration-Development Nexus:Evidence and Policy Options." International Migration 40:49-73.
Stedman, R.C, J. R. Parkins and T. M. Beckley. 2004. Resource Dependence and Community Well-Being in Rural Canada. Rural Sociology69(2): 213-234.
Stockdale, A. 2004. "Rural Out-Migration: Community Consequences and Individual MigrantExperiences." Sociologia Ruralis 44:167-194.
Wilson, B. 2009. Concerns of rural residences similar to urban counterparts.Western Producer.October 29, p. 70.
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Acknowledgements
Supervisory committee: Drs. Peter Sinclair, Barbara Neis andSupervisory committee: Drs. Peter Sinclair, Barbara Neis andRobert Hill.Robert Hill.
Funders:Funders: Le Fonds quLe Fonds qubbcois de la recherche sur la socicois de la recherche sur la socitt et laet laculture, Memorial Universityculture, Memorial Universitys School of Graduate Studies,s School of Graduate Studies,the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council ofthe Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council ofCanada, the Leslie Harris Centre of Regional Policy andCanada, the Leslie Harris Centre of Regional Policy andDevelopment and Statistics Canada.Development and Statistics Canada.
Participants: The 45 women who told me their stories.Participants: The 45 women who told me their stories.
Employer: The Atlantic Rural CentreEmployer: The Atlantic Rural Centre
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Thank you!Thank you!
Dr. Deatra Walsh
Research ScientistAtlantic RURAL CentreDalhousie [email protected]