Western Impe"al#m

Mundus Novus: $e Old Impe"al#m

Economic system = MERCANTILISM Produce goods cheaply Help create favorable balance

Problems of Colonization: Expense -- corporations help fund (trade) Un-success rate

1/2 die en route 1/2 who do make it to New World return home

Mundus Novus: $e Old Impe"al#m

Motives of Colonization: Christ borne on cannonballs Limited econ/pol opportunities in Europe Govt sponsorship

Virginia & Mass. Bay Co. (1606) Dutch East India Co. (1650)

Renaissance curiosity Spices Material gain (GOLD) Exploitation

Mundus Novus: $e Old Impe"al#m

Old Imperialism views of natives: “Savages,” “heathens” in need of salvation Sometimes cooperative Conversion by the sword Exclusion, exploitation

Cultural Relativism (Enlightenment) Recognized the values of other cultures/achievements “Human side” of natives Assimilation becomes the goal (19th C) -- major shift in policy

New Impe"al#m

Questions to ask of New Imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries:

Why by this time in history were European nations able to assert their “dominance” across the globe?

What factors contributed to the rise of New Imperialism? How did European nations benefit?

How did contemporaries justify New Imperialism?

Was New Imperialism (and its subsequent exploitation of the world) the result of capitalism?

What problems did New Imperialism create for both the conquered peoples and the European nations?

Why “New” Impe"al#m

Direct result of Industrialization Machine gun Quinine Steamship and international telegraph

Ideological Mission Colonies = nat’l security, military power, int’l prestige Nationalism

Imperialism adopted as official policy Diverts attention from class conflict

Social Darwinism “The path of progress is strewn with the wreck... of inferior races.” Altruism Rudyard Kipling

Commerce Competitive climate New nations change the game Territorial occupation and political conquest

Romantic Imagination

$e Cro% Jewel of B"tain’s EmpireBritish East India Co. 1757 infiltrates India economically Civilizing mission in India (early 19th C)

Evangelicals, political liberals stamp out Indian “superstition” (sati) Indian “Mutinee” of 1857 changes British policy in India direct rule

Bureaucracy of Subordinates Educational reform = econ/soc opportunity for Hindu intermediaries

$e sun "ses and sets...

Opening of China

Refused diplomatic relations Opium War, 1839-42

British merchants in Canton Treaty of Nanking, 1842

Island of Hong Kong & an indemnity 4 cities open to trade

Importance of “Spheres of Influence” “Open Door” Policy Response = Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Modernization of Japan

Feudal Japan Emperor, shogun, & samurai Matthew Perry’s “Gunboat Diplomacy,” 1853

Goals? Response = terrorism & assassinations

Meiji Restoration of 1867 = turning point Modernize/Westernize soc/econ/pol/mil Edification of Emperor to godlike status (nationalism/cultural superiority)

Copied Western Imperialism Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95 Korea Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5 Manchuria Japan = 1st non-Western power to challenge Western expansion

$e Scramble for Af"ca

Less than 10 percent colonized

More than 90 percent colonized

$e Scramble for Af"ca

Cecil Rhodes Connect Cape Town to Cairo

Leopold II of Belgium Bloody domination of the Congo

“African Fever” British occupation of Egypt French conquests of Sahara region Dutch Afrikaners - Old Cape Colony (South Africa) Conference of Berlin, 1884-85

Bismarck and Jules Ferry (French PM) rule of “effective occupation”

Post-1890 Wilhelm II wants Germany’s “place in the sun”

$e Scramble for Af"ca

$e Scramble for Af"ca

Results of Imperialism in Africa

Omdurman, 1898

modern weapons/tactics “These extraordinary foreign figures... march up one by one from the darkness of Barbarism to the footlights of civilization... and their conquerors, taking their possessions, forget even their names Nor will history record such trash.” (Churchill)

“It was not a battle but an execution.” (English Observer)

11,000 to 28

Fashoda threat of war

Boer War, 1899-1902

Dutch Afrikaners farmers

Gold & diamond mines

European system of alliances & competitive imperialism = possible major war

$e Scramble for Af"ca

Reactions to Impe"al#m

Critics: J.A. Hobson Imperialism due to unregulated capitalism

diverts attention from class conflict at home

“Blessed are the strong, for they shall prey on the weak.” Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness

Imperialism = “pure selfishness” Henry Labouchere’s “Brown Man’s Burden”

“Pile on the Brown Man’s Burden! And if ye rouse his hate, Meet his old-fashioned reasons With Maxims up to date, With shells and Dum-Dum bellets A hundred times plain The Brown Man’s loss must never Imply the White Man’s gain.”

Debating Impe"al#m

The year is 1913, and you are a member of the British Parliament. Today you are debating the the issue of Imperialism. In your study groups, take a stance on the following issues and prepare a speech that you will present before Parliament that outlines your position on the following issues:

Has New Imperialism been a success or failure for the British? (cite examples) What reasons do the British have for continuing or discontinuing their imperialistic endeavors? What could be the consequences in Europe of continued Imperialistic pursuits? Does Imperialism cause unwanted competition with other European nations? Should Parliament continue to financially support the economic, militaristic, and socio-cultural goals of New Imperialism around the globe? Be specific in your argument as to WHY.