vuZRvni saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove metalurgiuli mecnierebis...

vuZRvni saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove metalurgiuli

mecnierebis erT-erT fuZemdebels, qarTuli teqnikuri

azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriis qomagsa da moamages,

Cveni mdidari istoriuli warsulis warmomCens –

baton ferdinand TavaZes.

Tamar baZoSvili

samTo-metalurgiuli

warmoeba XVIII saukunis

aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi

gamomcemloba `meridiani~

Tbilisi 2012

TAMAR BADZOSHVILI

MINING-METALLURGY INDUSTRY IN

THE XVIII CENTURY EASTERN GEORGIA

Publishing House "Meridiani"Tbilisi 2012

5

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012

© T. baZoSvili

ISBN 978-9941-10-

uak. (UDC) 622+669(479.22)`17~

naSromSi ganxilulia XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi mimdi-

nare istoriul-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis movlenebi. eZRvneba

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi erekle II-is mier gatarebul reformebs,

romelsac samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis aRorZineba mohyva da

fizikuri damcrobisagan ixsna eri.

pirvelwyaroebis, eTnografiuli da arqeologiuri masalis

kompleqsuri analizis safuZvelze Seswavlilia am dros fun-

qcionirebadi samTo da metalurgiuli sawarmoebis teqnolo-

giuri maxasiaTeblebi. teqnikis istoriis poziciebidan gamokv-

leulia spilenZ-brinjaos, rkina-foladis, vercxlisa da oqros

warmoebis qarxnebis samuSao-organizaciuli maCveneblebi, war-

moebis masStabi da mravalprofiliani mza produqciis xarisxi,

eqsportis saSualebani.

naSromi gaTvaliswinebulia Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos

istoriul-politikuri da istoriul-ekonomikuri sakiTxebis

sferoSi momuSave specialistebisaTvis, agreTve mkiTxvelTa far-

To sazogadoebisaTvis.

redaqtori: ist.m.d., sruli profesori givi inaniSvili

recenzenti: m.d., sruli profesori iuri kvirikaZe

Sinaarsi

winaTqma ..................................................................................................................... 6

Sesavali................................................................................................................... 7

1. sakiTxis istoria ....................................................................................... 10

2. erekle II da qarTuli ekonomikis aRorZinebis sakiTxi .29

3. spilenZis da rkinis metalurgia .....................................................51

4. XVIII saukunis liTonis nakeTobaTa qimiur-teqnologiuri

gamokvleva ........................................................................................................... 95

5. tyviis, vercxlis da oqros warmoeba .........................................107

6. spilenZis da oqro-vercxlis nakeTobaTa damamzadebeli

sawarmoebi TbilisSi ................................................................................... 133

Mining-metallurgy Industry in the XVIII Century Eastern Georgia (Abstract) ..................................................................................150

literatura ......................................................................................................156

6 7

winaTqma

rodesac qarTvelTa winaprebze da gamoCenil mamuliS-

vilebze fiqriT Sejerebuli frTiani azri giCndeba, maT

idumal cxovrebas exebi, ganicdi aRfrTovanebas, awmyos aRqma

giadvildeba da momavalze ocnebis muza ufro ZarRviani da

mravlismomcvelia.

vaxuSti batoniSvili Tavis istoriografiuli naSromis

mcire nawilSi, romelic didi iv.javaxiSvilis SefasebiT, `mu-

dam ukvdavebis SaravandediT iqneba mosili~, XIV saukunidan

moyolebuli, giorgi brwyinvales Semdeg, originalurad aRw-

ers da gadmogvcems mopovebuli istoriuli faqtebis Sejere-

biT gaanalizebul saqarTvelos axal istorias (saqarTvelos

gayofils sam samefod da xuT samTavrod).

vaxuStis mixedviT: `Ze mefis Teimurazisa erekle dajda

kaxeTs~ (`cxovreba mefeTa kaxeTisaTa~). TavisTavad teqsti

da viTarebac moiTxovs gagrZelebas, sadac saWiroa saTanado

doneze iqnes ganxiluli mimdinare istoriul-politikuri

Tu socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebi, romlebic uSualod

qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba.

migvaCnia, rom qimiisa da metalurgiis specialistebis

erovnuli paTosiT gaJRenTili upirvelesi movaleobaa teqni-

kis istoriis poziciebidan mizandasaxulad Rrmad CavwvdeT

qarTuli samTo-metalurgiuli dargis ganviTarebis prob-

lemas. winamdebare Cveni naazrevic am survilis mokrZalebu-

li gamoxatuleba unda iyos.

Sesavali

teqnikis istoriis sferoSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-

bisaa Suasaukuneebis ekonomikis istoriul-teqnologiuri

mxa ris kvleva-Ziebis Tematika. mecnieruli interesis sferoSi

Semodis uZvelesi da Zveli samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis

analizi, sadac mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba spilenZisa da

rkinis pirdapiri aRdgeniTi dnobis teqnika-teqnologiisa da

Zvirfasi liTonebis mopoveba-damuSavebis sqemis dazustebas.

am mimarTebiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs XVIII saukunis samTo

saqmisa da liTonwarmoebis kompleqsuri gamokvlevis prob-

lematika.

saqarTveloSi XVIII saukuneSi mimdinare istoriul-

politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri movlenebi araerTgzis

aisaxa am periodis istorikos-mkvlevarTa Tu teqnikis isto-

riis specialistTa monografiebsa da calkeul statiebSi, sa-

dac calmxrivad aris gaSuqebuli qveynis ekonomikis wamyvani

dargebis, samTo da metalurgiuli warmoebis obieqtebis, muS-

aobis organizaciuli da teqnologiuri mxare (al. koWlavaS-

vili, v. melqoniani, v. WaniSvili, i. meZmariaSvili, k. ColoyaS-

vili).

gamoqveynebuli informaciuli masala Zveli warmoe-

bis lokaluri analizis sferos ganekuTvneba: arasakmarisad

aris axsnili qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi saxelmwifo xelisu-

flebis mier ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis Catarebuli siR-

rmiseuli movlenebi; arasrulad aris gamoyenebuli XVIII

saukunis ZiriTad sawarmoo saSualebaTa Seswavlisa da te-

qnikis istoriisadmi miZRvnili qarTuli, rusuli da evro-

puli wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizis Sedegebi; mcire adgili

eTmoba am mniSvnelovani istoriuli periodis eTnografi-

uli da arqeologiuri kvlevis monacemebs. dagrovili did-

Zali informacia da praqtikul-Teoriuli xasiaTis masalebi

8 9

problemisadmi axlebur midgomas da gadawyvetas moiTxovs.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saxelmwi-

foebrivi aRorZinebis ekonomikuri suraTis warmodgenisaTvis

naSromSi ganxilulia:

qarTul leqsikografiul TxzulebebSi daculi samTo da

qimiur-metalurgiul procesebTan dakavSirebuli cnobebi;

mogvyavs pirvelwyaroebis saxiT arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT

mopovebuli da Seswavlili samTo-metalurgiuli Zeglebis

istoriul-teqnologiuri analizis Sedegebi;

eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT ganvixilavT XVII-

XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi funqcionirebadi samTo da

metalurgiuli sawarmoebis muSaobis organizaciul da te-

qnologiur-ekonomikur maxasiaTeblebs;

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom naSromis ZiriTad mizans Seadgens

XVIII saukunis sinamdvileSi gamoyenebuli metalurgiuli

warmoebis teqnologiuri procesis mecnieruli analizis

Sedegebis warmodgena.

Sesabamisad, winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens XVIII sau-

kunis saqarTvelos samTo da metalurgiuli warmoebis aRd-

gena-ganviTarebis istoriuli procesis monografiuli gamokv-

levis cdas. am periodis ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebis

analizi srulad warmoaCens mefe erekle II-is Rvawls qa-

rTuli saxelmwifosa da eris winaSe, mniSvnelovan adgils

miuCens mas saqarTvelos istoriaSi.

XVIII s. 60-70-ian wlebi saqarTveloSi aRiniSna unikal-

uri movleniT, romelsac precendenti ar hqonia ara marto

saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi, aramed sxva qvey-

nebis samTo-metalurgiul praqtikaSi. qarTl-kaxeTis mefem,

erekle II-m, aRniSnul periodSi SeZlo safuZveli Caeyara qa-

rTuli samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebisTvis da amiT kvlav

aRedgina is tradiciebi, romliTac mravali saukunis win

gamoirCeoda Cveni qveyana. daviT aRmaSenebelma meomari yiv-

CaRebis gadmosaxlebiT SeZlo Zlieri jaris Camoyalibeba da

misi saSualebiT mtrebis Semosevebis SeCereba. faqtobrivad

msgavsi amocana gadawyvita ereklemac metalurgi berZnebis

CamosaxlebiT, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi maTma metalurgiul-

ma nawarmma Seasrula igive roli, rac yivCaRebis saomarma

SemarTebam. qveynis ekonomikis mkveTr gaumjobesebasTan erTad,

ereklem metalurgiuli sawarmoebis saSualebiT SeZlo iseTi

saartilerio parkis daarseba, romelmac sagrZnoblad gazarda

qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba da mTel rig SemTxvevebSi fizi-

kuri ganadgurebisganac ki ixsna qarTveli eri.

erekle II-is mier ganxorcielebulma RonisZiebebma saTa-

nado asaxva ver hpova qarTul istoriografiaSi da rac ufro

sakvirvelia, isini saerTod ar yofila ganxiluli mecnierebis

da teqnikis istoriis poziciebidan. aseTi damokidebuleba

Cveni warsulis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi movlenis mimarT

sruliad gaumarTlebelia, miTumetes rom saqarTvelos is-

toriul arqivebSi uamravi masala aris daculi aRniSnuli

samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis Sesaxeb. swored am garemoebam

ganapiroba erekleseuli metalurgiuli qarxnebisa da samTo

sarewebis mizandasaxuli Seswavlis aucilebloba.

10 11

1. sakiTxis istoria

literaturuli wyaroebi

sakiTxis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli literaturuli

wyaroebi mravalricxovnebasTan erTad mravalferovnebiTac

gamoirCeva. es ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom TviT sakv-

levi Tema moiTxovs mravalmxriv midgomas rogorc isto-

riuli, ise samecniero-istoriuli, qimiur-teqnologiuri da

metalurgiuli poziciebidan.

pirvel rigSi ganvixilavT im masalebs, romlebic pirvel-

wyaroebs warmoadgens da sakvlevi periodis Tanadroul cno-

bebs Seicavs erekleseuli metalurgiuli sawarmoebis Sesaxeb.

maTi mniSvnelovani nawili Seadgens XIX saukunis sigel-gu-

jrebs, romlebSic moxseniebulia samTo-metalurgiul warmoe-

basTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi sameurneo-organizaciuli

da teqnologiuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi. aseTi pirvelwyaroe-

bis didi raodenoba Tavmoyrilia S. Cxetias mier gamocemul

krebulSi [109]. mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs n. berZeniSvi-

lis mier Sedgenili dokumentebis sami tomi `masalebi saqa-

rTvelos ekonomiuri istoriisaTvis~ [24-26]. ufro zogadi

saxis, magram samTo-metalurgiul warmoebasTan dakavSirebu-

li masalebi gvxvdeba i. doliZis mier gamocemul `qarTuli

samarTlis ZeglebSi~ [48-50].

samwuxarod Zvel qarTul literaturaSi faqtobrivad ar

aris SemorCenili samecniero-teqnikuri mimarTulebis, ker-

Zod ki samTo da qimiur-metalurgiuli Sinaarsis Txzule-

bebi, romlebSic ganxiluli iqneboda mineraluri resursebis

(madnebis) mopovebisa da gadamuSavebis sakiTxebi. am danakliss

erTgvarad avsebs vaxtang VI-is (1675-1737 ww.) da daviT

batoniSvilis (1767-1819 ww.) qimiuri Sinaarsis naSromebi.

vaxtangis cnobil TxzulebaSi `wigni zeTebis Sezavebisa da

qimiis qmnis~ ganxilulia CvenTvis saintereso zogierTi iseTi

sakiTxi, rogoric aris oqros gamodnoba da gawmenda, sxvadasx-

va saxis spilenZis Senadnobebis miReba da a.S. [15]. qarTul

literaturul wyaroebSi liTonebis klasifikaciis yvelaze

adreuli nimuSi mocemulia daviT batoniSvilis Txzu lebaSi

`SemoklebiTi fisika saqmiTi~. aqve gvxvdeba cnoba aRdge-

nis meTodiT oqsidebidan liTonis miRebis meTodTa Sesaxeb

[33]. garda amisa, daviT batoniSvili liTonebTan dakavSirebiT

saintereso cnobebs Tavis farmakoqimiur saxelmZRvaneloSi

gvawvdis [62].

erekle II-is dros mkveTri aRmavloba ganicada saartile-

rio saqmem. am garemoebam Tavisi asaxva hpova qarTul enaze

mTeli rigi artileriasTan dakavSirebuli saxelmZRvaneloe-

bis Sedgenisas. am saxelmZRvaneloebSi sakmaod didi adgi-

li eTmoba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa zarbaznebis Camosxma,

liTonis birTvebis damzadeba da sxv. saartilerio Sinaar-

sis qarTul literaturas safuZveli Cauyara aleqsandre ba-

toniSvilis (1674-1711 ww.) mier frangulidan Tu rusulidan

qarTulad Targmnilma naSromma. faqtobrivad am Txzulebis

sqema gaimeores daviT batoniSvilma da ioane batoniSvilma

(1768-1830 ww.) maT mier Sedgenil saartilerio Sinaarsis

TxzulebebSi [61, 63-64].

samTo da qimiur-metalurgiul procesebTan dakavSire-

biT calkeuli cnobebi Semonaxulia qarTul leqsikografiul

literaturaSi, isini yuradRebas iqceven rogorc terminolo-

giuri, ise teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiTac, vinaidan teqnikur

terminebTan erTad zogjer maTi Sinaarsic aris ganmartebuli.

aRniSnul leqsikonebs Soris pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT

sulxan-saba orbelianis `leqsikoni qarTuli~, romelSic

faqtobrivad problemis Tanadrouli masalebia warmodge-

nili [31-32]. mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT aseve mniSvnelovan

sakiTxebs Seicavs daviT batoniSvilis da gansakuTrebiT ioane

12 13

batoniSvilis leqsikonebi [6,13]. aranaklebi mniSvneloba eni-

Weba XIX s. dasawyisSi Sedgenil niko CubinaSvilis (1788-1845

ww.) leqsikons [57]. Tumca SedarebiT gvian, 1887 wels gamoica

d.CubinaSvilis (1814-1891 ww.) leqsikonic, romelic XVIII

saukunis masalebis intensiuri gamoyenebis gamo sakmaod didi

raodenobiT Seicavs CvenTvis saintereso ganmartebebs [58].

zogadi saxiT pirvelwyaroebs unda mivakuTvnoT XIX sau-

kunis qarTuli istoriografiuli literaturac. am mxriv

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs vaxuSti batoniSvilis

(1696-1757 ww.) `saqarTvelos samefos aRwera~, romelSic

moyvanilia yvela is geografiuli adgili, sadac XVIII s. Sua

wlebisaTvis warmoebda sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopoveba da

gadamuSaveba [7]. papuna baraTaSvili (XVIIIs.), oman xerxe-

uliZe (XVIIIs. me-2 nax.) da ufro gvian Teimuraz batoniS-

vili (1782-1886 ww.) erekles moRvaweobis aRwerisas exebian

im gansakuTrebul rols, romelic man Seasrula saqarTveloSi

samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis aRorZinebis saqmeSi [5, 30, 65].

pirvelwyaroebis doneze ganvixilavT im qarTul lit-

eraturas, romelSic erekles samTo-metalurgiul warmoe-

basTan dakavSirebuli arqeologiuri masalebia moyvanili.

arqeologiuri monapovari garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis

metalurgiuli Rumelebis konstruqciisa da warmadobis Ses-

axeb, saSualebas gvaZlevs sakmao sizustiT aRvadginoT liTo-

nis dnobasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi, romelTa Sesaxebac

werilobiT wyaroebSi monacemebi TiTqmis ar aris moyvanili

(f.TavaZe, i. gZeliSvili, g. inaniSvili). arqeologiis da te-

qnikis istoriis poziciebidan Seswavlilia Zveli Rumelebis

konstruqciebi da maTi moqmedebis principi [81, 88, 89, 106].

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa i.gZeliSvilis statia, romelSic

ganxilulia XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi moqmedi rkinis

metalurgiuli warmoebis Rumeli [81]. CvenTvis aseve sain-

tereso monacemebs Seicavs geologiuri gamokvlevebi, romleb-

Sic xSirad aris moxseniebuli Zvelad moqmedi, da maT ricx-

vSi, ereklesdroindeli maRaroebic. amave dros, geologiuri

monacemebi sxvadasxva regionSi adre moqmedi sarewebis da

maRaroebis ganTavsebis Sesaxeb, realurad migvaniSnebs im geo-

grafiul ganlagebaze, sadac Zvelad wiaRiseulis gadamuSaveba

unda ewarmoebinaT. aseTi saxis gamokvlevebidan pirvel rigSi

unda aRiniSnos 1933 wels gamocemuli krebuli ̀ Минеральные ресурсы ССР Грузии~ [96]. samwuxarod am krebulSi ver mox-

vda is regioni, romelSic Sedioda alaverdis, axtalis da

maTTan mimdebare punqtebis sabadoebi. erekles dros es mxare

qarTl-kaxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda da mefem swored iq

aamuSava Tavisi samTo-metalurgiuli sawarmoebi. mogvianebiT

es mxare somxeTs gadaeca da amis gamo cxadia, rom is ver

moxvdeboda aRniSnul krebulSi. samagierod am xarvezs nawi-

lobriv avsebs 1917 wels gamoqveynebuli narkvevi ,,Полезные ископаемые и минеральные воды Кавказского края~ [101],

romelSic CvenTvis saintereso yvela cnoba aris daculi.

aseTi saxis literaturul wyaros ganekuTvneba agreTve

gvian gamocemuli krebulebi, romlebSic saqarTvelos teri-

toriis geologiuri gamoklevebis Sedegebia moyvanili [102-

103].

Cveni TematikisaTvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyarod migvaC-

nia eTnografiuli literatura, romlis saSualebiTac aR-

dgenil iqna erekles qarxnebsa da maRaroebSi moqmedi te-

qnologiuri sqemebi. am mimarTebiT mniSvnelovani masala

moipoveba cnobili eTnografis n. rexviaSvilis monografiebsa

da statiebSi [34-38]. garda amisa, liTonis gadamuSavebisa da

miRebis Sesaxeb mTeli rigi cnobebi aris daculi qarTve-

li eTnografi avtorebis gamokvlevebSi [18, 19, 41, 52]. aqve

unda davasaxeloT n.axalkacis naSromebi, romlebic liTo-

nis gamowrTobis garda, naxSiris miRebis xalxur wesebs ga-

nixilavs [2,3]. yuradRebas iqcevs eTnograf k.ColoyaSvilis

14 15

naSromi, romelic ereklesdroindeli saiaraRo da saomari

nawarmis aRweras eZRvneba [54].

sayuradRebo masalebi moipoveba XVII-XVIII saukunee-

bis saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebul rusul da ucxour eT-

nografiul krebulebSi. aRniSnuli naSromebis faseuloba

pirvel rigSi im garemoebiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom isini

swored im adreul periods ganekuTvnebian, rodesac Zveli

qarTuli metalurgiuli terminebi da sawarmoo-saxelosno

wes-Cveulebebi jer kidev iyo SemorCenili qarTul yofaSi.

pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos a.voskoboinikovis, i.eixfeldis,

n.butkovis, a.petcoldis da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi, romlebSic

sakmaod dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli qarTveli ostatebis

mier im droisaTvis gamoyenebuli metalurgiuli warmoebis

teqnologiuri sqemebi [74, 76, 111, 116].

mniSvnelovani cnobebia daculi rusuli dokumentebis Sem-

cvel literaturaSi, romelSic sxvadasxva gzavnil-werilebSi

moxsenebebis saxiT warmodgenilia qarTul samTo warmoebaSi

arsebuli viTareba, zogjer mTeli rigi teqnologiuri parame-

trebis dazustebiT. am tipis literaturuli wyaroebidan

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs masalebi, romlebic sais-

torio arqivSi inaxeba [40, 42-45]. aRniSnuli masalebidan

zogierTi, sxva saarqivo dawesebulebebis masalebTan erTad,

gamoqveynebulia gamokvlevebSi, romlebSic ruseTis imperiis

mier saqarTvelos samTo da samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis

aTvisebis istoria aris ganxiluli [14, 84, 87, 104]. saintereso

cnobebs Seicavs erekles qarxnebTan uSualod dakavSirebuli

pirebis _ madnebis specialistis, anastas hajifetovis 1832

wlis mogonebebi [77] da erekle II-sTan daaxloebuli piradi

eqimis, reineqsis Canawerebi [113]. E

saqarTveloSi samTo da samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis

asaRorZineblad erekles mier Catarebul saqmianobaze TiTqmis

srul warmodgenas gviqmnis akademikos i. giuldenStedtis

Canawerebi, romlebic man saqarTveloSi mivlinebisas 1770-

1771 wlebSi gaakeTa. sakmaod dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili im

dros moqmedi an mitovebuli qarxnebi da sabadoebi, moyvanilia

qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriaze pirvelad Catarebuli geologi-

uri kvlevebis Sedegebi, romlebic akademikosma erekles dava-

lebiT ganaxorciela [8, 9].

pirvelwyaroebis Semcvel literaturasTan erTad, did

mniSvnelobas vaniWebT Tanamedrove gamokvlevebs, romle-

bic XVIII saukunis qarTul samTo-metalurgiul warmoebas

pirdapir Tu arapirdapir exeba. aq pirvel rigSi unda dava-

saxeloT d.gogolaZis, g.margianis da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi [23,

73, 83]. dawvrilebiTi, konkretuli saxis cnobebi aRniSnu-

li warmoebebis teqnologiuri sqemebis aRweriT moyvanilia

a.rogavas da al.koWlavaSvilis monografiul gamokvlevebSi

[22, 105]. metalurgiul procesebTan dakavSirebiT metad mniS-

vnelovani monacemebia daculi i.gZeliSvilis monografiaSi

[82]. unda movixsenioT a.klimiaSvilis saintereso naSromi,

romelSic erekles artileriasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebia

ganxiluli [20]. yuradRebas imsaxurebs is naSromebi, romle-

bic Tanamedrove gamokvlevebs uZRoda win. maT Soris unda

davasaxeloT XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze gamoqveynebuli

s.guliSambarovis, a.Sostakis da s.esaZis Sromebi, romlebic

XVIII saukunis samTo-metalurgiul warmoebasTan dakavSire-

bul Zalze mniSvnelovan sabuTebs Seicavs [85, 90, 112]. aseTi

saxis sabuTebi daculia agreTve adre gamocemul arqeografi-

uli komisiis dokumentebSi [67, 68].

erekles moRvaweobis periodis samTo-metalurgiul war-

moebaSi gamoyenebul mTel rig teqnologiur procesebs Taname-

drove samTo saqme da metalurgia ukve didi xania aRar

iyenebs. amdenad, zogjer am procesebis meqanizmis dadgena

SeiZleba arc Tu ise iol problemas warmoadgendes. am Sem-

TxvevaSi qmediTi daxmareba gagviwia im Tanamedrove liter-

16 17

aturam, romelSic XVI-XVIII saukuneebis samTo da samTo-met-

alurgiuli warmoebebis teqnologiuri mxare zogadad aris

ganxiluli da gaanalizebuli. aseTi saxis literaturidan

pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia teqnikis istoriisadmi miZRvnili

rigi gamokvlevebi [86, 92, 97, 110].

erekle II-is sawarmoebSi gamoyenebuli teqnologiuri

sqemebis dasadgenad calkeuli gamocemebis garda, mniSvnelovan

cnobebs Seicavs XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis

rusuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebic metalurgiasa da te-

qnikur qimias eZRvneba. aRniSnul saxelmZRvaneloebSi xSir-

ad aRwerilia im dros jer kidev SemorCenili mTeli rigi

samTo-metalurgiuli sawarmoebi, romlebic isev moZvelebul

(da amitomac CvenTvis saintereso) teqnologiur sqemebs iy-

enebdnen. amaTgan yuradRebas iqcevs j.persis, f.viustis da

sxvaTa naSromebi, romlebSic sakmaod dawvrilebiT aris moce-

muli aRniSnul sawarmoTa aparaturuli da teqnologiuri an-

alizi [78-80]. aseve mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs n.lubavinis

da r.vagneris teqnikuri qimiis cnobili fundamenturi sax-

elmZRvaneloebic [75, 93-95].

qarTuli samTo da samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis isto-

riuli da teqnologiuri poziciebidan Sefasebisas qmediTi

daxmareba gagviwia mecnierebisa da teqnikis istoriisadmi

miZRvnilma naSromebma. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba r. forbsis

cnobili monografia Zvel msoflioSi liTonebis mopovebis

da gadamuSavebis istoriuli gzis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb [114],

aseve mniSvnelovania m.pokrovskis ̀ narkvevebi metalurgiis is-

toriidan~ [100] da g.festeris ,,qimiuri teqnikis istoria~

[107].

gamoyenebuli literaturuli wyaroebis analizidan na-

Telia, rom mravalferovani da mravalricxovani masalebis

arsebobis miuxedavad, jer kidev detalurad gamosakvlevia

XVIII saukunis saqarTvelos samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis

istoria. zemoT aRniSnulma literaturulma wyaroebma, arqe-

ologiurma da eTnografiulma masalebma SesaZlebloba mogv-

ca saTanado komentarebiT da SesworebebiT, srulyofilad

Segveswavla am periodis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

aspeqtebi; rom Catarebulma samecniero-Teoriulma da praq-

tikul-eqsperimentulma Sedegebma gansazRvros erekle II-is

progresuli moRvaweobis adgili saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

cxovrebisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.D

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos spilenZis

da rkinis warmoebis

istoriul-metalurgiuli analizi

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli gamadnebaTa siste-

mis geoqimiuri monacemebi xels uwyobda aq istoriulad

spilenZis da rkinis metalurgiis sawyisebis Seqmnis da ganvi-

Tarebis process. amierkavkasiis teritoriaze mosaxle tomTa

Soris arsebulma teqnikuri azris ganviTarebis donem ganapi-

roba samTo saqmisa da metalurgiis swrafi aTviseba. Zv. w. III

aTaswleulidan amierkavkasia warmoadgens spilenZ-brinjaos,

xolo Zv. w. XII saukunidan rkina-foladis mwarmoebel da

momxmarebel regions [1; 10, gv.19-22; 108, gv.335]. aq arsebuli

spilenZisa da rkinis sabadoebi gamoyenebuli iyo liTonwar-

moebis istoriis sxvadasxva safexurze.

saerTod kavkasiis regionis mineraluri resursebisagan

gamoiyofa gamadnebaTa oTxi provincia, sadac ganviTarebulia

sxvadasxva periodis madangamovlinebebi. maT erTgvarovani geo-

qimiuri maxasiaTeblebi gaaCniaT [102, gv.35]. maT Soris gamoi-

yofa centraluri kavkasionis, kavkasionis samxreTi kalTebis,

aWara-TrialeTis da somxiTis sistemebi.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganlagebuli spilenZis Sem-

18 19

cveli ZiriTadi mineralebis daxasiaTeba mocemulia Semdegi

saxiT (cx. 1 da sur. 1).

cxrili 1. spilenZis Semcveli mineralebis daxasiaTeba

# mineraliqimiuri for-

mula

spilenZis Semcveloba,

%feri

1.2.3.

4.5.6.

xalkopiritixalkoziniborniti

kavelinimalaqititenantiti

CuFeS2Cu2SCuS×FeS4

CuSCuCO3×Cu(OH)23Cu2S×As2S3

34,579,863,5

66,457,420,0-22,0

TiTbrisferiSavi-ruxispilenZisferi wiTelimuqi lurjimwvaneruxi

sur. 1. spilenZis Semcveloba mineralebSi

saqarTveloSi rkinis warmoebis ganviTarebis istoriuli

safexurebiT, Zv.w. II aTaswleulidan ganviTarebuli Suasau-

kuneebis CaTvliT, aq arsebuli rkinis sabadoebi sinqronu-

lad warmoadgenen metalurgiuli gadamuSavebis kerebs. isi-

ni moicaven ocdaaTamde sxvadasxva simZlavris sabados da

gamoirCevian genetikuri mravalferovnebiT [81, gv.14; 102,

gv.81). sabadoTa Semadgeneli mineralebi xasiaTdebian rkinis

maRali SemcvelobiT da aRdgeniTi procesisaTvis optimal-

uri maxasiaTeblebiT (cx. 2 da sur. 2).

cxrili 2. rkinis Semcveli ZiriTadi mineralebis daxasiaTeba

# mineraliqimiuri for-

mula

rkinis Semcv-

eloba, %feri

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

magnetiti

hematiti(rkinis kriala)

hidrohematiti

wiTeli rki-naqva

mura rkinaqva

Fe3O4

Fe2O3

Fe2O3×nH2O

Fe2O3

2Fe2O3×3H2O

65-70

70

60-65

70

60-65

Savi, liTonuri

Savi, liTonuri

wiTeli, liTonuri

wiTeli, liTonis-magvari

ruxi

sur. 2. rkinis Semcveloba mineralebSi

saqarTvelos teritoriaze spilenZisa da rkinis madneul

sabadoTa gavrcelebis geografiuli areali, maTi geologiur-

geoqimiuri monacemebi, gansazRvraven am teritoriaze arse-

20 21

bul uZveles samTo da metalurgiul warmoebaTa moqmedebis

sivrces. metalurgiuli warmoebis sistemaSi moqceuli sam-

Tamadno obieqtebi, maTi kavSiri arsebul sabadoTa gamadnebis

zonasTan, ganapirobebda madangadamamuSavebeli da metalur-

giuli kerebis arsebobas mTiswina da mTis zolSi. saqarT-

veloSi feradi metalurgiis, polimetalebis damuSavebis da

Savi metalurgiis istoriul ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli

samTamadno warmoebis Zeglebi, muSaobis principuli sqemebiT

da sainJinro-teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs, erTgvarovan

sistemaSi erTiandeba.

spilenZ-brinjaos da rkinis metalurgiis warmoebis te-

qnologiuri done mizanSewonilad da tradiciulad grZel-

deba Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi, sadac SesamCnevia samTo da

metalurgiuli kerebis ganviTarebis gardamavali, araTanabari

impulsebi, rac ganpirobebuli iyo saxelmwifos politikur-

ekonomikuri viTarebiT.

feradi da Savi liTonebis uZvelesi metalurgia eyrdnoba

pirometalurgiis zogad kanonebs, procesebs, romlebSic xdeba

oqsiduri, karbonatuli da sulfiduri madnebis aRdgena xis

naxSiris sawvavze civberviTi procesiT [71, gv. 18].

spilenZisa da rkinis madnebis am principiT gadamuSavebis

teqnologiuri sqemebi gamoyenebuli iyo XVIII saukunis miwu-

rulamde. xis naxSirze momuSave metalurgiuli Rumelebi da

mogviano periodSi samTo-metalurgiuli gaerTianebebi funq-

cionirebdnen CvenTvis saintereso periodSi. erekle II-s dros

aRdgenili samTo da metalurgiuli warmoebis obieqtebi

Zveli teqnika-teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebiT agrZelebdnen

muSaobas. aseTive samuSao-saorganizacio RonisZiebebi rCeboda

ZalaSi am periodis manufaqturuli gaerTianebebis Camoyali-

bebis Semdegac.

XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi, qveynis ekonomikuri

aRorZinebis principuli organizaciul-teqnologiuri pro-

cesebis parametrebis dadgenisa da mimdinare siRrmiseuli

movlenebis srulad aRqmis mizniT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia

mokled ganvixiloT am periodis spilenZisa da rkinis sawar-

moo centrebis muSaobis teqnologiuri monacemebi, rac ti-

piuria XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi moqmedi samTo-metalurgiuli

kompleqsebisaTvis [21, 22].

spilenZis metalurgia

spilenZis warmoebis uZvelesi teqnologiuri procesebis

Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi mcire cnobebi mogvepoveba.

mwiria nivTieri arqeologiuri masala _ warmoebis naSTebi

(qura, wida, madani, samsxmelo yalibebi da sxv.); amdenad Znel-

deba uZvelesi metalurgiuli procesebis aRdgena. garkveuli

informaciis momcvelia eTnografiuli da werilobiTi masa-

lebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas iZleva damajereblad iqnes

aRdgenili madnidan spilenZis miRebis teqnologiuri procesi,

quraSi mimdinare qimiuri reaqciebi, liTonTa oqsidebis aRd-

genis temperaturuli reJimi, procesebis xangrZlivoba da sxv.

pirveli metalurgiuli (gamodnobili) spilenZi oqsiduri

da karbonatuli madnebidan iqna miRebuli pirdapiri aRdgenis

gziT. aqedan eyreba safuZveli spilenZis metalurgias.

meoradi warmoSobis oqsiduri da karbonatuli madnebi

mdidaria spilenZiT, ganlagebulia sabadoTa zeda fenebSi da

advili mosapovebelia. am klasis madnebidan spilenZis aRdgena

mimdinareobs xis naxSirze Seqmnili temperaturisa da aRmd-

geneli atmosferos pirobebSi.

spilenZis Tavisufali oqsidebis aRdgena naxSirJangisa da

naxSirbadis saSualebiT mimdinareobs Semdegi reaqciebiT:

Cu2O + C → 2Cu + CO CuO + C → Cu + CO Cu2O + CO → 2Cu + CO2 CuO + CO → Cu + CO2 (1)

22 23

aRdgeniT procesSi monawileobs ara marto Tavisufali,

aramed umetesad SekavSirebuli spilenZis oqsidebi sxvadasxva

mineralebis (malaqiti, azuriti, qalkantiti, qrizokola da

sxv.) saxiT, romlebic aRdgeniTi dnobis dros ganicdian saTa-

nado gardaqmnebs. malaqiti da qalkantiti iSleba spilenZis

oqsidis gamoyofiT.

2CuCO3×Cu(OH)2 → 3CuO + 2CO2 + H2O CuSO4×5H2O → CuO + SO2 + 1/2O2 + 5H2O (2)

miRebuli oqsidebis aRdgena liTonur spilenZamde ki

warmoebs zemoaRniSnuli reaqciebiT (1).

malaqitidan an sxva naxSirmJava (karbonatuli) madni-

dan spilenZis aRsadgenad liTonur mdgomareobamde sakmarisia

700-8000C temperatura. oqsiduri da karbonatuli madnebis

dnobis mimdinare reaqciebis Sedegad warmoebs spilenZis aRd-

gena liTonur mdgomareobamde. swored amis gamo es procesi

aRdgeniTi dnobis saxels atarebs da warmoadgens spilenZis

miRebis an gamodnobis uZveles xerxs.

amierkavkasiaSi uZvelesi, Zv. w. III aTaswleulis miwuru-

liT daTariRebuli, spilenZis sadnobi metalurgiuli qura

aRmoCenilia axalcixis amiranis gorasa da azerbaijanis sof.

babaderviSis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad.

aRniSnuli qurebi konstruqciulad warmoadgenen ormoSi

CaWril qviT nageb, TaRovan konstruqcias xelovnuri civi

bervis principiT. am tipis spilenZis sadnobi metalurgiuli

qurebi aRmoCenilia mogviano periodis, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis

dasawyisis Zeglebze (soxumis mTis gaTxrebi da sof. qedSi

metalurgiuli saxelosno).

mniSvnelovani informaciis momcvelia cnobebi alaverdis

spilenZsadnobi sawarmos Sesaxeb, romelic XVIII s. meore nax-

evars ganekuTvneba. aq, rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan aris

cnobili, spilenZs 2500 wlis winaT adnobdnen.

rkinis metalurgia

madnebidan pirdapiri aRdgeniT rkinis miRebis proce-

si, Tanamedrove metalurgiuli warmoebisagan gansxvavebiT,

civberviT procesad aris miRebuli da Zvel msoflioSi rki-

nis metalurgiis teqnologiur safuZvels warmoadgens. saqa-

rTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili da Seswavlili rkinis

warmoebis qurebi ganviTarebuli konstruqciisaa da SesaZle-

belia maTi gamoyeneba rkinis aRdgenis klasikuri procesi-

saTvis, romelic zogirTi lokaluri teqnikur-teqnologiuri

Taviseburebebis gamoklebiT, analogiuria yvela Zveli metal-

urgiuli kerisaTvis.

uZvelesi metalurgiuli procesebis teqnologiuri daxa-

siaTeba mocemulia a.baikovis mier. man gansakuTrebuli yur-

adReba dauTmo rkinis pirdapiri aRdgenis uZveles process,

daamuSava misi Teoriuli nawili iakutiis eTnografiuli ma-

salis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT [71, gv. 339-381]. quraSi

CatvirTvamde rkinis madani (hematiti an magnetiti) ganicdis

meqanikuri (pirveladi) da flotaciis meTodiT (meoradi)

gamdidrebis process. paleometalurgiuli monacemebis mixed-

viT karieruli mopovebis hematituri rkinis madani damatebiT

muSavdeba winaswari gamowvis principiT, magnetituri madani

ki eqvemdebareba temperaturuli Secxobis an gacra-flota-

ciis process.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT aR-

moCenili rkinis metalurgiuli warmoebis qurebi, konstruqci-

uli monacemebiT, warmoadgenen Saxturi tipis Rumels, rom-

lebic mudmivmoqmed stacionarul metalurgiul keras qmnian.

maTi konstruqciuli tipi Seqmnilia brinjaos metalurgiis

teqnologiuri procesis Sedegad miRebuli garkveuli em-

piriuli gamocdilebis dagrovebis safuZvelze, sadac gamoy-

enebulia oqsiduri madnebidan rkinis aRdgenis optimaluri

24 25

temperaturuli sqema (1000-12500C).Saxturi tipis RumelSi, naxSiris wvis Sedegad ganviTa-

rebuli maRali temperatura moqmedebs quris mTel samuSao

areSi CatvirTuli kazmis masaze (naxSiri + madani). vinaidan

Rumelis konstruqciuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze misi

maqsimaluri simaRle ar aRemateboda 1,5 metrs, rkinis madani

quris ukiduresi zeda nawilidan eqceoda temperaturul areSi,

sadac Rumelis muSaobis reJimiT iqmneboda pirobebi aRmdgeneli

airis da kazmis nakadis SexvedrisaTvis (C + O2 = CO2; C + CO2= = 2CO). aRmdgeneli airi RumelSi arsebuli weviT miemarTe-

boda zeviT da kazmis gavliT qmnida aRmdgenel atmosferos.

rkinis aRdgenis procesi mimdinareobs Rumelis CatvirTvis

sferodan (sakerZesTan), sadac temperatura 10000C aRemateba da cnobili reaqciebiT xdeba rkinis Jangeulebis gardaqmna.

Tburi efeqtis balansi dadebiTia da CO-s nakadis swori da aRmavali ganawileba kazmis mimarT vertikaluri Semxvedri na-

kadiT ganapirobebs aRdgeniTi procesis optimalur Sedegs.

Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 + 19479 kal.

Rumelis warmadoba quris samuSao sivrceSi mimdinare

metalurgiuli procesebis pirdapirproporciulia, sadac um-

Tavresia madnisa da sawvavis optimaluri datvirTva, wvisaT-

vis saWiro haeris Seberva da sxv. lugvi rkinis gamosavali

ZiriTadad damokidebulia sakazme masalis xarisxsa da raode-

nobriv (moculobiT) maCveneblebze.

metalurgiuli rkinis aRdgenis procesSi warmoiqmneba

rkinisa da naxSirbadis myari xsnari, mimdinareobs rkinis ma-

sis danaxSirbadianeba. procesi araTanabaria da temperaturi-

sagan damokidebulebiT da lugvi rkinis quraSi dayovnebis

Sesabamisad, naxSirbadis Semcveloba masSi icvleba 0,1-1,0%-is

diapazonSi. amave dros fuWi qanis awidva xdeba FeO + SiO2-

is xarjze. civberviTi procesis saerTo sqema SeiZleba ase

gamoisaxos:

Fe + (0,1-1,0)%C Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO

n⋅FeO⋅SiO2 rkinis aRdgenis civbrviTi procesi, saukuneebis ganmav-

lobaSi uZvelesi droidan vidre XIX saukunemde, farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli. saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologi-

uri gaTxrebiT aRmoCenili rkinis metalurgiuli warmoe-

bis Zeglebi TariRdebian Zv. w. XII saukunidan, antikuri da

Suasaukuneebis gavliT ax. w. XVIII saukunis CaTvliT. meta-

lurgiulma quram ganviTarebis sami aTaswleulis manZilze

konstruqciuli cvlilebebi ganicada da Sesabamisad gaizarda

metalurgiuli danadgaris warmadobis maCveneblebic (sur.

3-6; monacemebi i.gZeliSvilis mixedviT).

sur. 3. rkinis sadnobi Rumeli Wuberidan (XI-XII ss)

1 - grunti, 2 - qvis wyoba, 3 - qura, 4 - kazmis CatvirTvis

ubani, 5 - widis gamosaSvebi xvreli, 6 - sabervelis sistema

26 27

sur. 4. rkinis sadnobi qura gonbaTidan (XII-XIII ss)

1 - grunti, 2 - qvis wyoba, 3 - madnis gamosawvavi kamera, 4 - qura,

5 - sabervlebis sistema, 6 - widis gamosaSvebi.

sur. 5. rkinis sadnobi qura Zveli bogvidan (XVII-XIX ss)1 _ Rumelis qvis wyoba, 2 _ qura, 3 _ kedlis qvis wyoba, 4, 5, 6 _ sabervelis sistema, 7 _ quris wina Rari, 8 _ xis

naxSiri, 9 _ Selesiloba, 10, 11 _ qvis safeni, grunti.

sur.6. rkinis sadnobi saxelosno sof.wedisidan (XVIII-XIXss)

1 _ quris kedlis wyoba, 2 _ Rumeli, 3 _ widis gamosaSvebi

xvreli, 4, 5, 6 _ sabervelis sistema, 7 _ grunti.

rogorc saqarTveloSi uZvelesi periodis spilenZ-brin-

jaos da rkina-foladis warmoebis analizidan Cans, sawarmoo

kerebis Casaxvis periodidan vidre XVII-XVIII saukuneebamde

samTo da metalurgiuli obieqtebi funqcionirebdnen Zveli

teqnika-teqnologiis SesaZleblobaTa pirobebSi. miuxedavad

mniSvnelovani sawarmoo danakargebisa, ekonomikis es wamyvani

dargebi Seadgendnen saxelmwifo Zlierebis, politikur-so-

cialuri viTarebisa da saerTod qveynis arsebobis ZiriTad

wyaros.

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze

arsebuli samTo-metalurgiuli gaerTianebebis da Sesabami sad

28 29

feradi da Savi liTonebis warmoebis aRorZineba, qveynis eko-

nomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTad dasayrdens warmoadgenda.

arqeologiurad gamovlenili uZvelesi samTo-gamonamu-

Sevrebi da metalurgiuli warmoebis kerebi, saSualebas gva-

Zlevs metnaklebi sizustiT gaviTvaliswinoT XVIII sauku-

nis saqarTveloSi funqcionirebadi metalurgiuli sadnobi

qurebis konstruqciuli SesaZleblobebi, ganvsazRvroT maTi

raodenoba da saerTod am periodis feradi da Savi liTonebis

sawarmoo masStabebi.

2. erekle II da qarTuli

ekonomikis aRorZinebis sakiTxi

qarTuli samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis

eTno-kulturuli aspeqti

msoflio istoriografiaSi didi xania Seiqmna azri uZve-

lesi qarTveli metalurgi tomebis moRvaweobisa da Semo-

qmedebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac didi roli Seasrules Zveli

msoflios liTonwarmoebaSi. maTve miiCneven rkina-foladis,

spilenZ-brinjaos, Zvirfasi liTonebisa da maTi Senadnobebis

erT-erT pirvel aRmomCenebad. gansakuTrebiT didia metalur-

giis istoriis specialistebis mecnieruli interesi uZvelesi

metalogenuri regionis mimarT, romelSic geografiulad saqa-

rTvelo _ kavkasiis teritoria moiazreba.

uZvelesi samTo-metalurgiuli Zeglebis istoriuli

gavrcelebis areali, saqarTveloSi cnobili metalogen-

uri sistemebis ganlagebis sivrces moicavs, sadac arsebuli

spilenZis, dariSxnis, anTimonis, rkinis, tyviis, vercxlis, oqros

da polimetalebis madangamosavlebi Zv.w.III aTaswleulidan

samTo-metalurgiuli kompleqsebis funqcionirebis arsebiT

obieqtebs warmoadgendnen.

erTiani geografiul-geologiuri ganviTarebis sistemaSi

eqceva afxazeTis, svaneTis, raWis, kaxeTis, qarTlis da guria-

aWaris regionebSi aRmoCenili da Seswavlili uZvelesi war-

moebis Zeglebi. ormocdaaTi erTeuli samTo da ramdenime

aseuli metalurgiuli daniSnulebis obieqti, umdidresi sain-

Jinro-teqnologiuri da istoriul-metalurgiuli special-

izaciis gadawyvetis informaciis momcvelia. maTi kompleqsuri

kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT saqarTvelos teritori-

aze moqmedi feradi da Savi liTonebis centrebi, Zvirfasli-

Tonmompovebeli sawarmoebi, saukuneTa manZilze adgilobrivi

30 31

eTnikuri elementis saxelmwifo-strategiul, ekonomikur da

kulturul urTierTobaTa maRal dones ganasaxiereben. gansa-

kuTrebulia maTi adgili kavkasia-evraziis xalxTa civiluri

urTierTganviTarebis istoriul garemoSi.

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze

aRmoCenili, magram dRemde Seuswavleli samTo-metalurgiuli

warmoebis Zeglebis momavali istoriul-teqnologiuri kvleva

mniSvnelovan mecnierul problemas warmoadgens. winaantikur

da antikur periodebSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebulma

liTonwarmoebis maRalma donem xeli Seuwyo adgilobrivi

ekonomikisa da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTarebas, ramac

ganapiroba dasavlurqarTuli (kolxeTi) da aRmosavlurqar-

Tuli (iberia) saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba.

samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis centrebis funqcionireba

grZeldeba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. am xanis samTo da

metalurgiuli kerebi, warmoebis nivTieri nakvalevi, mowmobs

meliToneTa udidesi moculobis naSroms, romlis ganxor-

cieleba moiTxovda centralizebul saxelmwifo sistemas da

srulyofil sawarmoo organizacias. saqarTvelos Suasauku-

neebis saxelmwifoebrioba kargad grZnobda da Segnebulad

aviTarebda cxovrebis mniSvnelovan sameurneo dargebs garemo

samyaroSi Zlieri samxedro-politikuri viTarebis Sesaqmne-

lad.

XI-XII ss. saqarTvelos feodaluri saxelmwifos social-

ur-politikurma da kulturul-ekonomikurma ganviTarebis

donem aRmavlobis umaRles wertils miaRwia. XIII saukuneSi

monRolebis Semosevebis Sedegad ibegrebodnen saqarTveloSi

liTonis damuSavebis moxele-mwarmoeblebi da mWedlebi. Sem-

dgom saukuneebSi, vidre XVIII saukunemde, qarTuli saxelm-

wifoebrioba viTardeboda cvalebadi politikur-ekonomikuri

impulsebis qveS, romlebmac erTiani qveynis samefoebad daSla-

daqucmaceba gamoiwvia (qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis samefoebi

da samcxes saaTabago). Turq-seljukebisa da iranis poli-

tikuri interesebis sferoSi moqceulma saqarTvelos eko-

nomikam degradacia ganicada, moiSala samTo-metalurgiuli

warmoebac.

qveynis cxovrebis aRorZineba SesaZlebeli gaxda XVIII

saukunis dasawyisSi, mefe vaxtang VI-is dros, rodesac cen-

traluri saxelmwifo sistemis Seqmnam feodaluri mmarT-

velobis da wesrigis aRdgena ganapiroba. miuxedavad amisa,

iranisa da TurqeTis Zaladobis gamo, vaxtang VI ver axorcie-

lebs saxelmwifos gamTlianebasa da ekonomikis aRorZinebas.

qarTveli eris gaerTianebis, saxelmwifos Zlierebis sakiTxi

kvlav gadaWras elis.

aRniSnuli procesis dawyebas saTave daedo XVIII sauku-

nis meore naxevarSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos socialur-poli-

tikuri da ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros, rodesac am did

movlenas saTaveSi Caudga mefe erekle II. igi centralizebu-

li saxelmwifo aparatis SeqmnasTan erTad wyvets damoukide-

beli saxelmwifos politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebisa da kulturuli aRorZinebis sakiTxebs, qmnis

qveynis erTian ekonomikur potencials: viTardeba xelosnobis

dargebi, vaWroba, safuZveli eyreba manufaqturul warmoebas,

sisxlsavse xdeba qalaquri cxovreba.

mefe erekle II, romelsac kargad esmoda samTo warmoebisa

da metalurgiis mniSvneloba qveynis ganviTarebisa da sameur-

neo cxovrebisaTvis, gansakuTrebulad iyo dainteresebuli

meliToneobis dargiT. amasve ukarnaxebda mas samxedro aRWur-

vilobaTa teqnikuri gaumjobesebis aucilebloba da sagareo

mdgomareoba. am mimarTulebiT man mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi

Caatara. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca mitovebuli sam-

To da metalurgiuli obieqtebis aRorZineba-aRdgenas, ro-

melic warmoadgenda saqarTvelos yofna-aryofnis ZiriTad

mamoZravebel Zalas, ekonomikisa da TavdacviTi unarianobis

32 33

safuZvels. msxvili sawarmoebi iqmneba alaverdis spilenZis

gadamamuSavebeli da axtalis spilenZ-vercxlis mompovebel-

gadamamuSavebeli samTo-metalurgiuli gaerTianebebis saxiT.

didi warmatebiT mimdinareobs bolnisis spilenZis sabadoTa

metalurgiuli gadamuSavebis samuSaoebi da sxv.

samTo saqmis cnobili specialisti da istorikosi

iv.meZmariaSvili, qarTuli metalurgiis istoriis sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT am periodis Sesaxeb wers: `XVIII s. manufaqtu-

ruli meurneoba saqarTveloSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo.

liTonTa gadamuSavebas Tbilissa da mis gareT awarmoeben

ymebi _ begaraSi, agreTve daqiravebuli muSebi. frangi mog-

zauri delaporti, romelic iyo saqarTveloSi 1769 w. ambos,

rom man Tavad naxa aq zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli, agreTve, yum-

barebisa da tyvia-wamlis damamzadebeli Tofxana, romelsac

xelmZRvanelobas uwevda ruseTsa da evropaSi ganswavluli

artileristi paata andronikaSvili~ [29].

ucxouri samecniero-teqnikuri Zalebi

saqarTvelos ekonomikis samsaxurSi

qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II (1720-1798 ww.) saqarT-

velos istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc brZeni politikosi, Sesan-

iSnavi mmarTveli, gamorCeuli samxedro moRvawe da meomari.

magram patara kaxis pirovnebis did damsaxurebasTan erTad

Cvens istoriografiaSi jer kidev ar aris saTanadod ganxi-

luli da Sefasebuli misi erTi uprecendento RonisZieba,

romelmac ara marto mniSvnelovani sasikeTo Zvrebi gamoiwvia

qveynis ekonomikaSi, aramed faqtobrivad fizikur ganadgure-

bas gadaarCina qarTveli eri.

Cvenamde moRweulia sabuTebis Zalze didi raodenoba, rom-

lebidanac aSkarad Cans, Tu ra Tavdauzogavad iRwvoda erekle

II mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze adgilobrivi samTo-

metalurgiuli warmoebis aRorZineba-daarsebisa da misi sru-

lyofisaTvis.

jer kidev 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, mefe ereklem

TurqeTidan saqarTveloSi Camoasaxla samTo-metalurgiul

saqmeSi gawafuli berZeni ostatebis 800-mde ojaxi. am spe-

cialistebis mecadineobiT samxreT saqarTveloSi daiwyo rki-

nis, tyvia-vercxlis da spilenZis ramdenime sabados eqsplu-

atacia da mopovebuli madnebidan Sesabamis metalurgiul

qarxana-sawarmoebSi liTonis gamodnoba [24].

berZnebis Camosaxlebisa da qarxnebis amuSavebis Semdegac

mefe erekles ar Seuwyvetia am warmoebis gafarToeba-srulyo-

faze zrunva. es naTlad gamoCnda ruseTis magaliTze, romlis

daxmarebis imedsac erekle sicocxlis bolomde ar kargavda.

jer kidev 1771 wels, is ekaterine II-sadmi miweril TxovnaSi

saqarTveloSi 4000 kaciani jaris gamogzavnasTan dakavSire-

biT, aseT valdebulebebsac ki iRebs Tavis Tavze: `dRes Cvens

qveyanaSi romlisac nivTis madani aris, da an gamoCndeba, iqidan

sargebeli moipoveba – naxevari Tqvenis didebulebis xazinas

mierTmeodes~ [48, gv.424]. cxadia, aq TavisTavad igulisxmebo-

da aRniSnuli sabadoebis eqspluataciaSi ruseTis teqnikuri

personalis qmediTi monawileoba.

ucxoeli specialistebis mozidvis mcdelobasTan erTad,

erekle zrunavda adgilobrivi profesionali kadrebis aRz-

rdazec. 1775 wlis 20 oqtombers igi saxlTuxucess werda,

rom ,,madanCad misabarebeli Sagirdebi qarTlsa da kaxeTSi

Seaweres~. momaval madanCebad, e.i. memadneebad gaTvaliswinebu-

li Segirdebi 20-30 wlisani unda yofiliyvnen da maT TiTo

xel tansacmelTan, nabadTan, TofTan da iaraRTan erTad, erT-

gvari ,,stipendiis~ saxiT xuT-xuTi maneTis raodenobis Te-

Tri unda mieRoT. erekles Tanaxmad aseTi kadris momzadeba

,,sarwmunoebis erTgulebac aris da Tavis qveynisac. es rom

34 35

Cvens qveyanaSi gamravldes, mtrisgan Cveni qveynis morCena amas

SeuZlia~. erekles sjera, rom qarTvelebi male darwmundebian

am sruliad axali da jer kidev ucnobi saqmianobis sferos

did sargeblianobaSi. misi sityvebiT ,,romelic am xelobas

iswavlis Tavis ojaxs gaamdidrebs. jer amis gemo ar ician

Tvaram amis swavlisaTvis kidevac Semogvexvewebian~ [56].

sakmaod mokle droSi rom madanCebis adgilobrivi

kadrebis momzadeba SesaZlebeli gaxda, es Cans mTeli rigi

wyaroebidan. kerZod, qiziySi adgilobrivi madanCebis saqmiano-

baze miuTiTebs 1790 wlis erTi dokumenti: ,,qiziySi javaris

saZebnelad iqauri madanCebi gzavnilan, amisTvis gautanebiaT

d qulungi, a yazma, a jaba~ [25, gv. 95]. rogorc am cnobidan

irkveva, qiziyeli, e.i. ,,iqauri~ madanCebis erT-erT daniSnule-

bas qiziyis teritoriaze axali sabadoebis moZieba warmoad-

genda. sagangebod aRWurvil jgufs adgilze unda moepovebina

madnis TvalsazrisiT saintereso qani. amasTan erTad, albaT,

maT funqciaSive Sedioda sacdeli dnobebis Catarebis Sedegad

miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze mopovebuli madnis avkar-

gianobaSi garkveva.

Zalzed niSandoblivia erekles werili (1784 w) Tavisi

Svilisamdi, sadac is giorgis avalebs: ,,Sens mamulebSi saca

madani gegulebodes, moaZebnine da RvTiT rom apovnino SenTvis

amuSave, imis mocile aravin geyoleba, imis muSac Sen gaurige~

[25, gv. 4]. werilidan naTlad Cans, rom `madnebis~ moZebna da

`povna~ saufliswulo teritoriaze sakuTari ZalebiT Tvi-

Ton batoniSvils unda ganexorcielebina, vinaidan am Ronis-

ZiebisaTvis erekle mas madanCebis gagzavnas ar hpirdeba. es

ki TavisTavad niSnavs, rom giorgis mamulSic ganwesebuli iyo

madanCebis jgufi, romlis uSualo daniSnulebas adgilobrivi

sasargeblo wiaRiseulis gamokvleva da gadamuSaveba Seadgen-

da. msgavs miwerilobas is cxadia sxva Svilebsac gaugzavnida,

ase rom, qarTl-kaxeTis mTeli teritoria im dros faqto-

brivad adgilobrivad mimagrebuli qarTveli madanCebis Ziebis

farTo areals warmoadgenda.

adgilobrivi kadrebis momzadebis tradiciaze metyvelebs

is faqtic, rom XVIII s. bolos qarTul zarafxanas saTaveSi

Caudga ukve gamocdili adgilobrivi kadrebis warmomadgeneli

iese nazriSvili. igi imdenad kvalificirebuli specialisti

iyo, rom is rusebma amave zarafxanaSi datoves rusuli mon-

etebis damamzadeblad. ieses movaleobas Seadgenda madnebidan

saTanado liTonebis gamodnoba, rasac yovelTvis maRal doneze

asrulebda.

saerTod, erekle II-is mcdeloba axali samTo obieqtebis

gamovlenisaTvis, kargad Cans mTeli rigi monacemebidan. mag-

aliTad, cnoba, rom yazaxSi, guldaRis madnisaTvis aleqsan-

dre mWedels samTamadno iaraRebi daumzadebia [25, gv. 94], am

SemTxvevaSi madnis dasazverad yazaxSi madanCebis gagzavnas

gulisxmobs. 1791 wlis erT-erT sabuTSi, romelSic axtalis

qarxnis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva cnobebia moyvanili, moixseniebian

2 madanCi da 1 brastati (samTamadno warmoebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli Tanamdeboba), romlebic ,,sxvagan gaugzavniaT~. Tu

ras gulisxmobs ,,sxvagan gagzavna~, sabuTidan ar Cans, magram

yvelaferi gasagebi xdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am ,,sxva-

gan wasul~ madanCebze 10-10 Tumani, xolo brastatze 4 Tu-

mani iqna gacemuli. gasamrjeloTi gaSveba aq aSkarad niSnavs,

rom es specialistebi romeliRac mxareSi iqnen ase vTqvaT

,,mivlinebiT~ gagzavnili. isini, rogorc etyoba, adgilze unda

gacnobodnen adgilobrivi madanCebis mier axlad aRmoCenil

sabados da saTanado daskvnebi gamoetanaT madnis perspeqti-

ulobasTan dakavSirebiT.

axali sabadoebis Zieba rom ereklesaTvis erT-erTi mTa-

vari sazrunavi iyo, naTlad Cans istorikos oman xerxeuliZis

Semdegi cnobidan: ,,mefeman iraklim miaqcia yoveli goneba

Tvisi amisadmi, raTa epova qveyanasa Sina madani, romel ara

36 37

yofiliyo da moayvanina saberZneTiT madanCebi da mraval adgi-

las eZeba da didi Rvawli dadva~ [39, gv. 364].

erekle II-s mxriv axal-axali sabadoebis gamovlenis

mcdelobas ara marto qarTl-kaxeTis, aramed misi mosazRvre

qveynis teritoriazec hqonda adgili. 1766 wlis 30 dekem-

bris erT-erT moxsenebiT baraTSi, romelic yizlaris komen-

dants gaegzavna, Semdegi Zalze saintereso cnobebia moyvanili:

,,Известился я чрез новокрещённого осетинского старшину Давида Мамиева, что из вышеописанных прежных мест серебрянную руду ещё покойный грузинский царь Вахтанг Леонович..... чрез даваемую от него плату, многое число себе в Грузию получал. А кроме его до сего время никто об онои руде известен не был. Только нинешным летом грузинский же царь Ираклий обыскал в тех местах, где оная руда состоит, одного знаючего в металле исскуство человека. Несколько пуд той серебрянной руды получил, за что того человека немалою сумою наградил~ [91, gv. 288].

mefe ereklem rogorc Cans icoda, rom Tavis droze vax-

tang VI sargeblobda osuri sabadoebiT da etyoba wlebis

ganmavlobaSi cdilobda am sabadoebSi gaTviTcnobierebuli

pirovnebebis gamonaxvas. erekles mravalwliani mcdeloba

warmatebiT dasrulda da man SeZlo bolos da bolos miekv-

lia vaxtangiseuli wamowyebis erT-erTi monawilisaTvis. misi

saSualebiT dadginda sabados zusti adgilmdebareoba da amiT

realuri pirobebi Seiqmna misi xelmeored aTvisebisaTvis. 1767

wlis erTi rusuli dokumentis Tanaxmad: ,,Грузинский царь берёт из состоявших в осетии превеликих гор отменную от прочих разных видов з блещущими искрами крепкую землю

и камышки, употребляя за провоз того плату осетинцам~ [91, gv. 172-173].

aRniSnuli fragmentidan naTlad Cans, rom adgilze xeliT

klasifikaciis Sedegad gamdidrebuli koncentrati saqarT-

veloSi mohqondaT. aqedan gamomdinare da im faqtis gaTval-

iswinebiT, rom aRniSnuli sabado oseTSi mdebareobda, erekles

mier mopovebuli madani tyviis krialas unda warmoadgendes.

isic cxadia, rom erekles adgilobrivi megzuri madnis winas-

war gadasamuSaveblad gamdidrebis im wesebs gamoiyenebda, ra

wesebic vaxtangisdroindel warmoebaSi iyo damkvidrebuli.

Tu rogor ganviTarda osuri madnis mopovebis da da-

muSavebis istoria SemdgomSi, CvenTvis ucnobia, magram miRe-

buli partiebiT ereklem rom garkveuli sargebloba miiRo,

eWvs ar iwvevs (tyviis kriala udavod vercxls da oqros

Seicavda da swored es ori liToni Seadgenda mefis dain-

teresebis mTavar sagans). CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is faqti,

rom geografiuli dacilebis miuxedavad, erekle ar SeuSinda

siZneleebs da TiTqmis miuval teritoriaze madnis mopoveba

wamoiwyo.

axali sabadoebis gamovlenis, warmoebis masStabebis kidev

ufro gafarToebis da teqnologiuri sqemebis gaumjobesebis

mizniT ereklem, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mizanSewonilad mi-

iCnia am saqmeSi erTmorwmune mokavSire ruseTis kvalificiuri

specialistebis Cabmac. Tumca berZnebi sakmaod maRali kvali-

fikaciis metalurgebi iyvnen, isini moZvelebul teqnologias

iyenebdnen da meqanizaciis mxrivac sagrZnoblad CamorCebodnen

evropelebs. erekles azriT, swored am xarvezis gamosworeba

SeiZleboda rusebis daxmarebiT, romlebsac mowinave evropu-

li saxelmwifoebisgan, rogorc mezoblebs, gadmoRebuli unda

hqonodaT samTo-metalurgiuli teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebi.

60-iani wlebis miwuruls man saTanado TxovniT mimarTa

ruseTis mTavrobas. swored am dros ruseTis mecnierebaTa

akademias dagegmili hqonda samecniero eqspediciis mowyoba

CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da saqrTveloSi. am garemoebiT isarge-

bla ruseTis mTavrobam da acnoba erekles 1770 wlis ian-

varSi, rom misi Txovnis dasakmayofileblad gamogzavnili

38 39

iqneboda aRniSnuli eqspedicia [8, gv.4-6]. Sepirebuli eqspedi-

ciis gamogzavna sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo gaWianurda da man

mxolod 1771 wlis Semodgomis dasawyisSi SeZlo duSeTSi

Camosvla.

eqspedicias xelmZRvanelobda da ZiriTadad kvleviT sa-

muSaoebs asrulebda akademikosi i. giuldenStedti, Tavisi

drois erT-erTi uniWieresi pirovneba da mravalmxrivi mecn-

ieri. igi kargad erkveoda humanitarul mecnierebaTa sakiTxeb-

Si da amave dros safuZvliani codna hqonda miRebuli bunebis-

metyvelebisa da teqnikis mTel rig dargebSi. mecnieris am

monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiam

mas amocanad dausaxa saqarTvelos florisa da faunis Ses-

wavla. amasTan mas damatebiT, magram farulad, unda Seeswavla

qveynis sasargeblo wiaRiseuli [9, gv.145-149].

duSeTSi Camosvlam da adgilze saqarTveloSi arsebuli

mdgomareobis gacnobam i.giuldenStedti daarwmuna imaSi, rom

eqspediciis warmatebiT CatarebisaTvis gacilebiT meti dro

iyo saWiro, vidre es Tavidan iyo dagegmili. qveyanaSi gax-

Sirebuli iyo lekTa Tavdasxmebi, ris gamoc 24-kaciani kaza-

kTa razmi aSkarad arasakmarisi iyo eqspediciis dacvisaTvis.

amitom eqspediciisaTvis erTaderTi gamosavali mefis erTi

punqtidan meoreSi gadaadgilebisas mis amalasa da Seiara-

Rebul razmebTan mikedleba iyo. vinaidan am gadaadgilebebze

damokidebul i.giuldenStedts misTvis saintereso punqteb-

Si moxvedra mxolod gaurkveveli drois Semdeg SeeZlo, man

TxovniT mimarTa ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademias, raTa eqspedi-

ciis saqmianobis vada gaegrZelebinaT 1772 wlis seqtembramde

[9, gv. 201].

duSeTSi SemuSavebuli winaswari samoqmedo gegma sru-

liad moulodnelad radikalurad Seicvala, rodesac

i.giuldenStedti 15 oqtombers mcxeTaSi pirvelad Sex-

vda erekles. swored am Sexvedras unda gulisxmobdes

i.giuldenStedtis is cnoba, romelic mas mohyavs mogvianebiT

(1772 w. 24 ivnisi) Sedgenil moxsenebiT baraTSi: ,,rodesac me

mefesTan movilaparake, man naTlad gamagebina, rom saqarTvelo-

Si Cemi yofnis mTavar miznad sabadoebis gamokvleva miaCnia~

[9], e.i. mefem, romelmac ruseTis mTavrobis 1770 w. ianvris

sapasuxo werilidan ukve icoda, rom i.giuldenStedti samTo-

metalurgiuli saqmis specialistic iyo, mas mosTxova im sa-

muSaos legalurad Catareba, romlis ganxorcielebis imedic

i.giuldenStedts adgilobrivi pirobebis gacnobisTanave ga-

daewura. aqedan Cans, rom eqspediciis saqmianobis saboloo

gegmis SemuSavebaSi, romelSic prioritetul mimarTulebad

mineralogiur-geologiuri xasiaTis kvlevebi gamoikveTa, mTa-

vari damsaxureba udavod erekles miuZRvis. amasTan erTad

is dapirda mecniers am saqmeSi yovelmxriv xelSewyobas da

swored aman ganapiroba SemdgomSi eqspediciis warmatebuli

saqmianoba.

mefe ereklem kidev erTi iniciativa gamoiCina, romlis saSu-

alebiTac i.giuldenStedtma SeZlo Tavis saboloo samoqmedo

gegmisaTvis ufro konkretuli xasiaTi mieca. zamTris TveebSi,

rodesac eqspedicia jer kidev TbilisSi imyofeboda da swav-

lobda Tbilisis Semogarens da iq moqmed metalurgiul obi-

eqtebs (liTonis gamosadnob qarxana-sawarmoebs, zarafxanas da

sxv.), erekles brZanebiT sxvadasxva kuTxis mmarTvelebs dae-

valaT maT teritoriaze arsebuli sabadoebidan amoeRoT da

TbilisSi gamoegzavnaT madnis sinjebi. am sinjebs dro da dro

mefe Sesaswavlad ugzavnida i.giuldenStedts. es ukanaskneli,

isev erekles meSveobiT, mmarTvelebs werilobiT usvamda im

SekiTxvebs, romlebic mas gamogzavnili sinjebis Seswavlis

Sedegad aReZvreboda. isinic yovelTvis aseve werilobiT ag-

zavnidnen pasuxebs. sinjebis gamokvlevisa da werilobiTi in-

formaciis safuZvelze winaswar dgindeboda sabadoebis per-

speqtiuloba, maTi adgilze daTvalierebis mizanSewoniloba

40 41

da amis mixedviT dgeboda eqspediciis marSrutebis konkre-

tuli sqema. i.giuldenStedtze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina

dambludis madanma, romelic mefem misTvis jer kidev zamTarSi

amoaRebina. garkveuli cdebis safuZvelze, i.giuldenStedtma,

rogorc etyoba es madani Zalze perspeqtiulad miiCnia da

dabejiTebiT sTxovda erekles iq gamgzavrebas. am ukanasknelma

es Txovna akademikoss cota mogvianebiT Seusrula, rodesac

SeZlo sakmao raodenobiT mcveli razmis Segroveba [8, gv. 79].

erekle xSirad iwvevda i.giuldenStedts TavisTan, uCveneb-

da axal mineralebs, ecnoboda maTi damuSavebis teqnologias

da esaubreboda samTo-metalurgiuli saqmis problemebze.

amave dros masTan erTad konkretul gegmebsac amuSavebda, Tu

sad da rodis unda gamgzavrebuliyo i.giuldenStedti adg-

ilze sabadoebis gasacnobad da Sesaswavlad [8, gv.7-9, 9, gv.

147-159].

konkretuli gegmis meSveobiT, ereklesgan saTanado dacviT

da materialuri xelSewyobiT uzrunvelyofilma eqspediciam

sakmaod mcire droSi moaxerxa qarTl-kaxeTis samefos faqto-

brivad yvela perspeqtiuli sabados Seswavla. gansakuTreb-

uli mniSvneloba hqonda somxiTis provinciaSi Catarebuli

kvlevis Sedegebs, sadac axali mdidari sabadoebic gamovlinda

da mtrebisgan gaCanagebuli Zveli sabadoebis perspeqtiulo-

bac dadasturda [8, gv.79].

mopovebuli monacemebis erToblivi ganxilvisas i.giulden-

Stedtsa da erekles samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis samomav-

lo perspeqtivebzec hqondaT msjeloba. ereklem gansakuTreb-

uli yuradReba miaqcia im mdidar sabadoebs, romlebic qveynis

sasazRvro zolSi iyo ganTavsebuli. maTi aTvisebis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT i.giuldenStedtis ganwyoba pesimisturi iyo, vi-

naidan am dausaxlebel teritoriaze muSaxelis naklebobis

garda agresiuli mezoblis Tavdasxmis saSiSroebac arsebob-

da. Tavis mxriv erekles am winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxva savse-

biT SesaZleblad miaCnda, Tu yizlarSi usaqmod ganTavsebuli

maRaroelTa razmi sabadoebis aTvisebis saqmeSi Caebmeboda.

muSaxelTan dakavSirebiT is Tavis Tavze iRebda sxva terito-

riebidan gadmosaxlebiT aq axalSenebis daarsebas, xolo us-

afrTxoebis garantias cixe-simagreebis qselis agebiT iZleo-

da [8, gv. 73-83].

i.giuldenStedtis samecniero eqspediciam, romlis saqmi-

anobaSic aseTi didi roli iTamaSa ereklem, samwuxarod ruse-

Tis xelisuflebis inertulobis gamo, mefis yvela imedi ver

gaamarTla. miuxedavad amisa, eqspediciis saqmianobas mainc didi

mniSvneloba hqonda. es iyo eqspedicia, romelmac pirvelad

da sakmaod farTo masStabebSi ganaxorciela qarTl-kaxeTis

teritoriis mineralogiur-geologiuri Seswavla. eqspedi-

ciis Sedegebi mniSvnelovani iyo zogadmecnieruli Tvalsaz-

risiTac, vinaidan is sayovelTaod cnobili gaxda mas Semdeg,

rac i.giuldenStedtis Canawerebi gamoaqveyna akademikosma

p.palasma. eqspediciam garkveuli sargebloba moutana qarTl-

kaxeTis samefosac. dadginda qveynis mineraluri resursebis

faqtobrivad sruli speqtri, misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi

da is perspeqtiuli mimarTulebebi, romelTa ganxorcielebac

uzrunvelyofda samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis mkveTr aRma-

vlobas. ramdenime wlis Semdeg ereklem damoukideblad SeZlo

samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis masStabebis sagrZnobi gafar-

Toeba, raSic garkveuli roli i.giuldenStedtisagan miReb-

ulma monacemebma da konsultaciebmac iTamaSa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom erekle bolomde ar kargavda ruseTidan

teqnikuri daxmarebis gawevis imeds, miT umetes, rom imperi-

isaTvis aseTi nabijebis gadadgma araviTar siZnelesTan ar iyo

dakavSirebuli. gardacvalebamde erTi wliT adre, 1797 w. 11

ivniss erekle garsevan WavWavaZis meSveobiT kvlav mimarTavs

ruseTis xelisuflebas TxovniT. mefe ruseTs sTavazobs mad-

nebis erTobliv damuSavebas da saTanado teqnikuri daxmarebis

42 43

gawevasac iTxovs. samagierod erekle kvlav hpirdeba ruseTs

mopovebuli madnis naxevris gadacemas da am dapirebisas TiTq-

mis sityva-sityviT imeorebs jer kidev 1771 wels ekaterine-

sadmi miwerili mimarTvis teqsts: ,,rac dRes Cvens qveyanaSi

metali ars da an amieriT ganipoveba da iqidan sargebeli

moipoveba, naxevari misi didebulebis xazinas mierTmis~ [56].

miuxedavad imisa, rom mefe erekle verc am Zalze sarge-

blian winadadebaze moeswro Tanxmobas da Zalian male, 1798

wlis ianvarSi gardaicvala, man sicocxlis bolo wlebSi

SeZlo ruseTis gareSe safuZveli Caeyara Tavisi masStabiT

arc Tu ise mniSvnelovani samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebisaT-

vis da Semoekriba ruseTSi samxedro xelovnebas da kerZod,

artilerias dauflebuli qarTveli specialistebis mTeli

jgufi, romelic zarbaznebisa da mortirebis gamodnobis xe-

lovnebasac flobda. maT ricxvSi iyvnen upirvelesad paata

batoniSvili vaxtang mefis Ze, paata andronikaSvili da giorgi

Tarxani. maT bevri gaakeTes zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli qarxnis

asamuSaveblad da mZlavri saartilerio parkis Camosayali-

beblad. saintereso Canaweri mohyavs giorgi Tarxans S-167 krebulis ydaze. es krebuli vaxtang VI-is ariTmetikis sax-

elmZRvanelos da aleqsandre batoniSvilis frangulidan Tu

rusulidan qarTulad Targmnil ,,saartilerio wigns~ Sei-

cavs [20, gv.263]. mogvianebiT Sesrulebul CanawerSi giorgi

Tarxani iuwyeba: ,,mRTisagan amaRlebulman mefeT-mefeman . . .

patronman iraklim mibrZana rusuls dasturze artileriis

gakeTeba saqarTvelos kacs giorgi Tarxans. saxeliTa mRTi-

saTa, SewevniT patronisa CemisaTa gavakeTe, gavawyev zarbaznebi,

rom rusebsac didad moswonsT, qarTvelTa da kaxTac didad

imedaT uCansT; vinc warikiTxvided Sendobas mibrZanebdeT~

[51]. rogorc Tarxani acxadebs, 60-70-ian wlebSi mis mier

damzadebuli saartilerio parki da zarbaznebi TviT ruseb-

sac ki moswonebiaT.

ruseTis armiis oficerma, artileristma simon ColoyaS-

vilma, totlebenTan erTad saqarTveloSi yofnisas erekles

yvela zarbazani lafetze daumagra da amiT ganuzomeli sam-

saxuri gauwia qarTvelobas (Tumca es RonisZieba rusebis

mier misi dapatimrebis erT-erTi mizezi aRmoCnda). Zlieri

artileriis Seqmnam ki patara qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba

erTi-orad gazarda.

berZnebis Camosaxlebis istoriisaTvis

mravali mcdelobis miuxedavad, ereklem ver SeZlo daerw-

munebina ruseTis mTavroba, rom mas qarTuli samTo-metalur-

giuli warmoebis aRorZinebis mizniT specialistebis Tundac

mcire jgufi gamoegzavna saqarTveloSi. am sakiTxis gadasaW-

relad mefem verc evropelebTan dakavSireba moaxerxa da mis

erTaderT imedad arzrumeli berZnebi rCebodnen. didi sirTu-

leebis miuxedavad mefis mcdeloba warmatebuli gamodga da

man didi mondomebis meSveobiT bolos da bolos daiyolia

berZnebi saqarTveloSi Camosvlaze.

XVIII saukunis aRmosavleTis regionSi samTo saqmeSi

yvelaze daxelovnebul specialistebs udavod arzrumeli

berZnebi warmoadgendnen. isini spilenZis nakeTobebiT TiTqmis

mTel aRmosavleTs amaragebdnen da am mxriv arc saqarTvelo

iyo gamonaklisi. 1772 wlisaTvis berZnebi saqarTveloSi ukve

adnobdnen spilenZs, magram ara im raodenobiT, rom spilenZis-

gan damzadebul Semotanil produqciaze moTxovnileba aRar

yofiliyo. amas adasturebs am periodSi saqarTveloSi Camo-

suli a.giuldenStedtic, romelic xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom

TbilisSi TurqeTidan, gansakuTrebiT ki arzrumidan Semohqon-

daT spilenZi, spilenZis qvabebi da sxva jam-WurWeli [8, gv.

250].

44 45

akad. J.turnefori (1656-1708 ww.), romelmac qalaqi arz-

rumi moinaxula, am qalaqis erT-erT RirsSesaniSnaobad iqaur

spilenZis xelosnebs miiCnevs. misi cnobiT TiTqmis yvela

berZeni mespilenZea da qalaqis gareubanSi cxovrobs, vinaidan

qalaqSi Turqebi maTi saxelosnoebis xmaurs ver eguebian.

rac Seexeba spilenZis madnebs, isini qalaqidan sami-oTxi dRis

savaliT aris dacilebuli. arzrumeli xelosnebi spilenZs

am sabadoebSi momuSave berZnebisagan iReben. arzrumis Semoga-

renSive trapizonisaken mimaval gzaze J.turnefors vercxlis

sabadoebis arsebobac daudastures [47, gv.43-45]. ase rom, ar-

zrumis provinciaSi gansaxlebuli berZnebi rogorc spilenZis,

ise tyviis, vercxlis da oqros Semcveli madnebis mopovebisa

da gamodnobis specialistebi unda yofiliyvnen.

XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi arzrumeli specialistebis

Camoyvanas jer kidev mefe Teimuraz I (1589-1663 ww.) cdi-

lobda. Aam mizniT man konstantinopolSi sagangebo elCic ki

miavlina, magram Turqebis SiSiT am RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba

ver moxerxda [46, gv. 51]. sakmaod didi winaaRmdegobebis miuxe-

davad erekle II-s mcdeloba amjerad warmatebuli gamodga.

berZnebis gadmosaxlebis istoria aRwerili aqvs berZen

anastas hajifetovs _ erekles qarxnebis erT-erT wamyvan spe-

cialists XVIII s. bolo aTwleulebsa da XIX s. dasawyisSi.

anastasis mama, Tevdore hajifetovi, saqarTveloSi Camosaxle-

buli berZnebis winamZRoli da amuSavebuli qarxnebis mTavari

specialisti iyo. samwuxarod anastas hajifetovs aRniSnuli

istoriis aRwera sakmaod gvian mouxda da amitom arc aris

gasakviri, rom 70 wlis win momxdari ambebis aRwerisas mas

garkveuli uzustobebi da Secdomebi daeSva. miuxedavad amisa,

es aRweriloba Zalze mniSvnelovania da sxva wyaroebTan Se-

jerebiT is saSualebas iZleva sakmaod zustad iqnes dadge-

nili berZnebis CamosaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli

faqtebi [77].

a.hajifetovis Tanaxmad, mefe erekles, rogorc gamWriax da

Tavis samefoze mzrunvel xelisufals, kargad esmoda Tu ra

sargebloba mohqondaT TurqeTis samTo warmoebisaTvis Sromis-

moyvare berZnebs da amitomac yvela saSualebiT cdilobda maT

Camosaxlebas saqarTveloSi. am mcdelobas Tavisi safuZveli

hqonda, vinaidan mefisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom uZveles

droSi axtalis monasterTan axlos funqcionirebda sakmaod

warmatebuli samTo sarewebi, romelTa nangrevebi erekles

drosac kidev SeimCneoda. a.hajifetovis monacemebis Tanaxmad,

erekles berZnebTan molaparakeba 50-ian wlebSi dauwyia. ma-

gram berZnebi ar Tanxmdebodnen mefis SemoTavazebas saqarT-

veloSi maT gadmosaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan aSinebdaT

im mdgomareobaSi Cavardna, ra mdgomareobaSic adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba imyofeboda mtrebis sistematuri damarbeveli

Semosevebis gamo. amitomac isini, a.hajifetovis sityvebiT

rom gadmovceT: ,,предпочитали находится в земле иноверного, но сильного и самобытного государства, чем доверить себя покровительству слабого царства, безсильного защитить даже собственные пределы~ [112, gv. 12-13].

miuxedavad amisa, ereklem mainc SeZlo Tavisi Canafiqris

asruleba. kerZod, TbilisSi Tavis saqmeebze Camosuli berZeni,

romelic Zalze pativcemul pirovnebad iyo miCneuli maRaroe-

bisa da metalurgiuli sarewebis mflobelTa wreSi, ereklem

TavisTan moixmo, didi pativi sca da dapirda, rom yvela pi-

robas Seuqmnida saqarTveloSi gadmosul mis Tanamemamuleebs.

man stumars axtalis Zveli warmoebis da gamonamuSevrebis

naSTebic daaTvalierebina, uxvad daasaCuqra da fulic gadasca

im berZnebisaTvis, romelTa dayoliebasac SeZlebda saqarT-

veloSi Camosasvlelad.

saCuqrebiTa da daxvedriT moxiblulma berZenma TurqeTSi

SeZlo specialistebis mcire jgufis dayolieba. am jgufma,

a.hajifetovis Tanaxmad, axtalis monastris axlos safuZveli

46 47

Cauyara pirvel samTo-metalurgiul warmoebas [112, gv.12-13].

aRniSnuli jgufis da mis mier Catarebuli RonisZiebebis

Sesaxeb ufro utyuari cnobebia daculi sxva pirvelwyaroSi,

romelic adre ar iyo cnobili. v.WaniSvilma 1970-ian wlebSi

mokvleuli masalebis safuZvelze aCvena, rom saqarTvelo-

Si Camosuli specialistebis pirveli partia sami kacisagan

Sedgeboda. cxadia, rom am jgufis upirvelesi amocana saba-

doebis Seswavla da maTi perspeqtiulobis dadgena iyo. mar-

Tlac, v.WaniSvilis mier mokvleuli masalebis Tanaxmad, mefe

am sam berZenTan erTad axtalaSi gaemgzavra, sadac Tavadma

a.meliqiSvilma maT Tavis mamulSi aCvena Zveli samTo gam-

onamuSevrebis, gvirabebisa da sawarmoebis naSTebi. berZnebis

miTiTebiT am adgilebSi gamosacdelad mopovebuli iqna 32

tona (2 aTasi fuTi) madani, romelic aqlemebiTa da cxenebiT

Caitanes TbilisSi. aq berZeni specialistebis miTiTebiT aaSe-

nes sacdeli Rumeli, romelSic Camotanili madnis dnoba ganx-

orcielda. Mmadnis aseTi didi raodenoba cxadia, rom ara

analizebisaTvis, aramed samodelo cdebisaTvis iyo gankuT-

vnili. warmatebulma cdebma berZnebi praqtikulad daarwmuna

Sesabamisi sabadoebis perspeqtiulobaSi [60].

cdebis dadebiTma Sedegebma sabolood gadawyvita berZnebis

didi jgufis saqarTveloSi Camosvlis sakiTxi. TurqeTSi dab-

runebulma samma specialistma cdebis monacemebis safuZvelze

advilad daarwmuna arzrumis provinciis berZnuli mosaxleo-

ba erekles wamowyebis perspeqtiulobaSi da ukve 1763 wels

Tevdore hajifetovis xelmZRvanelobiT samTo saqmis mcodne

800 berZnuli ojaxi (2000 suli) gamoemgzavra saqarTvelo-

Si.

berZnebs, maTTan winaswar dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanax-

mad, mefisaTvis unda gadaecaT mopovebuli oqros sruli ra-

odenoba da vercxlis 25% naturiT. danarCeni vercxli (75%)

unda dabruneboda berZnebs mefisagan moWrili abazebis saxiT.

Tavis mxriv mefe kisrulobda Tavisi xarjiT berZnebis ana-

toliidan Camoyvanas, dabinavebas da im damxmare kontigentiT

uzrunvelyofas, romelsac xeebis Wra da naxSiris damzadeba

evaleboda. rac Seexeba spilenZis warmoebas, gamomuSavebuli

liTonis mTeli raodenobidan 88% berZnebs rCebodaT, 10%-s

mefe da 2%-s jamagiris saxiT damxmare muSebad ayvanili

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba iRebda. berZnebi ganTavisuflebuli

iyvnen yovelgvari gadasaxadisagan da maTze mxolod valde-

bulebebis SezRuduli nawili vrceldeboda [112, gv. 15-16].

berZnebma vercxlis warmoebis qarxnebi aamuSaves axtalasa

da dambludSi, xolo 1770 wels mwyobrSi Cadga alaverdisa

da Sambludis spilenZis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebi. amrigad,

ereklem SeZlo misi droisaTvis uprecendento RonisZiebis

gatareba da TiTqmis cariel adgilze safuZveli Cauyara sak-

maod efeqtur samTo-metalurgiul warmoebas. am aqtiT erek-

lem faqtobrivadD fizikuri ganadgurebas gadaarCina qarTve-

li eri, vinaidan Semosavlis axalma da mniSvnelovanma wyarom,

iseve rogorc liTonebis saSualebiT mZlavri saartilerio

parkis Seqmnam, didad Seuwyo xeli qveynis ekonomikisa da

Tavdacvisunarianobis zrdas.

XIX s. dasawyisSi samTo-metalurgiuli sawarmoebi moinax-

ules rusuli samTo eqspediciis wevrebma a.musin-puSkinis

meTaurobiT. rusma inJinrebma sworad Seafases berZnebis mier

gamoyenebuli madnis gadamuSavebis wesebi. maT ver SeamCnies

racionaluri marcvali berZnebis teqnologiur sqemebSi, rac

nawilobriv gamarTlebulia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT berZnebis

mier samTo teqnikaSi gamoyenebul iaraRebs. kerZod, madnamde

mimavali Strekebis Tu xvrelebis zomebi marTlac ise mcire

iyo, rom madnis gamotana maRaroelebs moxril an woliT

mdgomareobaSi SeeZloT, ventilaciac ar iyo saTanado do-

neze, xolo qanebis dasamuSaveblad ramdenime weraqvi an uro

gamoiyeneboda [112, gv. 85-86].

48 49

samTo teqnikisagan gansxvavebiT sul sxva doneze idga

warmoebis qimiur-metalurgiuli mxare. am SemTxvevaSi rusi

specialistebis azriT berZnebi sakmaod maRali ostatobiT

gamoirCeodnen (gamonakliss mxolod erTi rusi specialis-

tis Sexeduleba warmoadgenda, romelic Tvlida, rom berZnebis

mier spilenZis madnebidan liTonis gamodnobisas, danakargebi

Tu mis naxevars ara, mesameds mainc Seadgenda [104, gv.90]).

Cvens mier mopovebuli monacemebidan Cans, rom rusi spe-

cialistebis Sefaseba rig SemTxvevaSi obieqturi iyo. berZnebi

liTonebis dnobis im droisaTvis optimaluri teqnologiebiT

sargeblobdnen da maTi miRwevebi ruseTis maRali rangis

Tanamdebobis pirebsac ar darCeniaT SeumCneveli. metic, ber-

Znebis teqnologiebi ruseTSi praqtikulad iyo gamoyenebuli.

konkretul magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT ruseTSi, nerCins-

kis sabadosTan dakavSirebuli faqti.

1691 wels aRmoCenili nerCinskis tyvia-vercxlis madani

saTanado specialistebis ararsebobis gamo TiTqmis TerTme-

ti wlis ganmavlobaSi ver iqna aTvisebuli. nerCinskis war-

moeba amuSavda 1702 wels patara qarxnis saxiT, rac petre

pirvelma ucxoeli specialistebis, kerZod ki, berZeni metal-

urgis, aleqsandre levadianis daxmarebiT SeZlo. niSandobliv-

ia, rom Semdgom wlebSic qarxnis warmatebuli funqcionireba

isev berZeni specialistebis, mama-Svilis simon grigolis Zis

da ivane simonis Zis zedamxedvelobiT xorcieldeboda [98,

gv.224]. cxadia, rom petre pirveli, romelic evropaSi `fan-

jris gaWrisTvis~ iRwvoda, garkveul winaaRmdegobas waawyda

saWiro specialistebis mozidvasTan dakavSirebiT da iZulebuli

gaxda berZnebis momsaxurebiT esargebla. mis mier mowveuli

ostatebi udavod arzrumeli berZnebi unda yofiliyvnen, rom-

lebic mTel aRmosavleTSi saukeTeso specialistebis reputa-

ciiT sargeblobdnen. swored maTi uSualo STamomavlebi unda

yofiliyvnen erekles mier arzrumidan Camosaxlebuli berZnebic.

daviT batoniSvilis (1776-1819 ww.) cnobis Tanax-

mad, erek les karze moRvawe eqimi i. reinegsi, romelic amave

dros maRali donis qimikos-metalurgi iyo, berZnebs gaejibra

liTonebis dnobis saqmeSi. Catarebulma cdebma cxadyo, rom

berZnebic progresul teqnologias flobdnen da maT mier

gamodnobili liToni raodenobrivadac ar CamorCeboda adgi-

lobrivs [105, gv.92].

ruseTis samTo eqspediciis xelmZRvanels, a.musin-puSkins

Tavisi Sexeduleba qonda berZeni metalurgebis kvalifikaci-

aze. es naTlad Cans ruseTis berg-kolegiisadmi wardgenili

proeqtidan (1800 w.), romelSic berZnebis ganacxadic aris

gaTvaliswinebuli. kerZod, a.musin-puSkini rusi inJinrebis

rekomendaciebis safuZvelze Tvlida, rom 1000 fuTi qarTuli

spilenZis madnidan 70-130 fuTi liTonis gamodnoba SeiZle-

boda. berZeni ostatebis Tanaxmad ki, rusi specialistebisagan

gansxvavebiT, SesaZlebeli iyo am produqciis raodenoba 80-

160 fuTi yofiliyo. am ganacxadis safuZvelze a.musin-puSkin-

ma sabolood CaTvala, rom gamodnobili liTonis saSualo

raodenobad 120 fuTi unda dasaxelebuliyo [42].

imave a.musin-puSkinma erTgvarad gaimeora warsulSi petre

I-is mier gamoCenili iniciativa da saqarTvelodan mozdokSi

gadaiyvana berZnebis mTavari specialisti anastas hajifetovi.

aq man rusi mdnobelebis paralelurad Caatara sacdeli dno-

bebi. rogorc im dros Sedgenili saarqivo masalebidan Cans,

erTi da imave raodenobis madnidan man rus metalurgebTan

SedarebiT meti wonis vercxli gamoadno [43].

ramdenime wlis Semdeg a.musin-puSkini berZen specialiste-

bTan mimarTebaSi kidev ufro Sors wavida. qarTuli metalur-

giuli qarxnebis warmadobis gazrdis mizniT, man gadawyvita

saqarTveloSi moewvia arzrumeli berZnebis axali jgufi.

1800 w. 16 dekembers dadebuli iqna berZnebisaTvis Zalze xel-

sayreli xelSekruleba, romliTac kidev erTxel dadasturda

50 51

is faqti, rom samTo eqspedicia saTanado Sefasebas aZlevda

berZnebis kvalifikacias. a.musin-puSkinma axlad da didi xniT

adre Camosuli berZnebis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT moaxerxa

warmoebis farTod gaSla. amis erTi-erTi mizezi ki unda yo-

filiyo is faqti, rom TiTqmis imave dros, kerZod 1804 wels,

rusi specialistebi dainiSnen qarxnis mmarTvelebad: axtalaSi

– i.eixfeldi, xolo alaverdSi – a.borzunovi [104, gv.95-96].

isini Tvlidnen, rom berZeni ostatebis Sromis nayofi-

ereba uCveulod dabali iyo da warmoeba axali meTodebis

danergvas saWiroebda. magram cnobilia, rom berZnebi ewinaaR-

mdegebodnen am wamowyebebs da acxadebdnen, rom am SemTxvevaSi

liTonis Wedadoba mcirdeboda da Sesabamisad misi fasic

klebulobda [104, gv.98].

am dros daiwyo spilenZis dagrovebis procesi da masze

moTxovnileba ramdenadme Semcirda. erekles dros, rodesac

gacilebiT mZime pirobebi iyo, rusma da berZenma specialiste-

bma SeZles mniSvnelovani warmatebebisaTvis mieRwiaT da amaSi,

rogorc etyoba, Tavisi roli im garemoebamac iTamaSa, rom mefe

ereklem maT mianiWa warmoebaze sruli zedamxedvelobis ufleba.

Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamosworeba mxolod warmoebis teqni-

kuri aRWurviT ver moxerxda. saqarTveloSi (da miT umetes

mezobel qveynebSi) spilenZze moTxovnilebis mkveTri Semcireba

mxolod misi fasis gazrdiT ar iyo gamowveuli, mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSa misi xarisxis ramdenadme gauaresebamac.

gamovlenili faqtebis safuZvelze naTlad Cans, rom ber-

Znebi sakmaod gamocdili da kvalificirebuli metalurgebi

iyvnen. marTalia maTi teqnologiebi imdroindel evropul te-

qnologiebs ver Seedreboda, magram evropidan dacilebuli

qveynebisaTvis maT didi praqtikuli sargeblobis motana See-

ZloT. swored ase moxda qarTul sinamdvileSi da maTma saqmi-

anobam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa Zveli qarTuli samTo-

metalurgiuli warmoebis aRorZinebis saqmeSi.

3. spilenZis da rkinis metalurgia

spilenZisa da rkinis warmoebas, yvelaze sameurneo-praqti-

kuli da moxmarebadi liTonebis miReba-damuSavebas, erekle II-

is mier daarsebul qarxnebsa da saxelosno gaerTianebebSi Ta-

vidanve gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda. spilenZis mTavari

mwarmoebeli alaverdis qarxana iyo, bolnisi rkina-fola-

dis produqciiT amaragebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos. Zvirfasi

liTonebis, oqro-vercxlis (masTan erTad tyviis) ZiriTad da-

mamzadebel gaerTianebas axtalis qarxana warmoadgenda. yvela

moqmed metalurgiul obieqts sistematurad miewodeboda saw-

vavi (xis naxSiri), romlis damamzadebeli damxmare sawarmo

TiToeul qarxanasTan funqcionirebda.

zemoaRniSnuli metalurgiuli qarxnebis samuSao sqemisa

da teqnologiuri procesebis analizs, sawvavi masalis bazis

mowyobilobis ganxilviT daviwyebT.

naxSiris damzadeba

berZnebTan winaswar dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad

mefe erekle kisrulobda maT uzrunvelyofas SeSiT da rac

mTavaria, xis naxSiriT. es valdebuleba ki arc Tu ise advi-

li Sesasrulebeli iyo, vinaidan saqarTveloSi amoqmedebuli

spilenZis, vercxlis da rkinis 4 Tu 5 qarxnisaTvis saWiro

iqneboda naxSiris sakmaod didi raodenoba. ase rom, erekles

mouxda adgilobrivi Zalebis saSualebiT naxSiris damamzade-

beli warmoebis organizeba moqmedi qarxnebis maxloblobaSi.

naxSiris damamzadebeli warmoebebis Sesaxeb Cven araviTari

cnoba ar gagvaCnia. cnobilia mxolod termini `menaxSire~,

romelic naxSiris damamzadebel ostats gulisxmobs. erT-

erT sabuTSi gvxvdeba agreTve `misxanis madnis menaxSireebi~

52 53

[25, gv.131], romelic erT-erT qarxanasTan, am SemTxvevaSi ki

`misxanis madanTan~ arsebuli naxSiris warmoebis speciali-

stebs gulisxmobs.

uSualo cnobebis uqonlobis miuxedavad, SevecadeT aRniS-

nul qarxnebTan arsebuli naxSiris warmoebebis teqnologi-

uri sqemis sakmao sizustiT rekonstruirebas. am SemTxvevaSi

naxSiris damzadebis teqnologiuri aRwerilobis unikalur

informacias moicavs raWis (wedisis) rkinis warmoebasTan da-

kavSirebuli mdidari eTnografiuli masala. im dros, rodesac

safuZveli eyreboda erekleseul samTo-metalurgiul warmoe-

bas, wedisis rkinis sarewebSi intensiurad da didi raodeno-

biT naxSirs awarmoebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, naxSiris didi

warmoebebis Camoyalibebisas teqnologiuri sqema wedisuri

praqtikidan unda yofiliyo aRebuli. arc is aris gamor-

icxuli, rom saWiro Cvevebisa da codnis SesaZenad da kvali-

fikaciis misaRebad erekles momavali naxSiris specialistebi

garkveuli xniT wedisSi gaegzavna.

amas gvafiqrebinebs mogvianebiT giorgi XII-s mier ruseTis

xelisuflebisadmi gagzavnili werili, romelSic is erTo-

blivi samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebis gamarTvis SemTxvevaSi

am warmoebis muSebiT uzrunvelyofis garantias iZleoda. es

muSebi mefis valdebulebiT misi samefos (e.i. qarTl-kaxeTis)

garda imereTis samefodan, kerZod ki raWidan unda yofili-

yvnen gadmosaxlebuli [59]. raWa, romelic faqtobrivad sxva

samefos ganekuTvneboda, aq SemTxveviT ar aris dasaxelebuli.

raWvel ostatebs 60-ian wlebamde TbilisSi didi raodenobiT

SemohqondaT rkinis nakeTobebi, Tbilisidan ki denTi gahqon-

daT sabadoebSi madnis Semcveli qanebis asafeTqeblad [105,

gv.55]. aqedan gamomdinare, giorgisTvis (da adre miTumetes

ereklesTvis) kargad unda yofiliyo cnobili raWvelebis

daxelovneba samTo-metalurgiul saqmeSi. amitomac savsebiT

SesaZlebelia, rom erekles raWveli ostatebi konsultaciis

gawevasTan erTad uSualodac CaerTo naxSiris damzadebis

saqmeSi.

raWvelebTan aseTi urTierToba TavisTavad niSnavs, rom

erekles qarxnebsa da wedisSi naxSiris damzadebis erTnairi

wesebi unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, erek-

leseuli warmoebis erT-erTi teqnologiuri kvanZis Sesaxeb

faqtobrivad sruli warmodgenis SeqmnisaTvis savsebiT sakma-

risia im didZali eTnografiuli masaliT visargebloT, ro-

melic n.rexviaSvilma moipova wedisuri rkinis warmoebasTan

dakavSirebiT [36].

naxSiris damzadeba Zalze sapasuxismgeblo saqme iyo, ro-

melic srulyofilad mxolod gamocdil da mcodne kacs See-

Zlo. aseT ostats wedisSi `naxSiris moxeles~ eZaxdnen. mas

iseTi detalebis codna moeTxoveboda, romelsac Tanamedrove

pirobebSic ki, aucileblad unda flobdes am saqmis special-

isti. kerZod, misTvis cnobili iyo, rom naxSirad yvela xis

jiSi ar gamodgeboda. saWiro iyo xis SerCeva ori niSniT:

pirveli – xis jiSis da meore – sinedlis mixedviT. magali-

Tad, ostatebma icodnen, rom muxa, wifela da rcxila magar

naxSirs iZleoda, wabli, naZvi da ifani – zomiers, xolo Tx-

ili, deka da muryani – rbils. raWveli ostatebis es empiri-

uli codna srul TanxmobaSia Tanamedrove cdebis SedegebTan,

romelTa Tanaxmadac xis 19 jiSisaTvis naxSiris gamosavali

33%-dan 46%-is farglebSi meryeobda [93, gv.159]. sanaxSired

arc Zlier nedli da arc Zlier xmeli SeSa gamodgebo-

da, vinaidan nedli gvian iwvoda da wediseli specialiste-

bis Tanaxmad `wylad midioda~, xmels ki swrafad ekideboda

(`ucbad abrialdeba cecxli da iRvelTeba~) da is ZiriTadad

nacar-ferflad iqceoda. amitomac saWiro iyo, rom sanaxSire

SeSa sakmarisad gamomSrali yofiliyo da misi damzadebis op-

timalur drod agvisto-seqtemberi iyo miRebuli.

cxadia, rom sanaxSire xeebis moWris Semdeg gaTvaliswineb-

54 55

uli iyo maTi ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi Sroba, radgan im

drosac ukve kargad iyo cnobili, rom gamomSrali xisaTvis

danaxSirebis procesi Zalze swrafad mimdinareobs. xolo

Tu xe teniania, is gamoyofs imden orTqls, rom amis Sedegad

sruliad fuWad ixarjeba sawvavis nawili. amitomac sanaxSire

SeSis Srobis stadiac erT-erT mniSvnelovan etapad iTvle-

boda naxSiris damzadebis saqmeSi [93, gv.661-662].

vinaidan rkinis warmoebas didi raodenobiT naxSiri sWird-

eboda, amitom ramdenime adamianisgan Semdgari jgufi (4-8 ka-

camde) midioda tyeSi da winaswar amzadebda sanaxSire SeSas.

xeebis moWris Semdeg maT sxepdnen, zomierad moravdnen, Tavs

uyridnen, xorad dgamdnen da aclidnen `SeWknobas~ anu gamoS-

robas. ramdenime xnis Semdeg damamzadeblebi kvlav brundebod-

nen `naxSiris moxelesTan~ erTad da sanaxSire adgils misive

miTiTebiT iqve axlos arCevdnen. am adgilze Txridnen ormos

da iwyebdnen sanaxSires gamarTvas, xolo muSebis meore jgufs

am dros ormosTan mohqonda damaragebuli SeSa (sanaxSires

Sor manZilze gakeTebisas SeSis gadasatanad iyenebdnen xar-

marxils).

raWaSi eTnografebma ori tipis sanaxSire daafiqsires.

erTSi xis naxSiri daxurulad, xolo meoreSi _ Riad gamow-

vis pirobebSi miiReboda. amasTan erTad, pirveli tipis sanax-

Sire amoSenebuli iyo qviT, xolo meore – amouSenebeli iyo.

pirveli sanaxSirisaTvis miwa iTxreboda kuTxovani or-

mos saxiT (sigrZe – 2,50 m, sigane – 1,50 m, simaRle – 2 m),

Semdeg ormos napirebs qviT amoSenebuli kedliT amagrebdnen,

iSviaTad ki ise tovebdnen. kedlebSi kari da ori sarkmeli

– sasule iyo dayolebuli. erTi sasule qaris mimarTulebiT

keTdeboda, sarkmelis saxiT. garda amisa, sasule ewodeboda

sakvamlesac, romelic sanaxSires Sekruli TaRis SuaSi keT-

deboda. sanaxSires mowyobis moTavebisas, SuaSi ganTavsebuli

sasuledan SeSas cecxls ukidebdnen da iwyeboda danaxSirebis

procesi. rodesac cecxli gaZlierdeboda, SeSa karebidan Tan-

daTan miewodeboda. am dros mTavari iyo, rom SeSa danakvercx-

lebuliyo gaZlierebul cecxlSi. normaluri wvis warsamar-

Tavad axal-axali SeSis miwodeba da amiT cecxlis Seneleba

kvalificirebul codnas moiTxovda. `naxSiris moxele~ anu

`menaxSire~ procesis normalurad mimdinareobas sasuleebis

saSualebiT awesrigebda. samive sasule da karebi iReboda

da ixureboda imisda mixedviT, Tu romel mxares iyo saWiro

cecxlis gaZliereba an Sesusteba. haerSi niavis moZraobis

gansazRvriT moxele Sesabamis sarkmels aRebda, raTa cecxli

ar gamqraliyo. Tumca arc Zlieri cecxli iyo dasaSvebi,

radganac am SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneboda SeSis Caferfvlas da

naxSiris nacvlad nacris miRebas. danaxSirebis process erTi

dRe-Rame sWirdeboda. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi `naxSiris

moxele~ cecxlis alze vizualuri dakvirvebiT atyobda, Tu

rogor mimdinareobda wva da sarkmelebis saSualebiT miwo-

debuli haeriT garedan aregulirebda wvis mimdinareobas.

procesis damTavrebisas gaCaRebul cecxls sakvamledan svel

`reSs~ anu naxSiris ganacers da miwas ayridnen. yvela sa-

sules mWidrod axSobdnen, xolo karebidan erTi doqi wylis

Sesxmis Semdgom, masac xuravdnen. am saxiT axSobdnen cecxls

sanaxSireSi, xolo amis Semdeg ramdenime dRes mis gacivebas

andomebdnen [36, gv.35-36].

raWvel ostatebs, rogorc etyoba, dakvirvebis Sedegad

kargad hqondaT gaazrebuli is movlena, rom haeris miwodebis

SewyvetiT cecxli qreboda. amitomac am Caqrobas isini ̀ sulis

mogubviT moSretas~, anu `moxrCobas~ uwodebdnen. damwvari

naxSiri, 3-4 dRiani gagrilebis Semdeg, ukve daniSnulebis-

amebr gamoiyeneboda. danaxSirebis procesis warmarTvasTan er-

Tad aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda cecxlis Caqrobis sta-

dias. `naxSiris moxeleebisTvis~ kargad iyo cnobili, rom Tu

sanaxSireSi cecxli swrafad da erTdroulad ar iqneboda

56 57

Camqrali, `naxSirs gulSi cecxli gaujdeboda da erTianad

Caiferfleboda~. aseve uaryofiT Sedegebs iZleoda yvela sa-

sulis da karebis arasafuZvlianad dagmanva, ris Sedegadac

Sig SeRweuli haeri, gaRvivebuli cecxlis xarjze, naxSiris

nacvlad, nacars iZleoda.

gamoiyeneboda naxSiris miRebis meore wesic, romelic da-

naxSirebas Ria ormoSi iTvaliswinebda. am SemTxvevaSi ormos

Tavze idga ori kaci da rig-rigobiT umatebdnen cecxlze Se-

Sas. es meTodi SedarebiT martivi da ubralo iyo, Tumca Ria

ormoSi naxSiris miReba didi raodenobiT SeSas moiTxovda

da am SemTxvevaSi ugulvebelyofili iyo rogorc SeSis, ise

naxSiris ekonomia da am ukanasknelis xarisxic [36, gv.37].

sanaxSire ormoSi miRebuli produqtis gacivebis Semdeg,

pirvelad aclidnen Tav-miwas, wmenddnen Tavs da iwyebdnen

naxSiris amoRebas fenebad. amoRebul naxSirs did cxavSi

atarebdnen, romelsac didi farTo Tvlebi hqonda. ganaceri

naxSiri mtvers anu `reSs~ warmoadgenda, xolo cxavSi dar-

Cenili ki – anacers _ `xoruS naxSirs~. didi yuradReba

eqceoda agreTve naxSiris gawmendas sxvadasxva sibinZurisagan,

kenWebisagan da a.S. raWveli ostatebi naxSiris xarisxs misi

ormoSi mdebareobis mixedviT arCevdnen. maT SemCneuli hqon-

daT, rom `Tavi naxSiri~, `guli naxSiri~ da `Ziri naxSiri~

sxvadasxva Tvisebisa iyo da amitomac maT sxvadasxva daniS-

nulebiT iyenebdnen [36, gv.39].

erekles qarxnebSic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, naxSiri

zustad imave wesiT unda daemzadebinaT, romelic Cven wedi-

sel naxSiris specialistebTan dakavSirebiT ganvixileT. amas

garda, sxvadasxva qarxnebis zogierT specifikur procesTan

dakavSirebiT, qarxnebTan moqmed naxSiris sawarmoebSi uTuod

gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda produqciis gansakuTrebuli ji-

Sis xisgan miReba. magaliTad, axtalis qarxanaSi kupelaciis

procesisaTvis sawvavad mxolod kviparosisagan damzadebuli

naxSiri, xolo keris amonagebSi kaklis xisgan damzadebuli

naxSiri gamoiyeneboda [21].

spilenZis warmoeba

alaverdis qarxanasTan erTad spilenZis gadamuSave-

bas awarmoebdnen dambludisa da Sambludis spilenZis qa-

rxnebi. es ukanaskneli, rogorc etyoba wyvetilad muSaobda

da amis gamo misi produqcia qarxnebis saerTo produqciis

Zalze umniSvnelo nawils Seadgenda. arc dambludis qarx-

ana gamoirCeoda didi warmadobiT, rac kargad Cans Semdegi

monacemebidan: v.melqonianis Tanaxmad, romelic udavod Za-

lze saimedo wyaroebs eyrdnoba, alaverdis qarxnis wli-

uri warmadoba 180-190 tona anu 11250-11950 fuT spilenZs

Seadgenda [27]. amave dros, qarxnis erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis,

anastas hajifetovis gviandeli cnobiT, spilenZis qarxnebis

wliuri warmadoba 5000-15000 fuTis sazRvrebSi meryeobda

[77]. Tu am da alaverdis qarxnis maqsimalur warmadobebs

erTmaneTs SevadarebT, naTlad Cans, rom alaverdis qarxanaze

produqciis ZiriTadi wili, daaxloebiT 12000 fuTi modioda

(maSin rodesac dambludis qarxana gacilebiT mcire, TiTqmis

4-jer nakleb spilenZis raodenobas adnobda). am monacemebis

gaTvaliswinebiT spilenZis warmoebas XVIII s. meore naxevris

saqarTveloSi, Cven, yvelaze didi warmadobis mqone alaverdis

qarxnis magaliTze ganvixilavT (miTumetes, rom Cvenamde moR-

weuli wyaroebis ZiriTadi nawili am qarxanas exeba).

alaverdis spilenZis sawarmo

alaverdis qarxnis Sesaxeb mTel rig SemTxvevebSi Taname-

drove gamokvlevebi urTierTSeuTanxmebel monacemebs Seicavs,

58 59

rac cxadia arTulebs qarxnis WeSmariti maxasiaTeblebisa

da teqnologiuri parametrebis dadgenas. zustad aris mx-

olod cnobili, rom qarxanaSi spilenZis miRebis mizniT mad-

nis gadamuSaveba sam etapad xorcieldeboda da Sesabamisad

madnis gamowvas, dnobas da miRebuli Savi spilenZis rafini-

rebas iTvaliswinebda. avtorebis erTi jgufis Tanaxmad, mad-

nebis gamowva sagangebo qurebSi mimdinareobda [21, 56], sxva

monacemebiT ki am process madnebis grovis Riad gamowviT ax-

orcielebdnen [27]. gamosawvav cilindrul qurebSi, romelTa

diametric da simaRlec 2,48 metrs Seadgenda, erTmaneTis

SenacvlebiT iyreboda madnis da naxSiris fenebi. magram aRniS-

nuli monacemidan aSkarad Cans, rom aseTi kazmis pirobebSi

ver iqneboda uzrunvelyofili gamowvisaTvis saWiro JangviTi

garemos Seqmna, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi madanze urTierTq-

medeba ara haeris JangbadiT, aramed naxSiris wvis Sedegad

miRebuli CO-s saSualebiT xorcieldeboda. aq aSkarad gvaqvs

saqme aRdgeniT dnobaze momuSave RumelTan da gaugebaria, Tu

ratom iqna is gaigivebuli gamosawvav RumelTan. aRsaniSnavia,

rom es mcdari cnoba ramodenime gamokvlevaSi gvxvdeba. ker-

Zod, a.koWlavaSvilis garda [21] aRniSnul Rumels gamosaw-

vav Rumelad m.CorgolaSvilic Tvlis, Tumca am ukanasknelis

mixedviT, is Turme rusebs SemouRiaT 1801 wlis Semdeg [56].

igive obieqts unda gulisxmobdes i.gZeliSvilic, romelmac

a.borzunovis (1802w.) sityvieri aRwerilobis mixedviT am

Rumelis (da masTan erTad spilenZis gamosadnobi da gasaw-

mendi Rumelebis) grafikuli rekonstruqcia moaxdina [12].

Tumca naxazs raime ganmarteba ar axlavs, magram aSkarad Cans,

rom es ,,gamosawvavi~ Rumelic zustad iseTive cilindru-

li formisaa, rogoric warmodgenilia a.koWlavaSvilis da

m.CorgolaSvilis aRwerilobebSi.

aseve eWvs iwvevs literaturaSi moyvanili erT-erTi mo-

nacemi, romlis Tanaxmadac erTi fuTi Savi spilenZis mis-

aRebad alaverdis qarxanaSi 5,6 fuT madans amuSavebdnen [21].

am cifris ararealoba aSkarad Cans meore monacemis fonze,

romlis mixedviTac alaverdis qarxanaSi erTi fuTi wiTeli

spilenZis gamosadnobad 15 fuTi madani ixarjeboda [27]. cxa-

dia, rom erTi fuTi Savi spilenZis misaRebad 15 fuTze na-

klebi madani iqneboda saWiro da es naklebi raodenobac ki

rom aviRoT (romelic daaxloebiT 12-13 fuTs Seadgens), is

mainc orjer aRemateba zemoT miTiTebul 5,6 fuTs.

Cvens mier arqivSi [42] mikvleuli iqna sabuTi, romelic

saSualebas gvaZlevs sabolood gaverkveT alaverdis qarxa-

nasTan dakavSirebul teqnikur detalebSi da maqsimaluri mi-

axloebiT SevZloT am qarxanaSi gamoyenebuli teqnologiuri

sqemis rekonstruireba. es aris ruseTis samTo eqspediciis

xelmZRvanelis a.musin-puSkinis 1801 wlis Tebervlis mox-

senebiTi baraTi saxelmwifo berg-komisiisadmi, sadac is ala-

verdis qarxnis Sesaxeb msjelobs da raodenobrivi monacemebis

moyvaniT aCvenebs, Tu ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia am qarxa-

nas. vinaidan es sabuTi qarxanaSi gamoyenebuli teqnologiuri

procesebis da moqmedi aparaturis mixedviT aris Sedgenili,

is faqtiurad am qarxanaSi arsebuli realuri viTarebis sak-

maod zust aRwerilobas iZleva. amave sabuTSi, arc avtoris

mier navaraudevi qarxnis perspeqtiuli warmadoba gansxvavde-

ba didad im dros realurad arsebuli warmadobisagan. ase

rom, sabuTidan am mxrivac sakmaod zusti informaciis miReba

SeiZleba.

a.musin-puSkinis wardgenili monacemebi rom TiTqmis ar

gansxvavdeba realuri viTarebisagan, es Cans qarxanasTan daka-

vSirebuli im raodenobrivi monacemebiT, romlebic zogierTi

wyaros damatebiT cnobebSi aris moyvanili. isini faqtobrivad

Tanxvdeba a.musin-puSkinis informacias. kerZod, Cven ukve ze-

moT ganvixileT a.melqonianis cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac ala-

verdis qarxnis warmadoba 180-190 tonas anu 11250-11930

60 61

fuT spilenZs Seadgenda. a.musin-puSkinis mixedviT ki qarxnis

warmadoba 12000 fuTia, rac cxadia Tanxvdeba a.melqonianis

monacems. SeiZleba kidev davasaxeloT a.musin-puSkinis da

erT-erTi cnobis sruli Tanxvedra Savi spilenZis gawmendil

spilenZTan fardobasTan dakavSirebiT [21]. ase rom, a.musin-

puSkinis monacemebi sakmaod zustad asaxavs arsebul mdgo-

mareobas da rac mTavaria, aSuqebs qarxanaSi gamoyenebuli te-

qnologiuri sqemis yvela sakvanZo detals.

a.musin-puSkinis Tanaxmad, alaverdis qarxnisaTvis ori

sabadodan yovelwliurad mopovebuli madnis raodenoba

200000 fuTs Seadgens, risTvisac ,,axlandeli muSaobis mixed-

viT saWiroa 100 kaci~. rogorc amave dokumentidan irkveva,

weliwadSi qarxnis sruli samuSao dro 250 dRes Seadgenda,

e.i. dReSi unda gamomuSavebuliyo 800 fuTi (200000 : 250

= 800) madani. madnis gamowva 100 patara RumelSi warmoebs

da mas 100 kaci unda moemsaxuros. madnidan Savi spilenZis

gamosadnobad 8 Rumeli muSaobs, romelTagan TiToeuli dRe-

RameSi 100 fuT madans amuSavebs. TiToeul Rumels emsax-

ureba 6 mdnobeli da 12 mesabervle. am RumelebSi 250 dRis

ganmavlobaSi 200000 fuTi madnidan miiReba 15000 fuTi

Savi spilenZi. Savi spilenZis gasasufTaveblad ki 2 Rumeli

moqmedebs. 15000 fuTi Savi spilenZidan gawmendis Sedegad

miiReba 12000 fuTi sufTa spilenZi.

aqve a.musin-puSkins xelmeored mohyavs im muSaxelis sia,

romlebic unda emsaxurebodnen TiToeul teqnologiur kvan-

Zs. kerZod, maTi raodenoba Seadgens: madnis mopovebisaTvis _

100 kacs, gamowvis procesisaTvis _ 100 kacs, Savi spilenZis

gamosadnobad _ 144 kacs da gawmendis procedurisaTvis _

36 kacs. avadmyofobis gamo mocdenaTa gaTvaliswinebiT da sx-

vadasxva damatebiTi samuSaos Sesasruleblad saWiro iqneba

20 kaci. ase rom, qarxnis sruli kontigenti 400 kaciT unda

ganisazRvros [42]. moyvanili monacemebis komentireba Semd-

gomSi gvaqvs gaTvaliswinebuli, rodesac dawvrilebiT ganvix-

ilavT TiToeul teqnologiur kvanZs. am kvanZebis moqmedebis

ganxilvisas vixelmZRvanelebT aRniSnuli dokumentis sqemiT,

romelic, rogorc araerTi damatebiTi cnobis safuZvelze

davrwmundebiT, sakmao sazustiT asaxavs realur viTarebas. am

sqemis Sesabamisad pirvel rigSi ganvixilavT spilenZis madnis

mopovebisa da winaswari gadamuSavebis sakiTxs, xolo Semdgom

spilenZis madnis Sav da rafinirebul spilenZad gadadnobis

process.

spilenZis madnis mopoveba da gamowva

berZnebis mier SemuSavebul mTel teqnologiur ciklSi,

metalurgiuli procesebis fonze, ucnaurad dabali doniT

gamoirCeva samTomompovebeli ubani. Tu dnobis procesis sak-

maod rentabeluri teqnologia berZnebs saSualebas aZlevda

maRali xarisxisa da raodenobis liToni gamoednoT, samTomom-

povebeli teqnika primitiuli iyo da mniSvnelovnad CamorCe-

boda evropuls.

berZnuli samTo teqnikis Sesaxeb XVIII s. Tanadrou-

li saintereso aRweriloba aris SemorCenili, romelic rus

inJiner a.borzunovs ekuTvnis. cnoba konkretulad axtalis

samTo sawarmos exeba, magram is SeiZleba sxva samTo obieqte-

bzec gavrceldes, radgan yvela maTganis Sesabamisi maRaro

da maTi eqspluataciis wesebi zustad erTmaneTis asls war-

moadgens. amdenad a.borzunovis aRweriloba garkveul suraTs

gviqmnis alaverdis sawarmosTan mimarTebaSic.

arsebuli maRaroebi derefnebis iseTi siviwroviT

gamoirCeoda, rom Zalze Zneli iyo sangrevebamde miRweva. ro-

gorc kapitalur StolnebSi, ise droebiT ortebSi sayrdenad

morebis nacvlad gamoiyeneboda nagebobebi Txeli wnelebisagan

da amis gamo yovelTvis didi iyo maTi Camongrevis saSiS-

62 63

roeba. burRvas awarmoebdnen blagvi burRebiT da im adgilas,

sadac saWiro iyo erTi kaci, muSaobda ori. madnis amotana

cxenis an xelis jalambaris nacvlad patara biWebis meSveo-

biT xorcieldeboda, romlebsac tyavis tomrebi zurgze hqon-

daT mimagrebuli da tvirTi cocviT gamohqondaT. maRaroebSi

ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli wylis mosacilebeli saSualebebi,

ris gamoc im adgils, sadac wyali Cndeboda, berZnebi maSinve

tovebdnen da sxva adgilze gadadiodnen. Aarc mongreuli

madnis gadarCeva iyo srulyofili, vinaidan fuWi qanis nayar-

Si a.borzunovs xSirad SeumCnevia madnis namtvrevebi [112,

gv.85-86].

alaverdis spilenZis madani 1911 wlis monacemebiT saSua-

lod Seicavda (%-Si): Cu-4,00; Si-7,42; Fe-35,10; Al-1,8; Ca-1,14; Zn-1,90; S-38,80 [101, gv.105]. alaverdis sabados 1863 wlidan

metoqeobas uwevda qedabekis maRaro, romelic elizavetopo-

lis mazraSi mdebareobda. es maRaro, rogorc aRvniSneT, 1863

wels gaixsna qedabekis spilenZis sadnob qarxanasTan erTad

da misi mepatronis _ simensis mier aRiWurva imdroindeli

yvelaze mowinave evropuli aparaturiT. qarxana da sabado

spilenZis madnis gamolevamde funqcionirebda da is daixura

1910-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi [101, gv. 119].

a.musin-puSkinis dokumentis Tanaxmad, alaverdis qarxanaSi

jer axdendnen mopovebuli madnis gamowvas, romelic miznad

isaxavda madnidan gogirdis mocilebas. berZnebi, romlebic

spilenZis mopovebis ̀ aziur~ xerxs iyenebdnen, madnis ara srul,

aramed nawilobriv gamowvas axorcielebdnen. TviT procesi

Ria keraSi madnis grovebad damuSavebas iTvaliswinebda. saw-

vav masalad gamoyenebuli iyo SeSa. grovebad dawvisas Cveu-

lebriv kerad ormoebs iyenebdnen. magram a.borzunovi moix-

seniebs cilindrul Rumelebs [111, gv.86], romlebic araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar unda gavaigivoT zemoT moxseniebul 2,48 m si-

maRlisa da diametris mqone cilindrul RumelebTan. naxSiris

Semcvelobis miuxedavad es Rumeli kidevac rom CavTvaloT

gamosawvav Rumelad, maSin gamodis, rom gamowvis proceduri-

sas berZeni ostatebi grovebis meTods ar iyenebdnen. magram

erTmniSvnelovnad cnobilia, rom grovebad gamowvas berZnebi

1890-ian wlebSic misdevdnen da kavkasia am mxriv, norvegiasa

da aSS-Tan erTad, im qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneboda, romelic

sulfiduri madnebis gamowvisaTvis aRniSnul meTods iyenebda

[95, gv.349]. aq saqme gvaqvs mcire gabaritebis cilindrul Ru-

melTan, romelic ormoSi qviT aris amoSenebuli da amitomac

cecxlis moxerxebul keras warmoadgens. mcire gabaritebis

gamosawvavi Rumelebis arseboba qarxanaSi dasturdeba a.musin-

puSkinis dokumentiTac, saidanac Cans, rom weliwadSi 200000

fuTi anu dReSi 800 fuTi madnis gamosawvavad gamoyenebeli

iyo 100 patara Rumeli.

ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT, grovebad gamowvas Tavisi

uaryofiTi mxare hqonda, magram am dros gamoiyeneboda mar-

tivi mowyobiloba da rac mTavaria, gamomwvari madani Sedar-

ebiT mcire zomis natexebis saxiT miiReboda, romelic Semdeg

advilad muSavdeboda dnobis stadiaze.

SeSis cecxlis siTbos garda, gamowvis procesSi dam-

atebiTi siTbo gamoiyofoda egzoTermuli reaqciis xarjze.

gogirdis sruli mocilebisaTvis gamowva mravaljeradi unda

yofiliyo da rogorc a.borzunovi iuwyeba, berZnebi am faq-

torsac iTvaliswinebdnen. kerZod, gamowvas isini 3-jer an

4-jer atareben. cxadia, rom erTis mxriv procesis Ria areSi

mimdinareobiT, romelic Warbi Jangbadis miwodebas da am gziT

Jangvis procesis efeqturad Catarebas uzrunvelyofda, xolo

meore mxriv gamowvis procesis 3-4-jer gameorebiT, miRweuli

iqneboda madanSi gogirdis sruli mocileba: CuSO4→CuO + +SO2 + O. gamowvis Sedegad miRebul madanSi sulfidebis nacv-

lad ukve oqsidebi iyo warmodgenili da maT aRsadgenad Sem-

dgom stadiaze aRdgeniTi dnoba iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

64 65

Savi spilenZis gamodnoba da misi gawmenda

is faqti, rom winaswar gamowvas berZnebi 3-4-jer at-

arebdnen, TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom isini miznad isaxavdnen

madnidan gogirdis srul mocilebas. gogirdis sruli mo-

cileba ki spilenZis miRebis àziuri~ wesisaTvis iyo damaxa-

siaTebeli. evropuli wesiT damuSavebuli spilenZis sulf-

iduri madani ganicdida nawilobriv gamowvas, ris Semdegac

misi dnobiT miiReboda Steini - WuWyiani spilenZis sulfidi,

romelsac amave dros spilenZis sulfidis upiratesi Semcv-

elobis gamo kupferSteins eZaxdnen. kupferSteinis JangviTi

dnobiT, romelic miznad isaxavda spilenZis SenaerTidan go-

girdis sabolood mocilebas, miiReboda spilenZis da sxva

liTonebis oqsidebi, romelTa aRdgeniTi dnobiT da widis

mocilebiT rCeboda arasufTa liTonuri spilenZi anu Savi

spilenZi. saboloo etapze Savi spilenZis rafinirebiT miiRe-

boda sufTa spilenZi.

àziuri~ meTodi evropulisgan gansxvavebiT gogirdis mo-

cilebas ukve madnis gamowvis etapze iTvaliswinebda, ase rom

Savi spilenZis misaRebad gaTvaliswinebuli iyo damuSavebuli

madnis aRdgeniTi dnoba. gamomwvari madani kazmSi aRmdgenel

reagentTan _ naxSirTan (da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi garkveul

mdnobebTan) erTad SehyavT. aRdgeniTi dnobis procesSi rkinis

oqsidi (Fe2O3), romelsac yovelTvis Seicavs spilenZis gamom-

wvari madani, advilad SeiZleba aRdges liTonur rkinamde. ma-

gram misi safexurebrivi aRdgenis bolo stadiaze miRebuli

rkinis (II) oqsidi (FeO) advilad Sedis reaqciaSi madnis fuW

qanSi arsebul an sagangebod kazmSi mdnobis saxiT damate-

bul mJava kaJmiwasTan (siliciumis (IV) oqsidi (SiO2)) wi-

dis warmoqmniT. spilenZis (I) oqsidi (Cu2O), romelic Zlier

fuZe oqsids warmoadgens, aseve iRebs monawileobas widis

warmoqmnis procesSi, ris Sedegadac adgili aqvs spilenZis

gardauval da Tanac Zalze mniSvnelovan danakargebs. a.baikovs

amasTan dakavSirebiT mohyavs aseTi magaliTi: Tu madani 5%-ian

spilenZs Seicavs, aziuri meTodiT misgan miiReba 5% spilen-

Zi da 95% wida. widis aseT uzarmazar masas SeuZlia Tan

waritacos spilenZis mcire raodenobebic ki, rasac saboloo

jamSi mis mniSvnelovan danakargebTan mivyavarT. Cu2O-s awid-

viT ganpirobebuli es danakargi SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu ka-

zmSi SiO2-is awidvis mizniT ufro Zlieri fuZe naerTi iqneba

Setanili. aseT fuZe naerTad mizanSewonilia CaO-s Setana,

Tumca widis raodenobis gazrdisas misi warmtacebeli unari

SeiZleba ufro gaizardos [72, gv. 14]. Zalze sayuradReboa am

SemTxvevaSi rusi inJinris k.voskoboinikovis cnoba imis Ses-

axeb, rom berZnebi Savi spilenZis misaRebad gamomwvar madans

swored kirTan erTad adnobdnen [12].

cxadia, rom es RonisZieba alaverdis qarxanaSi uzrun-

velyofda aRniSnuli àziuri~ meTodis saSualebiT Savi

spilenZis maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli raodenobis miRebas. Sav

spilenZTan erTad am procesSi warmoiqmneboda wida, romelic

ZiriTadad rkinisa da kalciumis silikatebs Seicavda. am wi-

dis mocilebis Semdeg rCeboda e.w. Savi spilenZi, romelic

minarevebis gamo, marTlac Savi feris iyo da dabali plasti-

kurobiT xasiaTdeboda.

a.musin-puSkinis Tanaxmad, Savi spilenZis gamosadnobad 8

Rumeli gamoiyeneboda, romelTagan TiToeuli dReSi 100 fuTs

adnobda. TiToeul Rumels 6 mdnobeli da 12 mesabervle emsax-

ureboda. es monacemebi TiTqmis Tanxvdeba al.koWlavaSvilis

monacemebs, romlis mixedviTac Savi spilenZis sadnobi Ru-

melisaTvis xuTkaciani personali iyo gamoyofili (ori md-

nobeli da sami damxmare) Tormet mesabervlesTan erTad [21].

rac Seexeba warmadobas, imave a.musin-puSkinis cnobiT, 200000

fuTi madnidan 15000 fuTi Savi spilenZi miiReboda, anu daax-

loebiT 13,5 fuTi madani ixarjeboda 1 fuTi Savi spilenZis

misaRebad.N

66 67

a.musin-puSkinis cnobebs erTgvarad avsebs v.melqonianis

monacemebi, romlis Tanaxmadac madnis dnoba dabal Saxtur

RumelebSi mimdinareobda, romelsac win ar hqonda qurebi. am

RumelebSi miRebuli produqcia ki Savi spilenZis saxiT 80-

85%-mde spilenZs Seicavda [27]. Savi spilenZis Sedgeniloba

sxvadasxva qarxnebSi sxvadasxva iyo da is 1890-iani wlebi-

saTvis 70-90% spilenZs Seicavda [95, gv.38]. ase rom, alaver-

dis qarxnis Sav spilenZSi spilenZis 80-85%-mde Semcveloba

Cveulebriv movlenad unda miviCnioT.

gamomwvari madnis aRdgeniTi dnobis Sedegad miRebuli Savi

spilenZis rafinirebisaTvis berZnebs sayovelTaod gavrcele-

buli teqnologia unda gamoeyenebinaT, romelic haeris Seber-

viT Savi spilenZis JangviT dnobas iTvaliswinebda.

sadnobi Rumelidan gasawmend RumelSi gadmotvirTul Sav

spilenZs SeSis cecxlis saSualebiT adnoben. dnobis es pro-

cesi 2-3 saaTs grZeldeba, ris Sedegadac SeSis wvas droe-

biT wyveten, raTa spilenZis gamlRval zedapirze am dros

gamoyofili Sesqelebuli widis masa moacilon (es masa Savi

spilenZis dnobis procesidan gamoyolil widas warmoadgens).

amis Semdeg isev iwyeba SeSis wva, xolo gamlRvali spilenZis

zedapirs sabervelis saSualebiT haeri miewodeba. am dros

minarevebi, maTi mcire Semcvelobis an Jangbadisadmi spilenZ-

Tan SedarebiT ufro maRali swrafvis gamo, advilad iJangeba

da widaSi ufro adre gadasvlis Sedegad gamdnar spilenZs

scildeba. minarevebis nawili (As, Sb, Pb, Zn) aqrolebas ganic-

dis, xolo oqsidirebuli rkina da nawilobriv TuTia widaSi

gadadian silikatebis saxiT, romelic amonagis an aguris wyo-

bis Semcvel kaJmiwasTan reagirebis saSualebiT warmoiqmneba.

oqsidaciis procesis damTavrebis Semdgom, rac SeimCneva

widis sul ufro da ufro mcire raodenobis gamoyofiT,

gaTvaliswinebulia gamlRval spilenZSi misi (I) oqsidis _

Cu2O-s aRdgena, romelic Sebervis procesSi Cndeba, vinaid-

an minarevebis mocilebasTan erTad am dros TviT spilenZis

nawilic ganicdis oqsidacias. warmoqmnili Cu2O liTonSi

ixsneba da mas simyifes aniWebs. amitom minarevebis mocilebis

Semdeg, saWiroa aRdgeniTi dnobiT spilenZis mier SeerTebuli

Jangbadis mocileba. amas ki ZiriTadad naxSiris saSualebiT

axorcieleben [95, gv.398]. gamlRvali spilenZis zedapirze

cecxlis SewyvetasTan erTad iyreba naxSiris fxvnili da

masas ureven axladmoWrili xis WokiT. xidan gamoyofili

mSrali gamoxdis produqtebi da naxSiri morevis procesSi

aRadgenen Cu2O-s da spilenZi sabolood gawmendilad iTv-

leboda [95, gv.398-411]. spilenZis xelaxali oqsidirebis

Tavidan asacileblad mas zemodan xis naxSiris fxvniliT

faravdnen.

naxSirs zustad amave mizniT alaverdis qarxanaSic rom

iyenebdnen, es Cans al.koWlavaSvilis cnobidanac. mkvlevari

CvenTvis ucnob saarqivo dokumentze dayrdnobiT iuwyeba, rom

alaverdSi rafinirebis procesisaTvis mxolod fiWvis xisagan

damzadebuli naxSiri gamoiyeneboda [21]. is faqti, rom berZeni

ostatebi gansakuTrebuli saxis naxSirs iyenebdnen, TavisTavad

miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen isini aRniSnul

aRmdgenels gawmendis procesisaTvis. dasaSvebia, rom naxSirTan

erTad alaverdSi xis mosarevi Wokebic yofiliyo gamoyenebuli.

literaturuli monacemebiT, XIX s. zogierT spilenZis

qarxanaSi Sb-is da As-is srulad mocilebis mizniT rafini-

rebis dros, kerZod ki bolo stadiaze, xis WokiT morevisas

spilenZs emateboda 0,05-0,07% tyvia [75, gv.219; 95, gv.507].

irkveva, rom am meTods berZnebic iyenebdnen. es dasturde-

ba rusi samTo inJinris n.voskoboinikovis cnobiT, romlis

Tanaxmadac alaverdeli ostatebi spilenZis gawmendas tyviiT

axorcielebdnen [12].

Cvens mier mopovebuli saarqivo dokumentis mixedviT, Savi

spilenZis gasasufTaveblad alaverdis qarxanaSi gamoiyene-

68 69

boda ori Rumeli. TiToeuls emsaxureboda 6 rafinirebis

ostati da 12 mesabervle. warmodgenili monacemebidan irkveva,

rom erT Rumelze dRe-RameSi 30 fuTi Savi spilenZis gada-

muSavebiT miiReboda 24 fuTi wiTeli spilenZi, e.i. Savi da

wiTeli spilenZis raodenobrivi Sefardeba Seadgenda 1,25-s

(30 : 24 = 1,25). am Sefardebas marTlac rom hqonda adgili

alaverdis qarxanaSi, es Cans sxva cnobebidanac. kerZod, zus-

tad aseTive Sedegs iZleva al. koWlavaSvilis monacemebi

[21], romlis Tanaxmadac alaverdis spilenZis qarxanaSi 10

fuTi Savi spilenZidan miiReboda 7,5 fuTi wiTeli spilenZi

(10:7,5=1,25). aRniSnuli Tanxvdenebi damajereblad miuTiTeben

im faqtze, rom a.musin-puSkinis monacemebi marTlac imsax-

urebs ndobas, rac saSualebas iZleva maqsimaluri sizustiT

davadginoT qarxanasTan da mis calkeul teqnologiur kvanZe-

bTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.

Sejamebuli saxiT madnebidan sufTa (wiTeli) spilenZis

miRebis sawarmoo xazi alaverdis qarxanaSi SeiZleba te-

qnologiuri sqemiT warmovadginoT (sur. 7). arapirdapiri

monacemebis safuZvelze garkveuli warmodgena gveqmneba qa-

rxanaSi gamodnobili produqtis xarisxianobis Sesaxeb.

n.liubavins Tavis cnobil saxelmZRvaneloSi ,,teqnikuri

qimia~ mohyavs sxvadasxva qarxnebSi damzadebuli teqnikuri

spilenZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. kerZod, cxrilSi moyvanilia

bogoslovskis (ruseTi) da qedabegis (elizavetopolis olqi)

qarxnebis produqcia da e.w. ,,spilenZi kavkasiidan~ [95, gv.451].

cxadia, rom am ukanasknelSi alaverdis spilenZi igulisxmeba.

1874 wlis literaturul wyaroSi moyvanili es cnoba CvenTvis

Zalze sayuradReboa, vinaidan 1870-ian wlebSic alaverdSi isev

berZnebi muSaobdnen da TiTqmis ucvlelad iyenebdnen im te-

qnologias, romliTac isini jer kidev erekles mefobis dros

sargeblobdnen. erTaderTi cvlileba, romelic Tavdapirvelma

teqnologiam am wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganicada, dakavSirebuli

iyo 1871 welTan. am wlidan alaverdis qarxanaSi gasawmend Ru-

melebad im danadgaris gamoyeneba daiwyes, romelTa SemoRebasac

jer kidev 1802 wels cdilobdnen rusebi [27].

am siaxles ar SeeZlo arsebiTad Seecvala alaverdis qa-

rxnis teqnologiuri sqema. ase rom, cxrilSi (cx. 3) warmod-

genili spilenZis Sedgeniloba faqtobrivad XVIII s. produq-

ciis Sedgenilobis analogiurad unda CaiTvalos (Tumca arc

is aris gamoricxuli, rom 1874 wels gamocemul ucxour

JurnalSi 1871 wlis ambebi ar moxvedriliyo).

sur. 7. sufTa spilenZis miRebis sawarmoo xazi

70 71

cxrili 3. teqnikuri spilenZis Sedgeniloba %-Si

boguslovskis qarxana qedabegi ,,spilenZi kavkasiidan~

CuFeNiPbAgAuAsSbSiO

99,480,020,11kvali0,05kvali0,010,09

-0,31

99,5770,0090,0310,0270,080

-0,0380,060

-0,059

99,8440,0310,040

-0,1610,0140,0150,0090,0080,040

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, mTeli rigi monacemebiT alaver-

dis produqcia warmodgenili qarxnebis produqciaze ukeTe-

sic ki aris. masSi spilenZis Semcveloba yvelaze maRalia da

is gamoirCeva vercxlisa da oqros SedarebiT gazrdili ra-

odenobiT, Tumca es uaryofiT gavlenas ar axdens spilenZis

fizikur da meqanikur Tvisebebze (piriqiT, es ufro daxvewil

fers aniWebs spilenZs, rasac sxvaTa Soris rusebmac jer kidev

1800 wels miaqcies yuradReba) [42]. As-is da Sb-is raodenoba qedabegis spilenZTan SedarebiT saSualod 2,5-jer naklebia,

rac rafinirebis procesSi tyviis gamoyenebiT unda iyos gan-

pirobebuli. Jangbadis nakleboba, orive qarxnis analogiur

minarevTan SedarebiT, udavod im garemoebaze unda miuTiTebdes,

rom alaverdis qarxanaSi naxSiriT (da SesaZloa xis WokebiT)

aRdgenis stadia gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT tardeboda

(sur. 8).

□ boguslovski ■ qedabegi spilenZi kavkasiidan

sur. 8. teqnikuri spilenZis Sedgeniloba qarxnebis mixedviT

mTlianobaSi, sawarmos konservatulobis da spilenZis

gamodnobis `aziuri~ wesis gamoyenebis miuxedavad, alaverdis

produqcia aSkarad ukeTesia qedabegSi evropuli meTodebiT

momuSave simensis qarxnis produqciaze. es faqti kidev erTxel

miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom berZnebi Tumca aSkarad CamorCe-

bodnen samTo-mompovebel ubanze primitiuli aparaturisa da

mowyobilobebis gamoyenebiT, magram gamodnobis xelovnebas

udavod gacilebiT ukeTesad flobdnen. berZnebis metalurgi-

uli warmoeba ar gamoirCeoda teqnikur-teqnologiuri Tval-

sazrisiTac, magram miuxedavad amisa, naklebi warmadobis piro-

bebSi, maTi empiriuli codna-gamocdileba maRalxarisxovani

produqciis miRebis garantias iZleoda.

alaverdis qarxanasTan, rogorc irkveva, furclovani

spilenZis damamzadebeli fabrikac muSaobda. es cnoba, romeli-

Rac saarqivo dokumentze dayrdnobiT moyavs v.melqonians [27]

da sxva saarqivo dokumentiTac dasturdeba. kerZod, rusuli

samTo eqspediciis monacemebis Tanaxmad, 1800-iani wlebis

72 73

dasawyisSi iranis sxvadasxva qalaqSi gasayidad gahqondaT

rogorc naWedi (,,кованная~), ise gauWedavi (`некованная~) spilenZi [44]. naWedsa da gauWedavSi aq furclebi da lugvi

an Zelaki spilenZi igulisxmeba, vinaidan im dros furclo-

vani spilenZi mxolod WedviT mzaddeboda, Sesabamisad rusi

specialistebi mas naWed spilenZs (`кованная медь~) uwo-

debdnen (rac Seexeba glinvis meTods, is evropaSi, kerZod ki

avstriaSi, SedarebiT gvian, mxolod 1816 wels iqna SemoRe-

buli [95, gv.454]).

spilenZis wneviT damuSavebisas mxolod Wedvis meTo-

dis gamoyenebis gamo, savsebiT gasagebia, Tu ratom gaixsna

furclovani spilenZis fabrika alaverdSi da ara TbilisSi.

spilenZis WedviT damuSaveba yovelTvis xmaurTan iyo dakav-

Sirebuli, ris gamoc, rogorc etyoba, upiratesoba misi war-

moebis ara qalaqis, aramed alaverdis qarxnis teritoriaze

amuSavebas mieniWa. amasTan daizoga droisa da transportis

danaxarji, romelic naxevarfabrikatis alaverdidan TbilisSi

gadaadgilebisaTvis iyo saWiro.

spilenZis metalurgiuli warmoebis kera

dmanisis raionis s. goraSi

(arqeologiuri masala)

gvianSuasaukuneebis spilenZ-brinjaos warmoebis sruli

istoriul-metalurgiuli sqemis warmosadgenad SeviswavleT

da teqnologiurad gavaanalizeT, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris samTo-metalurgi-

uli Zeglebis Semswavleli razmis mier mikvleuli da arqe-

ologiurad damuSavebuli, spilenZis metalurgiuli warmoe-

bis Zegli – dmanisis raionis sofeli goradan.

metalurgiuli warmoebis obieqtze Catarebulma savele-

arqeologiurma kvleva-Ziebam mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mogvca

Zeglis sawarmoo xasiaTisa da istoriuli funqcionirebis

Sesaswavlad. dazverviTi da gaTxriTi samuSaoebi gamiznulad

Catarebulia saqarTvelos erT-erT metalogenur regionSi, sa-

dac araerTgzis dafiqsirda Zveli metalurgiuli warmoebis

naSTebis Semcveli Zeglebi. Seswavlili Zegli mdebareobs

dmanisis raionis mTian zolSi, s. gorasTan, mdinare goras-

wylis xevis marcxena napirze ganlagebul terasaze.

arqeologiurad Seswavlilia 1600 m2 farTobis terito-

ria, romlis didi nawili dafaruli iyo warmoebis narCe-

nebiT. ganisazRvra metalurgiuli warmoebis keris mdebareoba

da gairkva saxelosnos ganlagebis situaciuri gegma. zedapi-

rul fenebSi dafiqsirda didi raodenobiT fuWi qanisa da wi-

dis gadanayaris arseboba, ramac gansazRvra metalurgiuli obi-

eqtis sawarmoo farTis gavrcelebisa da moqmedebis areali.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo ganaTxar masalaSi ZiriTad

masas warmoadgens widis fragmentebi, romelSic gvxvdeba ori

tipis konglomerati: 1. muqi-ruxi feris amorfuli masa.

masTan erTad myari wida naRvenTebis saxiT. 2. vardisfer-

mowiTalo da muqi-yavisferi Seferilobis masiuri minisebri

naRvenTi masa.

widis gadanayaris fena cvalebadi datvirTviTaa da mTel

farTze misi sisqe vertikalur WrilSi icvleba 0,9 m-dan 1,3

m-mde. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT terasuli Wrilebis simaRles da

datvirTvis farTs, widis mTliani gadanayaris moculoba 182,5 m3-s

Seadgens, rac kargad pasuxobs Zveli spilenZ-brinjaos warmoebi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli samuSao ciklis pirobebs. widis frag-

mentebi uZravad daculia gadanayaris saerTo moculobaSi

(masaSi) da SerCenili aqvs pirveladi dakristalebis gareg-

nuli saxe. Txevadi mdgomareobidan miRebulia mravalgvari

konfiguraciis detalebi xisa da Tixis anabeWdebiT.

sawarmoo-saxelosnos mTliani kompleqsi, amoSenebuli de-

talebiT da gamyofi kedlebis aRniSvniT, Seadgens ZiriTadi

74 75

da damxmare nagebobebis sistemas (gaTxrebis saerTo xedi, sur.

9).

mTliani samuSao farTis gawmendis Semdeg gairkva damx-

mare saTavsos erTiani forma da daniSnuleba. iatakis doneze

aRmoCnda sawarmoo naRvenTebi da rkinis nivTebi, romelTa dan-

iSnuleba fragmentulobisa da koroziis gamo gaurkvevelia.

rogorc sawarmos gegmarebidan Cans, damxmare saTavso #1

gamoiyeneboda pirveladi dnobis produqtebis daxarisxebisaT-

vis, sadac imave dros xdeboda miRebuli sawarmoo narCenebis

saerTo masisagan gamoyofa.

sur. 9. sawarmoo – saxelosnos mTliani kompleqsi

metalurgiuli sawarmos mTliani ciklis warmodgena Ses-

aZlebelia saerTo farTis centralur nawilSi gamoyofili

rigiT meore saTavsos funqciis garkvevis Semdeg, sadac zeda-

piridan 0,6-0,7 m-is siRrmeze aRmoCenilia kulturuli fena

(sisqe 0,5 m), warmodgenili naxSiris SewiTlebuli niadagisa

da widis fragmentebiT. ikvreba #2 saTavsos konturebi (sur.

10), kedlebi amoSenebulia riyis qviT da sawarmoo narCe-

nebiT. kedlebi Sekrulia dasavleTiT da saTavsos samuSao

transportirebisaTvis aRmosavleTi mxare aris datovebuli;

meore damxmare saTavso gamoyenebuli iyo madnis gamdidrebis

mizniT daxarisxebis da gamowvisaTvis. saTavsos sawarmoo

ciklis aRniSnul funqciaze miuTiTebs kulturuli fenis

mTliani farTis daSreveba horizontalur fenebad, sadac mo-

nacvleobs naxSirisa da gamomwvari, daSlili madnis masis

fragmentebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sawarmoo saTavsos #1 da #2

damxmare saTavsoebs Soris arsebuli farTobi steriluria,

gamoiyeneboda metalurgiuli dnobisaTvis sawvavisa da madnis

daxarisxebuli nawilebis Senaxva-dagrovebis mizniT.

sur. 10. saTavso #2

s. goras metalurgiuli warmoebis saxelosnos cen-

traluri ubania ZiriTadi sawarmoo kera, sadac ganlagebu-

lia metalurgiuli qura. masiuri qvis SemagrebiT Semosaz-

Rvrulia quris teritoria. quris miwiszeda nawili Seadgens

oTxkuTxa momrgvalebul kuTxeebian formis WavSuri tipis

Rumels, misi kedlebis Semadgeneli riyis qvebi da Sele-

silobis nawili SemlRvalia maRaltemperaturuli xurebis

76 77

gamo. rogorc ganaTxari masalidan Cans, quris konstruqcias

Seesebameboda 0,8-0,9m simaRlis miwiszeda nawili, romelic

amoSenebulia riyis qviT, Selesilia da aqvs Sesabamisi gadax-

urvis sistema. quraSi uSualod dnobisaTvis da madnis aRd-

gena-gamodnobisaTvis gankuTvnili nawili moTavsebulia misi

konstruqciis qveda nawilSi da mdebareobs iatakis donis

qveviT. kargad damuSavebuli riyis qvebiT miwaSi CaWrili

farTi amoyvanilia oTxkuTxovani formis sivrcis Sesaqmne-

lad. quris sadnobi nawilis aRmosavleTi kedeli icvleboda

dnobaTa garkveuli raodenobis Semdeg; mimarTulebiT emTx-

veoda ferdobis damxrobas, daqanebul mxares, rac xelsayrel

pirobebs qmnida warmoebis narCenebisa da mza liTonis (nad-

nobis) amotvirTvisaTvis.

quris konstruqciis SemorCenili nawili, misi miwisqveda

sivrce, amonagis mTliani farTi (qvis kedlebi, quris Ziris

nawili da Selesiloba) mudmivad moqmedebda maRali temper-

aturis qveS. masala mTlianad deformirebulia da SemlR-

valia. quris sabervlebis moqmedebis siaxloves darCenilia

spilenZis naRvenTebi. qura amovsebuli iyo Selesilobis frag-

mentebiT da naxSiriT (sur. 11). mTlianad sawarmos, quris

konstruqcia tipiuria gvianSuasaukuneebis optimaluri moc-

ulobis qurebisaTvis, romlebic gamoiyeneboda spilenZis mad-

nisa da agreTve spilenZis Semcveli polimetaluri madnis

aRdgeniTi dnobebisaTvis (sur. 12).

gamomwvari minis nimuSebidan da widis gadanayaridan Ser-

Ceuli xis naxSiris sinjebis radiokarbonuli meTodiT (14C) daTariRebis safuZvelze dasturdeba warmoebis funqcioni-

rebis periodi – ax.w. XVII-XVIII ss. sinqronulad TariRdeba

warmoebis gadanayarSi aRmoCenili keramikis fragmentebic.

sur. 11. spilenZis sadnobi metalurgiuli qura

sur. 12. spilenZis sadnobi saxelosnos gegma da Wrili

78 79

spilenZis sadnobi metalurgiuli sawarmoo keris samuS-

ao farTobze aRebuli widis, gamomwvari madnis fragmentebisa

da liTonis naRvenTebis speqtruli analizis Sedegebi moce-

mulia cxrilSi (cx. 4). rogorc cxrilidan Cans, widis da

liTonuri sinjebis Sedgeniloba tipiuria spilenZ-brinjaos

warmoebis pirveli etapis dnobisaTvis. gviani Suasaukuneebis

spilenZis warmoebis cnobil saerTo damaxasiaTebel argu-

mentebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos maTSi dariSxnis, anTimonis, ko-

baltis da oqros ararsebobis faqti. rac Seexeba vercxlis,

tyviis, TuTiis da bismutis Semcvelobas, is damaxasiaTebelia

am periodis spilenZis metalurgiuli gadamuSavebis proce-

sisaTvis.

liTonuri sinjebis Sedgeniloba agreTve gvaZlevs

spilenZis madnis pirveladi dnobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel el-

ementTa nakrebs, sadac spilenZis fuZeze mcire koncentraciiT

madniseuli minarevi elementebia mocemuli. didi raode-

nobiTaa widaSi Si, Ca, Mg. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom warmoe-

bis narCenebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da fizikuri monacemebi

adasturebs maT metalurgiul warmomavlobas. sawarmos or-

ganizaciuli da teqnologiuri monacemebi asaxaven spilenZis

metalurgiuli miRebis process madnebidan misi pirdapiri

aRdgenis gziT.

amdenad, arqeologiurad Seswavlili spilenZis sadnobi

quris metalografiuli monacemebi amave periodis qarxnu-

li warmoebisaTvis dadasturebuli, cnobili pirveladi aR-

dgeniTi dnobis procesis analogiuria. Sesabamisad SeiZleba

warmovidginoT s. goras spilenZis sawarmoo keris erTiani

metalurgiuli ciklis sqema (sur. 13).

cxrili 4. widis, gamomwvari madnis fragmentebis da liTonis

naRvenTebis speqtruli analizis Sedegebi

#sinjis

dasaxeleba

qimiuri Sedgeniloba

Si Al Mg Ca Fe Mn Co Cu Pb Ag Sb As Sn Zn

1s. gora, wida (minisebri) 51,0 14,3 10,3 6,1 8,5 0,15 _ 4,5 0,01 _ _ _ _ 0,04

2` ~ kon-glomerati 41,0 17,1 8,9 7,6 10,1 0,25 _ 5,3 0,03 0,05 _ _ _ 0,15

3` ~fxvieri 45,0 15,4 11,2 5,5 8,9 0,08 _ 4,9 0,02 0,03 _ _ _ 0,05

4 ` ~ ruxi 43,0 10,7 14,1 8,3 10,9 0,10 _ 5,7 0,05 0,04 _ _ 0,001 0,20

5` ~wiTeli 38,1 16,0 8,7 7,9 20,4 0,01 _ 3,5 _ _ _ _ _ 0,01

6

` ~ Selesiloba

(ruxi)33,4 19,3 9,3 10,2 21,3 _ _ 0,3 _ _ _ _ _ _

7

` ~ Selesiloba(wiTeli)

35,2 17,5 8,5 11,4 21,8 _ _ 0,4 _ _ _ _ _ _

8

` ~Selesiloba

(ruxi)34,3 14,9 10,3 11,3 21,6 _ _ 0,7 _ _ _ _ _ _

9` ~

Selesiloba (wiTeli)

33,8 16,0 9,7 10,7 22,1 _ _ 0,5 _ _ _ _ _ 0,001

10

` ~ Selesiloba

(ruxi)33,1 15,3 8,6 9,9 22,0 _ _ 0,5 _ _ _ _ _ _

11` ~

liTonis naRvenTi

1,7 1,3 0,9 1,2 5,0 0,2 _ 85,4 0,09 0,3 _ _ 0,002 0,05

12

` ~naRvenTi

(forovani)2,3 1,6 0,14 1,4 3,6 0,03 _ 88,3 0,03 0,08 _ _ 0,001 0,09

13

` ~ naR-venTi (mono-

liTi)1,0 0,9 0,04 0,4 3,4 0,1 _ 90,7 1,5 0,7 _ _ 0,02 0,20

14

` ~naRvenTi

(monoliTi)0,6 1,1 0,09 0,3 3,7 0,15 _ 88,2 1,7 0,5 _ _ 0,05 0,30

80 81

sur.13. spilenZis miReba-damuSavebis saerTo teqnologiuri

procesi s.goraSi aRmoCenili metalurgiuli keris mixedviT

rkinis warmoeba

spilenZis da tyvia-vercxlis qarxnebis garda erekles

mmarTvelobis dros moqmedebda bolnisis rkinis sawarmo, ro-

melic Savi liToniT uzrunvelyofda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos.

a.rogavas mixedviT ucxoeli mogzauris i.delaportis cno-

biT erekles borCaloSic dauarsebia rkinis sadnobi qarxana,

magram Zalian male lekebis TareSis gamo mas funqcionireba

Seuwyvetia. borCaloSi rkinis sadnobi qarxnis amuSavebas

da Semdgom lekebis TareSis gamo mis daxurvas 1770 wels

rusi kapitani n.iazikovic aRniSnavda [105, gv.84]. SedarebiT

ukeTesi mdgomareoba aRiniSna bolnisSi, sadac intensiurad

mimdinareobda rkinis madnis mopoveba da gadamuSaveba. bolni-

sis madani, romlis mTavar komponents rkinis kriala (Fe2O3)

Seadgenda, aseTi qimiuri Sedgenilobis iyo: Fe - 41,59%, Si – 13,53%, S - 0,02%, P - 0,094%, Cu – 0,027%, Mn - 0,22% [28]. rki-

nis madnis mopovebis wesi faqtobrivad zustad Tanxvdeboda

spilenZis madnis mopovebis wess.

lugvi rkinis misaRebad bolnisis sawarmoSi iyenebdnen

metalurgiis istoriis praqtikaSi uZvelesi miRebuli aTvise-

bul meTods, romelmac XIX saukunis literaturaSi ,,civber-

vis meTodis~ saxelwodeba miiRo. es saxelwodeba ganapi-

roba quraSi bunebrivi (gaxurebis gareSe) haeris miwodebis

wesma. civbervis procesi, rkinis dnobis maRali temperaturis

(15390C) miuxedavad, misi Rubliseburi saxiT miReba maRal

temperaturas ar saWiroebs (rkinis madans aRmdgenlebTan sak-

maod dabal temperaturaze reagirebis unari gaaCnia). civber-

viT procesSi aRmdgenels warmoadgens CO, romelic quraSi

haeris bervisas naxSiris wvis Sedegad gamoiyofa, safexure-

brivad aRadgens rkinis oqsids liTonur rkinamde:

3Fe2O3 + CO → 2Fe3O4 + CO2

Fe3O4 + CO → 3FeO + CO2

FeO + CO → Fe + CO2.aRdgenili rkinis wveTebi madan-naxSiris narevSi Tan-

daTanobiT Zirs eSveba da fskerze Secxobis Sedegad warmoqm-

nis Rrublovan masas, romelsac gunda ewodeba (lugvi rkina).

procesis bolo etapze, Rumelidan amoRebuli gunda uroe-

biT ibegveboda, rac miznad isaxavda Semcxvari masis napralebidan

sqeli da blanti widis gamownexvas anu gamowurvas. dabeg-

vis Semdgom miiReboda Wedadi rkinis masa, romlisganac Tbili-

sis sawarmo-saxelosnoebSi sxvadasxva nakeTobebs amzadebdnen.

82 83

aRniSnuli meTodiT moqmedi bolnisis sawarmos konkre-

tuli teqnologiuri sqema SeiZleba sakmao sizustiT iqnes

rekonstruirebuli. amis saSualebas iZleva rusi inJin-

rebis 1802-1807 wlebis detaluri Canawerebi, romlebic mo-

qmedi sawarmo-saxelosnos aRwerilobas Seicavs. bolnisis

rkinis sarewebi 1807 wels dawvrilebiT aRwera inJinerma

g.longinovma. misi cnobiT, saxelosnoebSi gamoyenebuli qurebi

warmoadgenen qvisgan agebul 35,5 sm simaRlis mogrZo yuTebs,

romlebic zemodan qvis brtyeli filebiT aris gadaxuru-

li. qurebis Siga sivrce sadnob kerasa da kvamlsaden arxs

moicavs. qveda nawilSi TiToeul maTgans darTuli aqvs widis

gadmosaRebi da saqSenisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli ori xvreli.

qurasTan gverdulad dakavSirebulia ori erTkeciani tyavis

saberveli. saberveli moqmedebaSi or kacs mohyavda. sul sax-

elosnoSi 4 kaci muSaobda: xelosani, misi TanaSemwe da ori

mberavi. uros garda saxelosnos inventars Seadgenda gundis

dasaWreli patara grdemli, quridan lugvis gamosaRebi maSa,

gundis dasabegvi patara uroebi, rkinis madnisa da naxSiris

asaxveti niCabi da widis gamosaSvebad saWiro rkinis saCxv-

leti [21, 111].

gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi al.koWlavaSvilma kavkasiis

yofili samTo eqspediciis arqivSi miakvlia inJiner a.viatkinis

moxsenebas naxazebiTurT, sadac warmodgenilia daSqesanSi gamoy-

enebuli rkinis sadnobi Rumeli. imave a.viatkinis cnobiT zus-

tad aseTive tipisa da zomis Rumelebi mas bevrgan unaxavs

bolnisSi [21]. amdenad, mikvleuli naxazebi erTdroulad bol-

nisis Rumelebis analogiur sqemad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. swored

am faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, vsargeblobT ra a.viatkinis sqemiT,

bolnisuri rkinis sadnobi Rumelis zedmiwevniT ganxilvis da

daxasiaTebis SesaZlebloba gveZleva.

naxaziT dasturdeba g.longinovis cnoba, Rumelis gareg-

nuli formis Sesaxeb. is mogrZo yuTs warmoadgens da qvis

brtyeli filebiT aris gadaxuruli. misi Siga sivrce brZmed-

sa (б) da kvamlsadens (r) moicavs. Rumelis gverdxedze kar-

gad Cans gamlRvali widis gadasaRvreli xvreli (e), xolo

winxedze _ saberveli (marcxniv, aRmniSvneli asos gareSe)

(sur. 14).

sur. 14. rkinis sadnobi qura (bolnisi, daSqesani). naxazi Sed-

genilia naturidan daSqesanSi 1805 wels inJ. a.viatkinis mier.

a – qvis wyoba, б – kera, c – alsadeni, d – madani, e – widis xvreli, f – ormo (bude) widisaTvis.

84 85

a.viatkinis Tanaxmad, madani Tavdapirvelad wvrilmandeboda

da RumelSi iyreboda. am cnobas akonkretebs g.longinovis mo-

nacemebi, romlis Tanaxmadac brZmeds avseben naxSiriT, xolo

kaklis simsxod dawvrilmanebul madans (d) aTavseben kvaml-

sadenis arxis (r) fskerze, e.w. ,,baqanze~. imave g.longinovis

Tanaxmad, am baqanze adgili hqonda madnis winaswar gamowvas

brZmedis alis simxurvaliTa da gamavali airebiT. gamoiwvis

Semdgom madans brZmedSi mixvetavdnen, zed naxSirs daayridnen

da iwyebdnen haeris Sebervas. Semdeg baqanze isev ,,um~ madans

yridnen da gamowvis Semdeg masac brZmedSi aTavsebdnen. es op-

eraciebi im dromde grZeldeboda, sanam Semcxvari masis sakmao

raodenoba ar dagrovdeboda [11, gv.750; 21, 28].

gundis warmoqmnas 3-4 saaTi sWirdeba (g.longinovis

Tanaxmad 3 saaTi), ris Semdegac is Rumelis brZmedidan mar-

wuxebiT gamoaqvT da did grdemlze aTavseben, manamde Rume-

lidan uSveben gamlRval widas, grdemlze ganTavsebul gundas

ki xis uroebiT begvaven, vidre gundis napralebidan wida ar

gamoiwnexeba. amis Semdeg gunda patara naWrebad nawildeba

[28].

aRwerilobidan ar Cans, Tu rogor iRebdnen rkinis gun-

das Rumelis daxSul sivrcidan an rogor gadahqondaT dax-

Sul sivrceSive gamomwvari madani ,,baqnidan~ brZmedSi. amas-

Tan dakavSirebiT Cveni yuradReba miiqcia quris gverdxedis

naxazze в asoTi aRniSnulma qvam, romlis Sesaxebac moyvanil

masalebSi a.viatkini arafers ambobs. es qva Tavisi adgilmde-

bareobiT TiTqos im solis funqcias unda asrulebdes, rom-

lis daniSnulebasac masTan mimdebare didi qvis damagreba

warmoadgens (daniSnulebis gareSe ki am qvis asoTi aRniSvnas

cxadia azri ar eqneboda). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom am didi

qviT daxuruli unda yofiliyo gundis amosaRebi xvreli.

msgavsi SemTxvevis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT akad.

i.gelinis mier XVIII s. aRwerili Rumeli gundis amosaRebi

xvreliT, romelic muSaobis dros qviT ixureboda da TixiT

igozeboda [97, gv.190].

amave aRwerilobiT, bolo etapze gundis patara naWrebad

danawileba ise aris warmodgenili, rom TiTqos es procesi

uroebiT dabegvis Sedegad xdeboda. sinamdvileSi ki am da-

nawilebas culis saSualebiT axdendnen, rac Wedadi rkinis

miRebis bolo RonisZiebad iyo miCneuli [97, gv.191].

erTi operaciis Sedegad aseTi Rumeli g.longinovis mo-

nacemiT erT fuT Wedad rkinas iZleva da am produqciaze

ixarjeba 4 fuTi madani da 18 fuTi naxSiri [21]. produqciis

TiTqmis imave raodenobas (1 _ 411 fuT rkinas) asaxelebs

a.viatkinic, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi daxarjuli xis naxSiris

raodenoba gacilebiT naklebia da is sam sapalnes (7,5 fuTs)

Seadgens [28]. samwuxarod, daxarjuli madnis Sesaxeb es av-

tori arafers ambobs, magram aRniSnavs, rom aRwerili wesiT

erT RumelSi dReSi samjer awarmoebdnen madnis gamodnobas.

daSqesanSi a.viatkins erT-erT sarewSi aseTi 6 Rumeli unaxavs

da am sarewis dRiuri warmadoba 18-25 fuT rkinas Seadgenda

[28]. g.longinovs aseTi monacemebi ar mohyavs, magram udavoa,

rom bolnisis RumelSic gamodnobas dReSi samjer awarmoe-

bdnen. rac Seexeba Rumelebis raodenobas, cxadia, rom 1807

wels lekebis TareSiT ganadgurebul mxareSi g.longinovs

imdeni moqmedi Rumeli ar daxvdeboda, ramdenic Tavis droze,

erekles mmarTvelobis periodSi unda yofiliyo.

g.longinovis cnobebi arqeologiuri monacemebiT dastur-

deba. bolnisSi aRmoCenili XVII-XVIII ss. Rumeli, kvaml-

sadeni arxiT dakavSirebuli brZmedisa da madnis gamosaw-

vavi kamerisagan Sedgeba (sur. 15). Rumeli konstruqciiT

g.longinovis mier aRwerili sadnobi quris analogs warmoad-

gens [11, gv.748-751]. amave dros gavs a.viatkinis mier azomil

Rumelsac, romlis naxazebic Cven gvaqvs warmodgenili.

86 87

sur. 15. rkinis sadnobi Rumeli bolnisidan (XVII-XVIII ss)

1 - Rumelis qvis wyoba, 2 - qura, 3 - qvis kari,

4, 5 - sabervelis sistema, 6 - gamosawvavi kamera,

7, 8 - qvis safeni Rari, grunti.

bolniseli metalurgebis mier gamoyenebuli teqnologi-

uri sqema aRniSnuli periodis rkinis warmoebis moTxovnilebis

garkveul dones pasuxobda. es kargad Cans ruseTis sinamd-

vileSi cnobili magaliTidan: kareliis erT-erT qarxanaSi,

sadac wylis meqanikuri energiac ki gamoiyeneboda uroebis

moZraobaSi mosayvanad da haeris misawodeblad, gunda-rkinis

erTi erTeulis misaRebad saWiro iyo 8,57 erTeuli wonis

madani da 5,7 erTeuli wonis naxSiri [98, gv.193]. bolnuri

RumelisaTvis erTeuli wonis rkinis Sesabamisi madnis da-

naxarji, rogorc vxedavT, 2-jer da ufro metjer naklebia

-rac Seexeba naxSiris raodenobas, 18 fuTi imde .(2,16=4׃8,57)nad scildeba realur farglebs, rom is aSkarad mcadi infor-

maciis Sedegi unda iyos (amaze miuTiTebs Tundac is faqti,

rom daSqesanis RumelSi erT fuT rkinaze daxarjuli nax-

Siris raodenoba gacilebiT naklebia da 7,5 fuTs Seadgens).

erekles dros samefo rkiniTac rom unda yofiliyo sak-

marisad momaragebuli, SeiZleba isev magaliTebis saSualebiT

vaCvenoT. kerZod, s.burnaSovis Tanaxmad, ucxoeTSi da pirvel

rigSi iranSi, TbilisSi damzadebuli ara marto spilenZis

WurWleuloba, aramed rkinis nakeTobebic gahqondaT xmlebis,

xanjlebis da wvrili rkinis sagnebis saxiT [60]. cxadia,

ucxoeTSi rkinis nakeTobis eqsportireba SeuZlebeli iqne-

boda qveyanaSi arsebuli ganviTarebuli rkinis warmoebis ga-

reSe.

rkinis da tyviis gadamuSaveba

TbilisSi Camotanili Wedadi rkina pirvel stadiaze naW-

rebad calkevdeboda. TiToeul aseT naWers raWaSi ,,kveri~

ewodeboda (n.CubinaSvilis Tanaxmad ,,kveri~ mcire uros aRniS-

navs da ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es saxelwodeba dasakver

obieqtzec gavrcelebuliyo). kveris miRebamde rkinis mTliani

masis nawilSi gasaWedi rkinis Sesabamisi farTi aizomeboda

da CamokveTiT sasurveli zomis kveri miiReboda (mWedlebma

varaudiT icodnen, Tu ra sididis kveri sWirdeboda ama Tu

im sabrZolo, sasoflo-sameurneo Tu saojaxo daniSnulebis

nakeTobas). gakveTas aucileblad sakveTeli TegiT rkinis

cxel mdgomareobaSi damuSavebiT axorcielebdnen. kvers isev

quraSi aTavsebdnen da saTanado gaxurebis Semdgom marwuxiT

88 89

gadmoRebul gavarvarebul masas kverviT amuSavebdnen. kverva

gamosaWedi naWris sisqis Sesabamisad orgvari iyo: erT Sem-

TxvevaSi is didi uroebis gamoyenebiT da ,,meuroeebis~ meS-

veobiT, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ TviT mWedelis meSveobiT

sruldeboda. kvervis dros saWed obieqts eyreboda naxSiris

fxvnili, kaJi, sila da a.S., romelsac raWaSi ,,saduRi~ ewode-

boda. ,,saduRi~ rkinas acilebda yovelgvar widas da xenjs,

amasTan erTad xels uwyobda kveris mTel sisqeSi erTnairi

temperaturis didxans SenarCunebas.

kveris Wedva xdeboda manamde, vidre mas formiT gasaWed

nivTs ar daamsgavsebdnen. Semdgomi stadia iTvaliswinebda

TiToeuli kategoriis nivTisaTvis calkeuli nawilebis mkve-

Trad Camoyalibebasa da gamokveTas. magaliTad, saxnisisaTvis

am dros adgili hqonda wveris wawevas, yurebis CaWras, budis

moxsnas, muclis moqvabvas da a.S. Semdgom da bolo stadiaze

xdeboda nakeTobis gaqlibva, galesva, wrToba, gaferva imisda

mixedviT, Tu romeli nakeToba ra damuSavebas saWiroebda

aRniSnuli CamonaTvalidan. galesva warmoebda mbrunavi, didi

da pirmolesili da agreTve mogrZo da viwro piris salesi

qvebiT.

gansakuTrebul daxelovnebas da gamocdilebas moiTxovda

wrToba, vinaidan am procesis sworad warmarTvaze bevri ram

iyo damokidebuli [36, gv.83-96]. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu raWve-

li metalurgebi gundis Secxobis Semdgom, rkinis masas Ru-

melidan iRebdnen, dabegviT amuSavebdnen da dawvrilmanebul

mdgomareobaSi isev adnobdnen, TbilisSi es procedura rkinis

erTjeradi gamodnobiT Semoifargleboda. inJiner a.viatkinis

cnobiT XIX s. dasawyisisaTvis daSqesanSi, sadac rkinas bol-

nisis sruli analogiiT adnobdnen, Semcxvar gundas RumelSi,

naxSiris garemocvaSi, 3-4 saaTiT ayovnebdnen [28]. SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, rom foladis misaRebad aq iyenebdnen gundisebri

rkinis RumelSi dafoladebis wess. bolnisSi damzadebuli

lugvi rkinis gundis masa faqtobrivad dabalnaxSirbadian

folads warmoadgens [94, gv.645]. wrTobas Cveulebriv nakeTo-

bis wyalSi CayursviT axorcielebdnen. wrTobis Semdeg zogi-

erTi nivTi dafervas saWiroebda, rasac naxSiris fxvniliT da

xis joxiT awarmoebdnen. mosaridebel rkineuls xis joxiT

lesavdnen, danarCens ki naxSiriT. dafervis mizani iyo, rom

rkinas Jangi didxans ar mohkideboda da amasTanave nakeTobis

zedapirs sasiamovno bzinvareba hqonoda [36, gv.100-110].

rkinis nakeTobebi sakmaod didi mravalferovnebiT

gamoirCeoda, gamoiyeneboda rogorc saojaxo nivTebis, ise

sasoflo-sameurneo da sabrZolo daniSnulebis iaraRis

dasamzadeblad. saojaxo nivTebidan ZiriTadad mzaddeboda qv-

abebi, zedadgrebi, aqandazebi da sxv. aseve didi moTxovnileba

iyo sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis nivTebze. Tbilisis sam-

Wedlo-saxelosnoebSi amzadebdnen Toxebs, qarCebs, barebs, cu-

lebs, saxnisebs, jaWvebs, fiwlebs, waldebs, xerxebs, sasxlavebs,

savazeebs, namglebs da a.S.

samTo saqmis aRorZinebasTan erTad rkinis saxelosnoebi

am warmoebisaTvis gankuTvnili iaraRebis damzadebaze gadav-

idnen (maT miekuTvneboda qulungi, kazma da jaba). 1790 wels

am dasaxelebis iaraRi `gautanebiaT qiziySi madnis mZebneli

madanCebisaTvis~ [25, gv.95]. qulungs mTiuleTSi weraqvs eZa-

xian, xolo rac Seexeba kazmas da jabas, rogorc Cans maT-

Si madnis mosangrev uroebs Tu weraqvebs gulisxmoben. am

iaraRebs ,,madnis iaraRebi~ ewodeboda da rogorc erT-erT

sabuTSi moixsenieba, yazaxis guldaRis sabadosaTvis aleqsan-

dre mWedels swored aseTi `madnis iaraRebi~ daumzadebia [25,

gv.94]. axali daniSnulebis iaraRebis gamoWedviT Tbiliselma

mWedlebma kidev ufro aimaRles kvalifikacia.

erekles metalurgiulma qarxnebma Tbilisis sawarmo-

saxelosnoebi ara marto spilenZis da rkinis, aramed tyviis

didi raodenobiTac uzrunvelyo. liTonur tyvias sxvadasxva

90 91

gamoyeneba hqonda da Sesabamisad is sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis

ixmareboda. misi ZiriTadi nawili udavod Tofis tyviebis

damzadebaze modioda. XVIII saukuneSi Tofis tyvias sferose-

bri moyvaniloba hqonda da mas formebSi asxamdnen. im dros

sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli da maSasadame saqarTveloSic

gamoyenebul formas warmoadgenda Cqifismagvari xelsawyo,

romlis Tavi ori naxevarsferosebri TefSisagan Sedgeboda.

maTi dakecvisas miiReboda sferosebri siRrue, romelsac uka-

vSirdeboda mcire xvreli. am ukanasknelidan kovziT formaSi

isxmeboda gamdnari tyvia, romelic sferos formas iRebda da

gacivebisas Cqifis gaRebiT advilad scildeboda formas [95,

gv.691]. tyvias iyenebdnen ,,artileriis saxlSic~, sadac is

saWiro iyo yumbarebis dasamzadeblad.

tyviis didi raodenobiT mopoveba-gadamuSavebisas mas

sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebiTac iyenebdnen; TbilisSi misgan

milebic unda daemzadebinaT. im dros es masala Seucvleli

iyo wyalmomaragebaSi, vinaidan misgan milebis damzadeba sir-

Tules ar warmoadgenda (mili advilad miiReboda gamdnari

tyviis cilindruli formis garSemo CamosxmiT). XVIII sauku-

nis miwurulisaTvis, evropuli qalaqebis mibaZviT, TbilisSic

unda wamoewyoT wyalgamyvani milebis dageba, vinaidan isini im

dros Zalze mosaxerxebel da erTaderT saSualebas warmoad-

genda saxlebSi wylis misawodeblad. ar aris gamoricxuli,

rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi TbilisSi saxlis saxuravad gamoy-

enebuli unda yofiliyo furclovani tyviac. tyvia gamoiy-

eneboda agreTve mSeneblobaSi qvebis kvadrebis erTmaneTTan

damakavSireblad.

tyviis masalis garkveuli nawili Senadnobebis saxiT

gamoiyeneboda. erT-erT aseT Senadnobs warmoadgenda tyviis

narevi dariSxanTan, romlisganac safants amzadebdnen. dariSx-

ans umatebdnen tyviisaTvis ufro meti simagris da gamdnari

liTonisaTvis haerze sferosebri wveTis saxiT gamyarebis

unaris misaniWeblad. safantis damzadebis wesi dawvrilebiT

aris ganxiluli vaxtang VI-is ,,qimiaSi~ [15, gv.208-209].

safantis dasamzadeblad tyvias adnobdnen da nadnobis

zedapirs dariSxnis aorTqlebis Sesamcireblad naxSiris fx-

vniliT faravdnen. mxolod amis Semdgom SehqondaT nadnobSi

liTonuri dariSxani, realgari an dariSxnis anhidridi. na-

revs energiulad urevdnen xis joxiT da maSinve sadnob qvabs

mWidrod adgamdnen saxuravs. nadnobis samsaaTiani gaxurebis

Semdgom Senadnobi mzad iyo da safantisaTvis misi optim-

aluri Sedgeniloba tyviis 700 woniT nawilze dariSxnis

3 woniT nawils iTvaliswinebda. miRebul Senadnobs gamdnar

mdgomareobaSi ulufebad asxamdnen nasvretebian kovzSi, said-

anac misi wveTebi garkveuli simaRlidan daSvebisas haerSi

myardeboda sferosebri wveTebis saxiT da wyalSi Cavardnisas

sabolood civdeboda. sasafante Senadnobis optimaluri Sed-

genilobis darRvevebisas deformirebuli safanti miiReboda.

receptSi sagangebod aris miTiTebuli, rom dariSxnis Warbi

Semcvelobisas safanti SeZneqil, xolo naklebobisas _ RerZis

gaswvriv gazidul formas iZenda [95, gv.690].

TbilisSi udavod mzaddeboda tyvia-stibiumis Senadnobic,

romelic literebis dasamzadeblad esaWiroeboda TbilisSi

moqmed tipografias.

spilenZis da rkinis nawarmis eqsporti

sazRvargareT

spilenZis qarxnebSi maRalxarisxovani spilenZis didi ra-

odenobiT damzadebam sasikeTo gavlena moaxdina qveynis eko-

nomikur potencialze. am faqtis erT-erT TvalsaCino gamov-

linebad unda CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelo mokle

droSi gadaiqca am liTonis msxvil eqsportiorad. jer kidev

92 93

1772 wels akad. a.giuldenStedti, Seiswavla ra safuZvli-

anad qarTuli moqmedi Tu gauqmebuli samTo-metalurgiuli

sawarmoebi, aseT saintereso cnobas iZleva: `foTidan imer-

lebs TbilisSi moaqvT: spilenZis jaWvebi, spilenZis qvabebi

da saerTo saxmari spilenZis jam-WurWleuli. miuxedavad

saqarTveloSi arsebuli spilenZis sabadosi, SemoaqvT agreTve

TurqeTidan, gansakuTrebiT arzrumidan~ [8, gv.251].

saqarTveloSi spilenZis madnis arsebobis pirobebSi

TiTqos ucnaurad Cans importuli spilenZis Semotana, miT

umetes, rom am droisaTvis berZnebis mier eqsplotirebuli

sabadoebis da spilenZis sadnobi qarxnebis raodenoba mci-

re ar unda yofiliyo, magram yvelaferi gasagebi xdeba, Tu

a.giuldenStedtis sxva cnobebs mivaqcevT yuradRebas. sx-

vadasxva sabadoebis detaluri daTvalierebisas is iuwyeba:

`sxvadasxva adgilebSi aris mitovebuli Webi (maRaroebi) da

spilenZis da rkinis sadnobi dangreuli Senobebi~ [9, gv.13]. am

zogad gancxadebasTan erTad mkvlevars mohyavs konkretuli

magaliTebic: `sofel misxanasTan spilenZis bevri mitovebuli

sabado aris~, `davaTvaliere . . . spilenZis sabado gapar-

taxebul sofel vardisubanis axlos . . . aseve ganadgurebul

sofel SeloginosTan iyo agreTve mitovebuli rkinis madnebi,

romlebic aseve davaTvaliere . . .~, `mxolod 10 welia, rac

axtala savsebiT mitovebulia, radgan mosaxleobis narCenebi,

lekTa xSiri Tavdasxmebis gamo, zogi borCaloSi da zogi kax-

eTSi gadavida~ da a.S. [8, gv.19, 77; 9, gv.13].

citirebuli Canawerebidan aSkarad Cans, rom 1772 wlisaT-

vis mtrebis ganuwyveteli Tavdasxmebis pirobebSi, jer kidev

ar iyo momzadebuli saTanado niadagi samTo-metalurgiul

sawarmoebSi samuSaoTa gaSlisaTvis. bevri sawarmo mwyobridan

iyo gamosuli da maTi aRdgena did Zalisxmevas saWiroebda.

cxadia, rom aseT pirobebSi samefoSi jer kidev moqmed sawar-

moebs ar SeeZlo spilenZsa da mis nakeTobebze adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis moTxovnilebis srulad dakmayofileba. amitomac,

aRniSnuli deficitis Sevseba mxolod importul liTons

SeeZlo. unda aRiniSnos, rom erekle II-m mokle droSi SeZlo

1785 wels omar-xanis damarbeveli Tavdasxmis dros gapar-

taxebuli axtalis qarxnis aRdgena da amuSaveba. ase rom,

XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis me-2 naxevridan savaraudod

unda gazrdiliyo qarTuli samTo-metalurgiuli warmoebebis

mier gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba.

Tu ra warmatebebisaTvis unda mieRwia Semdgom wlebSi

spilenZis qarTul samTo-metalurgiul sawarmoebs, es kargad

Cans XIX saukunis dasawyisis erT saarqivo sabuTSi, romelic

rusuli samTo eqspediciis wevrebis cnobebs Seicavs. am cno-

bidan Cans, rom aRniSnuli periodisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTis

samefo ukve spilenZis erT-erT eqsportior qveyanas warmoad-

gens. misi produqcia miewodeboda ara marto mezobel somx-

eTsa da azerbaijans, aramed ufro Soreul qveynebsac. kerZod,

erevanSi erTi baTmani naWedi spilenZi 2 abazi Rirda, igive

raodenobis fasi iranis qalaqebSi 3,2-4,5 abazs Seadgenda.

gauWedavi spilenZi ganjaSi erTi abazi Rirda, xolo Semaxiasa

da baqoSi – 1,2-1,3 abazi. baqodan naWedi spilenZi gemebiT

gilansa da mazandaraSi gahqondaT da iq is erT abazad iyide-

boda [44]. dasaxelebuli cnobebidan naTlad Cans, rom qarTul

spilenZze didi moTxovnileba iyo. cxadia, es uprecendento

faqti warmoudgeneli iqneboda gasayidi spilenZis maRali

xarisxis gareSe.

Tbiliseli iaraRis damamzadebeli xelosnebis Zalze maRal

ostatobaze pirdapir miuTiTebs is faqti, rom XVIII s. meore

naxevridan maTi produqcia didi mowonebiT sargeblobda mezo-

bel qveynebSi. polkovnik s.burnaSovis (1743-1824) Tanaxmad

iranSi da kavkasiis mTianeTSi gatanil spilenZis WurWelTan

da cxenis aRkazmulobasTan erTad, eqsportis erT-erT Ziri-

Tad nawils xmlebi, xanjlebi da rkinis wvrili nivTebi Sead-

94 95

genda [56]. aRmosavluri iaraRis kargi mcodne, rusi generali

poto, iaraRis gamavrcelebel centrebad CeCneTsa da saqarT-

velos asaxelebda. mogvianebiT a.puSkini sagangebod aRniSnavda,

rom ,,Tbilisuri iaraRi Zvirad fasobs mTels aRmosavleTSi~,

rasac mxatvari g.gagarinic adasturebs suraTiT, romelSic

Tbilisis bazris fonze xmlebiT vaWroba aris asaxuli [53].

Tbilisuri iaraRis maRali avtoriteti udavod imiT iyo

ganpirobebuli, rom saqarTveloSi SenaduRi da sxmuli ,,bu-

latis~ warmoebis xelovnebas flobdnen. k.ColoyaSvils Ta-

vis statiaSi qarTuli ,,bulatis~ Sesaxeb mohyavs cnobili

metalurgi mkvlevaris semionovis Semdegi sityvebi: ,,mxolod

saqarTveloSi da zogierT sxva raionSi icodnen bulatis

iaraRis damzadebis xelovneba~. am mosazrebas meore rusi

mkvlevari d. bogaCevic adasturebs: ,,saqarTveloSi ,,bulati~

iyo ara marto gavrcelebuli, aramed cnobili iyo misi

damzadebis xerxebic~ [53].

,,bulatis~ damzadebis saidumloebas saqarTveloSi cnobilia,

rom ufro adreul saukuneebSic flobdnen, magram XVIII s. meore

naxevari gansakuTrebulia, am dros rkinis produqciis saer-

To zrdis fonze ,,bulatis~ iaraRis warmoeba mniSvnelovnad

gaizarda da eqsportis sagani gaxda.

gvianSuasaukuneebSi aRdgenili bulatis foladis miReba-

damuSavebis teqnologia mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs erekle

II-is mier aRdgenil Savi liTonebis metalurgia-damuSavebis

ciklSi. Tbilisis samWedlo saxelosnoebSi damzadebuli bu-

latis foladis civi iaraRi didad fasobda wina aziaSi

da eqsportis saxiT gadioda TurqeTsa da iranSi, agreTve

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. aRniSnuli movlena faqtobrivad axs-

nilia saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis iaraRis fondSi dac-

uli bulatis masalis mixedviT.

4. XVIII saukunis liTonis

nakeTobaTa qimiur-teqnologiuri

gamokvleva

mefe erekle II-is mier aRorZinebuli metalurgiuli

sawarmoebisa da liTondamuSavebis saxelosnoTa mier damza-

debul produqciaze gansakuTrebul mzard moTxovnilebas da

warmatebul eqsports maTi forma-daniSnuleba da xarisxi

ganapirobebda. saarqivo dokumentebiT dadasturebuli, sawar-

moTa muSaobis organizaciuli da teqnologiuri monacemebi,

gamoSvebuli produqciis mravalsaxeoba da mravalferovani

dizaini didad izidavda momxmarebels, rogorc saqarTveloSi,

ise mis gareT. eqsportis ZiriTad sagans feradi da Savi

liTonisagan miRebuli nawarmi warmoadgenda.

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis sacavebsa da kerZo

koleqciebSi arsebulma eqsponatebma da maTi kompleqsuri

kvlevis SesaZleblobebma, masalaze laboratoriuli (qimiur-

teqnologiuri) eqsperimentis Catarebis ufleba mogvca. Sesa-

bamisad ganvixilavT spilenZisa da rkinis nakeTobaTa Seswav-

lis Sedegebs.

spilenZis masala

Catarebulia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumsa da kerZo

koleqciaSi daculi, CvenTvis saintereso periodis spilenZis

sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis nakeTobebidan (sur. 16.) da

SerCeuli fragmentebis kompleqsuri qimiur-teqnologiuri

analizi (suraTze warmodgenili spilenZis nakeTobebi anali-

zebSi moxsenebulia imave nomrebis nimuSebad mag. 1 – Tungi

anu nimuSi 1). nakeTobaTa unikalurobis da mcire zomebis

gamo ver moxerxda yvela aRebuli nimuSis Slifis damzadeba,

96 97

rac aucilebeli iyo mikrorentgenospeqtraluri da metal-

ografiuli analizebis Casatareblad. aqedan gamomdinare es

analizebi ver Catarda yvela maTganze (metalografiulad

gamokvleulia me-2 da me-5 nimuSebze). maTi qimiuri Sedgeni-

lobis gansazRvris mizniT yvela nimuSi daeqvemdebara fluo-

rescenciur rentgenospeqtralur analizebs.

sur. 16. spilenZis nakeTobebi: 1-Tungi; 2-azarfeSa; 3-sanaTuri;

4-Tasi; 5-kandeli

metalografiuli gamokvleva. metalografiuli gamokvl-

eva Catarda optikuri mikroskopis `Neophot-31~-is meSveobiT, romelsac gaaCnia damatebiTi bloki optikuri gamosaxulebis

cifruli fotogadaRebisaTvis. cifruli fotosuraTis Sem-

dgomi damuSaveba da displeize gamoyvana warmoebda standar-

tuli kompiuteruli programebis saSualebiT (sur. 17).

1 45

32

a b

sur. 17. me-2 da me-5 nimuSebis mikrostruqtura

metalografiuli gamokvelevebiT dadgenilia, rom isto-

riuli spilenZis WurWlis mikrostruqtura ZiriTadad See-

sabameba Tanamedrove spilenZisaTvis gansazRvrul monacemebs.

mikrorentgenospeqtraluri analizi. mikrorentgeno-

speqtraluri kvlevis Catarebis mizniT gamoyenebulia mikro-

analizatori MS-46, firma `CAMECA~ (safrangeTi).

Seswavlili me-5 nimuSis zedapiris optikuri gamosax-

uleba gamoirCeva CanarTebis didi raodenobiT. maTi identifi-

kaciisaTvis Catarebulma Tvisobrivi analizma gamoavlina sami

tipis: siliciumis Semcveli da aluminis Semcveli CanarTebi,

agreTve spilenZis oqsidi, rac kargad fiqsirdeba `1-1~, `2-2~,

`3-3~ da `4-4~ skanirebis mimarTulebiT SiKa, AlKa da CuKa

rentgenis gamosxivebiT miRebul koncentraciul mrudebze

(sur.18).

`1-1~ mimarTulebiT skanirebisas CanarTze fiqsirdeba si-

liciumis didi koncentracia, xolo spilenZis mrudze imave

adgilas SeiniSneba Cavardna, rac miuTiTebs spilenZis ar

arsebobas. analogiuri suraTi gvaqvs `2-2~ mimarTulebiT

skanirebisas, oRond am SemTxvevaSi spilenZis adgils ikavebs

alumini. `3-3~ da `4-4~ mimarTulebiT skanirebam gamoavli-

98 99

na CanarTebSi spilenZis raodenobis Semcireba, rac SeiZleba

gamowveuli iyos spilenZis oqsidis arsebobiT.

sur. 18. me-5 nimuSSi Cu (fuZe), Al da Si naerTebis Can-arTebis (a) ganawilebis mrudebi 1-1; 2-2; 3-3 da 4-4 mimar-

TulebebiT (b)

a

b

fuZe liTonSi elementebis gamovlenis mizniT Catarda

speqtrometrebis skanireba sxvadasxva kuTxeebze rentgenis

gamosxivebis misaRebad. LiF da kvarcis 10T1 kristalebma

daafiqsires fuZe liTonSi mxolod spilenZis arseboba. P.E.T. kristalis mrudze gamoikveTa fosforis kvali, xolo K.A.P. kristalis mrudze – siliciumis kvali.

rogorc nimuSebis mikrorentgenospeqtralurma analizma

gviCvena, maTSi sakmao raodenobiT SeiniSneba araliTonuri

CanarTebi, ZiriTadad Cu2O-s saxiT. amasTan mcire raodeno-

biT arsebobs Al2O3 da SiO2-is araliTonuri CanarTebic. yove-

live es miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom Cvens mier ganxiluli

spilenZis miRebis procesisas, RumelSi haerisa da saTbobis

miwodebis teqnologiur stadiaze (haerSi arsebuli Jangbadi

iwvevs spilenZSi arsebuli minarevebis amowvas) dasaSvebia

masSi arsebuli elementebis gadasvla widaSi. amgvarad xdeba

minarevebis mocileba spilenZisagan da misi rafinireba. Cat-

arebuli eqsperimentis safuZvelze dasturdeba Seswavlili

spilenZis nimuSebis miRebis teqnologiuri procesi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom spilenZis WurWlis nimuSebis speqtral-

urma analizma daadgina me-5 nimuSis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, ro-

melic umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba spilenZis etalonis (sisuf-

Tave 99,9%) qimiuri Sedgenilobisagan (cx. 5).

cxrili 5. me-2 da me-5 nimuSebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba

dasax-eleba

elementebis raodenoba % masiT

Cu Ag Bi Sb As Fe Ni Pb Sn Zn Si

Cu-isetaloni

99,97

0,002

0,001

0,002

0,002

0,005

0,002

0,005

0,002

0,005

-

nimuSi 2

fuZe

0,02

- - 0,2

0,3

0,2

0,3

bevri

0,03

1,0

nimuSi 5

99,87

0,002

0,001

0,002

0,002

0,006

0,10

0,003

0,004

0,005

0,003

100 101

me-5 nimuSisgan gansxvavebiT, me-2 nimuSSi dasturdeba Sn-is didi raodenoba, amasTan erTad sxva minarevi elementebis

mniSvnelovani zrda, rac fuZe liTonis (spilenZi) special-

uri safeniT dafarvaze miuTiTebs.

rentgenospeqtraluri analizi. spilenZis WurWlis qimiuri

Sedgeniloba gansazRvruli iqna fluorescenciuri rentgeno-

speqtraluri analiziT.

1-5 nimuSebis kvleva Catarda Semdeg pirobebSi:

rentgenis gamosxivebis wyaro – rentgenis milaki БСВ-29 molib-

denis anodiT; dacemis kuTxe – 720; gamosvlis kuTxe – 180; Zabva –

40 kv; deni – 15 ma; skanirebis siCqare – 40/wT; drois mudmiva –

2 wm; monoqromatori – grafitis monokristali (d = 3,345Å);

intensivobis diapazoni – 4000 impulsi/wm. (sur. 19, 20, 21).

a

b

sur.19. nimuSi 1-is (a) da nimuSi 2-is (b) fluorescenciuri

rentgenospeqtraluri analizi.

a

102 103

b

sur.20. nimuSi 3-is (a) da nimuSi 4-is (b) fluorescenciuri rentgenospeqtraluri analizi.

sur.21. nimuSi 5-is fluorescenciuri rentgenospeqtraluri

analizi

nimuSebis kvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi (cx. 6)

cxrili 6. nimuSebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba

Semadgeneli el-ementi, %

nimuSis #

12

3 4 5safeni danafari

Cu fuZe fuZe - fuZe fuZe fuZe

Pb - - 60 - 1,0 -

Zn 3-5 - - - - -

As <0,2 - - <0,2 - -

Fe 1-2 <0,5 - <0,1 0,5 <0,03

Sn - - 40 - - -

fluorescenciurma rentgenospeqtralurma analizma daadas-

tura nimuSebze Catarebuli speqtraluri analizis Sedegebi.

naTlad Cans, rom me-2 nimuSSi didi raodenobiT kalisa da

tyviis Semcveloba aixsneba spilenZze aRniSnuli elementebis

Semcveli danafaris arsebobiT. Catarebulma analizebma Tval-

naTliv dagvanaxa, rom aRniSnuli nimuSebi damzadebuli iyo maRa-

li xarisxis spilenZisagan, rac ganapirobebda masze moTxovnile-

bas rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareTac.

laboratoriuli eqspertizis fonze dasturdeba er-

ekleseuli spilenZis warmoebis maRali done, gamoSvebuli

produqciis xarisxi, romlis legirebiTac SesaZlebeli iqne-

boda specialuri daniSnulebisa da Sesabamisi Tvisebebis mqone

nakeTobaTa realizacia.

bulatis foladi. saqarTverlos erovnul muzeumSi dac-

uli bulatis iaraRi XVII-XIX saukuneebiT TariRdeba. ro-

gorc bulatis nakeTobaTa istoriul-teqnologiuri Ses-

wavla cxadyofs, ereklesdroindeli Savi liTondamuSavebis

samWedlo-saxelosnoebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen am tipis

cnobili foladis damzadebis teqnologiis SemuSavebas da

ganviTarebas.

104 105

Seswavlilia bulatis iaraRis SerCeuli nimuSebi. gamokv-

leulia bulatis foladis qimiuri Sedgeniloba (cx.7), ma-

salis morfologia da damzadebis teqnologiuri sqemis

zogierTi niSani. Catarebulma metalografiulma kvlevam

daadastura iaraRis zedapirze arsebuli makroskopuli saxe:

meoradi karbidebis mkveTrad gamosaxuli zolovani ganawile-

ba austenitis daSlis produqtebis fonze (sur. 22).

cxrili 7. bulatis foladis qimiuri Sedgeniloba

nivTisainventa-ro nomeri

qimiuri Sedgeniloba, %

C Mn Si Ni P S

dana146

40 26- 1,20 0,003 0,15 0,005 0,02 0,012

xanjali190

36 56- 1,35 0,011 0,10 0,003 0,03 0,010

xanjali192

36 35- 1,30 0,003 0,11 0,008 0,016 0,009

xanjali203

36 35- 1,44 0,005 0,20 0,005 0,02 0,007

xmali190

40 26- 1,06 0,015 0,05 0,004 0,015 0,008

xmali62

12 26- 1,08 0,18 0,05 0,003 0,003 0,010

masalis qimiuri Sedgenilobidan irkveva, rom is warmoad-

gens zeevteqtoidur folads, mcire raodenobiT Seicavs man-

ganums, nikels, siliciumsa da gogirds. eleqtronul mikros-

kopze Tesla BS 300, gamovlenilia koagulirebuli rkinis

meoradi karbidebis (Fe3C) upiratesi sferuli forma (5-15

mkm), romlebic warmoqmnian deformaciis mimarTulebiT fiq-

sirebul koloniebs (sur. 23).

sur. 22. bulatis mikrostruqtura x100

sur. 23. bulatis foladisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rkinis meo-

radi karbidebis koloniebi

106 107

rogorc masalis kompleqsurma analizma gviCvena, qarTuli

bulati warmoadgens maRalnaxSirbadian folads (C=0,9-1,5%),

sxmulis dabali siCqariT gaciebiT miRebulia msxvilmarcv-

lovani struqtura, specialuri WedviT (deformaciis xarisxi

ε = 80%) miRweulia bulatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zolovan-

figuruli makrostruqturuli ganlageba (bulatis saxe).

aRniSnuli qimiuri Sedgenilobisa da struqturuli aRna-

gobis bulatis masala miRebulia gansakuTrebuli Termuli

damuSavebisa da specialuri Wedvis teqnologiuri meTodebis

gamoyenebiT, rac maRali donis samWedlo saxelosnoTa pre-

rogativas warmoadgens.

amgvarad, XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi aRorZinebuli

Savi liTonebis damuSavebis samWedlo-saxelosnoTa teqnikuri

SesaZleblobebi da sawarmoo done ganapirobebda bulatis

foladis xelovnebis dauflebas da damuSavebuli produqciis

maRal xarisxs sabazro da samomxmareblo TvalsazrisiT.

5. tyviis, vercxlis da

oqros warmoeba

erekles qarxnebidan oqros, vercxlis da tyviis arse-

biTi masa axtalis sawarmoSi miiReboda. amdenad sainteresoa

aRniSnul sawarmoSi am produqtebis gamodnoba-gadamuSave-

basTan dakavSirebuli moqmedi teqnologiuri sqema. axtalis

SemogarenSi madnis mopovebis Sesaxeb sakmaod dawvrilebiTi

aRweriloba Cvenamde a.borzunovis moxsenebis saxiT aris moR-

weuli. msgavsi teqnologiuri sqema Cven ganvixileT ala-

verdis sawarmosTan dakavSirebiT, mas aq sruli saxiT aRar

SevexebiT. axtalis sawarmos nedleuli baza tipiur po-

limetalur madans warmoadgens da 1910-ani wlebis anal-

iziT, Semdeg komponentebs Seicavda: Pb-15,00%; Cu-3,80%; Ag-0,04%; Au-0,0025%; Zn-33,70%; Fe-8,40%; As-0,0054%; S-29,36%; Si-3,27%; Ca-0,93% [101, gv.36]. madnis aseTi tipi sakmaod rTul teqnologiur operaciebs saWiroebda, rogorc

oqro-vercxlis da tyviis gamosayofad, ise mravalricxovani

madniseuli minarevebis mosacileblad.

axtalis qarxnis Sesaxeb Cvenamde mxolod calkeulma

cnobebma moaRwia da aq arsebuli mTliani teqnologiuri

sqemis rekonstruirebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia am periodis

evropul warmoebaTa miRwevebic. sruli teqnologiuri sqema

madnidan jer tyviis gamodnobas, Semdeg tyviidan vercxlis ga-

mocalkevebas da bolos vercxlidan oqros amoRebas iTvalis-

winebda. Sesabamisad, qvemoT moyvanili ganakveTebi jer tyviis,

Semdeg vercxlis da dasasruls – oqros miRebis sakiTxebs

exeba.

108 109

tyviis warmoeba

Zveli msoflios metalurgiis praqtikaSi tyviis mop-

ovebis yvelaze gavrcelebul wess sulfiduri madnebis

gamowvisa da aRdgenis meTodi warmoadgenda. gamowvis proce-

sis Sedegad, madnis Semadgeneli yvela liTonuri komponenti

Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe - sulfidebi oqsidad gardaiqmneboda. gamomwvar

madans Semdeg adnobdnen naxSirTan da mdnobebTan erTad, ris

Sedegadac tyvia liTonur mdgomareobamde aRdgeboda, xolo

ZneladaRdgenadi liTonebi widaSi gadadioda [95, gv.659-660].

axtalis qarxanaSi, iseve rogorc alaverdSi, gaTval-

iswinebuli iyo sulfiduri madnebis gamowva. gamowvis process

udavod grovebad awarmoebdnen, risTvisac, qviT mopirkeTebuli

mcire gabaritebis ormoebi gamoiyeneboda. tyviis sulfiduri

madnis grovebad gamowvas evropis qarxnebSi xSirad mimar-

Tavdnen me-19 saukuneSic. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, Saxtur

RumelebSi madnis gamowvis Semdeg, gogirdis sruli gamowvis

mizniT process grovebSi agrZelebdnen [95, gv.672]. axtalaSi

sruli gamowvis mizniT es procedura imave alaverdis qarx-

nis analogiiT 3-4-jer unda gaemeorebinaT, ris Sedegad yvela

liTonis sulfidi (Fe, Pb, Cu , Zn) oqsidebSi gadadioda. madnis sruli gamowva da Semdeg aRdgeniT dnoba am Sem-

TxvevaSic imave sqemiT xorcieldeboda, ra sqemiTac sarge-

blobdnen aziuri wesiT spilenZis gamodnobisas. es Tanxvedra

Rumelebis konstruqciebzec vrceldeboda: tyviis gamosadnobi

Rumeli zustad iseTive konstruqciisa iyo, rogorc alaver-

dis spilenZis sadnobi Rumeli [21]. am procesisaTvis aRebuli

kazmi gamomwvar madanTan erTad udavod Seicavda naxSirs da

flusebs (mdnobebs) minarevebis widaSi gadasayvanad.

aRdgeniTi dnobis procesSi widaSi gadadioda rkina da

TuTia silikatebis saxiT, vinaidan am ori komponentis pro-

centuli Semcveloba madanSi Zalze maRali iyo (Zn-33,7%;

Fe-8,4%). madanSive arsebuli kaJmiwis raodenoba (SiO2-7,0%)

ar iyo sakmarisi am komponentebis sruli awidvisaTvis.

aqedan gamomdinare, unda vivaraudoT, rom silikatebis da-

nakliss berZeni ostatebi kazmSi kaJmiwis damatebiT avsebdnen

da am gziT uzrunvelyofdnen TuTiisa da rkinis sruli ra-

odenobiT widaSi gadasvlas. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom wida-

Si tyviis gadasvlis aRkveTis mizniT, kazmSi damatebiT kiric

yofiliyo Seyvanili, vinaidan misi is raodenoba, romelic

madanSia dasaxelebuli (CaO-1,3%), ar iyo sakmarisi gacile-

biT didi raodenobis tyviis (Pb-15%) sruli saxiT nadnobSi

dasatoveblad. widebis mocilebis Semdeg rCeboda gamdnari

masa, romelsac ZiriTadad liTonamde aRdgenili tyvia da

spilenZi Seadgenda. am ori liTonis dacileba ki im dros

mxolod zeigerobis procesis saSualebiT SeiZleboda.

procesi tyviis da spilenZis erT damaxasiaTebel Tvise-

baze iyo dafuZnebuli. kerZod, am liTonebis Txevadi narevis

neli gacivebisas adgili aqvs maTi erTmaneTisgan dacilebas

ori Sris saxiT. qveda Sres ikavebda tyvia mTeli vercxlis

minareviT, xolo zeda SreSi ufro msubuqi spilenZi xvdeboda

tyviis mcire minareviT. gamdnari masis swrafad gacivebisas

ki miiReba orive liTonis erTiani narevi, romelSic aravi-

Tari ganSreveba ar SeimCneva [75, gv.216]. neli gacivebisas

gamyarebuli Sreebis erTmaneTisgan dacileba problemas ar

warmoadgens da SesaZlebeli xdeba tyviis calke gamoyofa.

ase miRebuli tyvia vercxlis garda sxva minarevebsac Seicavs,

amdenad pirvel rigSi saWiroa misi rafinireba.

rafinirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba ori umartivesi xerxi,

romelTagan pirvel SemTxvevaSi tyviis xelaxla gadnobisas,

Zneladdnobadi minarevebi gamdnari masis zedapirze grovdeba

da mas amoxapviT acileben tyvias. meore SemTxvevaSi ki meqa-

nikur gawmendas win uswrebs gamdnar tyviaSi haeris Seberva,

ris Sedegadac tyviaze ufro aqtiurad Jangvadi liTonebi

110 111

qmnian oqsidebs da gamdnari masis zedapirze grovdebian [95,

gv.681].

berZnebi, unda vivaraudoT, rom orive am wess iyenebdnen

da sabolood vercxlis Semcvel SedarebiT sufTa tyvias

iRebdnen. erT-erTi cnobiT isini qarxanaSi dRe-Ramis ganmav-

lobaSi 10-12 fuT (160-192 kg) aseT tyvia-vercxlis Senad-

nobs iRebdnen [21]. tyviisa da vercxlis dacileba treibgerde-

bze warmoebda. treibgerdebze mimdinare procesebs vercxlis

miRebisadmi miZRvnil qveTavSi ganvixilavT. aq ki aRvniSnavT,

rom dacilebis procesis Sedegad tyvia murdasangis saxiT

miiReboda rogorc treibgerdis kedlebSi Sewovili masis, ise

treibgerdidan gadadenili nadnobis saxiT.

treibgerdSi Sewovili murdasangi, nacrisa da silis mina-

reviT gadaRvril tyviis oqsidTan erTad aRdgeniT dnobas

ganicdida naxSiris meSveobiT. amis Sedegad murdasangi aRd-

genil tyviaSi gadadioda, romlis Tavze dagrovil nacarsa da

silas amoxapviT acilebdnen gamlRval liTons.

erT-erTi cnobis Tanaxmad, romelic a.musin-puSkinis

TanamSromels, a.Sligelmixs ekuTvnis, axtalaSi dReSi 200

fuTamde (e.i. 3,2 tonamde) tyvias adnobdnen [85, gv.174]. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am qarxanaSi, iseve rogorc alaverdSi,

samuSao dReTa raodenoba weliwadSi 250 dRes Seadgenda, ma-

Sin aq gamodnobili tyviis yovelwliuri raodenoba 50000

fuTs anu 800 tonas Seesabameboda.

vercxlis gamocalkeveba tyviisagan

axtalis qarxanaSi vercxlis Semcveli tyviidan vercxlis

gamocalkevebis meTodi zogadi saxiT cnobilia. SemorCenilia

am operaciisaTvis saWiro qarxniseuli mowyobilobis aRweri-

lobac, romlis Tanaxmad, saqme gvaqvs tipiur treibgerdTan,

mxolod Rumelis konstruqciis zeda nawilis gareSe. qveda

nawili warmoadgens keras ormos saxiT (siRrme 26,4sm da

sigrZe-sigane 52,5sm), sadac kedlebi amotkepnilia kaklis xis

nacrisa da silis nareviT. cecxlis gaZlierebisaTvis gamoy-

enebulia xelis sabervelebi [21].

aseT narevs gansakuTrebuli Tviseba gaaCnda, romelic uz-

runvelyofda vercxlisa da tyviis erTmaneTisagan dacilebas.

kerZod, iwovda tyviis gamdnar oqsids – murdasangs, maSin

rodesac, erTad tyviisa da vercxlisadmi, aseTi forovani

masa sruliad inertulia. aseT ormoSi iyreboda vercxlis

Semcveli masa da mas garSemo da Tavze ewyoboda SeSis grova.

SeSis grovis anTebis Semdeg masa iwyebda dnobas. Txevadi

mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad ormos garSemo umatebdnen

SeSas, xolo gamdnari tyviis zedapirze sabervelebis saSu-

alebiT mimarTavdnen haeris Wavls, Sedegad tyvia iJangeboda

murdasangad da Seiwoveboda silis da nacris forovani na-

reviT amogebul kedlebSi. murdasangis nawili ki SesaZloa

gadaRvrili yofiliyo keraSi arsebuli da aRwerilobaSi

gamotovebuli arxis saSualebiT. rogorc etyoba, amisTvis

mimReb moculobad gaTvaliswinebuli iyo arxis meore bolos

gverdiT momzadebuli ormo.

sabervlebis mudmivi datvirTvis pirobebSi, murdasangis

klebasTan erTad, ormos centrSi Cndeboda gamlRvali ver-

cxlis masa, romelic murdasangs ar ereoda. murdasangis mniS-

vnelovnad Semcirebisas SeSis wva da haeris Seberva wydeboda,

gacivebisas ki Sua nawilidan iRebdnen tyviisagan gancalkev-

ebul vercxlis zods, romlis zedapirze mikruli murdasan-

gis mocileba xdeboda meqanikuri zemoqmedebis gziT. vinaidan

aseTi zodi yovelTvis Seicavda oqros, warmoebis bolo sta-

dia miRebuli vercxlidan oqros gamoyofas iTvaliswinebda.

v.melqonianis monacemis Tanaxmad axtalis qarxanaSi ver-

cxlis sadnobi 17 Rumelidan 10 Tvis ganmavlobaSi mudmivad

7-10 Rumeli mainc muSaobda da weliwadSi daaxloebiT 60-92

112 113

fuT (e.i. 960-1472 kg) vercxls iZleoda [27]. es monacemi

met-naklebad s.esaZis mier moyvanili cnobis Sesatyvisia, rom-

lis Tanaxmad aq saSualod 150-200 litra (552-736 kg) ver-

cxls iRebdnen, zogjer ki 300 litrasac (1104 kg) [112, gv.14].

axtalis qarxnis garda vercxlisa da oqros mopovebas

dambludis spilenZis qarxanac awarmoebda. es ganpirobebuli

iyo im garemoebiT, rom dambludis madani spilenZTan erTad

vercxlsac Seicavda. amitom kavkasiis wiaRiseulis 1917 wlis

aRwerilobaSi dambludi moxseniebulia, rogorc vercxlis, ise

spilenZis madnebTan dakavSirebiT [101, gv.36, 110]. aqve moyva-

nilia dambludis madnis Sedgenilobac: CuS-33%, PbS-21%, ZnS-34%. amasTan erTad, 1 fuTi madani (e.i. 16 kg) Seicavda

1,2 misxal (e.i. 5,12g) vercxls da 0,07 misxal (e.i. 0,30 g)

oqros [28, gv.37]. madanSi spilenZis kolCedanis didma raode-

nobam da oqro-vercxlis sakmaod maRalma Semcvelobam Ta-

visTavad ganapiroba madnis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnis profili.

is spilenZTan erTad oqro-vercxlsac iRebda da faqtobrivad

warmoadgenda rogorc spilenZis, ise vercxlis qarxanas.

samwuxarod qarxnis muSaobis Sesaxeb Zvel wyaroebSi raime

xelmosakid masalas ver mivakvlieT. amitomac qarxanaSi gamoy-

enebuli teqnologiuri sqemis Sesaxeb Cven SeiZleba zogadi

saxiT, da Tanac savaraudod, gamovTqvaT Cveni mosazreba.

madnis gadamuSavebis pirvel stadias gamowvis procesi

warmoadgenda, rac spilenZis, tyviis da TuTiis sulfidebis

oqsidebad gardaqmnas niSnavda. meore stadia ki, aRdgeniT

dnobas iTvaliswinebda.

CvenTvis ucnobia gamoyofili widebis saxe, magram eWvs

ar iwvevs, rom gamlRval masaSi spilenZi da tyvia umniSvnelo

danakargebiT unda yofiliyo warmodgenili. gamlRval tyviaSi

am dros gaxsnili unda yofiliyo vercxli da oqro, romlis

nawils Tavdapirvelad TviT tyvia, xolo nawils _ spilenZi

Seicavda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu madnis SemadgenlobaSi tyvia ar

Sedioda, rasac dambludis madnis zogierT nimuSSi aqvs ad-

gili, maSin madanSi Zvirfasi liTonebi mxolod spilenZSi

unda yofiliyo dagrovili.

vercxlis da oqros Semcveli spilenZis madnidan am Zvir-

fasi liTonebis amosaRebad, Zvel evropul samTo-metalurgiul

praqtikaSi gamomuSavebuli iyo wesi, romelic am proceduris

Catarebas Sav spilenZze iTvaliswinebda [95, gv.791,800]. ker-

Zod, Sav spilenZs gamdnar mdgomareobaSi emateboda tyvia (im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ar iyo amosaval madanSi), ris Sedegadac

Sav spilenZSi arsebuli oqro da vercxli gamlRval tyviaSi

iyrida Tavs. vercxlis Semcveli tyviisa da Savi spilenZis

erTmaneTisgan dasacileblad gamoiyeneboda zeigerobis meTo-

di.

SeiZleba iTqvas, igive xerxs iyenebdnen dambludis qarxa-

naSic, mxolod madanze tyviis damatebis gareSe, gamocalkev-

ebuli komponentebi Semdgom stadiaze ukve damoukideblad

muSavdeboda. Savi spilenZidan rafinirebis gziT miiReboda

wiTeli spilenZi, xolo treibgerdze tyviis damuSavebiT ver-

cxlis amowidvas awarmoebdnen. miRebuli murdasangis aRdge-

niT miiReboda tyvia, xolo vercxlidan Tezafis saSualebiT

xdeboda oqros gamocalkeveba.

oqros dacileba vercxlisagan

zemoaRniSnuli teqnologiuri sqemiT miRebuli sufTa

vercxli minarevebs aRar Seicavs. masSi sakmaod didi ra-

odenobiTaa warmodgenili oqro. aseT vercxls axtalaSi

,,oqroian vercxls~ uwodebdnen, xolo vaxtang VI-is ,,qimiis~

Tanaxmad is ,,oqros vercxlis~ saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili

[15, gv.85; 25, gv.86,90]. Senadnobidan oqros dacilebas vercx-

lisagan ,,TezafCebi~ axorcielebdnen.

114 115

erekle II-is mier warmoebul oqro-vercxlTan dakavSire-

biT xSirad gvxvdeba es termini `TezafCebi~. Tanamedrove

terminologiiT ,,Tezafi~ ,,samefo arays~ niSnavs (sami wili

azotmJavasa da erTi wili marilmJavas narevi). magram ro-

gorc irkveva, aseTi mniSvnelobiT es termini qarTul enaSi

mxolod bolo periodSia Semosuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, niko

CubinaSvilis leqsikoniT (1810 weli) ,,Tezafi~ ukve ,,samefo

arayTan~ aris gaigivebuli [57, gv231], magram Tu adreul wy-

aroebs gadavxedavT, aq ,,Tezafi~ sul sxva, kerZod ki, azotm-

Javas mniSvnelobiT aris gamoyenebuli. vaxtang VI-is ,,qimiaSi~

,,Tezafi~ zogadi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba da is saerTod agresi-

uli siTxeebis, pirvel rigSi ki mJavebis aRmniSvnel terminad

gamoiyeneba [15, gv.55, 108]. amave TxzulebaSi is gvxvdeba kerZo

mniSvnelobiTac mxolod da mxolod azotmJavas aRsaniSnavad

[15, gv.91, 209]. ase esmodaT es termini erekles epoqaSic.

amitomac ,,TezafCi~, romlis gadmoqarTulebuli varianti

,,meTezafes“ niSnavs, ewodeboda specialists, romlis xelo-

bac TezafTan, e.i. azotmJavasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. TezafCs

evaleboda azotmJavas damzadeba da misi saSualebiT oqros

Semcveli vercxlidan oqros gamoyofa. ar aris gamoricxuli,

rom mJavas damzadebas da misi saSualebiT vercxlidan oqros

gamoyofas sxvadasxva pirebi axorcielebdnen. miuxedavad amisa,

orive albaT mainc TezafCad iTvleboda. axtalis qarxanaSi

rom mxolod erTi TezafCi ar iyo, es kargad Cans am qarxnis

sabuTebidan. aq ramdenjerme TezafCebi mravlobiT ricxvSi

moixsenieba, xolo 1782 wlis CanaweriT ki, ,,oqroiani vercx-

lis~ TiTo litraze TezafCebs erTi dangi oqroc miuRiaT

jamagiris saxiT [25, gv.86].

samwuxarod aranairi cnoba ar mogvepoveba imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ra teqnologiuri sqemiT axorcielebdnen TezafCebi ax-

talis qarxanaSi azotmJavas miRebas da misi saSualebiT

,,oqroiani vercxlis~ gadamuSavebas. magram am SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba visargebloT vaxtang VI-is ,,qimiis~ monacemebiT da

viTvaliswinebT, rom Tezafis miRebisa da misi saSualebiT

vercxlisgan oqros dacilebis wesebi sxvadasxva drosa da

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTmaneTisagan didad ar gansxvavdeboda.

oqrosa da vercxlis erTmaneTisagan dasacileblad saWiro

iyo Zalze sufTa azotmJava, romelic marilmJavas an gogird-

mJavas ar Seicavda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi azotmJavaSi gaxs-

nili vercxli am mJavebiT gamoileqeboda vercxlis sulfatis

an qloridis saxiT da azotmJavaSi gauxsnel oqros Seereoda

rogorc myari minarevi. aseT azotmJavas xSirad `zarafxa-

nis Tezafs~, e.i. zarafxanis azotmJavasac eZaxdnen, vinaidan

is ZiriTadad zarafxanaSi gamoiyeneboda vercxlidan oqros

gamosacalkeveblad. zarafxanaSi mudmivad iyo saWiro sufTa

vercxli da oqro da amdenad monetebis mosaWrelad azot-

mJava zarafxanis erT-erT mTavar preparats warmoadgenda.

vaxtang VI-is Tanaxmad, aseTi `zarafxanis Tezafi~ miiReba

erTi wona gvarjilis da sami wona ajaspis (vaxtangi xSirad

da am SemTxvevaSic ajasps `Sabis~ saxelwodebiT moixseniebs)

narevis gamoxdis Sedegad. miRebuli Tezafis Tviseba is aris,

rom mas SeuZlia oqros Semcveli vercxli gaxsnas, anu vax-

tangis sityvebiT: `mas es sWirs, oqros vercxls daadnobs~

[15, gv.85].

ufro dawvrilebiT vaxtangi ̀ zarafxanis Tezafis~ miRebis

sakiTxs §94-Si exeba. aq gamoxdisaTvis aiReba gasufTavebuli

(`daxalasebuli~) gvarjilis da `arjaspis~ narevi Sefardeb-

iT 1:2. jer neli, xolo Semdeg gaZlierebuli cecxlis reJim-

Si mimdinareobs Tezafis gamoxdis procesi. miRebuli disti-

lati (`arayi~) oTx wilad iyofa, romlis sami wili calke da

erTi wili calke aiReba. am erT wils emateba vercxli, rom-

lis swrafad gaxsnisaTvis azotmJava `nel cecxlzed~ Tbeba.

vercxlis gadnobis Semdeg am erT wils is sami wilic emateba,

ris Sedegadac xsnari `rZesaviT~ xdeba. am proceduris arsi

116 117

savsebiT gasagebi iqneba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erT wil

azotmJavaSi vercxlis gaxsnisas xsnarSi warmoiqmneba vercx-

lis nitrati. miRebul xsnarze sami wili mJavas damatebisas

gogirdmJavas Tu marilmJavas Semcveli minarevis es sami wili

(iseve rogorc erTi wili) vercxlis sulfatis an vercxlis

qloridis TeTr rZismagvar naleqs iZleva, romelsac azot-

mJavadan dekantaciiT acalkeveben. amisaTvis xsnars jer ay-

ovneben, raTa naleqi `dawdes~, xolo Semdeg xsnars frTxilad

gadmoasxamen, ise rom naleqi ar aimRvres da xsnars ar gad-

moyves (`ra dawmdes, sul nela gadmoswure~). miRebuli xsnari

azotmJava (`Tezafi~) iqneba. rac Seexeba vercxlis naleqs,

gamoSrobis Semdgom mas cecxlze axureben da adnoben, ris

Sedegadac, rogorc vaxtangi ambobs, vercxli isev vercxli

iqneba. Cveni azriT aq gadamweris daudevrobis gamo daSvebuli

unda iyos erTi uzustoba: AgSO4-isa Tu AgCl-is gadadnobis Sedegad vercxli ver miiReba. es SesaZlebelia mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu vercxlis qlorids an vercxlis sulfats

soda daemateba. maSin gadnobisas TiToeuli maTganisaTvis ad-

gili unda hqondes Semdeg reaqciebs, romlebic vercxlis

liTonis saxiT gamoyofas uzrunvelyofen [110, gv.54]:

vercxlis qloridisaTvis vercxlis sulfatisaTvis

2AgCl + Na2CO3→Ag2CO3 + 2NaCl Ag2SO4 + Na2CO3→Ag2CO3 + Na2SO4

Ag2CO3→Ag2O + CO2 Ag2CO3→ Ag2O + CO2

2Ag2O→4Ag + O2 2Ag2O → 4Ag + O2

cxadia, rom axtalis qarxanaSi raRac mcire sawarmo unda

arsebuliyo, romelSic azotmJavas iRebdnen da wmendnen. es

albaT CvenTvis cnobili yvelaze adreuli qimiuri sawarmo iyo.

cxadia, rom nedleulad am SemTxvevaSi arjasps da gvarjilas

iyenebdnen. maTi deficiti im droisaTvis ar unda yofiliyo,

Tundac imitom, rom im dros TbilisSi muSaobda Tofiswamlis

qarxana, romlis erT-erT yvelaze saWiro nedleuls gvarji-

la warmoadgenda [8, gv.157]. rac Seexeba arjasps, is yofiT

praqtikaSi kidev ufro farTo moxmarebis sagani iyo, gansa-

kuTrebiT Rebvis saqmeSi da amitomac axtalis qarxanaSi misi

deficiti ar iqneboda. 1772 wels i.giuldenStedtis cnobiT,

Tbilisis duqnebSi erTi stili (daaxloebiT 150 gramamde)

gvarjilis fass rusuli 15 kapiki Seadgenda. iyideboda ar-

jaspic, vinaidan isic moyvanilia siaSi, magram samwuxarod misi

fasis aRniSvna i.giuldenStedts gamorCenia [9, gv.376-377].

pirdapiri cnobebi ar mogvepoveba axtalis azotmJavas

warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli aparaturis Sesaxeb, magram zogierTi

qarTuli wyaros mixedviT SegviZlia am aparaturis miax-

loebiTi rekonstruireba. pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia

vaxtang VI-is ,,qimiis” monacemebi. kerZod, §110-Si, romelic

qimiis laboratoriul WurWels eZRvneba, moyvanilia 3 sadis-

tilacio danadgaris naxazi (sur. 24).

TiToeul naxazze 3 tipis aparatia warmodgenili. maTgan

pirveli nedleulis Semcveli kolbis Rumelis zeda nawilSi

ganTavsebas iTvaliswinebs (aqedan Cans, rom es aparati Se-

darebiT dabaltemperaturuli gamoxdisaTvis iyo gaTvalis-

winebuli). meore aparati ufro maRaltemperaturuli pro-

cesebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, vinaidan, rogorc suraTidan Cans,

gamosaxdeli nedleulis Semcveli kolba bolomdea CaSvebu-

li. misi RumelSi Cavardnis Tavidan acilebis mizniT yelze am

kolbas mrgvali disko aqvs Camocmuli, romlis saSualebiTac

fiqsirebulia misi mdgomareoba. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

mesame saxis danadgari, romlis nedleulis Semcveli Wur-

Weli ukve ara minis kolbas, aramed qoTans warmoadgens. aqve

vaxtangs moyvanili aqvs warwera: ,,qoTaniT Tezafis gamoxda

asea~. e.i. rogorc vxedavT gamoxdis procesis Catareba aq

gacilebiT maRal temperaturaze aris gaTvaliswinebuli. ase-

118 119

Ti temperaturebi, rogorc warweridanac Cans, azotmJavis mis-

aRebad aris saWiro da Sesabamisad minis kolba cecxlgamZle

Tixis qoTniT aris Secvlili. meore, §111-Si aRwerilia is

wesi, romelic alembikis anu qarTuli terminologiiT ambuxis

qoTanTan mierTebas iTvaliswinebs. amisaTvis aiReba qaSanuris

fiala, romelic Tavisi zomebiT qoTnis pirs Tanxvdeba. fiala

magrdeba qoTanze, xolo fialaze ki _ ambuxis piri. specialu-

ri TixiT Selesvis Semdgom, hermetulobis dacvis mizniT,

Tixa unda ,,karga gamagrdes, [rom] am mowyobilobidan sul

ar gamovi des~ [15, gv.133]. aseTi wesiT ori detalis mierTeba

marTlac uzrunvelyofs WurWlis srul hermetizacias.

sur. 24. azotmJavas gamosaxdeli danadgari

(vaxtang VI-is monacemebi)

swavluli mefis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, azotmJavas

saamqroSi swored aseTi danadgari unda yofiliyo gamoy-

enebuli. zogadad aseTi konstruqciis gamoyenebas adasturebs

daviT batoniSvilic, romelic kargad iyo gaTviTcnobiere-

buli samTo-qimiuri warmoebebis detalebSi. mis mier Sedge-

nil ,,samkurnalo receptebSi~ niSaduris spirtis misaRebad

niSaduri, potaSi da wyali unda Caiyaros avtoris sityve-

biT rom gadmovceT: ,,brolis qvabSi da CvenSi rom brolis

qvabi ar aris, Tixis qvab-qoTanSi~. amis Semdgom Casatarebeli

RonisZiebebi ase aris aRwerili: `zed minis zarfuSi daaxure,

rogorc Tezafis zarfuSi da piri kargad gaglise. Semodgi

nel cecxlze~ [62, f.105]. am Zalze saintereso cnobidan Cans,

rom cecxlgamZle minisagan damzadebuli kolba, romelsac

daviTi ,,brolis qvabs~ eZaxis, saqarTveloSi ar moipoveboda.

amitomac, mis nacvlad Tixis qvab-qoTani gamoiyeneboda, zustad

iseve, rogorc es vaxtangs aqvs aRwerili. ,,ambuxs~ daviTi aq

,,zarfuSs~ uwodebs da es zarfuSi-ambuxi Tixis qvabs ise

unda daexuros, rogorc ,,Tezafis zarfuSi~. aq ,,Tezafis zar-

fuSis~, anu azotmJavas misaRebi danadgaris ,,ambuxis~ magali-

Tad moxsenieba imas niSnavs, rom es danadgari saqarTveloSi

kargad da sayovelTaod iyo cnobili. am danadgaris aseTi

sayovelTao codna ki mxolod imiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli,

rom aq axtaliseuli qarxnis danadgari igulisxmeba, romelic,

rogorc etyoba, produqciis didma raodenobam da xangrZlivma

eqspluataciam farTod cnobili gaxada.

sxvaTa Soris, am SemTxvevaSic ambux-zarfuSis qvab-qoTan-

Tan mierTebis Semdeg daviTi umatebs Semdeg sityvebs: ,,piri

kargad gaglise~, e.i. amjeradac zustad iseve, rogorc vax-

tangTan, ambux-zarfuSisa da qvab-qoTnis SeerTebis adgili

hermetizaciis mizniT TixiT ileseba. rac Seexeba axtalaSi

gamoyenebuli ambuxebis anu zarfuSebis masalas, isev daviTis

cnobis mixedviT, is minisgan unda yofiliyo Sesrulebuli

120 121

(,,minis zarfuSi daaxure, rogorc Tezafis zarfuSi~).

zemoT moyvanili faqtebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT,

rom axtalaSi gamoyenebuli danadgari faqtobrivad iseTive

unda yofiliyo, rogorc es vaxtangs aqvs aRwerili. swored

am danadgarze iRebdnen im Tezafs, romelic Semdeg sagangebod

unda gawmendiliyo. gawmendili Tezafi anu zarafxanis Tezafi

oqros vercxlisagan dasacileblad zustad imave sqemiT unda

yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, ra sqemiTac mas iyenebdnen yvela

qveynis praqtikaSi. kerZod, azotmJaviT oqros da vercxlis

dacileba im droisaTvis SesaZleblad iTvleboda mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu vercxli SenadnobSi oqrosTan SedarebiT sam-

magi odenobiT iyo warmodgenili. maSasadame, imisda mixedviT,

Tu ra raodenoba iyo sinjSi vercxli, is dayavdaT am sammag

raodenobaze da Semdeg mas xsnidnen zarafxanis Tezafis meS-

veobiT. am dros vercxli ixsneboda Semdegi reaqciis Tanaxmad:

3Ag + 4 HNO3 → 3AgNO3 + NO + 2H2O

rac Seexeba oqros, is ucvleli naleqis saxiT rCeboda

da saboloo saxiT misaRebad mis gadadnobas awarmoebdnen

tigelSi, mag. boraqsTan da gvarjilasTan erTad. aseTi pro-

cesis erT-erTi varianti vaxtangs aRwerili aqvs, rogorc

RonisZieba ,,oqros yalibSi Camosxmisa~, mxolod iq oqros

gasufTavebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia potaSis (,,damwvari sa-

poni~) da sulemis damateba gogirdisa da gvarjilis mcire

raodenobasTan erTad [15, gv.179].

azotmJavaSi gaxsnili vercxlis amoRebis mizniT XVII-

XVIII ss-Si gamoyenebuli iyo vercxlis gamoyofis wesi ce-

mentaciis meTodiT, romelic am xsnarSi spilenZis Setanas

iTvaliswinebda. am dros ki vercxli gamoiyofoda Semdegi

reaqciis mixedviT:

Cu + 2AgNO3 → 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2

axtalaSi aseTi sqemis gamoyenebaze miuTiTebs is gare-

moeba, rom spilenZi iq deficits ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed

Warbi raodenobiT moipoveboda da misi gamoyeneba ara marto

teqnikurad, aramed ekonomiuradac xelsayreli iyo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxtangs Tavis qimiaSi moyvanili aqvs

erTi recepti, romelSic cementaciis es procesi aris aRwer-

ili. kerZod, am receptSi vaxtangi uxsnis mkiTxvels: ,,ver-

cxli TezabSi gaadnev, merme spilenZi Caagde, vercxls Zirs

daileqs. Tezabi gadaswure, vercxli gaaSrev. vercxlis nacari

iqneba. Seinaxe da asaqme~ [15, gv.196]. vaxtangis mier moyvanili

receptidan kargad Cans, rom azotmJavaSi gamdnar vercxlis

xsnarSi spilenZis damatebisas vercxli gamoiyofa da ,,Zirs

daileqs~. filtraciiT an dekantaciiT (,,gardaswure~) es na-

leqi siTxes Sordeboda da isev vercxli miiReboda. mxolod

wvrildispersulobis gamo am gamoleqil vercxls SeiZleba

cota moSavo feric hqonda da vinaidan aseT naleqs liTo-

nisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bzinvareba ar gaaCnda, mas ,,nacars~

uwodebdnen. axtalis qarxnis produqcia, rogorc vxedavT, sak-

maod mravalferovani iyo da iseTi liTonebis miRebas iT-

valiswinebda, rogoricaa tyvia, spilenZi, vercxli da oqro.

qvemoT mogvyavs teqnologiuri sqema im etapebis CvenebiT,

romlebic am liTonebis miRebas Seesabameboda (sur. 25).

122 123

sur. 25. axtalis qarxnis rekonstruirebuli teqnologiuri

sqema

axtalis sawarmoSi vercxlisa da oqros

mopovebis istoriisaTvis

erekles iniciativiT amuSavebul sxvadasxva samTo-meta-

lurgiul sawarmoebs Soris Tavidanve gamoirCeoda axtalis

qarxana, romelic Tbilisidan samxreTiT 70 km-is daSorebiT

mdebareobda. qarxanaSi adgilobrivi madnebis gadamuSavebis

safuZvelze awarmoebdnen tyviis da oqros Semcveli vercx-

lis gamodnobas. am ukanasknelidan ki Semdgom TezafCebi qi-

miuri wesiT cal-calke iRebdnen oqros da vercxls.Qqarxnis

124 125

muSaobisa da miRwevebis ganxilvisas qarTul istoriogra-

fiaSi ZiriTadad sargebloben am qarxnis erT-erTi mTavari

specialistis, TezafC anastas hajifetovis mogonebebiT, ro-

melic sakmaod mogvianebiT gamoqveynda [77]. vinaidan metal-

urgiul qarxnebSi gamodnobili oqros Semcveli vercxlidan

am liTonebis erTmaneTisgan gamocalkevebas azotmJavas sa-

SualebiT TezafCi awarmoebda, anastas TezafCi Rrmad unda

yofiliyo Caxeduli axtalis qarxnis teqnologiur sqemebSi.

am mogonebebSi sayofacxovrebo movlenebTan dakavSirebiT Tu

zogierTi uzustoba SeimCneva, amas ver vityviT mis mierve

gadmocemul teqnologiuri xasiaTis cnobebze da am monace-

mebiT sargebloba savsebiT gamarTlebuli Cans erekles qa-

rxnebis istoriis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT. a.hajifetovis

monacemebs udavod avsebs da zogjer koreqtirebasac ki uwevs

Cvenamde moRweuli erTi sabuTi, romelSic axtalis qarxnis

oqrosa da vercxlis yovelwliuri Semosavali da gasavali

aris aRnusxuli daaxloebiT 1784-1790 wlebSi [25, gv.85-92].

sabuTis gamomcemeli n.berZeniSvili mas 1790 wliT aTari-

Rebs [25, gv.85], rac mTlad zusti ar unda iyos. pativcemul-

ma mkvlevarma etyoba yuradReba ar miaqcia am sabuTis erT-

erT cnobas, romlis Tanaxmadac 1790 wlis bolo monakveTSi,

kerZod ki 25 noembridan 31 dekembris CaTvliT garkveuli

raodenobis Zvirfasi liTonebi, kerZod ki 2 litra da 620

dramamde vercxli da 50 misxlamde oqro iqna gamomuSavebuli

[25, gv.92]. swored am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT cxadia, rom

sabuTi 1790 wlis nacvlad 1791 wlis dasawyisiT unda da-

TariRdes.

sabuTSi wonis Zveli erTeulebiT (litrebiT, dramebiT

da misxlebiT) warmodgenilia Tveebis an wlis ganmavlobaSi

qarxnis mier gamodnobili oqrosa da vercxlis raodenobebi.

vinaidan wonis wiladi mniSvnelobis gamosaxatavad aq gamoy-

enebulia saintereso teqnikuri niSnebi, qarxnis yovelwli-

uri Semosavlis ganxilvamdeGjer am niSnebis mniSvnelobebs

unda SevexoT.

teqstSi Zalze xSirad wonis wiladuri nawilis aRsan-

iSnavad gamoyenebulia Semdegi niSnebi: mcire rgoli о, jvris msgav si gamosaxuleba + da gamosaxuleba θ, romelic berZnuli

aso θ-s msgavsia. am niSnebis Seswavlis safuZvelze aRmoCnda,

rom mcire rgoli о aRniSnavs 1/2-s, + Seesabameba 1/4-s, xolo

θ - 1/8-is tolia. teqstSiAes niSnebi moyvanilia rogorc

calkeuli saxiT, ise erTmaneTTan kombinaciaSi. aRmoCnda, rom

TiToeuli es kombinacia wiladebis garkveul jams gamosaxavs.

kerZod, о-is da +-is erToblioba о+, niSnavs ½1/2-is da 1/4-is erTobliobas, romlis jamic 3/4-s (1/2+1/4=3/4) Seadgens. оθ saboloo saxiT aRniSnavs 5/8-s (1/2+1/8=5/8), + θ ki 3/8-is (1/4+1/8=3/8) tolia. rac Seexeba erTad warmodgenil samive

niSans о + θ, is 7/8-s Seesabameba (1/2+1/4+1/8 = 7/8).sabuTSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, moyvanilia wlebis mixedviT

miRebuli oqrosa da vercxlis raodenobebi, dawyebuli 1784

wlis 10 dekembridan damTavrebuli 1790 wlis 31 dekembriT.

wlebis mixedviT es raodenobebi warmodgenili gvaqvs cxril-

Si (cxr. 8), sadac pirvel grafaSi samuSao periodebia moyvani-

li, meoreSi _ am periodebis Sesabamisi dReebis raodenoba.

am dros mopovebuli oqro cxrilSi warmodgenilia rogorc

teqstSi moyvanil misxlebSi, ise Cvens mier gadaangariSebul

gramebSi (gamoTvlisas 1 misxali = 4,6 grams). aqve moyvanilia

mopovebuli oqros dRiuri warmadoba.

analogiuri monacemebi moyvanili gvaqvs vercxlisaTvis,

romlis wonac nusxis mixedviT litrebsa da dramebSi aris

moyvanili (nusxis monacemebis mixedviT 1 litra Tanamedrove

3,68 kg-is, xolo 1 drami 3,15 g-is Sesabamisi aRmoCnda). bolo

grafaSi warmodgenili gvaqvs miRebuli oqrosa da vercxlis

Tanafardoba 1 kg. vercxlze mosuli oqros raodenobis saxiT.

126 127

cxrili 8. axtalis qarxnis mwarmoebloba wlebis mixedviT

muSaobis periodi

dReTa raodenoba

Au raodenoba Ag raodenoba

1 kg A

g-is

Sesabamisi

Au gramebSi

misxal

i

Ggrami

dRiuri warmadoba,

grami

Llit

ra da drami

kilogrami

dRiuri warmadoba, kg

110/XII 1784 –10/V 1785 w 152 421,33 1938,12 12,75

27 l 989 dr 102,48 0,67 18,91

210/V1785 - 25/VIII1785 w 107 429,38 1975,15 18,46

28 l 249 dr 103,82 0,97 19,03

325/VIII 1785 -1/VIII 1786w

341 - - - - - - -

41/VIII 1786 - 31/XII 1787w

518 662,75 3048,65 5,8938 l 328 dr 140,9 0,27 21,64

51/I 1788 -

31/XII 1788w365 848,79 3904,43 10,7

45 l 838 dr 168,2 0,46 23,21

61/I 1789 –

31/XII 1789w365 790,88 3638,05 9,97

45 l 123 dr 166,0 0,45 21,92

71/I 1790 –

31/XII 1790w365 1122,6 5163,96 14,15

57l 57dr 209,9 0,58 24,6

cxrili 8-is monacemebis gacnobisas aSkarad TvalSisa-

cemia produqciis is gansxvavebuli raodenobebi, romelsac

Cveni dokumenti da sxva wyaroebi Tu pirvelwyaroebi iZl-

eva. kerZod, zustad erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavebuli

oqros da vercxlis raodenoba cxrilis Tanaxmad Seadgenda:

1788 wels – 45 litraze met vercxls da daaxloebiT 848

misxal oqros, igive monacemebiT 1789 wlisaTvis _ daaxloe-

biT 45 litrasa da 791 misxals, xolo 1790 wlisaTvis _

57 litrasa da 1122 misxals.

a.esaZis Tanaxmad ki axtalis qarxanaSi erekles dros

yvelaze xSirad yovelwliurad adnobdnen 200 litra (736

kg.) vercxls, erTxel ki gamodnobili iqna sarekordo raode-

noba, 408 litra (1501 kg.) oqros Semcveli vercxlis saxiT.

TiTo litra vercxlidan ki miiReboda 46 misxali (211,6 g.)

oqro [112, gv.14]. Tu am monacemebs axtalis nusxis monace-

mebs SevadarebT, gamodis, rom aq gacilebiT mcire ricxvebia

moyvanili. vinaidan dokumentSi mcdari monacemebis moyvana

(Tanac sistematurad) gamoricxulia da arc a.esaZis cnobebSi

SeiZleba eWvis Setana. wamoWrili winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad

erTaderTi gzaa aRniSnuli monacemebi vcnoT qarxnis ara

srul, aramed nawilobriv Semosavlad. radgan cnobilia, rom

vercxlis Semosavlidan mefes 25%, xolo berZnebs 75% ekuT-

vnoda, dokumentSi swored mefis Sesabamisi 25%-iani Semosava-

li unda iyos nagulisxmevi, aqedan gamomdinare qarxnis sruli

Semosavali mocemuli ricxvebis 4-ze gamravlebiT miiReba (im

garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom berZnebis vercxlis 75%-

iani Semosavlidan oqro mTlianad mefes ekuTvnoda).

am mosazrebis damadasturebel cnobas Cven axtalis do-

kumentSive mivakvlieT. kerZod, 1790 wlis oqros xarjTan

dakavSirebiT aq aRniSnulia, rom `mis umaRlesobas mirTme-

via noemberSi da dekemberSi misuli vercxlidan gamosuli

oqro misxali so~ [25, gv.92]. amave dros, cota qvemoT, isev am wlisaTvis oqros SemosavalTan dakavSirebiT sagangebod

aris aRniSnuli, rom 35 dRis ganmavlobaSi, 25 noembridan

31 dekembris CaTvliT miRebuli vercxlidan gamoyofili iqna

50,75 misxali oqro. Aaqedan Cans, rom ori Tvis anu 61

dRis ganmavlobaSi, e.i. 1 noembridan 31 dekembris CaTvliT

savaraudod miRebuli unda yofiliyo 88,45 misxali oqro

128 129

(,

; , ) .X

X50 75 35

6188 45= = zustad or TveSi mefisaTvis

mirTmeuli oqro rogorc vxedavT 200,5 misxals Seadgens.

samwuxarod nusxaSi ar aris aRniSnuli, es warmoadgens am

or TveSi gamomuSavebul srul Tu arasrul raodenobas. ma-

gram is faqti, rom 575-is nacvlad saxeze Cans 288,95 misxali

(200,5+88,45=288,95), TavisTavad Zalze niSandoblivia. 288,95

ricxvi daaxloebiT 3,3-jer metia 88,45-ze, xolo 3,3 sakmaod

axlos dgas ricxv 4-Tan, rac Cveni mosazrebis siswores adas-

turebs.

aqedan gamomdinare cxrili 8-is safuZvelze Cven Sevadgi-

neT axtalis qarxanaSi aRniSnuli wlebis manZilze gamodno-

bili oqro-vercxlis sruli raodenobis cxrili, romelic

rogorc aRvniSneT, cxrili 8-is Sesabamisi monacemebis 4-ze

gamravlebiT miiReba. vinaidan oqros raodenoba aq ukve mniS-

vnelovan sidides warmoadgens, is amjerad litrebiT da ki-

logramebiT warmovadgineT (cxr. 9). aqvea warmodgenili ver-

cxlisa da oqros dRiuri warmadobac (sur. 26). cxrilSi

moyvanili oqros mTeli raodenoba mefis sakuTreba iyo, xolo

vercxli, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mefesa da berZnebs Soris

nawildeboda.

rogorc cxrili 9-dan Cans, omar-xanis Tavdasxmamde qa-

rxana SedarebiT maRali warmadobiT gamoirCeoda. dRe-RameSi

mefis wilad miiReboda daaxloebiT 0,7-1,0 kg vercxli, rom-

lisganac gamoiyofoda 12-18 gramamde oqro (sruli produq-

ciisaTvis ki vercxli 2,8-4,0 kg-s, xolo oqro 48-72 grams

Seadgenda).

rogorc irkveva, 1785 wlis 25 agvistodan 1786 wlis

1 agvistomde sawarmoSi muSaoba Semwydara, rasac gvauwyebs

nusxis Semdegi Canaweri: ,,qks uog, mariamobis ke-dam qks uod

mariamobis damdeqamden, madani aRar umuSavnia, momcdari yo-

fila” [25, gv.86].

cxrili 9. vercxlisa da oqros yovelwliuri sruli Semo-

savali axtalis qarxanaSi

muSaobis perio

di

dReTa raodenoba Au raode-

noba Ag raodenoba

1 kg

Ag-is

Se-

sabamisi

Au gr

-amebSi

lit

ra

kilo-

grami

lit

ra

kilo-

grami

110/XII 1784 - 10/V 1785 w 152 2,10 7,75 112,0 409,92 18,95

210/V 1785 - 25/VIII 1785w

107 2,15 7,90 112,79 415,08 19,07

325/VIII 1785 -1/VIII 1786 w

- - - - -

41/VIII 1786 - 31/XII 1787 w

518 3,31 12,19 153,15 563,60 22,02

51/I 1788 -

31/XII 1788 w365 4,12 15,18 182,83 672,00 22,70

61/I 1789 -

31/XII 1789 w365 3,95 14,55 180,43 664,02 18,68

71/I 1790 -

31/XII 1790 w365 5,61 20,66 228,15 839,60 24,78

sur. 26 vercxlisa da oqros dRiuri warmadoba

130 131

aseT mocdenas Tavisi mizezi hqonda da es mizezi Cven

darwmunebiT SeiZleba 20 seqtembridan aTvlil periods da-

vukavSiroT, rodesac sawarmos omar-xanis laSqari Semoesia

da yvelaferi gaanadgura, risi ganadgurebac SeiZleboda. am

faqtzeve miuTiTebs a.hajifetovic, rodesac aRwers 20 se-

qtembers datrialebul movlenebs [77]. magram nusxaSi dasax-

elebuli ,,mocdenis” periodis TariRebi mniSvnelovnad gansx-

vavdeba a.hajifetovis TariRebisgan. a. hajifetovis mixedviT

sawarmos saqmianoba 1785 wlis 20 seqtembridan Sewyda da

is ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, e.i. igulisxmeva, rom 1787 wlis

seqtembramde ar ganaxlebula. nusxis monacemebiT ki muSaoba

ara 20 seqtembers, aramed 25 agvistos Sewyvetila. cxadia,

rom es 25-dRiani ̀ mocdena” raRac sxva mizeziT iyo gamowveu-

li, romelic Semdgom, e.i. 20 seqtembridan ukve omar-xanis

Semosevis Sedegad gagrZelda. samwuxarod am 25 agvisto – 19

seqtembris periodis `mocdenis” mizezi CvenTvis cnobili ar

aris. magram am `mocdenas” marTlac rom hqonda adgili, es

eWvs ar iwvevs nusxis sandoobis gaTvaliswinebiT (gamor-

icxulia, rom produqciis SemosavalTan dakavSirebiT zus-

tad ar yofiliyo fiqsirebuli samuSao dReebis ricxvi).

nusxis monacemebi a.hajifetovis monacemebs arc mocdenis xan-

grZlivobasTan dakavSirebiT Tanxvdeba.Nnusxidan aSkarad Cans,

rom sawarmos aRdgenas adgili hqonia 1786 wlis 1 agvistodan,

e.i. `mocdena~ ara 2 weliwads, aramed mxolod 11 Tvis da

6-7 dRis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelebula. cxadia am SemTxvevaSic

nusxis cnoba ufro swori unda iyos, vinaidan is movlenebis

Tanadroulia. rogorc aRvniSneT, mis monacemebSi raime uzus-

tobis gaparva gamoiricxulia, vinaidan oqrosa da vercxlis

gasaval-Semosavalze mefis moxeleebis mxriv umkacresi kon-

troli iyo dawesebuli. darbeuli sawarmos aseTi swrafi

tempebiT aRdgena TavisTavad miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, Tu ra

did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am sawarmos mefe erekle.

cxrilebidan aSkarad Cans agreTve, rom aRdgenil sawar-

moSi gamoSvebuli produqcia SedarebiT naklebi iyo oqro-

vercxlis im raodenobaze, rasac axtala gamoimuSavebda

omar-xanis Tavdasxmamde. magram amasTan erTad isic aSkarad

Cans, rom sawarmo am Tavdasxmis Semdgom TandaTan welSi

imarTeboda da adgili hqonda yovelwliurad produqciis ra-

odenobriv matebas. es mateba kidev ufro mniSvnelovani unda

yofiliyo 1790 wlis Semdgom wlebSi, magram samwuxarod

amis Sesaxeb saTanado monacemebi ar mogvepoveba. Tumca Cven

xelT arsebuli monacemebis mixedviTac ar unda iyos swori

is mosazreba, rom omar-xanis Semosevam welSi gatexa axtalis

qarxana [77].

aqve unda SevexoT im gansxvavebul raodenobriv mona-

cems, romelsac a.hajifetovi iZleva oqros Semcvel vercxlSi

oqrosa da vercxlis TanafardobasTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc

cxrilebis bolo grafidan Cans, qarxanaSi miRebul 1 kg ver-

cxlze mosuli oqros raodenoba 18,9-24,8 grams Seadgenda.

a.hajifetovis gancxadebiT ki yoveli litra vercxlidan 46

misxali oqro miiReboda [112, gv.14]. Tanamedrove woniT er-

TeulebSi, litras kilogramebSi, xolo misxlebis gramebSi

gadayvanisas, 1kg. vercxls 57,5 grami oqro Seesabameboda. e.i.

Cvens mier ganxiluli nusxisgan gansxvavebiT misi monacemebiT

axtalaSi erTi litra vercxlidan orjer da samjer meti

oqro miiReboda.

cxadia, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sawarmoSi miRebuli

produqcia mefis moxeleebis mier mkacrad kontroldeboda

da amitomac nusxis monacemebi a.hajifetovis monacemebTan

SedarebiT met ndobas imsaxurebs. amasve adasturebs erTi

saintereso monacemi, romelsac Cven s.guliSambarovis wignSi

mivakvlieT. am cnobis Tanaxmad, 1802 wlidan 1816 wlamde

ruseTis saxazino sammarTvelos daqvemdebarebaSi gadasul ax-

talis qarxanaSi erT funt vercxlze 432 misxali oqro mi-

132 133

iReboda [85, gv.172]. vinaidan 1 funti 0,41 kilograms, xolo

rusuli misxali 4,266 grams Seesabameba, Tanamedrove woniTi

erTeulebiT gamodis, rom 1 kilogram vercxlze 28,6 grami

oqro modioda. es 28,6 grami ki zustad qarTuli monacemis

(18,9-24,8 g) rigisaa. ase rom qarTuli nusxis monacemebis

utyuaroba am SemTxvevaSic erTmniSvnelovnad dasturdeba. ax-

talis qarxnis nusxa qarTuli teqnikis da mecnierebis is-

toriisaTvis Zalze sayuradRebo dokumentia, vinaidan misi

msgavsi sxva saaRricxvo nusxa Cven ar mogvepoveba.

6. spilenZisa da oqro-vercxlis

nakeTobaTa damamzadebeli

sawarmoebi TbilisSi

erekleseuli qarxnebis mier gamomuSavebulma didi ra-

odenobis produqciam, TbilisSi liTonebis gadamamuSavebeli

mravalricxovani sawarmos gaCena gamoiwvia. mza produqciis

moTxovnilebis mixedviT aq muSavdeboda spilenZi, rkina, tyvia

da oqro-vercxli. amdenad sawarmoebs gamoSvebuli produqtis

mixedviT ganvixilavT.

spilenZis nakeTobaTa

damamzadebeli sawarmoebi

axtalis da spilenZis sxva qarxnebSi rom Zalze maRali

xarisxis spilenZs adnobdnen, es naTlad Cans mTeli rigi

imdroindeli saarqivo dokumentebidan. a.musin-puSkini 1800

wlis noembris TveSi sagangebod aRniSnavda, rom TbilisSi ga-

sayidad gamotanili spilenZi iSviaTi simtkiciTa da xarisxiT

gamoirCeoda [40]. aseT Sefasebas adasturebs meore saarqi-

vo dokumentic, romelSic moyvanilia aRmosavleTis qalaqebi,

erevani, xoe, Tavrizi, Semaxia, baqo, sadac es produqcia saqa-

rTvelodan gasayidad gahqondaT. baqodan spilenZi gemebiT

mazandaransa da gilanSi gadahqondaT. igzavneboda rogorc

spilenZis lugvebi, ise furclovani liToni [44]. qarxnebSi

gamodnobili spilenZi TbilisSi ZiriTadad ori tipis sawar-

moSi muSavdeboda. erTSi yofiTi da saojaxo WurWeli mzad-

deboda furclovani spilenZisagan, xolo meore faqtobrivad

qarxanas warmoadgenda, sadac Zelaki spilenZis xarjze zarba-

znebis Camosxmas awarmoebdnen.

134 135

yofiTi da saojaxo daniSnulebis spilenZis

nakeTobebi

saerTod, rkinis Semdeg, spilenZi yvelaze farTod

gavrcelebul liTonad iTvleba, magram XVIII s. meore nax-

evris saqarTveloSi, saqarxno warmoebis spilenZis didi ra-

odenobiT gamoSvebam feradi liTonis nawarmi rkinis produq-

ciis gverdiT daayena. wiTeli spilenZisgan, romelic sxva

liTonuri minarevebidan Tavisufal sufTa liTons warmoad-

gens, ZvelTaganve sxvadasxva nakeTobebs upiratesad gamoWed-

viT da iSviaTad CamosxmiT amzadebdnen. CamosxmisaTvis wiTe-

li spilenZi mouxerxebelia, vinaidan airebis gamoyofis gamo

forovani saxiT myardeba, damakmayofilebeli myari sxmulebi

ki mxolod didi mcdelobis pirobebSi miiReba. samagierod

spilenZi Zalian advilad muSavdeba WedviT, rasac ganapirobebs

misi siblante da plastikuroba. WedviT miRebuli nakeTobebis

dasamzadeblad upiratesad furclovani spilenZi gamoiyeneba,

romelsac didi raodenobiT amzadebda alaverdis spilenZis

qarxanasTan moqmedi damxmare sawarmo. nakeTobebis furclo-

vani detalebis erTmaneTTan SeerTeba damoqlonebiT xorciel-

deboda. spilenZis furclebis nakrebi nawilebis erTmaneTTan

SeerTeba rCilviT sruldeboda (sarCili TuTiasTan erTad

sxvadasxva Sedgenilobis spilenZis Senadnobs Seicavda).

furclovani spilenZisgan iRebdnen agreTve milebs, rom-

lebic yofiT praqtikaSi didi moTxovnilebiT sargeblobda.

maT dasamzadeblad rkinis cilindrebs garSemo WedviT er-

tymeboda spilenZis furclis zoli, romlis nawiburebsac

erTmaneTTan isev rCilviT akavSirebdnen [95, gv.454-457].

droTa ganmavlobaSi spilenZis ama Tu im nivTs Tu

garkveuli mizezebis gamo daniSnulebisamebr veRar iyenebdnen,

liTonis utilizaciis mizniT xSirad mimarTavdnen nivTis

xelmeored gadadnobas. es RonisZieba sakmaod sufTa spilenZis

miRebas uzrunvelyofda, vinaidan gadadnobis procesSi yovel-

gvari minarevi nadnobis zedapirze grovdeboda da meqanikuri

gziT advilad Sordeboda spilenZs. zogierTi mdnobis damate-

ba minarevebis gacilebiT didi raodenobiT awidvas axdenda

da spilenZic kidev ufro sufTa saxiT miiReboda [95, gv.457].

alaverdSi mopovebuli spilenZis ZiriTadi nawili

Zelakebis an furclebis saxiT TbilisSi CamohqondaT da aq

mas sxvadasxva profilis saxelosnoebSi anawilebdnen. sax-

elosnoebi rom udavod msxvil sawarmoebs warmoadgenda, es

naTlad Cans erTi magaliTidan: 1799 wels qalaqis meliqs

meqvabeebis sawarmosgan usesxebia 100 baTmani anu 800 kg

spilenZi [25, gv.131]. 800 kg ki sakmaod STambeWdav cifrs

warmoadgens da gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad didi unda yofiliyo

am sawarmos mier gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba. gasaT-

valiswinebelia agreTve is garemoebac, rom spilenZis yvela

WurWlis Sida zedapiri, romelic saWmlis dasamzadeblad

gamoiyeneboda, aucileblad mokaluli unda yofiliyo. 1778-

1787 ww. erT-erT dokumentSi magaliTad, qvabebis da tafebis

mokalvisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxac aris moyvanili (,,qvabebi da

tafebi dakales _ ori abazi”) [25, gv.221]. samwuxarod TviT

kalasTan dakavSirebiT Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi

raime mniSvnelovani cnobis mokvleva ver moxerxda. magram

erTi ram udavoa: saojaxo WurWlis damamzadebeli sawarmoebi

am liTons yoveldRiurad Zalzed didi raodenobiT xarja-

vdnen, vinaidan amas moiTxovda mosakalavi spilenZis WurWlis

ganusazRvreli raodenoba.

spilenZis WurWelTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT

Zveli qarTuli dokumenturi masalisTvis damaxasiaTebel erT

Taviseburebas _ saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi erTi-ori sigelis

garda, liTonis nakeTobebi cnobil sigel-gujrebSi saerTod

ar aris moxseniebuli. am mxriv aSkarad gamoirCeva XVIII s.

meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT 70-80-ian wlebSi da SemdgomSi

136 137

Sedgenili sabuTebi, sadac aSkarad Cans liTonisgan damzade-

buli nakeTobebis gansakuTrebuli adgili yofiT da saojaxo

garemoSi.

Tbilisis spilenZis WurWlis damamzadebeli sawarmoebis

produqcia mravalricxovnebasTan erTad mravalferovnebiTac

gamoirCeoda. dokumenturi monacemebidan irkveva, rom Tbilis-

Si amzadebdnen Semdegi dasaxelebis spilenZis WurWels: av-

gardanebs (did CamCebs), aryis da wamlebis gamosaxdel qvabebs,

alTafebs (spilenZis luliani xelsabani), zarfuSebs (sax-

uravebs), Tungebs, TuSfalangebs, kokebs, lambaqebs, langrebs,

sinebs (langrebs), taStebs, tafebs, qafqirebs, qvabebs, yabebs

(flavis sinebs), yavadnebs, Caidnebs da jamebs [25, gv.260, 290,

386, 401, 504]. am nusxaSi zogierT saxelwodebas, romelic

dRes gaugebaria, Cven frCxilebSi davurTeT ganmartebebi niko

da daviT CubinaSvilebis leqsikonebidan. warmodgenil sias-

Tan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom WurWleuli sinamdvileSi

ufro mravalferovani iyo, vidre es am siidan Cans. saqme imaSia,

rom aq Cven zogierTi maTgani zogadi saxiT, misi saxeobebis

dasaxelebis gareSe ar warmovadgineT, radgan isini mxolod

zomebiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. es kargad Cans taStis

magaliTze. aRniSnul siebSi gvxvdeba spilenZis ,,xelsabani

taSti~, ,,modido taSti~, ,,momcro taSti~ da sxva. erT Sem-

TxvevaSi ki taStebis mTeli kompleqti aris warmodgenili

dasaxelebiT: ,,sami didi taSti saabanove, sami erTmaneTis mim-

devno spilenZisa~ [25, gv.504].

erekles mmarTvelobis periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

spilenZis WurWlis es namdvilad TvalSisacemi mraval-

ferovneba da mravalricxovneba, samwuxarod, rogorc zemoT

aRvniSneT, didxans ar gagrZelebula. is faqti, rom XIX s.

dasawyisSi spilenZis warmoebam da spilenZis WurWlis dama-

mzadebeli sawarmoebis saqmianobam faqtobrivad sruli stag-

nacia ganicada, kidev ufro warmoaCens erekles namoRvawars

_ gacilebiT mZime pirobebis miuxedavad ereklem SeZlo ara

marto yvela saxis sawarmos amuSaveba, aramed maTi warmado-

bis sagrZnobi amaRlebac.

zarbaznebis Camosxma

Tbilisis zarbaznebis Camomsxmeli qarxnis teqnologiuri

sqema Cvenamde samwuxarod moRweuli ar aris, magram dabe-

jiTebiT SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom is rusul-evropul te-

qnologiaze iyo dafuZnebuli. amis safuZvels gvaZlevs mTeli

rigi gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis cnobebi, romlebic gansxvavebis

miuxedavad erTmniSvnelovnad usvamen xazs qarTveli mezarba-

zneebis mier rusul-evropuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas.

rusul-evropuli tipis zarbaznebis Camosxmas saqarT-

veloSi saTave daudo paata batoniSvilma, vaxtang VI-is Zem,

romelic 1752 wels Camovida ruseTidan. Mmisi Tanamedrove

istorikosebis, papuna orbelianis da oman xerxeuliZis daxa-

siaTebiT igi ,,ruseTs saswavloSi yofiliyo, uswavlia ar-

tileria, saqme Tofxanisa~ da ,,iyo kaci ese friad mecnier~

[30, gv.191, 65, gv.284]. ruseTSi ganswavluli batoniSvili

mravali teqnikuri siaxlis Semomtani iyo saqarTveloSi,

romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani zarbaznebis CamosxmasTan

iyo dakavSirebuli. saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi dacu-

lia qvemexi, romelzedac amotvifrulia erekles mamis, mefe

Teimuraz II-is saxeli. iqve amotvifrulia TariRi, romelsac

k.ColoyaSvili 1750 wlad miiCnevs [54]. sinamdvileSi 17 da

0 evropuli cifrebiTaa gadmocemuli, xolo k.ColoyaSvilis

mier daeWvebiT 5-ad amokiTxuli cifri aRmosavlur, arabul

cifrs ( ) warmoadgens da is 6-s aRniSnavs (aseT aRrevebs

saqarTveloSi evropuli cifrebis damkvidrebamde xSirad

hqonda adgili XVIII s-Si) [69]. ase rom, warmodgenili Tari-

138 139

Ri realurad 1760 wels aRniSnavs. am wels ki aRniSnuli

zarbaznebis Camomsxmeli paata batoniSvili unda yofiliyo,

romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, 1752 wlidan saqarTveloSi imy-

ofeboda. samwuxarod paata erekles winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi

monawileobis gamo 1765 wels sikvdiliT iqna dasjili. ro-

gorc etyoba, misi damsaxurebiT iyo ganpirobebuli is faqti,

rom erTi wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi Camosul i.delaports

piradad unaxavs, rom ,,TbilisSi asxamen zarbaznebs, mortirebs

da yumbarebs~ [105, gv. 84].

paatas Semdeg qarTul artilerias da misi aRmSeneblobis

saqmes saTaveSi Caudga TofCibaSi giorgi Tarxani (TofCibaSi

qarTuli saartilerio uwyebis ufrosis Tanamdebobas war-

moadgenda). is am Tanamdebobaze moixsenieba 1776 wels [20,

gv. 267]. Semdgom wlebSi masTan erTad am Tanamdebobas iyofda

Zalze kvalificirebuli specialisti paata andronikaSvili,

romelmac rusi istorikosis n.butkovis cnobiT ,,codna saa-

rtilerio mecnierebaSi miiRo ruseTSi~ [74, gv.287]. 1780

wlidan ki paata andronikaSvili qarTuli artileriis erT-

pirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda [20, gv.269]. TofCibaSebis gar-

da qarTuli artileriis ganviTarebasa da srulyofaze sxva

saTanadod ganswavluli pirebic zrunavdnen. cnobilia, rom

1784 wels daviT batoniSvilis aRsazrdelad erekles mier

mowveul avstriel ioseb getings, mefisave davalebiT, zarba-

znebi gaukeTebia [20, gv.267]. Teimuraz bagrationi artileri-

is sakiTxebSi Zalze ganswavlul pirovnebad asaxelebs giorgi

TumaniSvils, romelic misi sityvebiT ,,iyo erTi upirvelesTa

moxeleTagani artileriisa da mecnierica artileriis xe-

lovnebisa~ [5, gv.32]. giorgi TumaniSvilma TofxanaSi samsax-

uri dabali TanamdebobiT – TofCobiT daiwyo (is rogorc yve-

la maRali klasis warmomadgeneli, valdebuli iyo TofxanaSi

muSaoba da swavla umdablesi Tanamdebobidan daewyo). didi

gulmodginebis wyalobiT, rogorc etyoba, g.TumaniSvilma

sakmaod mokle droSi safuZvliani codna SeiZina artileriis

dargSi, rac Sesabamisad aisaxa mis Tanamdebobriv mdgomareo-

bazec: mas jer unter-oficroba, Semdeg serJantoba da bolos,

1784 wels, kapitnoba mieniWa [20, gv.269-270].

qarTuli artileriis mesveurTa es CamonaTvali erTm-

niSvnelovnad miuTiTebs Tbilisis qarxanaSi, anu Teimuraz

batoniSvilis terminologiiT ,,artileriis saxlSi~, zarba-

znebis rusul-evropuli wesiT Camosxmaze. arsebobs kidev

sxva da SeiZleba iTqvas ufro pirdapiri cnobebi am sakiTx-

Tan dakavSirebiT. am cnobebs ganekuTvneba giorgi Tarxanis

Canaweri, romelic Cven zemoT srulad moviyvaneT [51]. aq ki

SemovifarglebiT winadadebiT: ,,iraklim mibrZana rusuls das-

turze artileriis gakeTeba~. aseve sayuradReboa n.butkovis

cnoba, rom paata andronikaSvilma ,,moawyo TbilisSi Camo-

sasxmeli saamqro, sadac gadaadno zarbaznebi da Camoasxa isi-

ni evropuli kalibrebis mixedviT~ [74, gv.287]. aranaklebi

mniSvneloba aqvs Teimuraz bagrationis cnobasac, romlis

Tanaxmadac ,,artileriis saxlis~ produqcias Seadgendnen

zarbaznebi ,,swavlulTagan artileriisa xelovnebisaTa STa-

mosxmulni~ [5, gv.39].

amrigad, zarbaznebis Camosxma ,,rusul dasturze~, ,,evro-

puli kalibrebis mixedviT~ da ,,swavlulTagan artileriisa

xelovnebisaTa~, erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs qarTuli zarba-

znebis rusul-evropuli wesiT damzadebaze. aqedan gamomdinare,

,,artileriis saxlSi~ gamoyenebuli Camosxmis wesebis rekon-

struireba didi sizustiT SeiZleba imdroindeli rusul-

evropuli zarbazanTmSeneblobis wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

XV saukunis dasawyisis evropaSi mignebul iqna brinjaos

Sedgeniloba, romelic XX saukuneSic ki gamoiyeneboda ,,zarba-

znis brinjaos~ saxelwodebiT. sxvaTa Soris, am brinjaos

moixseniebs vaxtang VI Tavis qimiis saxelmZRvaneloSi ,,zarba-

znis sinis~ saxelwodebiT [15, gv.215]. ,,zarbaznis brinjao~

140 141

Seicavda 8-12% kalas da 88-92% spilenZs da es Sedgeniloba

XV saukunidan ar Secvlila, icvleboda mxolod zarbaznis

Camosxmis wesi. jer zarbaznis lulas mza RariT asxamdnen,

risTvisac formaSi Casmuli iyo cilindruli Rero. magram

aseTi lulis Camosxmisas miiReboda araTanabari Sedgenilobis

masala (kaliT yvelaze ufro Raribi da maSasadame yvelaze

ufro rbili nawili miiReboda lulis RarTan axlos mdebare

wriul zolSi). aseTi lula Zalze male gamodioda wyobi-

dan da amitom saWiro iyo sxva meTodis SemuSaveba, romelic

Camosxmuli lulis yvela nawilSi brinjaos Sedgenilobis

mudmivobas uzrunvelyofda [86, gv.294]. 1765 wels safran-

geTSi SemoiRes iaraRis mTliani lugvis Camosxma, romelsac

Rari Camosxmis Semdeg gaburRviT ukeTdeboda. am teqnikurma

siaxlem uzrunvelyo lulis yvela nawilSi brinjaos Sed-

genilobis erTgvarovneba. amis Semdgom evropaSi zarbaznebs

mxolod burRviT amzadebdnen da mxolod mortirebisaTvis

iyenebdnen Zvel wess, romelic lulis mza RariT Camosxmas

iTvaliswinebda [95, gv.527].

`zarbaznis brinjaos~ dasamzadeblad evropaSi jer Rumelis

qvedze adnobdnen spilenZs da Semdeg masSi mcire ulufebiT

SehqondaT gacxelebuli kala. amasTan erTad, uSualod kalis

damatebis win RumelSi aZlierebdnen cecxls [95, gv.517]. miRe-

buli brinjaodan zarbazani Camoisxmeboda vertikalur mdgo-

mareobaSi da sakmod mniSvnelovani nametiT, romelsac namza-

dis gacivebis Semdeg qlibiT acilebdnen da rogorc masalas,

iyenebdnen Semdgomi CamosxmebisaTvis. am nametSi gadadioda

araTanabari Sedgenilobis Senadnobebis didi nawili, liTonTa

oqsidebi da airebis buStulebi [95, gv.528]. XVIII s. meore

naxevris zarbaznebis evropuli warmoebis monacemebis gaTval-

iswinebiT, Cveni yuradReba miiqcia a.klimiaSvilis mier warmod-

genilma 1787 wlis dokumentma, romelSic ganixileba ,,Tofxa-

nis xuro-durglebisa da mburRav-mqlibavebis~ xelfasi [20].

TofxanaSi ,,mburRavebis~ da ,,mqlibavebis~ arseboba erTm-

niSvnelovnad metyvelebs im garemoebaze, rom 1787 wels zarba-

znebis damzadeba Tbilisis Camosasxmel qarxanaSi im uaxlesi

wesiT warmoebda, romelic 1765 wels SemoiRes safrangeTSi

da romelic bolo stadiebze Camosxmuli lugvis gaburRvas

da misi zedapiris nametisagan gaqlibviT mocilebas iTval-

iswinebda.

amis Semdeg gasagebi xdeba n.butkovis cnoba, Tu ratom

gadaadno paata andonikaSvilma ukve arsebuli zarbaznebi da

xelaxla ratom Camoasxa ,,isini evropuli kalibrebis mixed-

viT~. ase rom, 1780 wlidan (rodesac paata erTpirovnulad

Caudga saTaveSi Tofxanas) 1787 wlamde romeliRac wels

paata andronikaSvilma ganaxorciela didi reforma qarTuli

zarbaznebis warmoebaSi da SemoiRo iaraRis lugvis mTliani

saxiT Camosxma da Semdeg gaburRviT misi lulis damzadeba. am

mxriv igi paata batoniSvilsa da giorgi Tarxanze gacilebiT

win wavida. Tumca am ukanasknelebma qarTuli zarbaznis war-

moeba rusul-evropul donemde aiyvanes, magram maTTvis, ro-

gorc etyoba ucnobi darCa evropaSi 1765 wels SemoRebuli

inovaciuri siaxleebi zarbaznebis warmoebaSi. rac Seexeba

mortirebs, romlebsac TbilisSi i.delaportis cnobiT aseve

asxamdnen, misi damzadebis wesi evropuli qarxnebis analogi-

uri (ucvleli) unda yofiliyo.

zarbaznebisaTvis saWiro ,,zarbaznis brinjaos~ udavod

qarxanaSi anu ,,artileriis saxlSi~ amzadebdnen. am dawese-

bulebis mokle, magram Zalze saintereso aRwerilobas iZl-

eva Teimuraz batoniSvili Tavisi istoriuli Txzulebis

im fragmentSi, sadac aRa-mahmad-xanis SemoWris Sesaxeb aris

moyvanili cnoba: ,,Sevida aRa-mahmad-xan saWurvelTa saxlsa

Sina mefisasa da egreTve artileriisa saxlsa Sina, sadaca

iyo zarbazanTa Camosasxmelni manqanani da yovelni saxmar-

ni artileriisani saWurvelni. yovelni warixvna da egreTve

142 143

zarbazanni friad rCeulni da swavlulTagan artileriisa

xelovnebisaTa STamosxmulni da yovelni iaraRni zarbaznis

CamosasxmelTani Semusrna da saxlica igi srulad daaqcivnna~

[5, gv.39].

citirebuli fragmentic adasturebs, Tu ra safuZvlianad

iyo aRWurvili ,,artileriis saxli~. zarbaznis Camosasxmel

danadgarebTan erTad (,,zarbaznis Camosasxmelni manqanani~)

aq gamoyenebuli yofila saburRi da liTonebis meqanikurad

damamuSavebeli sxva mowyobilobebic, romlebsac erTmniSvne-

lovnad gulisxmobs fraza ,,yovelni saxmarni artileriisani

saWurvelni~. xolo ukve zemoT moxsenebuli winadadebidan:

,,swavlulTagan artileriisa xelovnebisaTa Camosxmulni~

pirdapir Cans, rom evropulad ganswavluli qarTveli inJi-

ner-artileristebi zarbaznebis Camosxmas mecnierul safuZ-

velze damyarebuli evropuli meTodebiT axorcielebdnen.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom aRa-mahmad-xanma ,,artileriis

saxlis~ ganadgurebiT Tavis sawadels bolomde ver miaRwia.

TbilisSi mis SemoWramde daviT batoniSvilma moaxerxa zarba-

znebis udidesi nawilis TiTqmis gauvali da oRroCoRro

gzebiT qalaqidan gatana. amiT SesaZlebeli gaxda qarTvelebis

mTavari sabrZolo teqnikis SenarCuneba da Semdgom wlebSi

misi warmatebiT gamoyeneba.

metalurgiuli qarxnebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tbilisis zarba-

znebis Camosasxmel qarxanaSi ereklem, rogorc vxedavT, bo-

lomde SeZlo Tavisi Canafiqris gatareba da misi evropul

yaidaze amuSaveba.

vercxlis da oqros nawarmi

erekleseuli qarxnebis miRwevebi vercxlisa da oqros

miRebis saqmeSi, spilenZis analogiiT, kargad Cans XVIII s.

meore naxevris dokumentebidan. sxva drois sabuTebisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, isini gamoirCevian im gansakuTrebulobiT, rom maTSi

Zalze xSirad moixsenieba vercxlisa da oqros nakeTobebi

(adreul sabuTebSi aseTi monacemebi mxolod viwro sfero-

saTvis, ZiriTadad saeklesio nivTebTan dakavSirebiT gvxvdeba).

liTonuri vercxlis gamoyeneba upiratesad efuZneba mis

nakleb cvalebadobas haerTan Tu sxvadasxva siTxeebTan Sexebi-

sas. uZvelesi droidan es liToni gamoiyeneboda mravalsax-

ovani samkaulis da fufunebis sagnebisaTvis. mogvianebiT is

monetebis dasamzadebladac gamoiyenes. ase rom am liTonma

ekonomikuri mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTisagan Zalze gansxvavebu-

li gamoyenebis ori ZiriTadi sfero hpova, rogorc yvela fa-

seulobis sazomma da rogorc masalam sxvadasxva nakeTobebis

dasamzadeblad (monetebis garda). es viTareba zustad aisaxa

XVIII s. meore naxevris saqarTvelos sinamdvileSic.

TbilisSi damzadebuli vercxlis nakeTobaTa farTo asor-

timenti iSviaTad mzaddeboda CamosxmiT da produqciis didi

umravlesoba civi WedviT miiReboda (maT ricxvSi iseTi ma-

siuri vercxlis nakeTobebic ki, rogoric aris magaliTad

sinebi, TefSebi, jamebi). garda amisa, umetes SemTxvevaSi udavod

iyenebdnen ara sufTa vercxls, aramed mis Senadnobs spilenZ-

Tan [95, gv.836, 838].

TbilisSi damzadebuli vercxlis nakeTobaTa umetesi

nawili, rogorc saTanado dokumentebis ganxilvam gviCvena,

ZiriTadad sayofacxovrebo sferos ganekuTvneba. sabuTebSi

warmodgenilia didi raodenobiT saojaxo WurWeli, romelTa-

gan zogierTis dazustebisaTvis gamoviyeneT m.berZeniSvilis

mier Sedgenili leqsikoni [26]. kerZod, wvniani saWmlis

WurWlad dasaxelebulia jamebi da lambaqebi (,,nalbaqebi~),

Cais da yavis mosaduRebeli Caidnebi da yavadnebi, sxvadasxva

produqtis Sesanaxi WurWeli – sarZeve, saSaqre, samarile,

sayinule da sanaJure (morCenili siTxis Sesanaxi WurWeli),

sufris iaraRi – kovzebi, saSarbaTe kovzebi, CamCebi, danebi,

144 145

Canglebi, Saqris asaRebi maSebi, lambaqebi, TefSebi, xonCebi [25,

gv.226, 247, 279, 321, 385, 291, 292, 298, 321, 385]. Rvinis Wur-

Wlad warmodgenilia: Tungi, misi meoTxedi moculobis mqone

Careqa, kula, ,,mogrexili kula~, e.i. yelmogrexili kula,

sura. sasmisebSi Sedis: azarfeSa (tariani sasmisi), Tasebi,

marnebi (saerTo Ziris mqone ramodenime sxvadasxva sasmisis

gaerTianeba), ialTuRebi (tolCebi). vercxlidan amzadebdnen

agreTve Zabrebs, TuSfalangebs (brinjis sawur naxvretebian

WurWels) da Cais sawuravebs [25, gv.194, 246, 255, 269, 283,

385, 494].

sakmaod didi raodenobiT aris warmodgenili vercxlis

parfiumerul-kosmetikuri da higienuri daniSnulebis iara-

Rebi da WurWleuli. maT ricxvSi Sedis: alTafebi (xelsa-

banebi) da taStebi, sxvadasxva kolofebi da yuTebi, maT Soris

umarilis da feris Sesanaxad, Cxiris Sesanaxi bude, saweboe

da sasurme. Tmis mosavlel iaraRs Seadgens:Lkavi (kauWi), Tmis

sayofi, Cqifi (pinceti), Cofi (warb-wamwamze saRebavis dasadebi

Cxiri) da a.S. bevrjer gvxvdeba sarke, romelic vercxlis Car-

CoSia Casmuli [25, gv.225, 226, 255, 256, 321, 347, 351]. vercxlis

iaraRidan da cxenis aRkazmulobidan sxvadasxva siebSi moyva-

nilia unagirebi, raxtebi (cxenis morTuloba) dauferavi an

oqroTi daferili da avJandebi (uzangebi). xanjlis an danis

qarqaSi da sapiriswamle (Tofis faliaze misayreli wamlis

WurWeli) xSirad vercxliT aris Sesrulebuli [25, gv.225,

269, 281]. siebSi gvxvdeba agreTve sxvadasxva daniSnulebis na-

keTobebi: kilitebi, lulebi, milebi, vercxlis Zafebi, romelTa

damzadeba adidvis, gawevis da Wedvis meTodiT warmoebda [25,

gv.232, 299, 471]. tansacmlisaTvis moxseniebulia Rilebi da

qamari. wvril nakeTobebs ganekuTvneba: sawerelis (e.i. samel-

nis) Tavi, sanemse, saTiTe da vercxliT moWedili sadafi [25,

gv.255, 268, 270, 321, 343].

sakmaod Warbad aris warmodgenili vercxlis saeklesio

WurWeli da iaraRebi. dokumentebSi dasaxelebulia vercx-

liT moWedili xatebi, oqroTi daferili vercxlis xatebi,

moWedili saeklesio wignebis ydebi, barZim-feSxumi, sazedaSe,

tavukebi, sasefiskvero TefSebi da a.S. [25, gv.243, 387].

CamoTvlili nakeTobebidan yvela ar warmoadgenda Tbili-

sis saxelosno-sawarmoebis produqcias, magram maTi didi

nawili rom adgilobrivi nakeToba iyo, eWvs ar iwvevs. aseTi

daskvnis safuZvels gvaZlevs erT dokumentSi moyvanili cno-

bebi. is warmoadgens mziTvis wignis pirs, romelic 1808 wlis

siaxloves TariRdeba. TavSive wignis Semdgeneli acxadebs:

,,wminda saxareba ukan mimaqvs, vercxliT movaWedvineb, oqroTi

davafervineb~. Semdgom sxvadasxva nakeTobis CamonaTvals Tan

axlavs masze daxarjuli vercxlis raodenobac: ,,xonCa vercx-

lisa, samas samocdaori misxali . . . jami vercxlisa misxali

samocdaoTxi, nalbaqi vercxlisa, misxali cxrameti da nax-

evari . . . sinsilebi misxali samocdaerTi da naxevari, unagiri

vercxlisa, samas ocdaTxuTmeti misxali . . . Careqa vercxlisa,

misxali asocdaTxuTmeti, azarfeSa, misxali samocdaaTi, Tasi

sami, misxali asi da naxevari . . . Tasi vercxlisa, ocdacamet

misxal naxevari~ [25, gv.405-410].

pirovneba, romelic saxarebis ydis vercxliT moWedvas da

oqroTi dafervas apirebda, cxadia, rom sxva nivTebis damS-

venebaze da damzadebaze izrunebda. swored ase akeTebs is

Canawers sxva nakeTobebTan dakavSirebiTac da Tanac, rogorc

vxedavT, siaSi TiToeuli maTganis dasaxelebas daxarjuli

vercxlis raodenobasac urTavs. es raodenoba rom ostati-

saTvis nakeTobis damzadebis win aris gadacemuli, aSkarad

Cans unagiris magaliTidan (mza unagiris SemTxvevaSi ukve

SeuZlebeli iqneboda maTze daxarjuli vercxlis dadgena).

ase rom, moyvanili siidan erTmniSvnelovnad Cans, rom vercx-

lis xonCa, jami, lambaqi, sinsilebi, unagiri, Careqa, azarfeSa

da Tasebi Tbiliseli xelosnebis mier aris damzadebuli.

146 147

didi raodenobiT iyenebdnen vercxls zarafxanaSi, sadac

vercxlis monetebi iWreboda. vercxlis warmoebaSi miRweul-

ma warmatebebma Sesabamisi gamoxatuleba samoneto saqmeSic

hpova. XVII s. 60-ian wlebSi saerTo iranuli tipis vercx-

lis monetis moWra Sewyda da Tbilisis zarafxanam sruliad

gansxvavebuli vercxlis fulis moWra daiwyo. monetis tipi

imdenad Taviseburi da originaluri aRmoCnda, rom sparsuli

zedwerilebis miuxedavad mas ,,bagrationTa vercxls~ uwo-

debdnen. gamodioda samoneto tipis oTxi nominali: ,211 1,

21

da 41 abaziani anu Sesabamisad eqvsSauriani, abazi, orSauriani

anu uzalTuni da Sauriani. liTonis Zalze maRali xarisxis

gamo es monetebi ,,sirma~ anu wminda vercxlad iwodebodnen.

am sirma vercxlma maRali xarisxis gamo saqarTveloSi Za-

lze didxans SeinarCuna brunvis unari. ruseTTan SeerTebidan

karga xnis Semdegac ki sirma abazebis Tavisufali xmareba

didxans ar Semwydara [17].

xarisxiani vercxlis monetis gamoSvebaSi udavod didi

damsaxureba miuZRvis erekles zarafxanis ufross iase

nazriSvils, romelic Zalze daxelovnebuli iyo samoneto

liTonebis gasufTaveba-gadadnobis saqmeSi [112, gv.17]. kidev

ufro naTlad es gamoCnda mogvianebiT (1802w. meore nax-

evari), rodesac a.musin-puSkinis TaosnobiT TbilisSi rusuli

zarafxana gaixsna. zarafxanis saerTo xelmZRvaneloba a.musin-

puSkinma iTava. orad gayofili meqanikuri ganyofilebidan

meqanikur nawils marqSeideri p.zaicevi Caudga saTaveSi, xolo

qimiur nawils _ berg-probireri a.karpinski. maTTan erTad

zarafxanaSi i.nazriSvilic iqna miwveuli romelsac sawar-

mos vercxliT momarageba daevala [55, gv.32-33]. rusebis

mxridan aseT Zalze sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze qarTveli

specialistis ayvana bevr rames niSnavda, vinaidan mas liTo-

nis ara marto Sesyidva, aramed misi gadadnoba da sisufTaviT

samoneto kondiciamde dayvanac evaleboda. e.i. berg-probireri

liTonis vargisianobas Tu laboratoriul pirobebSi ikv-

levda, i.nazriSvils faqtobrivad sawarmoo masStabiT unda

ganexorcielebina vercxlis gasufTavebasTan dakavSirebuli

mTeli rigi teqnologiuri procesebi. cxadia, i.nazriSvili

am saqmeSi daxelovnebuli specialisti rom ar yofiliyo,

rusebi mas ar miiwvevdnen.

Tbilisis saxelosnoebsa da sawarmoebSi damzadebuli

oqros nakeTobaTa ricxvi vercxlTan SedarebiT ufro nak-

lebia. maTgan unda aRiniSnos oqros Rilebi, saSubleebi, say-

beurebi, sayureebi, qinZisTavebi, oqros Zafebi da jaWvebi [25,

gv.47, 87, 157, 265]. iaraRisa da cxenis aRkazmulobisaTvis:

oqroTi moWedili xanjlebi, xmlis qarqaSebi, oqroTi ink-

rustirebuli Tofi, Tofis salteebi, oqroTi inkrustirebu-

li avJandebi da lagamebi, raxtebi da a.S. [25, gv.87, 88, 90, 92,

96]. yuradRebas iqcevs parfiumerul-kosmetikuri nakrebi anu

,,sapirfareSos iaraRi~. aq vercxlis ori sagnis garda (sirCa

da jami) danarCeni iaraRebi an oqrosgan aris damzadebuli

an oqroTia daferili. esenia: ,,Tmisayofi oqrosi, ori Cxiri

oqrosi, Cofi oqrosi, mosalesi (ferumarilis dasamzadebeli

specialuri WurWeli) moWedili oqroTi, saweboe vercxlisa

dafenili, nalbaqi (lambaqi) vecxlisa daferili, Cqifi oqro-

si~ [25, gv.226]. ,,oqromravlobiT~ gamoirCeva meore siac, ro-

melic imiT aris saintereso, rom parfiumerul-kosmetikuri

WurWlisa Tu iaraRis dasaxelebis Semdgom moyvanilia maT

damzadebaze daxarjuli oqros raodenoba nakeTobaTa CvenebiT:

,,sadafi da sadafis Tavi, oqroT moWedili, misxali ocdaoTxi,

mosalesi oqroTi moWedili, Tavzed iagundi uzis, misxali

erTi, saCxire oqros da sami oqros Cxiri, Tmisayofi oqrosi,

Cofi oqrosi. eseT aris misxali ocdaeqvsi da naxevari~ [25,

gv.406]. es sia, iseve rogorc vercxlis analogiuri sia ma-

salis wonis CvenebiT, erTmniSvnelovnad metyvelebs oqros

nakeTobaTa adgilobriv warmomavlobaze.

148 149

oqros sakmaod mniSvnelovani nawili, rogorc sabuTebidan

Cans, dasaferavad ixarjeboda. axtalis oqros Semosavlisa da

xarjis sabuTSi sistematurad moixseneba dasaferad gacemuli

oqro. zogjer am oqros amalgamis dasamzadeblad gacemul

vercxls, oqros da vercxliswyals (,,jiva~) umatebdnen an

mis Sesasyidad Tanxas aZlevdnen oqromWedels [25, gv.93-99].

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad Cven SevZeliT dagvedgina

erTi Zalze sayuradRebo faqti, romelic samecniero lit-

eraturaSi aqamde cnobili ar iyo. Cveni yuradReba miiqcia

mTelma rigma sabuTebma, romelTa Tanaxmadac erekle, rogorc

irkveva, dro da dro oqros monetebsac Wrida [17]. oqromWe-

del surgunaSvils 1783 wlis erT-erT werilSi is avalebs

oqros monetis Saurianebis moWras, rom ,,eqvsive [Sauri] erTi

misxali gamovides~. Teimuraz bagrationis cnobiTac oqros

6 Sauri erT misxals iwonida [66, gv.47]. 6 Saurianis wonis

misxalTan Sesabamisobas adasturebs axtalis oqros Semosav-

lisa da xarjis 1791 wlis sia. aq aRniSnulia, rom swored

1783 wels mirian batoniSvils dauxarjavs 6 oqros Sauri,

romlis wonac 1 misxals Seesabameba. oqros Saurebi siis

sxva adgilebSic moixseneba da Cven aq Sesabamisi winadadebebi

mogvyavs: 1784 wels ,,mefes mirTmevia oqros Sauri, misxali

z~, ,,mefes mirTmevia oqros Sauri À~, ,,mefes .…. . oqros Sauri

mirTmevia misxali ig~, xolo 1789 wels oqro ,,SaurebaTac

moWrila sanovruzod misxali i~ [25, gv.88, 89, 91].

moyvanili cnobebis mixedviT gamodis, rom erekles oqros

39 misxalidan mouWria 234 Sauri, rac arc Tu ise mcire

raodenobas warmoadgens. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aRniSnul

nusxaSi Saurebis mxolod mcire nawilia moxsenebuli, Sei-

Zleba davaskvnaT, rom erekles dros daaxloebiT 1783 wli-

dan aRa-maxmad xanis Semosevamde, anu 1795 wlamde Tbilisis

zarafxanaSi oqros monetebic iWreboda.

1798 wlis 8 Tebervals, kaTalikosma anton II-m da ba-

toniSvilma vaxtangma aRweres gardacvlili mefis boRCaSi

dafiqsirebuli piradi nivTebi. aq Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkul

beWdebTan da ordenebTan erTad SedarebiT sada nakeTobebic

aRmoCnda. aqedan erTi ,,oTxi oqros Saurs~, xolo meore

,,erTs qaRaldSi wvrili oqros RvenTebs~ warmoadgenda [25,

gv.282]. Cveni azriT, sxva nivTebTan SedarebiT aSkara sisadavis

miuxedavad, am or oqros nivTs ereklesaTvis gansakuTrebu-

li mniSvneloba hqonda. oqros naRvenTi, rogorc etyoba, im

oqros fxvnilis gadnobiT iyo miRebuli, romelic pirvelad

iqna gamoyofili vercxlidan axtalis qarxanaSi. rac Seexeba

oqros 4 Saurs, isinic Cveni azriT zarafxanaSi moWrili

oqros pirvel partias warmoadgenda. orive nivTi ereklesaT-

vis Zalze Zvirfasi iyo, rogorc misi didebuli Canafiqris

realurad ganxorcielebis damadasturebeli reliqviebi da

swored amitom moxvdnen isini erTmaneTis gverdi-gverd.

150 151

T. Badzoshvili

MINING-METALLURGY INDUSTRY IN

THE XVIII CENTURY

EASTERN GEORGIA

ABSTRACT

Historical, political and social-economic events taking place in XVIII century Georgia became subject of scientific interest in terms of historical-technological analyses of the main economic trends of the late medieval period - mining and metallurgy industry and struc-ture of the objects functioning in the given period of time.

Due to the fact that existing information on aforementioned is-sue gives possibility just of the local analyses, the presented work is aimed at revealing the activities executed by the state power in Kar-tli-Kakheti kingdom for the development of economy on the bases of the following materials: the data preserved in the written sources on the mining metallurgy processes, the results of the technological analyses of the mining-metallurgy monuments obtained through the archeological excavations, ethnographical-informational materials on the plants functioning in the territory of Eastern Georgia in XVIII century giving the possibility for complete historical-economical analyses of the leading trends of economy of this period.

The renaissance of the mining and metal processing plants ex-isting in the territory of Kartli-Kakheti kingdom falls on the second part of XVIII century. The significant economical reforms of the state importance conducted by the king Erekle II strengthened the self-de-

fense ability of the country and saved Georgian nation from destruc-tion.

The presented work reviews the archeological and mining-met-allurgical materials related to mining-metallurgical industry, con-struction of the metallurgical furnaces, dynamics of the metallurgi-cal process and volume of produce (F. Tavadze, I. Gdzelishvili, N. Rekhviashvili, K. Cholokashvili). At the same time the Russian and foreign sources on the arrangement and production of the mining metallurgical sources in Geogria (A. Voskoboinikov, I. Eikhfeld, A. Pettsold and others), notes on the reforms performed by Erekle II, mining and metallurgical objects rehabilitation (I. Giuldenshtedt) and mining-metallurgical production ethnographical data (Iv. Medzmari-ashvili, D. Gogoladze, G. Margiani, A. Rogava, Al. Kochlavashvili, A. Shostak, S. Esadze and others) are criticized.

The process of historical development of the leading trends of economy are confirmed by the fact of consumption of ores located in the territory of Georgia and existence of the relevant level of metal processing metallurgical technologies. Mountainous objects located within the mineral resources and deposits’ geographical system on the one hand, and, on the other hand, ore processing and metallurgi-cal plant, with the principal work schemes and engineering-technical characteristics, defined the basic trends of the development of the XVIII century economy.

The work underlines contribution of King Erekle II in the estab-lishment and development of the Georgian economy in XVIII cen-tury, his effort and direct participation in the improvement of the local mining-metallurgical industry. The role of the settlement of Greek masters in the growth and development of local metallurgical indus-try and preparation of the valuable local human resources is assessed. The involvement of the relevant qualified specialists from Russia for broadening the scale and refinement of technological processes of the mining-metallurgical industry is considered to have a positive ef-

152 153

fect conditioning transfer and mastering of the European state of art achievements.

Detailed analyses on organization and technological exploitation of the copper-bronze, iron-steel, bullet, silver and gold production plants is presented in due sequence. The relevant focus is made on the possibilities of preparation and application of metallurgical fuel (charcoal), reconstruction of working scheme of the coal industry within the metallurgical plants. Considering the chemical composi-tion of technical copper and technical data of various plants the pro-duction line of delivery of the copper of old processing is restored.

Information obtained from archeological data with respect to the old processing and the results of the complex examinations of the industry remaining (waste) are reflecting actual historical-technolog-ical picture of the copper metallurgy (chemical composition of slag, stove, plaster, gutter; sections of production objects, stove construc-tion, date). The issue of the export of Georgian copper abroad is re-viewed. Complex chemical, metallurgical and radiography-structural analyses of the domestic goods are conducted and several types and different categories of copper and bronze things kept at the State Mu-seum of Georgia and private collections are studied for the complete characteristic of the copper production of XVIII century. The descrip-tion of iron cooperative workshops (Bolnisi, Dashqesani), techno-logical production scheme with cold-blow melting parameters, the existing drafts of production furnaces are presented, the production flow is calculated, the issue of exporting of black metal (iron-steel), goods, arms and other economic goods is reviewed as well as results of the research of some samples of Damascus steel arms preserved at the State Museum of Georgia.

The given work confirms the facts of production of the essential quantity of precious metals by the plants established by King Erekle II reflected in existence of the relevant silver and gold producing tech-nologies and quantitative characteristic of produced goods. The broad

variety and quantity of copper goods is described. The data on the Tbilisi gun plant is worthy of attention. The issues of production of the steel bullets and their application are reviewed as well.

The silver and gold goods manufactured in XVIII century Tbilisi mostly are of domestic consumption. The goods for church are pro-duced as well. The big quantity of silver and gold is processed in mint (Zarapkhana). The big quantity of silver and gold is reflected in the fact of manufacturing of the new nominal monetary unit. The materi-als of multi-profile use reviewed in the given work and the results of the conducted historical-technological research entitle us to present in the new light the essence of the historical-political and social eco-nomic events that took place in XVIII century Georgia and consider the establishment and renaissance of the mining-metallurgical com-plex as its leading and driving force: • Mining-metallurgical industry established in Georgia by King

Erekle II conditioned exploitation of copper, iron, steel, silver, gold smelting production line in Akhtala, Alaverdi, Dambludi and other plants.

• Work of copper smelting plants, in particular of Alaverdi plant was based on so-called “Asian” rule. Its three step production, in difference to European rules, was considering complete with-drawal of sulphate from sulphate ore, conduction of restoring smelting of baked ore (without formation of matte) and refining in the black copper oxidation regime.

• Radiography-structural and metallurgical analyses of the copper domestic manufactures preserved in national museum of Geor-gia and private collections proved the high quality of the copper produced in copper melting plants, which conditioned increased demand on the production manufactured from it and export.

• According to archive, archeological and ethnographical materials related to Bolnisi iron ore, iron was produced in the stove con-stituted from blast-furnace functioning based on cold blowing

154 155

principle, backing camera and chimney channel uniting them. • According to Akhtala lead, silver and gold production recon-

structed technological scheme to get lead including silver and afterwards for separation of silver and gold from lead the follow-ing activities are foreseen: 1. Complete separation of sulphate from polymetallic suhphide

ore; 2. Restorative melting of burned ore; 3. Separation of lead and copper alloy by liquation operation; 4. Isolation of silver from the lead in the form of litharge into the treibherds by means of the air blow-in; 5. Receipt of the lead in its final form by means of reduction smelting from the litharge remained in the treibherd and absorbed in its walls and further reprocessing of the gold-containing silver mass obtained in the treibherd.

Preparation of nitric acid required for separation of gold from the gold containing silver by joint distillation of saltpeter and vitriol (by producing silver nitrate and gold).• On the bases of the data of Tbilisi plant manufacturing copper

and iron goods, together with raw copper, Tbilisi was supplying with the wide range of copper plates and dishes (manufactured by forge of sheet copper) not only Georgia but bordering countries as well (North Caucasus, Iran, Armenia and Azerbaijan);

• Machine-gun plant was established earlier than in 1760 in Tbili-si. According to our data, pour out of machine-guns was always performed by European rule; In the beginning of 80-ies with the effort of Topchibashi Paata Andronikashvili the most significant European novelty – manufacturing of machine-gun tube by drill-ing method – was transferred to Georgia;

• The technical possibilities of furriery and workshops for process-ing black metals and production level conditioned the high qual-ity of the study of the Damascus steel art and market and con-sumption value of processed production. Big quantity of smithy iron was increasing the number workshops and production plants

of household consumption cutlery, agricultural tools and arms. As a result, Tbilisi became the center of the region, particularly, in manufacturing of side-arms – saber and poniard.

• Variety of silver and gold goods resulting from the successful operation of mining-metallurgy plants were reflected in deeds of the second part of XVIII century, in which the golden and silver utensils of secular consumption and arms are mentioned quite frequently compare to the earlier centuries’ data;The quantitative growth of silver and golden materials condi-

tioned successful work of mint (Zarapkhana) where in the 70th of XVIII century was initiated the issuance of a new type and quite high quality silver coin. According to the act of 1783 of extraordinary im-portance the tradition of cutting of the new nominal of the golden coins - five-kopeck coin was established in the given mint.

On the bases of above-mentioned materials, the second part of XVIII century should be considered as one of the most important period during the multi-century history of Georgian metallurgy Es-tablishment and regeneration of the mining –metallurgy complex of the leading economic trend by Erekle II served as a basis to this. Ob-tained outcomes put a different light on the historical, political and social-economic events taking place in XVIII century Georgia – time of struggle for the state and national independence.

156 157

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