mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis da gadamuSavebis ...gtu.ge/Agro-Lib/gogoli.pdf · vneba:...

g. gogoli

mecxoveleobis produqtebis

warmoebis da gadamuSavebis

teqnologia

`teqnikuri universiteti”

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

g. gogoli

mecxoveleobis produqtebis

warmoebis da gadamuSavebis

teqnologia

damtkicebulia stu-s

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo

sabWos mier

Tbilisi

2009

saxelmZRvaneloSi sakmaod detalurad aris ganxiluli sasoflo-

sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis moSenebis, kvebis da movla-Senaxvis,

agreTve mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis da gadamuSavebis teqno-

logiis sakiTxebi. mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili mecxoveleobis

sxvadasxva dargSi, agreTve gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebSi ekologiurad

usafrTxo sasursaTo produqtebis warmoebis teqnikur-teqnologiuri

uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebis aRweras ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi.

gankuTvnilia umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTlebis agraruli biznes-

administratoris specialobis studentebisaTvis. misi gacnobiT saWiro in-

formacias miiReben mewarmeebi, praqtikosi specialistebi da saxalxo meur-

neobis am dargebiT dainteresebuli sxva pirebi.

redaqtori koba nacvalaZe

soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, s.s.i.p. mixeil

rCeuliSvilis mecxoveleobis biologiuri safuZvlebis

institutis direqtoris moadgile.

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-765-4 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi

formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis

werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

3

S i n a a r s i

S e s a v a l i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5

T a v i 1. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis normaluri anatomiisa da fiziologiis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7

(qsovilebi da maTi funqciebi-7; organoebi da sistemebi-8)

T a v i 2. sanaSene saqme mecxoveleobaSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 (bunebrivi da xelovnuri gadarCeva-15; gadasarCevi niSan-Tvisebebi-16; sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis konstitucia, eqsterieri da interieri-17; SerCeva-18; moSenebis meTodebi-19; organizmis individualuri ganviTareba (ontogenezi)-23; moSenebis teqnika-25; naxiris aRwarmoebis zooteqnikuri safuZvlebi-25)

T a v i 3. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis jiSebi - - 30 (Zroxis jiSebi-31; kameCis jiSebi-40; Roris jiSebi-42; cxvris jiSebi-44; Txis jiSebi-47; sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelTa saxeobebi da jiSebi-48; cxenis jiSebi-55; bocvris jiSebi-56)

T a v i 4. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sakvebi

da normirebuli kvebis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 (sakvebis saxeebi-59; ulufaSi proteinis da aminmJavebis deficitis Sesav-sebi danamatebi-62; sakvebis yuaTianoba-62; sakvebis monelebadoba-68; cxo-velTa normirebuli kveba-70; saZovrebis organizacia-72)

T a v i 5. meZroxeoba; rZisa da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 (Zroxis biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi, konstitucia, eqsteri-eri da interieri-75; sarZeo produqtiuloba da masze momqmedi faqto-rebi-79; furis kveba-81; furis wvela-82; sanaSene xbos gamozrda-83; Senaxvis sistemebi-86; Zroxis saZovarze Senaxvis teqnika-87; saxorce produqtiulo-baze momqmedi faqtorebi-88; sasuqi mozardis gamozrda-suqeba-90; specialize-buli saxorce meZroxeoba-92)

T a v i 6. meRoreoba; Roris xorcis warmoebis teqnologia - - - - - - - 94 (Roris biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi-95; Roris warmoSoba-95; konstitucia da eqsterieri-95; Roris moSeneba-96; sanaSene muSaoba-97; nez-vis ganayofiereba-99; make da mawovari nezvis movla-Senaxva da kveba-99; sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadeba-100; sasuqi mozardis kveba da movla-Senaxva-101; momTabare meRoreobis teqnologia-103; fermispira sazafxulo bana-kebSi Roris Senaxva-104)

T a v i 7. mecxvareoba; matylis, cxvris/Txis rZisa da xorcis warmoebis teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106

(mecxvareobis mniSvneloba-106; cxvris warmoSoba-107; cxvris biologiuri Taviseburebebi-107; konstitucia, eqsterieri, interieri-108; cxvris moSe-neba-109; gadarCeva da SerCeva-109; cxvris nerbva, doli da mozardis gamoz-rda-110; cxvris parsva-114; cxvris wvela-115; meTxeoba-115)

T a v i 8. mefrinveleoba; frinvelis xorcisa da kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 118

(sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis moSinaureba-118; sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis bilogiuri Taviseburebebi-119; frinvelis konstitucia da eqsterieri-120; frinvelis moSeneba-122; kvercxis inkubacia-123; qaTmis kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia-125; qaTmis xorcis warmoebis teqnolo-gia-127; indauris xorcis warmoeba-129; ixvisa da batis xorcis warmoeba-130; cicris xorcis warmoeba-131; mwyris kvercxis da xorcis warmoeba-131)

4

T a v i 9. mecxeneoba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133 (konstitucia-eqsterieri-133; cxenis svla (aluri)-134; cxenis moSeneba-135; cxenis kveba da movla-patronoba-136; cxenis xorcis da rZis gamoyeneba-138; sacxenosno sporti-139)

T a v i 10. mebocvreoba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140 (bocvris warmoSoba da biologiuri Taviseburebebi-140; bocvris sak-vebi da kveba-141; bocvris mozardis suqeba-142; bocvris aRwarmoeba-142; sxvadasxva sqesis bocveris garCeva-143; bocvris movla-Senaxva-143).

T a v i 11. zoohigienis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 144 (haeris Sedgeniloba-144; klimati da mikroklimati-146; niadagi-148; wya-li-149; sakvebi-150; cxovelTa sadgomebis mowyobis higienuri moTxovne-bi-150).

T a v i 12. rZis gadamuSavebis teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152 rZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi-152; rZis higi-ena-1545 rZis pirveladi damuSaveba-156; rZis separireba-158; sasmeli rZis da rZemJava produqtebis warmoeba-159; rZemJava produqtebis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia-160; karaqis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia-162; yve-lis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia-164;

T a v i 13. xorcis gadamuSavebis teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 168 saxorce cxovelis/frinvelis nakveboba-168; dasaklavi pirutyvis/frin-velis transportireba-169; pirutyvis/frinvelis dakvla-171; dakvlis Tanamdevi produqtebi-176; tanxorcis dabal temperaturaze Senaxva-177; SaSxisa da loris warmoeba-178; Zexveulis warmoeba-179; naxevarfab-rikatebis da dafasoebuli xorcis warmoeba-182; xorcis konservebis warmoeba-183).

T a v i 14. kvercxis, matylis da tyavbewveulis daxarisxeba da pirveladi gadamuSaveba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 186

(kvercxis daxarisxeba-185; matylis saxeebi da klasireba-189; bocvris tyavbewvis damuSaveba-191).

5

S e s a v a l i

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis sursaTisa da agrarul sakiT-xTa komisiis (FAO) 2007 wlis moxsenebaSi xazgasmulia, rom XXI sauku-neSi kacobriobis winaSe mdgari globaluri problemebidan erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuria mosaxleobis sursaTiT dakmayofilebis sakiTxis gadawyveta. Tavisi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, dasmulia sakiTxi adami-anis uflebebis nusxaSi erT-erT punqtad sakvebi produqtebiT uzrun-velyofis uflebis Setanis Taobaze.

sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobas erT-erTi wamyvani adgili ukavia adamianis yoveldRiur yofaSi. is gvaZlevs biologiurad srulfasovan sakveb produqtebs da msubuqi mrewvelobisaTvis nedleuls, xels uwyobs miwis nayofierebis SenarCunebis saqmes da, imavdroulad, zogierTi saxe-obis cxoveli, jer kidev sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc cocxali gamwevi Zala sasoflo-sameurneo da satransporto samuSaoebis Sesas-ruleblad, agreTve turizmSi da sportSi.

mniSvnelovania, rom yvela am sargebels cxoveli gvaZlevs iseTi sakvebis gadamuSavebiT (saZovris balaxi, Tiva, bze, namja, silosi, senaJi, Zirxvenebi, agreTve rZis, xorcis, Tevzis, marcvlis da Saqris Warxlis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebisa da zeTsaxdeli qarxnebis anarCenebi), romelTac adamiani sxvagvarad ver gamoiyenebda.

mecxoveleobis produqtebs wamyvani adgili ukavia sasursaTo kala-TaSi. dadgenili fiziologiuri normebiT saSualod 1 kacma weliwadSi unda moixmaros 380 kg rZe da rZis produqtebi (naturalur rZeze gadaan-gariSebiT), 64 kg xorci da 250 cali kvercxi.

arsebuli monacemebiT, dReisaTvis msoflioSi saSualod erT kacze iwarmoeba 98,5 kg naturaluri rZe, 40,4 kg xorci da 176 cali kvercxi, rac, Sesabamisad, fiziologiuri normis mxolod 25.9, 63,1 da 70,4%-s Seadgens.

ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi? statistikuri departamen-tis monacemebiT 2007 wels CvenSi saSualod 1 kacze moxmarebulia 186 kg rZe, 29,5 kg xorci da 80 cali kvercxi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom am produqtebis garkveuli nawili (6-dan 27%-mde) importirebulia, naTe-li gaxdeba soflis meurneobis am dargSi arsebuli realuri viTareba.

mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gardauvlad gaumjobesebis pararelulad mosalodnelia am produqtebze moTxovnilebis mkveTrad zrda, rac dakmayofilebis wyaroebis amoqmedebas Seuwyobs xels.

saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareoba, agreTve msoflio sasur-saTo bazarze arsebuli mwvave deficiti da sxvadasxva sakveb produq-tebze fasebis araprognozirebadi meryeoba gvafiqrebinebs, rom aucilebe-lia ZiriTadi sasursaTo produqtebze, maT Soris marcvleulze, rZeze, xorcze da kvercxze moTxovnilebis qveynis Sida resursebiT maqsimaluri doniT dakmayofilebis uzrunvelyofa.

swori agraruli politika, agreTve Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da qveynis bunebrivi resursebis gegmazomierad Sexameba, uaxloes wlebSi aamaRlebs Cveni sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobis konkurentunarianobas da uzrunvelyofs Sida moTxovnilebas adgilobrivi warmoebis produq-tebiT.

ekologiurad sufTa, srulfasovani da uvnebeli sakvebi produq-tebiT samomxmareblo bazris momaragebis saqmeSi gadamwyveti sityva gada-mamuSavebel sawarmoebs ekuTvnis. maTi amocanaa, agreTve, anarCenebis

6

gadamuSavebis efeqturi teqnologiebis danergva da garemos dabinZurebis Tavidan acileba. bolo 50 welia biologiuri da teqnikuri mecnierebebis, agreTve teqnologiebis miRwevebis wyalobiT es sfero sakmaod momgebian samewarmeo saqmed gadaiqca.

amasTan, mecxoveleobis produqtebiT samomxmareblo bazris dakma-yofileba mniSvnelovan riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. saqme is aris, rom am produqtebis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, “warmoeba-gadamuSaveba-miwode-bis” yvela rgolma bazris garkveuli segmentis SevsebasTan erTad unda uzrunvelyos momxmareblis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, misi usafrTxoeba.

dRes gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi ara marto ubralod awvdian bazars tradiciuli asortimentis mecxoveleobis produqtebs. maT saqmi-anobaSi wina planze wamoiwia axali saxis, momxmarebelTa yvela sqesob-rivi da asakobrivi jgufebisaTvis fiziologiuri mdgomareobis Sesat-yvisi dieturi da kombinirebuli sakvebi produqtebis warmoebis gafarTo-ebis aucileblobam, romlebzec moTxovnileba bolo wlebSi gaizarda. Tavisi adgili ukavia warmoebuli produqtebis SefuTvis, markirebis da miwodebis formebis srulyofas, rac bazris garkveuli segmentis dakavebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.

CvenSi dRes ukve funqcionirebs Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSuale-bebiT aRWurvili rZis da xorcis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi. maTi saq-mianobis gafarToeba da efeqturobis amaRleba, agreTve am sferoSi kon-kurentunarianobis zrda, axali maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis da, maT Soris, profesionali agrarikos biznes-administratorebis momzadebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

am profilis studentebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo mecxoveleobis pro-duqtebis warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis disciplinaSi qarTul enaze gamo-dis pirvelad. masSi, avtoris mier Sedgenili saswavlo programidan gamomdinare, SeZlebisdagvarad, Tanamedrove midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT gaSuqebulia yvela is sakiTxebi, romlebTanac, eWvi ar aris, TavianTi moRvaweobis procesSi mouwevT Sexeba momaval profesional specialis-tebs.

studentebis mier disciplinis kursis srulyofilad aTvisebis miz-niT, yvela Tavi mTavrdeba Temis irgvliv sakontrolo kiTxvebiT. maT-Tvis, vinc dainteresdeba konkretuli sakiTxze ufro detaluri infor-maciis miRebiT, aqve motanilia literaturis nusxa.

Zvirfasi kolegebisgan _ umaRlesi skolis profesor-maswavleble-bisadan, agreTve praqtikosi specialistebisagan yvela saqmian SeniSvnas, mosazrebas da winadadebas udidesi gulisyuriT, madlierebis grZnobiT da axalgazrda kadrebis aRzrdis saqmeSi Tanadgomis survilad miiRebs avtori.

[email protected]

7

Tavi I. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis normaluri anatomiisa da fiziologiis safuZvlebi

sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobis da produqtebis gadamuSavebis safuZvlebis disciplinis kursis Seswavlisas aucilebelia warmodgena gvqondes cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sxeulis agebulebasa da cocxal organizmSi mimdinare procesebze. sxeulis agebulebis Semswavlel mecni-erebas ewodeba anatomia, xolo calkeul organoebSi da mTlianad orga-nizmSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebs swavlobs fiziologia.

qsovilebi da maTi funqciebi cxovelis organizmi agebulia ujredebisagan, romlebic zomiT,

formiT da Sesasrulebeli funqciebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. ujredebis erToblioba hqmnian qsovilebs.

qsovili oTxgvaria- kunTovani, SemaerTebeli, epiTeluri da nervuli. kunTovani qsovili. Sedgeba sxvadasxva sigrZis boWkoebisagan, romel-

Tac aqvT SekumSvis da modunebis unari. Tavis mxriv, kunTis boWkoebi orgvaria, ganivzoliani, anu ConCxis da gluvi, anu Sinagani organoebis. kunTis boWko garedan dafarulia metad Txeli SemaerTebeli qsovilis afskiT. boWkoebi hqmnian pirvelad, meorad da a.S. konebs, romelTa SeerTebiT iqmneba kunTi (muskuli). cxovelis organizmSi 200- mde kunTia.

yvela saxeobis cxovelisa da frinvelis ConCxis kunTebi daqselilia SemaerTebeli qsoviliT da myesebiT dakavSirebulia ZvalTan. kunTebSi mravladaa sisxlZarRvebi da nervebi. nervuli sistemis gavleniT kunTebi SeikumSebian an modundebian da uzrunvelyofen cxovelis moZraobas an sxva aqtiuri funqciis Sesrulebas.

funqciidan gamomdinare kunTebs yofen sam jgufad- statikur, dina-mikur da statodinamikur kunTebad. statikuri kunTebi asruleben fiqsa-ciis, dinamikuri ki aqtiuri moZraobis funqcias.

SemaerTebeli qsovili. pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT sam jgufad: magari (Zvlebi), naxevrad rbili (xrtilebi, myesebi, iogebi, sisxlZar-Rvebi) da rbili (cximi sisxli, limfa da sxv.). es qsovili monawileobs organizmSi mimdinare yvela sasicocxlo procesSi da asrulebs sayrden, gamtar, damcvelobiT da mkvebav funqciebs.

epiTeluri qsovili, anu epiTeliumi sxeulis zedapirs faravs gare-dan da gvxvdeba Sinagan organoebSic. garegani epiTeluri qsovili icavs organizms garemos zemoqmedebisagan, xolo Sinagani asrulebs sxvadasxva funqciebs (magaliTad, nivTierebebis sinTezi da/an gamoyofa, sayuaTo nivTierebebis Sewova da sxv.).

nervuli qsovili. Sedgeba grZeli morCebis mqone sxvadasxva for-misa da zomis ujredebisagan. morCebi erTdebian konebad da hqmnian nerve-bs, romlebic gvxvdeba yvela organosa da qsovilSi. nervuli ujredebi didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinSi. nervuli qsovilis daniSnulebaa aRiqvas gaRizianeba, gaanalizos is, gadasces impulsebi nervul centrs da uzrunvelyos sapasuxo reaqcia.

sisxli. Txevadi SemaerTebeli qsovilia. misi saerTo moculobis 55-60% plazma anu ufero Txevadi nawilia, xolo 35-40% masSi Sewonili formiani elementebi- eriTrocitebi, leikocitebi da Trombocitebi. plazmis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis: 90-91% wyali, 6-8% cilebi, 0,1-0,2% cxi-mebi, 40-160 mg% Saqrebi da 0,8-0,9% mineraluri marilebi, agreTve fermentebi, hormonebi da sxva mravali nivTiereba. sxvadasxva saxeobis

8

cxovelisa da frinvelis 1 mm3 sisxli Seicavs 5-17 mln eriTrocits, 5-10 aTas leiokocits da 300-500 aTas Trombocits.

eriTrocitebi Seicaven rTul cilas hemoglobins, romelic wiTeli ferisaa da aqvs Jangbadis SeboWvis unari. hemoglobins filtvebidan organoebsa da qsovilebSi gadaaqvs Jangbadi da iqidan gamoaqvs naxSiror-Jangi.

leikocitebis ZiriTadi funqciaa infeqciuri daavadebis gamomwvevi mikroorganizmebis ganadgureba, xolo Trombocitebi monawileoben sisxlis SededebaSi, rac uzrunvelyofs sisxldenis SeCerebas.

organoebi da sistemebi qsovilebi organizmSi gaerTianebulia ufro rTul erTeulebSi-

Sesabamisi daniSnulebisa da funqciis Semsrulebel organoebSi (mag. Tvali, guli, filtvi da sxv.). Tavis mxriv, saerTo funqciis SesrulebaSi monawile organoebi hqmnian organoTa sistemebs. aseT sistemebs miekuT-vneba: sayrden-mamoZravebeli, saWmlis momnelebeli, sunTqvis, sisxlis mimoqcevis, Sard-sasqeso, Sinagani sekreciis, nervuli, kani da Tmovani safarveli.

sayrden-mamoZravebeli sistema. Sedgeba ConCxisa da ConCxis kunTebi-sagan. ConCxi sxeuls unarCunebs formas, moZraobisas asrulebs berketis rols da icavs Tavisa da zurgis tvins, agreTve Sinagan organoebs meqanikuri dazianebisagan

cxovelis ConCxi (sur. 1) iyofa RerZul da periferiul nawilebad. RerZul ConCxSi gaerTianebulia Tavis qala (1), xerxemlis malebi (2), neknebi (3) da mkerdis Zvali (4). periferiul ConCxs miekuTvneba wina (5) da ukana (6) kidurebi, agreTve RerZul ConCxTan maTi damakavSirebeli sartyelebi- beWisa (7) da gavis Zvlebi, (8).

ConCxis RerZuli nawi-li Sedgeba brtyli, xolo periferiuli nawili lulo-vani Zvlebisagan. calkeuli Zvlebi, maTi funqciidan gamomdinare, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian uZravad an moZravad. Zvlebis moZrav SeerTebas saxsari ewodeba

frinvelis ConCxi (sur. 2) ZuZumwovrebis ConCxisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. cxove-lebTan SedarebiT frinvelis Zvlebi gacilebiT msubuqi da magaria; formasTan erTad Secvlilia Zvlis agebulebac: cxovelTa Zvlebi amovsebulia e.w. Zvlis tviniT, maSin rodesac zrdasruli frinvelis umetes ZvlebSi aris haeri, romelic iq xvdeba e.w. haermata-rebeli CanTebidan.

frinvelis ConCxi iyofa Tavis, sxeulis da kidurebis Zvlebad. amas-Tan, wina kidurebi warmoadgenen frTebs, xolo ukana kidurebi miwaze ga-daadgilebis saSualebaa.

saWmlis momnelebeli sistema: Sedgeba piris Rrus organoebisagan, saylapavi milisagan, kuWisagan, wvrili, msxvili da swori nawlavisagan, ag-

sur. 1. Txis ConCxis sqema.

1

2

3

5 6

8

7

4

9

sur. 2. qaTmis ConCxis sqema

Tavis qala

xerxemali

mkerdis

Zvali

barZayis

Zvali

neknebi

idayvis

Zvali

sxivis

Zvali

mxris

Zvali

terfis Zvali

laviwis Zvali

mkerdis Zvlis qimi

reTve RviZlisa da, kuWqveSa jirkvlisagan. sakvebis gadamuSaveba cxove-lis organizmis mier iwyeba piris RruSi, sadac is gamoyofili nerwyviT lbeba, kbilebiT ki qucmacdeba, ris Semdeg is saylapavi miliT gadadis kuWSi.

cxenis da Roris kuWi erTkameriania, xolo mcoxnav cxovelebs- Zroxas, cxvars da Txas aqvT oTxkameriani kuWi.

erTkameriani kuWi mdi-daria sekreciis jirkvlebiT, romlebSic sinTezirdeba da gamoiyofa kuWis wveni. kuWis wvens Seicavs marilmJavas da sxvadasxva fermentebs (mag. pepsins, qimozins, lipazas) da aqvs mJave reaqcia. daqucma-cebuli sakvebis monelebas uzrunvelyofs kuWis wvenTan Sereva, rasac xels uwyobs kuWis kunTovani qsovilis periodulad SekumSva da moduneba. kuWis SekumSva, ase-

ve uzrunvelyofs sakvebis Tormetgoja nawlavisaken gadaadgildebas, sadac is damatebiT ganicdis naRvelas da kuWqveSa jirkvlis wvenis moqmedebas.

nawlavebis talRiseburi SekumSva, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs sakve-bis wvrili nawlavisaken gadaadgilebas, sadac mTavrdeba misi moneleba da sayuaTo nivTierebebi Seiwoveba lorwovani garsis xaoiani zedapiris mier.

saWmlis moneleba mTavrdeba msxvil nawlavSi, sadac mounelebeli narCenebi sqeldeba, yalibdeba ganavlad da swori nawlavis spinqteris gavliT periodulad gamoiyofa gareT.

mcoxnavi cxovelebis oTx-kameriani kuWidan (sur. 3) pirveli sams- faSvs (1), baduras (3) da wignaras (4) uwodeben winakuWebs, meoTxes ki- maWiks, anu sakuTriv kuWs (5). winakuWebi saWmlis mom-nelebeli wvenis gamomyof jirk-vlebs praqtikulad ar Seicaven, xolo maWiks aseTi jirkvlebi aqvs.

mcoxnavi cxoveli sakvebs saTanado daReWvis gareSe ylapavs. sakvebi saylapavi miliT (2, sur. 3 da 4) gadadis faSvSi, sadac is iJRinTeba da rbildeba. faSvSi arsebuli mikroorganizmebis cxo-velmoqmedebis wyalobiT sakvebSi Semavali ujredana iSleba, ra

drosac xdeba cilebisa da vitaminebis sinTezi.

1. faSvi; 2. saylapavi mili; 3.badu-ra; 4.wignara; 5.maWiki; 6. Tormet-

goja nawlavi

sur. 3. Zroxis kuWi.

1 6

23

4

5

10

sur. 5. frinvelis kuWi (A‐garedan, B-Wrili)

faSvSi (10, sur. 4) darbilebuli sakve-bi, saylapavi milis gavliT amoicoxneba piris RruSi, sadac mas pirutyvi ReWavs da saTanadod daquc-macebis Semdeg kvlav Caylapavs. Caylapuli sakvebi xvdeba badu-raSi (4, sur. 4), aqedan ki wignaraSi, sadac is damatebiT gadamuSav-deba, kargad aireva da mxolod amis Semdeg gadadis maWikSi, aqe-dan ki Tormetgoja nawlavSi (6, sur. 3). mcoxnavi cxovele-bis maWikSi da Sem-dgom nawlavebSi sak-

vebis gadamuSaveba da sayuaTo nivTierebebis aTviseba xdeba imave sqemiT, rogorc erTkameriani kuWis mqone cxovelebSi.

frinvelebis kuWi (sur. 5) gansxvavdeba ZuZumwovari sasof-lo-sameurneo cxovelebis kuWi-sagan. is Sedgeba ori nawilisa-gan- jirkvlovani (I) da kunTo-vani (II). kuWisagan. Tavis mxriv kunTovani kuWis kedeli agebulia ganivzoliani kunTebisagan (2), romelic Signidan amofenilia kutikuliT (3). jirkvlovani kuWi erTi mxridan dakavSirebulia saylapav milTan, meore mxridan ki kunTovan kuWTan. kunTovani kuWi, Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia Tormetgoja nawlavTan (III).

sasunTqi sistema: sasicocxlo procesebis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro energiis misaRebad cxovelis organizmSi uwyvetad mimdinareobs nawlave-bidan Sewovili sayuaTo nivTierebebis daJangvis procesi. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia maTi JangbadiT momarageba da warmoqmnili naxSiorJangis gamotana. sasunTq organoebs miekuTvneba cxviri, traqea, bronqebi da filtvebi.

cxviris RruSi SesunTquli haeri Tbeba, mtvrisagan iwmindeba, teniandeba da gadadis traqeaSi (1, sur. 4). traqea gulmkerdis RruSi iyofa or bronqad, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian marjvena da marcxena filtvTan (5, sur. 4). filtvSi bronqebi TandaTanobiT iyofa ufro wvril milakebad- bronqiodebad da mTavrdeba alveolTa milakebiT romlebic yurZnis mtevniseburad dakavSirebuli arian buStukebis msgavs warmo-naqmnebTan- alveolebTan.

1 2

3

4

5 6 7 8 9

10

11

12

1314

15

1.traqea; 2.saylapavi mili; 3.guli; 4.badura; 5.fil-

tvi; 6.diafragmis konturi; 7.elenTa; 8.sakvercxe;

9.swori nawlavi; 10.faSvi; 11.saskore; 12.saSo; 13.saS-

vilosnos rqa; 14. Sardis buSti; 15. wvrili nawlavi

sur. 4 Zroxis Sinagani organoebis topografia (marcxnidan)

11

alveolebis SigniTa kedeli amofenilia epiTe-luri ujredebiT da daqse-lilia uwvrilesi sisxlZar-RvebiT- kapilarebiT. alve-olis kedlebSi xdeba sisx-lidan naxSirorJangis gamo-yofa da misi JangbadiT gam-didreba. gamdidrebuli sisx-li isev ubrundeba ujredebsa da organoebs, utovebs maT Jangbads, arTmevs naxSiror-Jangs, brundeba kvlav alve-olebSi da a.S.

sisxlis mimoqcevis anu gulsisxlZarRvTa sistema: am sistemaSi Sedis guli (3, sur. 4 da 18, sur. 6), sisxlZarRvebi, limfuri sadinarebi, sisxli da limfa.

guli asrulebs tumbos funqcias, romlis daxmarebiT sxeulis yvela ujreds Tu organos miewodeba JangbadiT gamdidrebuli sisxli, xolo iqidan gamodis nivTierebaTa cvlis produqtebi. es sistema, aseve, uzrunvelyofs organo-ebisa da qsovilebisaTvis sayuaTo nivTierebis miwodebas da siTbos mare-gulirebeli da damcvelobiT funqciebis Sesrulebas.

gulis kedlebi, sxva Sinagani organoebisagan gansxvavebiT, agebulia ganivzoliani kunTebisagan. yru ZgidiT is gayofilia marjvena da marc-xena naxevrad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa or-or nawilad- winagulad da parkuWad. maT Soris aris sisxlsadeni xvrelebi, romlebic periodu-lad ixsneba da iketeba sarqvelebiT ise, rom sisxli gaataron mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT. sisxlis mimoqcevas uzrunvelyofen gulidan gamomo-mavali da gulSi Semavali msxvili sisxlZarRvebi.

gulis muSaoba gamoixateba mis periodulad SekumSvasa da modu-nebaSi. jer erTdroulad ikumSeba orive winaguli, ris Sedegad ixsneba parkuWTan damakavSirebeli sadinarebis sarqvelebi da sisxli gadadis parkuWSi. Semdeg ikumSeba orive parkuWi, ris Sedegad ixsneba sisxlZar-RvebTan damakavSirebeli sarqvelebi da sisxli gadaitumbeba sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi. Semdeg orive winaguli da parkuWi dundebian, rasac pauza ewodeba.

ZuZumwovar cxovelebs aqvT sisxlis mimoqcevis ori wre, didi da mcire. didi wre iwyeba marcxena parkuWidan, saidanac sisxli gadadis aortaSi (msxvil arteriaSi), grZeldeba arteriebiT da kapilarebiT, saidanac gadadis venur sisxlZarRvebSi da Caedineba marjvena wina-gulSi. am gziT xdeba yvela qsovilisa da organos momarageba JangbadiT mdidari arteriuli sisxliT da maTgan naxSirorJangiT gajerebuli sisxlis gulisken gadatana. sisxlis mimoqcevis mcire wre iwyeba marj-

sur. 6. qaTmis Sinagani organoebis topografia

1.mTavari bronqebi; 2.filtvebi; 3.brma naw-

lavi; 4.sakvercxe; 5.Tirkmeli; 6.kvercxsa-

vali; 7.kloaka; 8.swori nawlavi; 9.jor-

jali; 10.msxvili nawlavi; 11.Tormetgoja

nawlavi; 12.kuWqveSa jirkvali; 13.kunTovani

kuWi; 14.RviZli; 15.elenTa; 16.naRvlis buS-

ti; 17.jirkvlovani kuWi; 18.guli; 19. CiCa-

xvi; 20.traqea; 21.saylapavi mili; 22. xorxi;

4

12

vena parkuWidan, saidanac venuri sisxli gadaedineba filtvSi, mdidrdeba iq JangbadiT da arteriuli sisxlis saxiT ubrundeba marcxena winaguls.

nervuli sistema: awesrigebs cocxali organizmis yvela organosa da sistemis funqcionirebas. mas yofen centralur da periferiul nawi-lebad. centralur organoebs miekuTvneba Tavisa da zurgis tvini, xolo periferiuls- tvinidan gamomavali nervebi.

Tavis tvini Tavis qalaSi aris ganTavsebuli da Sedgeba ramodenime nawilisagan. mis ukana mxareze, e.w. mogrZo tvinSi Tavmoyrilia sunTqvis, gulis moqmedebis, ofldenis da zogierTi sxva funqciebis maregulirebe-li centrebi.

mogrZo tvinis zemoT mdebareobs naTxemi, romelic uzrunvelyofs cxovelis koordinirebul moZraobas, Sua tvini ki awesrigebs Sinagani organoebis moqmedebas.

zurgis tvini mdebareobs xerxemlis malebis centralur arxSi. misgan gamodian mgrZnobiare da mamoZravebeli nervebi, romlebic ganito-tebian kunTebSi, kanSi da Sinagan organoebSi. periferiuli nervuli sistema Sedgeba zurgis tvinidan gamomavali 40 wyvilze meti nervisa da 12 wyvili Tavis tvinidan gamomavali nervisagan.

nervuli sistemis moqmedeba efuZneba gareSe gamRizianebelze pasuxs, refleqsebs: zemoqmedebisas neironi aRiqvams gaRizianebas (mag. kidurze Cxvletas) da Sesabamis signals gadascems centrs. aqedan mamoZravebeli neironi agzavnis Sesabamis signals da iwvevs sapasuxo reaqcias (kiduris mkveTrad gawevas).

grZnobis organoebi uzrunvelyofen organizmis garemosTan kav-Sirs. es organoebia Tvalebi, yurebi, cxviri, ena da kani. am organoebidan gadacemuli signali Tavs iyris Tavis tvinis qerqSi, romelic aRZravs sapasuxo reaqcias.

Sard-sasqeso sistema. Sedgeba Sardis gamomyofi da gamravlebis organoebisagan.

Sardis gamomyofi organoebi Sedgeba Tirkmlebisagan, Sardsade-nisagan, Sardis buStisa (6, sur. 7) da saSarde milisagan. am organoebis saSualebiT organizmidan gamoiyofa cilebis cvlis produqtebi- Sar-dovana, amiaki, SardmJava da maTSi gaxsnili mineraluri marilebi. gamo-yofis funqcias garkveulwilad asrulebs cxovelis kanSi arsebuli saofle jirkvlebic.

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis gamravlebas uzrunvelyofs sasqeso organoebSi momwifebuli ujredebi, spermatozoidebi da kvercxujredi.

mamri cxovelis gamravlebis organoebia kan-kunTovan parkSi moTav-sebuli wyvili saTesle jirkvali, Teslgamtari, da Sardsasqeso mili.

saTesleebis klaknil milakebSi momwifebuli Teslujredebi (spermatozoidebi) gadadis saTeslis danamatSi, sadac isini sabolood mwifdebian da Teslgamtaris gavliT gadainacvleben Sardsasqeso milSi. sqesobrivi aqtis dros TeslgamtarTan da Sardsasqeso gzebTan dakav-Sirebuli damatebiTi sasqeso jirkvlebidan gamoyofili sekreti azavebs Teslujredebs da aaqtiurebs maT.

mdedris gamravlebis organoebia sakvercxeebi, kvercxsavali, saSvi-losno da saSo.

sakvercxe (1, sur. 7) cxovelebSi cercvis formis wyvili organoa. ZroxaSi is alublis nayofis an qaTmis patara kvercxis zomisaa da mdebareobs welis areSi. frinvelSi sakvercxe, aseve, welis midamoSi mdebareobs da yurZnis mtevnis forma aqvs (4, sur. 6).

13

sur. 8. Zroxis curi

1

2

3

5

4

saSvilosno (2) Rru orga-noa. erTi mxridan is bolov-deba kvercxsavalTan dakavSire-buli parkis formis wyvili "rqebiT" (3), meore mxares ki yeliT, romelic Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba saSos (4). sakver-cxeSi warmoSobili kvercxuj-redi mwifdeba sakvercxis garss qvemodan amozneqil, siTxiT sav-se burTulaSi. ovulaciis daw-yebisas burTula skdeba da momwifebuli kvercxujredi gadadis kvercxsavalSi (5), am ukanasknelidan ki is gadaina-cvlebs saSvilosnos rqaSi.

mamrobiTi sasqeso ujre-debi saSvilosnos yelisa da sxeulis gavliT aRweven kvercxsavalSi, sadac xdeba kvercxujredTan maTi Sexvedra da Serwyma. ganayofierebuli kvercxujredi anu zigota gadadis saSvilosnos rqaSi, aq is miekvreba lorwovan garss da ikvebeba dedis organizmidan. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganayofiereba ar moxdeba, xuraoba garkveuli periodis Semdeg kvlav ganmeordeba.

Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebia hipifizi, farisebri jirkvali, farzeda jirkvali, Tirkmelzeda jirkvali da sxv. zogi maTganis mier gamomuSavebuli hormonebi pirdapir sisxlSi gamoiyofa da amitom maT endokrinul jirkvlebs uwodeben, zogi ki hormons gamohyofs rogorc garegani sekreciis jirkvali (mag. sasqeso jirkvlebi).

sarZeo jirkvali. sxvadaxva saxeobis pirutyvSi sarZeo jirkvali formis, zomis da mdebareobis mixeviT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.

magaliTad, Zroxis curi Sedgeba oTxi meoTxedisagan da yoveli meoTxedi bolovdeba TiTo kertiT (sur. 8). Roris ZuZu ganlagebulia muclis mTel peri-metrze da Sedgeba erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli 10-12 nawilisagan, romlebic bolovdeba TiTo kertiT. cxvrisa da Txis curi ZgidiT gayofilia or Tanabar nawilad da yovel naxevarze aqvT TiTo kerti. ori kerti aqvs cxensac.

curis jirkvlovani qsovili (1) Sedgeba alveolebisagan, romel-Ta ujredebSi sinTezirdeba rZe. alveolebis kunTovani boWkoebis

SekumSviT rZe gadmoedineba sarZeo milakebSi, romlebic erTiandebian rZis sadinarebad. aqedan rZe Caedineba curis cisternaSi (2), Semdeg ki kertis cisternaSi (3). kertis sadinari bolovdeba beWdismagvari kunTiT- spinqteriT, (4), romelic xels uSlis kertis cisternidan rZis Tavi-

sur. 7. furis Sard-sasqeso sistema

3

1

5

4

2

6

14

suflad gadmodinebas. curi daqselilia arteriuli da venuri sisxl-ZarRvebiT (5).

rZis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali cilebis, cximebis da laqtozis sinTezi xdeba uSualod curSi arteriuli sisxlis mier motanili nivTi-erebebidan. amasTan, rZeSi da sisxlSi am nivTierebebis koncentracia gansxvavebulia, xolo zogierTi maTgani (mag. rZis Saqari, anu laqtoza) sisxlSi saerTod ar gvxvdeba.

dadgenilia, rom 1 kg rZis warmosaqmnelad curSi unda gaiaros daaxloebiT 400-500 litramde sisxlma.

kani da balnis saburveli: kani (tyavi) cxovelis organizms faravs garedan. is Sedgeba sami Srisagan - epidermisis, sakuTriv kanisa da kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan.

epidermisi yvelaze Txeli Srea, Sedgeba epiTeliaruli ujredebis ramodenime Srisagan da mas ekisreba erTgvari barieruli funqcia. epi-dermisis Rrma fenebSi gvxvdeba pigmenturi ujredebi, romelic icavs kans sxivuri zemoqmedebisagan.

sakuTriv kani Sedgeba dvrilovani da badebrivi Sreebisagan. dvri-lovani Sre uxvadaa daqselili nervuli kvanZebiTa da kapilaruli sisxlZarRvebiT. aqve ganlagebulia saofle da cximovani jirkvlebi, agreTve balnis saburvelis folikulebi da kunTebi. saofle da cxi-movani jirkvlebis sadinarebi gamodian kanis zedapirze. saofle jirk-vlebidan, oflTan erTad gamoiyofa organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa cvlis produqtebi.

siTbos regulaciaSi kans mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba. sxeulis zedapirul qsovilebs is ukavSirdeba kanqveSa SriT, romelic agebulia faSari SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan. masSi grovdeba e.w. kanqveSa qoni, romelic siciveSi asrulebs Tboizolatoris rols.

balnis saburveli sxvadasxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxo-velSi iwodeba sxvadasxvagvarad: ZroxeulSi mas eZaxian balans, RorSi jagars, cxvarSi matyls, frinvelSi bumbuls, bocverSi ki bewvs. es war-monaqmnebi kans faraven zemodan da icaven mas meqanikuri zemoqme-debisagan, agreTve tenis da siTbos dakargvisagan.

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis kanidan, saTanado damuSavebis Semdeg, gamohyavTMfexsacmelebis saZire da sapire tyavi, maJdaki, yara-yuli, kraveli da sxva, romlebic metad mniSvnelovani needleulia msubuqi mrewvelobis sawarmoebisaTvis. tyavidan mzaddeba agreTve sxvada-sxva nakeTobebi (labada, qurqi, CanTa, Rvedebi, qamrebi da misT.).

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:

• ramdengvari qsovilisagan Sedgeba cxovelis organizmi?

• rogori kunTebis boWkoebidanaa agebuli ConCxis da Sinagani organoebis kunTovani qsovili?

• ramdeni nawilisagan Sedgeba cxovelis/frinvelis ConCxi?

• romeli organoebisagan Sedgeba saWmlis momnelebeli sistema?

• ramdeni kamera aqvs Zroxis/Roris kuWs?

• romeli nawilebisagan Sedgeba frinvelis kuWi?

• riT aris Sevsebuli cxovelis da frinvelis Zvlebi?

• ra funqcia akisria sunTqvis organoebs?

• romeli organoebi Sedis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi?

15

• romeli organoebisagan Sedgeba da ra funqciebs asrulebs nervuli sistema?

• ra gansxvavebaa Zroxis, Roris da cxvris/Txis sarZeve jirkvlebs Soris?

• romel ujredebSi da ra nivTierebebidan sinTezirdeba rZe?

• rogoria kanis agebuleba da ra funqcias asrulebs is?

• romeli organoebi Sedis Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebSi?

• romeli ujredebisagan Sedgeba sisxli da ra funqciebs asruleben isini?

literatura: 1. v. qvaWreliSvili, n. milaSvili- zogierTi Sinauri cxovelis,

frinvelis da Tevzis normaluri anatomia. Tbilisi, 2009. 2. g. ramiSvili, d. ramiSvili- cxovelTa normaluri anatomia.

Tbilisi, 1996; 3. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZ-

vlebi. Tbilisi, 2002; 4. Технология производства и переработки животноводческой продукции. Под

общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005

Tavi 2. sanaSene saqme mecxoveleobaSi sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis moSenebisas adamiani cdilobs Sro-

mis da sxva materialuri saxsrebis minimaluri danaxarjebiT miiRos meti raodenobisa da ukeTesi xarisxis produqcia. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cxovelTa sanaSene da produqtiuli Tvisebebis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul saqmianoba uwyvetad da gegmazomierad mimdi-nareobs. saqme is aris, rom mravalsaukunovanma gamocdilebam da biolo-giuri mecnierebebis miRwevebma SesaZlebeli gaxada seleqciis iseTi meTodebisa da xerxebis SemuSaveba, romlebic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven maqsimalurad mokle droSi niSan-Tvisebebi SevcvaloT winaswar gansaz-Rvruli mimarTulebiT.

mecxoveleobaSi sanaSene muSaoba aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romelic sasurveli niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT cxovelTa gadarCevasa da SerCevasTan erTad iTvaliswinebs maTTvis normirebuli kvebisa da gaumjobesebuli movla-Senaxvis pirobebis Seqmnas. unda gvaxsovdes, rom sanaSene muSaobis efeqti miT ufro maRali iqneba, rac ufro xelsayrel pirobebs SevuqmniT cxovels im Tvisebebis gansaviTareblad, romelTa gaZlierebisaken miviswrafviT. dadgenilia, rom amis gareSe sworad dagegmili da uaRresad gulmodgined warmar-Tuli sanaSene muSaoba dadebiT Sedegs ar gvaZlevs.

bunebrivi da xelovnuri gadarCeva

cocxali samyaros ganviTarebis evoluciuri Teoriis fuZemdebelma Carlz darvinma yuradReba miaqcia konkretuli garemo pirobebisadmi mcenareebisa da cxovelebis Semgueblobis maRal xarisxs. imavdroulad man naxa, rom is organizmebi, romlebic axal garemoSi moxvedrisas ganicdidnen Sesabamis cvalebadobas gadarCebodnen, xolo amis gareSe iRupebodnen. am process darvinma bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.

16

bunebrivi gadarCevisagan gansxvavebiT, xelovnuri gadarCeva xorci-eldeba uSualod adamianis mier da gulisxmobs sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa jiSebis gasaumjobeseblad da/an axalis gamosayvanad ganxor-cielebul mizanmimarTul saqmianobas.

amdenad, bunebriv gadarCevas, ZiriTadad, adgili aqvs gareul cxo-velTa samyaroSi, maSin rodesac xelovnur gadarCevas eqvemdebarebian mxolod Sinauri cxovelebi.

gadarCevis es ori forma erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba agreTve imi-Tac, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva mimdinareobs uwyvetad da exeba cocxali organizmis TiTqmis yvela niSan-Tvisebas, maSin rodesac xelovnur gadarCeva dakavSirebulia adamianis saqmianobasTan da exeba mxolod misTvis saintereso ramodenime niSan-Tvisebas.

sagulisxmoa, rom cxovelTa Sinauri formebis seleqciisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT maTze bunebrivi gadarCevis uwyveti procesis moqmedeba, romlis minimumamde Semcirebis mniSvnelovani berketia kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis pirobebis, anu garemos gaumjobeseba.

gadasarCevi niSan-Tvisebebi

sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobaSi xelovnuri gadarCevis warmateba damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, maT Soris mTavaria gadasarCevi sula-dobis ricxovnoba, maTi nayofiereba, agreTve gadasarCevi niSan-Tvisebebis raodenoba da cvalebadobis xarisxi.

mniSvnelovania, rom gadarCeva erTdroulad mimdinareobdes ramo-denime ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebis (mag. ZroxeulSi- monawvelis, rZeSi cxi-misa da cilis Semcvelobis, RorebSi- mravalnayofierebis, merZeulobisa da kanqveSa qonis sisqis da sxv.) mixedviT. amasTan, aucilebelia gaTva-liswinebuli iqnas cxovelis organizmis konstituciuri simagre, gare-mosadmi Seguebis unari da sxvadasxva daavadebisadmi rezistentobis xarisxi.

bonitireba. gadarCevis organizaciuli formaa bonitireba. boniti-reba (“bonitas”) laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs daxarisxebas, dajgufebas, raime maCveneblis mixedviT cxovelis identifikacias.

rogorc wesi, bonitirebisas cxovelebs afaseben ramodenime, e.w. “saseleqcio” niSan-TvisebiT, Tavad Sefasebisa da gadarCevis procesi ki, pirobiTad, SeiZleba davyoT or etapad, pirveli- konkretul garemoSi realizebuli memkvidrulobis anu fenotipis mixedviT Sefaseba da meore, memkvidrulobis potenciurobis anu genotipis mixedviT Sefaseba.

mecxoveleobis fermebSi bonitirebisaTvis monacemebis Segroveba mimdinareobs mTeli wlis manZilze, xolo saboloo Sedegis dadgena (Sefaseba) sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebSi xdeba sawarmoo ciklis gark-veul etapze: magaliTad, sarZeo jiSis furebSi laqtaciis damTavrebis Semdeg, nazmatylian da naxevrad nazmatylian cxvrebSi gazafxulze parsvis, xolo uxeSmatylian cxvrebSi Semodgomis parsvis Semdeg da sxv.

fenotipis mixedviT gadarCevisas cxovelebs afaseben im niSan-TvisebebiT, romelTa gazomva-Seswavla SesaZlebelia maTi garegnulad daTvalierebiT, agreTve produqtiulobis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis dadgenis gziT. es niSan-Tvisebebia:

1. konstitucia da eqsterieri; 2. saerTo ganviTareba da cocxali masa;

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3. produqtiuloba (magaliTad, furis monawveli da rZeSi cximis %, nezvis budis wona, cxvris matylis naparsi, matylis xarisxi da sxv).

4. nayofiereba da msxvilnayofiereba; 5. teqnologiuroba (magaliTad, sarZeo furebis manqanuri wveli-

saTvis vargisianoba). unda aRiniSnos, rom konkretul pirobebSi cxovelis xarisxis dad-

genis TvalsazrisiT fenotipis mixedviT Sefasebis monacemebi metad mniS-vnelovania, magram ar iZleva imis informacias Tu ramdenad iqna reali-zebuli misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT bonitire-bisas cxovelis sanaSene Rirsebis dadgenis mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia misi genotipis, anu winaprebis da/an STamomavlobis xarisxiT Sefaseba.

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis konstitucia, eqsterieri da interieri

konstitucia. am terminis qveS igulisxmeba cocxali organizmis morfologiuri da fiziologiuri Tvisebebis erToblioba, rac dakav-Sirebulia mis produqtiulobis donesTan da mimarTulebasTan, agreTve garemos moqmedebisadmi reagirebis unarTan.

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebs yofen oTx konstituciur tipad- nazi, uxeSi, mkvrivi da faSari.

nazi konstituciis cxovelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wvrili Zvleuli, momcro da msubuqi Tavi, Txeli da elastikuri tyavi, rbili da tyavze mWidrod gadakruli bzinvare balani.

uxeSi konstituciis cxovelebs aqvT masiuri sxeuli, didi da uxeSi Tavi, agreTve sqeli tyavi, romelic dafarulia uxeSi bewviT.

mkvrivi konstituciuri tipis cxovelebi gamoirCevian magari Zvle-uliT, kargad ganviTarebuli kunTovani qsoviliT da mkvrivi kaniT;

faSari konstituciuri tipi xasiaTdeba faSari tyaviT, fumfula kunTovani da Zlier ganviTarebuli kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovilebiT.

Cveulebriv, cxovelebSi gvxvdeba am konstituciuri tipebis 4 kombi-nacia: nazi-mkvrivi, nazi-faSari, uxeSi-mkvrivi da uxeSi-faSari.

nazi-mkvrivi konstitucia damaxasiaTebelia sarZeo Zroxis, sajdomi tipis cxenis, nazmatyliani cxvris da sabekone Roris jiSebisaTvis;

nazi-faSari konstituciuri tipisani arian saxorce mimarTulebis Zroxis, saqone mimarTulebis Roris da mZime tvirTmzidi cxenis jiSebi.

uxeSi-mkvrivi konstitucia ufro xSirad gvxvdeba Zroxis sarZeo-saxorce, cxvris saxorce-samatylo da Sesabmeli cxenis jiSebis calke-ul individebSi;

uxeSi-faSari konstituciuri arc erTi produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxovelisaTvis ar aris sasurveli. aseTi tipis cxovelebi upiratesad gvxvdebian Zroxis muSa da cxenis tvirTmzid jiSebSi, agreTve uxeS-matylian cxvrebSi.

garda aRniSnulisa, zooteqniaSi SemoRebulia magari konstituciuri tipis cneba, rac gulisxmobs cxovelebis karg amtanobas da janmrTelo-bas. magari konstituciuri tipi sasurvelia yvela jiSisaTvis.

eqsterieri. sxeulis garegnuli formebiT cxovelebis Sefaseba uZvelesi droidan iyo xelovnuri gadarCevis ZiriTadi meTodi da mas dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. saqme is aris, rom zogadad sxeulis da misi calkeuli nakvTebis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia orga-

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nizmis fiziologiur funqciebTan da iZleva cxovelis produqtiuli Rirsebebis sakmaod zustad dadgenis saSualebas.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT eqsterieris mixedviT cxovelis Sefasebisas sxeulis saerTo proporciulobasTan erTad iTvaliswineben misi calke-uli nawilebis (Tavi, kiseri, mindao, mkerdi, beWi, zurgi, weli, muceli, curi da kidurebi) ganviTarebas, maT Sesabamisobas jiSis tipTan.

cxovelis eqsteriers afaseben TvalzomiT, ganazomebis aRebiT da fotografirebiT;

eqsterieris TvalzomiT Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba ori xerxi, aRweri-lobiTi da balobrivi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sxeulis calkeul nakvTebis mdgomareobas aRweren sityvierad (magaliTad Tavi- didi, saSualo, pata-ra, an kiseri mokle, saSualo, grZeli da sxv.), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ama Tu im nakvTis ganviTarebas afaseben cifrebiT (e.w. balobrivi meTodiT). TvalzomiT Sefaseba gvaZlevs saSualebas SedarebiT swrafad ganvsazRvroT cxovelis konstituciuri Taviseburebebi, aRvweroT Rirsebebi da naklovanebebi. amasTan, es meTodi, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakmaod subieqturia da dakavSirebulia Semfaseblis kvalifikaciasTan.

ganazomis aRebiT eqsterieris Sefaseba iTvleba yvelaze obieq-turad, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi gasazomi xelsawyoebis daxmarebiT vad-genT sxeulis calkeuli nakvTebis ganviTarebis raodenobriv maCvenebels. miuxedavad amisa, ganazomebis cal-calke ganxilva ar gvaZlevs saSu-alebas vimsjeloT sxeulis saerTo proporciulobaze, mis harmoniul ganviTarebaze. amis dasadgenad zooteqniaSi mimarTaven ganazomebis mona-cemTa safuZvelze agebulebis indeqsebis gaangariSebas. aseTi midgoma SesaZlebels xdis gakeTdes obieqturi daskvna cxovelis organizmis, rogorc erTiani mTlianis, eqsterierze, mis individualur da jiSobrivi Taviseburebebze.

sxeulis calkeuli nawilebis ganviTarebaze, cxovelis garegnul formebze garkveuli msjelobis saSualebas gvaZlevs misi fotogra-fireba.

interieri. am terminiT zooteqnikaSi aRniSnaven cocxali organiz-mis anatomiur-histologiuri, fiziologiuri, bioqomiuri, nervuli, pro-duqtiuli da sxva Taviseburebebis erTobliobas.

interiersa da cxovelis produqtiulobis maCveneblebs Soris urTi-erT kavSiris dasadgenad swavloben sisxlis morfologiur da bioqimiur Sedgenilobas, gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemas, saWmlis momnelebeli organo-ebis funqciur moqmedebas da sxva maCveneblebs.

interieri ar warmoadgens raRac dasrulebuls, ucvlels. is coc-xali organizmis filogenezisa da ontogenezis procesSi ganicdis sxva-dasxva faqtorTa zemoqmedebas, ris Sedegad aRiniSneba garkveuli cvli-lebebi, es cvlilebebi ki Tavis asaxvas pouloben produqtiulobaSi.

SerCeva

sanaSene muSaobaSi SerCevas uwodeben gadarCeuli mamri da mdedri cxovelebis winaswar gansazRvruli sqemiT iseT Sewyvilebas, romelic, savaraudod, SesaZleblobas iZleva miRebul STamomavlobaSi ganvaviTa-roT CvenTvis saintereso niSan-Tvisebebi.

konkretuli mamrisaTvis Tavisi msgavsi niSan-Tvisebebis mqone mded-ris SerCevisas ufro metad aris mosalodneli STamomavlobaSi gamo-savali formebis niSan-Tvisebebis SenarCuneba. amasTan wyvilebis sworad SerCevisas SesaZlebelia im naklovanebebis aRmofxvra, romelic damaxa-

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siaTebelia, vTqvaT, jiSisaTvis, an naxirisaTvis. saerTod ki, mizanmi-marTuli SerCeva uzrunvelyofs cxovelTa produqtiuli da sanaSene Rirebulebis ganviTareba-gaumjobesebas.

Sesawyvilebel cxovelebs SearCeven imave niSan-TvisebebiT, romlis mixedviT ganxorcielda gadarCeva. gamomdinare gamosavali formebis jiSobrivi kuTvnilebidan, SeiZleba ganvaxorcieloT xalasjiSiani moSeneba, Sejvareba da e.w. “TavisSi” moSeneba (anu rodesac najvar mdedrebs vawyvilebT imave kombinaciis najvar mamrebTan).

ganasxvaveben SerCevis or formas, erTgvarovani (anu homogenuri) da araerTgvarovani (anu heterogenuri).

erTgvarovani SerCevisas awyvileben iseT cxovelebs, romlebic xasiaTdebian msgavsi memkvidrulobiT. amis Sedegad, is niSan-Tvisebebi, romlis mixedviT moxda gadarCeva, SenarCunebuli da gaumjobesebuli iqneba miRebul STamomavlobaSi.

araerTgvarovani SerCevisas awyvileben iseT individebs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian erTi an ramodenime niSan-TvisebiT, anu aqvT gansxvavebuli memkvidruloba. gamosavali formebis memkvidrulobis SerwymiT miiReba orive mSobeli formisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis matarebeli Taoba.

cnobilia, rom yovel naxiri (kolti, fara, rema) Sedgeba gansxva-vebuli produqtiulobisa da sxva niSan-Tvisebebis mqone cxovelebisagan. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda ganxorcieldes iseTi SerCeva, ra drosac ukeTesi mdedri Seuwyvildeba ukeTes mamrs, xolo uaresi mdedri masze ukeTes mamrs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs proncipi “kargis kargTan Sewyvileba gvaZlevs ukeTess”, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi “ukeTesTan Sewy-vilebiT uaresi ukeTesdeba”.

am principebzea agebuli dabalproduqtiuli jiSebis da naxirebis gaumjobeseba maRalproduqtiuli mwarmoeblebiT, romlis ufro efeqtu-rad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebi warmoCinda sawarmoo praqtikaSi xelovnuri ganayofierebis meTodis SemoRebis Semdeg.

ganasxvaveben individualur da jgufur SerCevas. individualuri SerCevisas konkretuli mdedrisaTvis SearCeven konkretul mamrs. Ser-Cevis es meTodi upiratesad gamoiyeneba momavali mwarmoeblis gamoyva-nisas, rodesac maRalproduqtiul mdedrs ujvareben specialurad SerCe-ul, gansakuTrebiT maRalproduqtiul mwarmoebels.

jgufuri SerCevisas msgavsi niSan-Tvisebebis mqone da erTnairi xarisxis sadede suladobisaTvis SearCeven ufro maRali klasis mamrs (mwarmoebels). magaliTad, SedarebiT meCxeri da mokle bewvis mqone nazmatyliani cxvrebis nerbebTan Sesawyvileblad SearCeven iseT verZs, romelsac ufro xSiri da grZeli bewvi aqvs, an kidev dabalcximiani rZis momcem furebs awyvileben maRalcximiani xazis kurosTan da sxv.

SerCevisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT cxovelis produqtiulobis tipi da done, agreTve is pirobebi, romelSic viTardeba da gamoiyeneba STamomavloba.

moSenebis meTodebi

ganasxvaveben sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis moSenebis sam meTods: 1. xalasad moSeneba; 2. Sejvareba da 3. hibridizacia.

xalasad moSenebisas erTmaneTTan awyvileben erTi da imave jiSis (mag. Zroxis holStinuri jiSis) individebs, Sejvarebisas-sxvadasxva jiSis

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(mag. Roris landrasisa da msxvil TeTr jiSebs), xolo hibridizacias sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebs (mag. Zroxas-iakTan).

xalasi moSeneba. aris sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa jiSebis Senar-Cunebisa da xarisxobrivi gaumjobesebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodi. misi Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTgvarovani warmoSobis xalas-jiSiani cxovelebis mravalwliani Sewyvileba, erTis mxriv, ganapirobebs niSan-Tvisebebis ganmtkicebas da, meores mxriv, sicocxlisunarianobis ramdenadme daqveiTebas. aqedan gamomdinare, xalasjiSiani cxovelebi Tavisi produqtiulobis potenciis gamosamJRavneblad movla-Senaxvisa da kvebis pirobebisadmi ufro momTxovnebi arian. maTi mniSvnelovani Rir-seba ki is aris, rom memkvidrulad stabilurebi arian da, amdenad, arian dabalproduqtiuli pirutyvis ubadlo gamaumjobeseblebi.

xalasi moSenebiT gamoyvanilia sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa msof-lioSi aRiarebuli iseTi jiSebi, rogorebicaa merinosis da yarayulis cxvari, jersiuli da holandiuri Zroxa, arabuli cxeni da sxv.

xalasi moSenebisas erTi jiSis farglebSi gamoiyeneba cxovelTa Sewyvilebis ori tipi, aranaTesauri (autbredingi) da naTesauri (inbre-dingi).

naTesauri Sewyvileba, Tavis mxriv iyofa sam jgufad: uaxloesi, axlo da Soreuli. naTesauri SewyvilebiT miRebuli STamomavloba Tavis winaprebs ufro imis gamo emsgavseba, rom misi memkvidreoba mSobeli formebis msgavsi genotipebis gamo ufro SezRudulia. amave mizeziT inbredul cxovelebSi aRiniSneba daavadebebisadmi midrekileba, SezRu-duli nayofiereba, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semcireba da arc Tu iSviaTad letali Sedegi.

Sejvareba. mecxoveleobis praqtikaSi sakmaod xSirad mimarTaven sxvadasxva jiSis cxovelebis Sejvarebas. saqme is aris rom, najvari cxovelebi xasiaTdebian rigi biologiuri TaviseburebebiT, ris gamo, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, praqtikosi mecxoveleebisaTvis ufro mimzidvelebi arian.

es Taviseburebebia: gadidebuli sicocxlisunarianoba, cvalebadi garemosadmi Seguebis ukeTesi unari, zrdis maRali potencia, mSobel formebTan SedarebiT ufro maRali produqtiuloba da sxva.

hibridul organizmebis aseTi Taviseburebebi 1860 wels pirvelad aRwera i.kerleiterma da mas uwoda “hibriduli Zala”. ramdenadac am movlenis aucilebeli winapiroba aris najvari organizmis genotipis heterozigotulobis maRali xarisxi, j.Seelis mier 1914 wels SemoTava-zebuli iqna termini heterozisi, ramac samecniero literaturaSi swra-fad daimkvidra adgili.

mkvlevarTa mravali Taobis mcdeloba aexsnaT heterozisis gene-tikuri buneba uSedegod damTavrda. dReisaTvis arsebuli hipotezebi xsnian movlenis mxolod calkeul mxareebs, zogadad ki miRebulia aseTi ganmarteba: najvarTa ukeTesi sicocxlisunarianoba, produqtiuloba da sxva Tvisebebi aixsneba ufro mdidari memkvidreobiT, ramdenadac isini warmoadgenen ori gansxvavebuli memkvidruli sawyisis SeerTebis produqts.

Sesajvarebeli jiSebisa da najvari cxovelebis gamoyenebis mimarTulebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganasxvaveben xuTi saxis Sejvarebas: 1. STanTqmiTi, 2. darTviTi (“sisxlis darTva”), 3. cvladi (rotaciuli), 4 samrewvelo da 5. saaxaljiSo.

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SejvarebaSi Tu monawileobs ori jiSi, is iwodeba martiv, xolo orze meti jiSis gamoyenebisas rTul Sejvarebad.

STanTqmiTi Sejvareba. gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi, dabalproduqtiuli, upiratesad lokaluri mniSvnelobis jiSebis maRalproduqtiulad gardaq-mnis mizniT.

amisaTvis, SejvarebaSi monawile adgilob-rivi- gasaumjobesebeli jiSis sadede suladobas anayofiereben maRalproduqtiuli, e.w. gamaumjo-besebeli jiSis mwarmoeblebiT, miRebul Taobas - kvlav imave jiSis mwarmoeblebiT da a.S. (nax. 1) vidre meoTxe-mexuTe Taobis miRebamde, ris Semdeg gamaumjobesebeli jiSis 15/16 da/an 31/32 sisxlian Taobas aSeneben “TavisSi”.

Sejvarebis da mizanmimarTuli gadarCeva-SerCevis gavleniT SesaZlebelia gamaumjobe-sebeli jiSis tipis srulad kopireba, magram es ar aris sasurveli. miuTiTeben, rom ukeTesia gardaqmnil cxovelebSi SenarCunebuli iqnas gasa-umjobesebeli jiSis zogierTi Tviseba, magali-Tad konstituciuri simagre, amtanoba da garemo pirobebisadmi Seguebis unari.

muSaobis procesSi warmatebis miRwevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi winapirobaa kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis pirobebis sistematiurad gaumjobeseba, romelTa gareSe gaweuli Sromis tolfasi Sede-gis miRweva gaZneldeba.

darTviTi Sejvareba anu “sisxlis darTva”. niSnavs fermaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi jiSis maRali Rirsebis jiSTan erTjerad Sejvarebas. misi mizania ZiriTadi sadgami jiSis axali, sasurveli TvisebebiT gamdidreba da/an misi garkveuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvra.

Sejvareba tardeba sam etapad: pirvel etapze ZiriTadi jiSis saukeTeso furebs anayofiereben meore maRalproduqtiuli jiSis mwarmoeblebiT, meore etapze miRebuli I Taobis najvari sadede suladobidan saukeTesoebs anayofiereben ZiriTadi jiSis mwarmoeblebiT, xolo saxareebs gamoiwuneben, mesame etapze miRebul sadede suladobas anayofiereben Ziri-Tadi jiSiT, romelTagan miRebul saukeTeso saxareebs gamozrdian momaval sanaSene mwar-moeblebad da iyeneben naxiris aRwarmoebisaTvis (nax. 2).

cvladi (rotaciuli) Sejvareba SeiZleba iyos martivi da rTuli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi SejvarebaSi monawileobs ori, meore SemTxve-vaSi ki sami da ufro meti jiSi. aseTi Sejva-

rebis mizania heterozisis efeqtis mqone maRalproduqtiuli samosargeblo daniSnulebis najvari cxovelebis miReba da, rogorc wesi, mimarTaven sasaqonlo meurneobebSi.

gamaumjobesebeli jiSi.

gasaumjobesebeli jiSi.

gamaumjobesebeli jiSi.

adgilobrivi jiSi.

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martivi cvladi Sejvarebisas jer iReben I Taobis najvarebs, romelTagan mamrebs asuqeben, xolo mdedrebs anayofiereben dedis jiSis mwarmoeblebiT. aseTi SejvarebiT miRebul mamrebs asuqeben, xolo mdedrebs anayofiereben meore jiSis mwarmoeblebiT da a.S. morigeobiT, ramodenime Taobis manZilze (nax. 3).

rTuli cvladi Sejvarebisas I Taobis najvar sadede suladobas anayofiereben mesame jiSis mwarmoebliT, da a.S. Taobidan TaobaSi grZeldeba Sesajvarebelad gamoyenebuli mwar-moeblis jiSTa morigeoba.

Sejvarebis es meTodi upiratesad gamoiye-neba meRoreobasa da mefrinveleobaSi.

samrewvelo Sejvareba. mizania zrdis gadi-debuli potenciis mqone sasuqi mozardis miReba. saqme is aris, rom specialurad SerCeuli jiSe-bis SejvarebiT miRebul TaobaSi vlindeba heterozisi, rac ganapirobebs maTi zrdis gadi-debul potencias (maRal wonamats), konstitu-ciuri simagres, amtanobas da maRal saxorce produqtiulobas.

moSenebis am saxes upiratesad miimarTaven saxorce meZroxeobaSi, meRoreobasa da mefrinveleobaSi, SedarebiT iSviaTad ki sarZeo meZroxe-obaSi. praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba ori, sami da oTxjiSiani samrewvelo Sejvareba.

saaxaljiSo Sejvareba Zireulad gansxvavdeba mecxoveleobis praq-tikaSi gamoyenebuli Sejvarebis zemoT aRwerili meTodebisagan.

rogorc vnaxeT cvladi da samrewvelo Sejvarebis mizania heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone cxovelebis miReba, STanTqmiTi Sejva-rebisas- erTi jiSis meored gardaqmna, darTviTi Sejvarebisas- meur-neobaSi moSenebuli cxovelebisaTvis erTi an ori axali Tvisebis SeZena, xolo saaxaljiSo Sejvarebis mizania sruliad axali jiSis cxovelebis miReba.

amocanidan gamomdinare, aseTi Sejvarebisas gamaumjobesebeli jiSis mixedviT ½, ¾ da 77//88 sisxlian cxovelebs “TavisSi” aSeneben. seleqciis procesSi mimarTaven mizanmimarTul gadarCevasa da SerCevas, xolo sana-Sene suladobas inaxaven gaumjobesebuli kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis pirobebSi.

saaxaljiSe SejvarebiT CvenSi profesor n. gociriZis mier gamoyva-nilia Zroxis kavkasiuri wabla jiSis qarTuli populacia, zooteqnikos i. baZoSvilis mier cxvris nazmatylovani-cximkudiani jiSi, xolo profe-sor a. natroSvilis mier cxvris naxevradnazmatylovani-cximkudiani jiSi.

hibridizacia: moSenebis es meTodi uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili. cxenisa da viris hibridi- jori cnobili iyo 2000 wlis winaT da kons-tituciuri simagris, amtanobis, Senaxvis pirobebisadmi naklebi momTxov-nelobisa da kargi samuSao Tvisebebis gamo adamianebi xSirad mimarTav-dnen aseT Sejvarebas.

dadgenilia, rom sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT jori aRemateba orive mSobel formas, magram is unayofoa. Sezruduli nayofierebiT xasiaT-debian Zroxisa da bizonis, Zroxisa da iakis hibridebi.

sasurveli jiSi.

ZiriTadi sadgami jiSi.

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nayofier STamomavlobas iZleva arxaris najvarebi cxvarTan, magram arxari bunebrivad ar uwyvildeba cxvars, xolo misgan spermis aReba SeuZlebelia. am da rigi sxva garemoebebis gamo saxeobaTaSorisi hibri-dizacia praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.

miuxedavad amisa, am gziT gamoyvanilia sasoflo-sameurneo cxovel-Ta axali jiSebi, romelTa TvalsaCino magaliTia cxvris jiSi arxa-romerinosi, agreTve amerikuli bizonis Zroxis evropul jiSebTan hibridizaciiT gamoyvanili axali saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebi amerikani da ketalo.

organizmis individualuri ganviTareba (ontogenezi) cocxali organizmis individualuri ganviTareba anu ontogenezi

aris raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis erToblioba, romelic mimdinareobs kvercxujredis ganayofierebis momentidan da grZeldeba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze memkvidreobiT miRebuli genotipiT gansaz-Rvruli mimarTulebiT.

cxovelis ontogenezs axasiaTeben zrdisa da ganviTarebis fenoti-puri maCveneblebis analizis safuZvelze.

zrda aris cxovelis organizmis mier sasicocxlo procesebis gamovlena, romelsac safuZvlad udevs sami gansxvavebuli movlena: ujredebis gayofa, maTi masaSi mateba da ujredsSorisi warmonaq-mnebis zrda.

ganviTareba aris zrdis procesSi calkeuli ujredebis, qsovi-lebisa da organoebis xarisxobrivi cvalebadoba, maTi diferenci-acia.

mkvlevarebis mier zrdisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebi sakmaod deta-lurad aris Seswavlili. dadgenilia, rom orive es procesi Seuqcevadia da cocxali organizmis individualuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva peri-odSi mimdinareobs gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiTa da intensivobiT.

embrionul periodSi sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis umetesobaSi intensiurad izrdeba lulovani (periferiuli) da SedarebiT nela brtye-li (RerZuli) Zvlebi. Sebrunebuli suraTi aRiniSneba postembrionul periodSi, rodesac ufro intensiurad izrdeba RerZuli da SedarebiT nela periferiuli Zvlebi.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas Zvlovani da kunTovani qsovilebis SedarebiT ganviTarebaze. saqme is aris, rom embrionul periodSi ufro intensiurad izrdeba magari qsovilebi (Zvlovani sistema), xolo postembrionul periodSi rbili (kunTovani da cximovani). Tavis mxriv, postembrionuli ganviTarebis sawyis etapze metad maRalia kunTovani sistebis zrdis tempi, maSin, rodesac, asakis matebis kvalobaze es tempi neldeba da iwyeba cximovani qsovilis ufro swrafad ganviTareba.

msgavs procesebs aqvs adgili sxva qsovilebis, organoebisa da sistemebis ganviTarebaSi, ris gamo axalSobili cxovelebis sxeulis proporciebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba zrdasrulisagan (sur. 9).

ase, magaliTad, axalSobili kvici/xbo/goWi/batkani ibadeba maRal fexebze, maTi sxeuli SedarebiT mokle, brtyeli da naklebad Rrmaa, ukana mesamedi viwro, gava aweuli da SedarebiT mokle, Tavi grZeli da farTo, kiseri ki mokle. maTgan gansxvavebiT, normalurad ganviTarebuli zrdasruli cxenis/Zroxis/ Roris/ cxvris sxeuli grZeli, Rrma da gani-eria, zurgis-welis da gavas xazi swori, kiseri ramdenadme grZeli da sxva, ris gamo maT ufro harmoniuli Sesaxedaoba aqvs.

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imisaTvis, rom sworad SevafasoT cxovelis eqsterieri da gamovav-linoT mis ganviTarebisas SesaZlo Seferxebebis periodebi, unda vico-deT agebulebis proporciebis saxeobrivi da asakobrivi cvalebadobis Taviseburebebi. saqme is aris, rom cudi kvebisa da Seusabamo movla-Senaxvis pirobebSi aRiniSneba mTeli organizmis ganviTarebis Seferxeba, magram ufro metad ziandebian sxeulis is nawilebi, organoebi da qsovilebi, romlebic am periodSi unda ganviTarebuliyvnen maRali intensivobiT.

magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac make mdedrs vkvebavT nor-maze naklebi yuaTianobis ulufebiT, nayofSi ufro metad aRiniSneba periferiuli Zvlebis da naklebad RerZuli Zvlebis ganviTarebis Seferxeba da piriqiT Tu kvebis Seusabamoba iyo mozardis ganvi-Tarebis postembrionul periodSi, naklebad ferxdeba feriferiuli Zvlebis da ufro metad RerZuli Zvlebis zrda.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom postembrionul periodSi ufro swra-fad izrdeba rbili qsovilebi, kvebis Seferxeba, upirvelesad Seexe-ba am qsovilebis ganviTarebas, anu raodenobriv cvlilebebs. Sesabami-sad, gavlena miT ufro Zlieri iqneba da naklebad gamosworebadi, rac ufro xangrZlivi iqneba ukmari kvebis periodi.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ukmari kvebis pirobebi Tu Seicvleba inten-siuri kvebiT, mTeli organizmi, agreTve misi calkeuli organoebi da qsovilebi iwyeben intensiur

ganviTarebas, magram danakargis anazRaureba, anu sruli kompensacia ar aRiniSneba. amis Sesabamisad, ganuviTarebeli organizmi ver SesZlebs Tavisi mimkvidrulobis srulad realizacias e.i. produqtiulobis poten-ciuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlenas.

ganasxvaveben ganuviTareblobis or formas, embrionalizms da infantilizms.

embrionalizmi- es aris ganuviTareblobis iseTi forma, romelic gamowveulia mucladyofnis periodSi nayofze uaryofiTi faqtorebis moqmedebiT. axalSobil ganuviTarebel xbos/kvics/goWs upirvelesad yovlisa eqnebaT dabali kidurebi, ris gamo tani gamoCndeba grZeli, farTo da Rrma, gava ki swori, e.i. agebulebis proporciebiT isini daemsgavsebian zrdasrul cxovels.

infantilizmi- es aris ganuviTareblobis forma, romelic gamow-veulia mozard organizmze arasasurveli garemo faqtorebis moqmedebiT. amasTan, zrasrul cxovelebSi SesamCnevi iqneba axalSobilisaTvis dama-

sur. 9. axalSobili da 5 wlis

asakis cxenis, Zroxis da Roris

sxeulis proporciebi

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xasiaTebeli sxeulis agebuleba: grZeli fexebi, aweuli da viwro gava, mokle, brtyeli da araRrma tani, ramdenadme mokle da farTo Tavi.

im ganuviTarebel cxovels, romelic arasasurvel garemoSi imyofe-boda rogorc embrionul, aseve postembrionul periodSi uwodeben embri-onal-neoteniks.

cxovelis ontogenezis procesi Seiswavleba zrdisa da diferenci-aciis kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodebiT. amasTan, zrdis procesis Seswavlisa da monacemTa aRricxvis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi ufro detalurad aris damuSavebuli. kerZod, zrdis danamikas swavloben drois garkveul periodebSi cxovelebis awonviT da sxeulis ganazomebis aRebiT. cocxa-li masis monacemebis safuZvelze sazRvraven saerTo da saSualo dReRa-mur, agreTve absolitur da SefardebiT namats. ganazomebis monacemebiT angariSoben sxeulis calkeuli nawilebis absolituri da SefardebiTi ganviTarebis maCveneblebs, xolo agebulebis indeqsebis gaangariSebiT adgenen sxeulis proporciebis cvalebadobis dinamikas.

cxovelis sicocxleSive diferenciaciis Seswavla da aRricxva xdeba organizmis calkeuli funqciebis gamokvlevebiT. aseTebs miekuT-vneba mdedri individebis sarZeo, cxvrebis samatylo, frinvelebis ki mekvercxuli produqtiulobis Seswavla. am maCveneblebis gansazRvris meTodebi da xerxebi iZleva saSualebas davadginoT mTlianad organiz-mis, agreTve im calkeuli organoebisa da sistemebis mdgomareobisa da diferenciaciis xarisxi, romlebic uSualod uzrunvelyofen ama Tu im produqtiulobis maCvenebels.

moSenebis teqnika

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebs/frinvelebs adamiani iyenebs sasursaTo produqtebis (rZe, xorci, kvercxi) da/an teqnikuri daniSnulebis needle-ulis (matyli, maJdaki, kraveli da sxv.) misaRebad. am saqmianobidan meti sargeblis misaRebad aucilebelia maTi momravlebisas garkveuli piro-bebis gaTvaliswineba, romelic gamomdinareobs saxeobrivi Taviseburebe-bidan.

naxiris aRwarmoebis zooteqnikuri safuZvlebi

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis efeqturad moSenebisaTvis gansakuT-rebuli mniSvneloba aqvs naxiris aRwarmoebis sworad organizacias. aRwarmoebis qveS igulisxmeba naxiridan (koltidan, faridan, remidan, gun-didan) asakovani, dabalproduqtiuli an sxva mizeziT gamowunebuli cxovelebis Canacvlebas ufro produqtiuli suladobiT. imavdroulad, is iTvaliswinebs sanaSene daniSnulebis cxovelTa mizanmimarTulad gamoz-rdis aucileblobas, sadede suladobis pirveli dagrilebis optimaluri asakis gansazRvras, maTi ganayofierebis xerxis gamoyenebas, cxovelTa saxeobebis mixedviT wlis manZilze mogebis regulirebas, moSenebis meTo-debis SerCevas, berwianobasTan da unayofobasTan brZolas da naxiris optimaluri struqturis gansazRvras.

ganasxvaveben martiv da gafarToebul aRwarmoebas. amaTgan pirveli gulisxmobs momdevno wlis imave periodisaTvis fermaSi cxovelTa saer-To suladobis da sxvadasxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufebis urTierT Sefardebis (struqturis) ucvlelad datovebas, xolo meore- cxovelTa suladobis zrdas da/an struqturis Secvlas.

aRwarmoebis xasiaTi da tempebi damokidebulia:

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1. konkretuli saxeobis cxovelTa biologiur Taviseburebebze, romelSic Sedis maTi nayofiereba, sqesobrivi da sameurneo simwi-fis miRwevis asaki da nayofis mucladyofnis (an kvercxis inkuba-ciis) periodis xangrZlivoba;

2. warmoebis zooteqnikur da ekonomikur faqtorebze. aq igulisxmeba cxovelis sameurneo gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba, mozardis gamoz-rdis intensivoba da realizaciis asaki.

sqesobrivi da sameurneo simwifis asaki. cxoveli sqesobrivad gaci-lebiT ufro adre mwifdeba, vidre misi organizmi srulad ganviTardeba. magaliTad, normalur pirobebSi gamozrdili safure xbo sqesobrivad mwifdeba 6-8 Tvis, Rori 5-6 Tvis, cxvari 6-8 Tvis, xolo cxeni 1,5 wlis asakSi. miuxedavad amisa, am asakSi maTi ganayofiereba dauSvebelia, vina-idan organizms zrda da ganviTareba damTavrebuli ara aqvs. imavdroulad pirveli ganayofierebis Zlier dagvianebam mdedr organizmSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios nayofierebis daqveiTeba da ekonomikuradac ar aris xelsay-reli.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT rekomendebulia sxvadasxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebi pirvel dagrilebaze gaSvebuli iqnan Semdeg asakob-riv periodSi:

Zroxeuli: - mozveri – 14-16 Tvis; - dekeuli – 16-18 Tvis;

Rori: - sakerate – 10-12 Tvis; - sanezve – 8-10 Tvis;

cxvari: - saverZe – 1,5 wlis; - dedali SiSaqi – 1-1,5 wlis; cxeni: - ulayi _ 3-4 wlis;

- Waki _ 3-4 wlis; es vadebi saorientacioa da maTi Secvla konkretuli jiSis malmwi-

fadobidan, agreTve sanaSene mozardis gamozrdis pirobebidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia Seicvalos.

magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dekeuls vkvebavT normirebulad, misi ganviTareba mimdinareobs ufro intensiurad da, Sesabamisad I dagri-lebis asaki SeiZleba Semcirdes 16-18 Tvemde. es niSnavs, rom dekeuli ufro adre aRwevs fiziologiur simwifes da mzadaa mogvces srulfaso-vani namati ise, rom ar daziandes misi janmrTeloba da ar Semcirdes produqtiuloba.

I dagrilebis optimaluri periodis, anu fiziologiuri simwifis miRwevis asakis dadgenisas iTvaliswineben mozardis cocxal masas, romelic imave saxeobisa da jiSis srulasakovani cxovelis cocxali masis 65-70% unda iyos.

mdedris droze adre damakebis Tavidan asacileblad sqesobrivi sim-wifis miRwevis asakamde sxvadasxva sqesis mozardi unda SevinaxoT erTmaneTisagan izolorebulad. praqtikaSi Zroxis sxvadasxva sqesis mozards cal-calke inaxaven 5-6 Tvis, Roris- 4-5 Tvis, cxvris- 5-6 Tvis, xolo cxenis- 20-24 Tvis asakidan.

xuraoba (axureba): sakvercxeebSi kvercxujredis momwifebis periodu-loba da, amdenad, mdedris xuraoba sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelSi gansxva-vebulia. magaliTad, ZroxeulSi xuraoba meordeba yoveli 18-24 dRis periodulobiT, cxenSi 15-20, RorSi 21-42, xolo cxvarSi xuraoba sezo-nuria da Cveulebriv iwyeba Semodgomaze. am mxriv gamonaklisia imeruli jiSis cxvari, romlis xuraobaSi sezonuroba ar aRiniSneba.

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erTi axurebidan meore axurebamde periods sqesobrivi cikli ewo-deba. xuraoba dakavSirebulia mdedris nervuli moqmedebis gaZliere-basTan da garegnulad vlindeba Semdegi niSnebiT: saerTo mousvenroba, sasircxo bageebis SeSupeba da misgan gaWvirvale lorwos dena, sxva cxo-velze da/an sxva cxoveli axteba masze Sextoma, xSiri Sardva, rZis sekre-ciis Semcireba da sxva.

furebSi xuraoba saSualod grZeldeba 24-34 saaTi, nezvebSi- 36-48, nerbebSi- 24-36 sT, WakebSi ki 5-7 dRe. amasTan, zogierTi mdedris xuraobis periodi 6-12 saaTs ar aRemateba, rac gasaTvaliswinebelia xelovnuri ganayofierebis praqtikisaTvis.

xuraobisas sakvercxedan kvercxsavalSi gadadis momwifebuli kver-cxujredi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas aq Sexvdeba mamrobiTi sasqeso ujredi- spermatozoidi, moxdeba ganayofiereba.

sayuradReboa, rom kvercxujredi ganayofierebis unars inarCunebs 4-8 saaTis manZilze, ris gamo, aucilebelia cxoveli davagriloT dro-ulad. amasTan, mdedris sasqeso organoebis funqciuri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, xelze dagrilebisas da xelovnurad ganayofierebisas rekomen-debulia:

• furi pirvelad davagriloT xuraobis gamovlenidan 12 saaTis, ganmeorebiT ki, aseve, 12 saaTis gasvlis Semdeg;

• nerbi pirvelad davagriloT xuraobis niSnebis gamovlenidan 20-24 saaTis da ganmeorebiT ki kvlav 24 saaTis Semdeg;

• nezvi pirvelad davagriloT axurebis dawyebidan 18-24 sT-is, ganmeorebiT ki 16-18 sT-is Semdeg;

• Waki pirvelad davagriloT xuraobis gamovlenidan 24 saaTis Sem-deg, ganmeorebiT ki yoveldRe, sasircxo bageebidan lorwos denis damTavrebamde.

mdedris ganayofierebis wesebi. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis gana-yofierebis sami wesia cnobili, Tavisufali dagrileba, xelze dagrileba da xelovnuri daTesvla.

Tavisufali dagrilebisas mwarmoebels sadede pirutyvTan erTad inaxaven da, imisda mixedviT, Tu rodis mova mdedri axurebaSi, xdeba misi ganayofiereba.

xelze dagrilebisas mwarmoeblebs inaxaven calke sadgomSi, xura-obaSi mosuli mdedri ki mihyavT masTan, sadac xdeba ganayofiereba.

xelovnuri daTesvlisas axurebul mdedrs aseve gamoiyvanen naxiri-dan, mihyavT xelovnuri ganayofierebis centrSi (punqtSi) sadac speci-aluri xelsawyo-iaraRebis gamoyenebiT xdeba spermis Seyvana mdedris saS-vilosnos yelSi da ganayofiereba. calkeul SemTxvevaSi mdedris ganayo-fiereba SeiZleba moxdes uSualod sadgomSi, an kidev savele pirobebSi.

dagrilebis wesis mixedviT sanaSene mwarmoeblis datvirTvis nor-mebi metad gansxva-vebulia. Tavisuf-lad dagrilebisas is gacilebiT nak-lebia (cxrili 1), xelze dagrilebi-sas ramdenadme meti, xolo xelov-nuri daTesvlisas

gacilebiT meti, vidre Tavisuflad dagrilebisas.

cxrili 1. mwarmoeblis wliuri datvirTvis normebi

mwarmo-ebeli

Tavisuflad dagrilebisas

xelze dagrilebisas

xelovnuri daTesvlisas

kuro 30-40 60-80 20000-mde

verZi 30-40 80-100 18000-mde

kerati _ 20-30 550-600

ulayi 20-25 50-60 _

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garda amisa, xelovnuri daTesvlisas Cven gveZleva SesaZlebloba gamoviyenoT saukeTeso produqtiulobis, rogorc wesi, monaSenis xaris-xze Sefasebuli mwarmoeblebi da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tavidan aviciloT daavadebebis gavrcelebis saSiSroeba.

nayofiereba. sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebi da frinvelebi gansxva-vebuli nayofierebiT xasiaTdebian. furi weliwadSi gvaZlevs 1, iSviaTad or xbos, nezvi- saSualod 18-20 goWs (is 2 weliwadSi aswrebs 4-5- jer mogebas da TiTo mogebaze gvaZlevs 10-12 goWs), cxvris umetesi jiSis nerbi 1-2 batkans, dedali Txa- 1-2, iSviaTad 3 Tikans, qaTami- 230-250 cal kvercxs, ixvi-120-180, indauri 100-150, bati- 50-80 cal kvercxs. nayofiereba cxovelebis gamoyenebis intensivobis erT-erTi maCvenebelia.

unayofoba, berwianoba. zogjer cxovelebi mTlianad an nawilob-riv kargaven gamravlebis unars, rac unayofobis/berwianobis mizeziT xdeba. “unayofoba” biologiuri cnebaa da niSnavs cxovelis mier, ganur-Cevlad misi sqesisa STamomavlobis mocemis unaris droebiT an samuda-mod dakargvas. termini “berwianoba” ekonomikur-statistikuri cnebaa da niSnavs mdedris fiziologiurad da zooteqnikurad aucilebel vadebSi gaunayofiereblobas an nayofis ar mocemas.

unayofoba rTuli biologiuri movlenaa da yalibdeba Sinagani (upiratesad genetikuri) da garegani faqtorebis moqmedebiT. mecxovele-obis praqtikaSi miRebulia, rom unayofod iTvleba mdedri, romelic miaRwevs fiziologiur simwifes (an wina mogebidan zooteqnikurad sasurvel vadaSi), ar axurdeba da ar ganayofierdeba. aseve unayofod iTvleba mamri, romelic spermis mankis an sxva mizeziT ver anayofierebs mdedrs.

droebiTi an sruli unayofoba SeiZleba gamoiwvios: genotipma (Tan-dayolili unayofoba), cxovelis asakma (asakobrivi unayofoba), ukmarma kvebam (alimentaruli unayofoba), Seusabamo klimatma (klimaturi unayo-foba), arasworma movla-Senaxvam (eqsploataciuri unayofoba), kastraciam an axurebis SemTxvevaSi ganayofierebis Segnebulad gamotovebam (xelov-nuri unayofoba) da daavadebebma (simptomaturi unayofoba).

cxovelTa unayofobasTan da berwianobasTan brZola. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebSi unayofoba, an kidev nayofierebis daqveiTeba SeiZ-leba gamoiwvios gamravlebis organoebis funqciuri moqmedebis moSli-lobam, rac, sakmaod xSirad, gamowveulia kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis piro-bebis SeusabamobiT.

normaluri nayofierebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia cxovelebi vkveboT misi organizmis fiziologiuri moTxovnis Sesatyvisi dabalan-sebuli ulufebiT. didi mniSvneloba aqvs boselSi mikroklimatis norma-tivebis farglebSi dacvas, zamTarSi yoveldRiur mocions, agreTve zaf-xulobiT saZovarze Senaxvisas papanaqeba sicxisa da Warbi insoolaci-isagan maT dacvas. dadgenilia, rom es faqtorebi ganmsazRvrel gavlenas axdenen sareproduqcio organoebis normalur funqcionirebaze.

mdedris unayofobis mizezi xSirad xdeba mamris spermis cudi xarisxi. amitom Tavisuflad da xelze dagrilebisas aucilebelia yvela mwarmoebeli Semowmdes spermis sixSireze, agreTve spermatozoidebis aqtiurobasa da maT sworxazobrivad moZraobaze.

xelovnurad ganayofierebisas es problema ar dgas, vinaidan mwar-moeblebs winaswar amowmeben spermis xarisxze. miuxedavad amisa, aucile-belia periodulad, daTesvlis win spermis Semowmeba, vinaidan SesaZle-belia spermiebi daixocon Senaxvis reJimis darRvevis gamo.

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nayofis mucladyofnis periodi. Zroxis makeobis xangrZlivoba 280-285 dRea, kameCis- 305-340, Roris- 114-116, cxvrisa da Txis- 150 dRe, cxenis-340, bocvris ki 30 dRe; zogierT jiSebSi makeobis periodi SeiZleba ufro xanmokle an xangrZlivi iyos.

aqve mniSvnelovania gavarkvioT frinvelis kvercxis inkubaciisaTvis saWiro periodis xangrZlivoba: qaTmis kvercxis inkubaciis periodi saSu-alod grZeldeba 21, batis-30, indauris- 27, ixvis- 28, cicris- 26, xolo mwyris- 17 dRe.

cxovelis sameurneo gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba: aRwarmoebis unari, nayofiereba da produqtiuloba garkveuli periodis Semdeg asakis matebasTan erTad mcirdeba. magaliTad: furebSi monawveli klebas iwyebs VI laqtaciis Semdeg, RorebSi nayofiereba da merZeuloba ki 3-5 wlis asakidan; qaTmebsa da batebSi kvercxmdebloba iklebs 1,5-2 da 3 wlis asakidan, Sesabamisad.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, yoveli konkretuli sameurneo pirobebisaTvis da saxeobis cxovelisaTvis unda ganisazRvros gamoyenebis optimaluri vada. furebi meurneobaSi hyavT 6-8 (ganviTarebuli mecxoveleobis qveynebSi- 4,5-5,5), nezvi- 4-6, nerbi-6-8, cxeni ki 14-15 wlis asakamde, ris Semdeg maT cvlian ufro produqtiulebiT. Sesabamisad gansazRvrulia yovelwliuri wundebis maCvenebeli, romelic ZroxeulSi Seadgens 15-25%-s, RorSi- 20-30%-s, cxvarSi ki 10-20%-s. qaTmis dedals sanaSene fermebSi aCereben 2-3, xolo samrewvelo fermaSi 1 wlis asakamde.

gamozrdisa da realizaciis asaki dakavSirebulia ara marto cxove-lis saxeobasTan, aramed mecxoveleobis mimarTulebasTan. ase, magaliTad, meZroxeobaSi mozardis saxorced realizaciis optimalur asakad iTvleba 14-18 Tve, meRoreobaSi- 7-8 Tve (80-110 kg cocxali masa), mecxvareobaSi- 6-8 Tve (yarayulis warmoebisas dabadebidan 1-3 dRe).

sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis fermaSi unda iyos naxiris Sesaba-misi struqtura. magaliTad, sarZeo meZroxeobaSi, naxiris yovel 100 sul cxovelze unda modiodes 40-60 furi.


• ra gansxvavebaa bunebriv da xelovnur gadarCevas Soris?

• SerCevis romeli formebi iciT?

• moSenebis ra meTodebi iciT?

• ra aris hibridizacia?

• heterozisis movlenisas ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba najvari (hibridi) cxoveli?

• ra cocxal masas unda miaRwios sanaSene mozardma (dekeulma, sanezvem, dedalma SiSaqma) I dagrilebisas?

• ra faqtorebi moqmedeben naxiris aRwarmoebaze?

• ra aris unayofoba/berwianoba?

• ramdeni dRe makeobs furi, kameCi, nezvi, cxvari, Txa?

• ramdeni dRe sWirdeba qaTmis, indauris, ixvis, batis, cicris da mwyris kvercxis inkubacias?

• ramdenia mwarmoeblis (kuros, verZis, ulayis) datvirTvis norma Tavisufali da xelze dagrilebisas, agreTve xelovnuri ganayofi-erebisas?

• ra aris zrda/ganviTareba?

30

• romeli qsovilebi izrdeba embrionul/postembrionul periodSi ufro intensiurad?

literatura:

1. r. mitiCaSvili- cxovelTa momSenebloba. Tbilisi, 2009; 2. g.jorjikia- sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa gadarCeva, SerCeva da

moSenebis meTodebi. Tbilisi, 1988; 3. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под

общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005; 4. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйствен-

ных животных. «КолосС», 2005;

Tavi 3. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa

da frinvelebis jiSebi

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis da frinvelebis umetesoba adamanma jer SemoiCvia, Semdeg ki moiSinaura Cv.w.aR.-mde 5-7 aTasi wlis winaT. maTi warmoSobis istoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovan masalas iZleva uZvelesi adamianis sacxovrisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas mopovebuli Zvlebi da gamoqvabulebis kedlebze aRmoCenili freskebi, romlebzec warmodgenilia gareuli cxovelebze nadirobisa da SemoCveva-moSina-urebis scenebi. amaze metyveleben, agreTve, eTnografiuli gamokvle-vebisas mopovebuli masalebi- cxovelebis gamosaxulebiani sakulto da yoveldRiuri WurWeli, aveji da misT.

msoflio mecnierebis mier aRiarebul sasoflo-sameurneo cxovel-Ta moSinaurebis 6 keras Soris erT-erTi samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze mdebareobs, romelSic Sedis saqarTvelo. amis gaTvaliswinebiT advili gasagebi unda iyos CvenSi Camoyalibebuli sasoflo-sameurneo cxovele-bisa da frinvelebis jiSebis aseTi simravle da nairferovneba, romel-Tagan zogierTi aborigenuli an endemuria.

adamianis mier gareuli cxovelis SemoCvevis, Semdeg ki moSinaure-bis ZiriTadi mizani iyo garkveuli saSualebis (cocxali gamwevi Zalis, produqciis wyaros) sacxovrebelTan axlos yola. Tavis mxriv, sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa jiSebis warmoqmnis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faq-tori iyo adamianis survili da swrafva Tavisi ama Tu im saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad garkveuli sargeblianobis momcemi cxovelis miReba. amasTan, sawarmoo Zalebisa da warmoebis urTierTobaTa ganviTarebam misi miswrafebaTa areali kidev ufro gaafarTova da dRes cxoveli warmoadgens samewarmeo saqmianobis mniSvnelovan asparezs.

dReisaTvis msoflioSi aRricxulia Zroxis 1000-mde jiSi, Roris- 100- mde, cxvris- 600-mde, Txis 60-mde cxenis 150-mde, bocveris 60-mde da Sinauri frinvelebis ramodenime aseuli jiSi.

moSinaurebis gavleniT cxovelebma ganicades mniSvnelovani cvli-lebebi, Seicvala maTi sxeulis zomebi da forma, zogierT saxeobaSi daikarga gamravlebis sezonuroba, isini ufro malmwifadebi gaxdnen, gaizarda sarZeo produqtiuloba da sxva.

magaliTad, Zroxa gadaiqca ufro patara tanis cxovelad, vidre misi gareuli winapari turi iyo, magram calkeul SemTxvevaSi 5-8 jer gaizarda misi monawveli. Sinauri cxenebis umravlesoba gacilebiT tana-

31

dia, vidre gareuli forma. cxvarSi moSinaurebiT daikarga gareuli winaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gazafxulze gaRvervis anu balnis cvenis Tviseba, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda matylis sigrZe, zogierTi maTgani ki gvaZlevs metad naz, e. w. merinosul matyls.

amdenad, saukuneebis manZlze adamianis mizanmimarTuli saqmianobiT mniSvnelovnad Seicvala moSinaurebul cxovelTa saxeobebis biologiuri buneba, ris Sedegad warmoiSva ufro wvrili taqsonomiuri erTeulebi- jiSebi.

jiSi aris adamianis SromiT Camoyalibebuli erTi saxe-obis, erTiani warmoSobis, konkretuli pirobebisadmi Seguebu-li sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis sakmaod mravalricxovani jgufi, romlebic xasiaTdebian msgavsi eqsterierul-konsti-tuciuri da sameurneo TvisebebiT da am Tvisebebs gadascemen STamomavlobas.

mniSvnelovania, rom jiSi ar aris raime mudmivi, ucvleli. is siste-matiurad ganicdis cvlilebas da am cvlilebebis mimarTulebebi damo-kidebulia adamianis saqmianobaze, an aseTis ar arsebobaze.

jiSSi Semavali cxovelebi iyofian naTesaur jgufebad da hqmnian jiSis struqturas- jilagebs, ekotipebs, xazebs, ojaxebs. jiSebis aseTi agebuleba misi Semdgom srulyofas aadvilebs, magram, amisaTvis, ada-mianis mxridan saWiroa sistematiuri da mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba, romlis gareSe jiSis xarisxi ara Tu SenarCunebuli iqneba, aramed gauaresdeba.

Zroxis jiSebi

sanaSene muSaobis donis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Zroxis primitiul, gardamaval da kulturul jiSebs. produqtiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT ki Zroxis jiSebi iyofa sarZeo, saxorce da kombinirebul (sarZeo-saxor-ce da saxorce-sarZeo, agreTve sarZeo-saxorce-muSa) jiSebad. speciali-zirebuli sarZeo da saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebi, ZiriTadad, miekuTvnebian kulturul jiSebs, xolo kombinirebuli pro-duqtiulobis jiSebSi gvxvdeba rogorc kulturuli, aseve gardamavali da primitiuli jiSebi.

sarZeo jiSebi. ZiriTadad iyofa sam monaTesave jgufad- 1. SavWrel, 2. wiTel da 3. wiTelWrel jiSebad. sarZeo jiSebs aseve miekuTvneba jer-siuli da gernsiuli jiSebi, romlebic ar enaTesavebian sxva arc erT jiSs.

SavWreli jiSebi saTaves iRebs holandiis dasavleTis zRvis sana-piro zolSi odiTganve cnobili SavWreli Zroxidan. am jgufSi Sedis erTmaneTis monaTesave ramodenime aTeuli SavWreli Seferilobis jiSi, romlebic, ZiriTadad, iwodebian moSenebis qveynebis saxelebiT: magali-Tad germanuli SavWreli, estonuri SavWreli, rusuli SavWreli da sxv.

holStinuri jiSi. erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli da maRalpro-duqtiulia msoflioSi. gamoyvanilia aSS da kanadaSi holandiuri Zroxis xalasjiSiani moSenebiT gaumjobesebis gziT. jiSi ferad Sav-Wrelia, magram gvxvdeba wiTelWreli holStinebic. sakmaod didtaniani cxovelia, furebis simaRle mindaoSi 142-145 sm, kuroebis 155-160 sm; zrdasruli furebis cocxali masa 600-700 kg, kuroebis 950-1100 kg, axalSobili xbos ki 30-35 kg- a;

eqsterieriT tipiuri sarZeo produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxovelia- Tavi msubuqi, kiseri saSualo sigrZis da SedarebiT wvrili, mkerdi saSu-

32

alo siRrmisa da ganieri; sxeulis ukana mesamedi grZeli da farTo, Zvleuli wvrili, kani Txeli da dafarulia xSiri, mokle da bzin-vare balaniT; kiserze kani dana-oWebulia, kidurebi da Cliqebi magari, curi moculobiani, upira-tesad jamisebri formis, kertebi umetesad cilindruli formis. furebis saSualo monawveli 8000–10000 kg. amasTan, rZeSi cximis da cilis Semcveloba, ZiriTadad, ar aris didi da, Sesabamisad, 3,6 da 3,1%-s Seadgens.

sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT dRes arsebuli yvela msoflio rekordi, garda rZeSi cximisa da cilis Semcvelobisa, ekuTvnis am jiSis furebs. mas aSeneben dasavleT evropaSi, avstraliaSi da aziis kon-tinentze; Semoyvanilia saqarTveloSic, senakis raionis sof. TeklaTSi, (kooperativi “tyiri”), saidanac gavrcelda sxva raionebSic.

stepis wiTeli jiSi. Camoyalibda XIX-XX saukuneebSi ukrainis ste-pis samxreT raionebis mkacri klimatis da SedarebiT mwiri kvebis piro-bebSi. jiSis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia holandiel-germaneli meno-nistebis ukrainaSi CamosaxlebasTan, romlebmac Tan Camoiyvanes wiTel-Wreli ostfrizuli da wiTeli feris angelnuri jiSis Zroxa.

Semoyvanili cxovelebi ver Seeguen adgilobriv klimatur pirobebs, ris gamo daiwyes maTi Sejvareba nacara ukrainuli ji-Sis, agreTve velikorusul Zro-xasTan. Semdgom etapze, sxvadasxva generaciis najvarebis “TavisSi” moSenebiT moxda am jiSis for-mireba.

Tavidan mas kolonisturs, mogvianebiT ki germanul wiTel jiSs eZaxdnen, 1941 wels ki jiSs Seucvales saxeli da uwodes stepis wiTeli.

mSrali da cxeli klimatisadmi Segueba da amtanoba oraswlovani seleqciis nayofia da miCneulia jiSis ZiriTad Rirsebad, xolo naklad iTvleba SedarebiT sustad ganviTarebuli kunTovani qsovili, agreTve sxva kulturul sarZeo jiSebTan SedarebiT naklebi cocxali masa da monawveli. jiSi gavrcelebulia ukrainis da ruseTis samxreT raionebSi, agreTve centraluri aziis qveynebSi. Semoyvanili iyo saqarTveloSi.

eqsterieriT jiSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli merZeuli tipisaa: odnav wagrZelebuli xmeli Tavi, grZeli kiseri SesamCnevad danaoWebuli kaniT; mindao viwro da odnav maRali; zurgisa da welis xazi swori; gul-mkerdi saSualo siRrmis da SedarebiT viwro; Rababi sustad ganviTare-buli; gava SedarebiT mokle da daqanebuli, calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki saxuravisebri. cxovelebis umetesobas kidurebis dgoma sworia, Cliqebi ki magari. tyavi Txeli da elastiuria, dafarulia SedarebiT mokle da

sur. 10. holStinuri jiSis furi

sur. 11. stepis wiTeli jiSis furi

33

xSiri balniT; curi saSualo an didi zomis da jirkvlovani, umetesad abazanisebri an momrgvalebuli, kertebi grZeli an saSualo sigrZis da umetesad cilindruli formis; sarZeo Wa da sarZeo venebi kargad aris gamoxatuli.

zrdasruli furebis simaRle mindaoSi 128-130 sm, xolo kuroebis 138-141 sm-a. maTi cocxali masa, Sesabamisad, 450-520 da 750-800 kg-s Seadgens, axalSobili xbos ki 25-30 kg-s.

sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT jiSis standarti I, II da III laq-taciaze, Sesabamisad 2900, 3300 da 3700 kg rZea, 3,7 % cximiTa da 3,3% ciliT.

jersiuli jiSi. gamoyvanilia kunZul jersize (brit.) normandiuli Zroxis xalasad moSenebis gziT; 1789 wlidan am kunZulze aikrZala cxovelebis importi, ris gamo gamoyvanis saseleqcio samuSaoebi xor-cieldeobda sxva jiSebisagan izolirebulad, 10-12 aTas suladobaze.

kulturul sarZeo jiSebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze patara taniania, furebis cocxali masa 450-500, kuro-ebis 750-850, axalSobili xboebis ki 20-25 kg-a. cxovelebi xasiaTdebian malmwifadobiT: I dagrilebaze deke-ulebs uSveben 12-14 Tvis asakSi; amasTan, rZe gamoirCeva cximisa (5,5-5,8%) da cilis (3,6-3,9%) maRali SemcvelobiT.

samSobloSi furebis monawve-li 4500-5000 kg, aSS-Si ki 4700 kg rZea 4,95% cximiT. calkeul fer-mebSi wvelian 7-9 aTas kg, rekordis-ti furebidan ki 11-12 aTas kg rZes; laqtaciur monawvelSi rZis saSu-

alo cximianobis rekordi Seadgens 8,89%-s. gavrcelebulia dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, aSS, avstraliaSi da

sxvagan. CvenSi gamoyenebuli iyo qarTuli mTis ZroxasTan Sesajvareblad; I Taobis najvarebi cocxali masiT, monawveliT da rZeRalianobiT aRematebodnen adgilobriv jiSs;

kombinirebuli mimarTulebis jiSebi: Svicuri jiSi erT-erTi uZve-lesia msoflioSi. gamoyvanilia SveicariaSi. cxovelebisaTvis damaxasiTe-belia proporciuli agebulebis sxeuli, patara Tavi, ramdenadme wagr-Zelebuli formis tani, Rrma da ganieri gulmkerdi, swori zurgisa da

welis xazi, odnav aweuli gava, zomi-erad ganviTarebuli kunTovani qso-vili, magari Zvlovani sistema, mocu-lobiani da upiratesad jamisebri an abazanisebri formis curi, gamokve-Tili sarZeo venebi da sarZeo Wa.

cxovelebi wabla feris arian (Riadan muq wabliferamde), amasTan, sxeulis sxva nawilebTan SedarebiT, zurgis xazi, cxviris sarkisa da Tvalis irgvliv midamo, agreTve yuris niJarebisa da kidurebis Sig-niTa mxare ufro Ria feris balniTaa dafaruli. zrdasruli furebis saSu-

sur. 12. jersiuli jiSis furi

sur. 13. Svicuri jiSis furi

34

alo cocxali masa 500-600 kg-a, kuro-mwarmoeblebis- 800-1100 kg, xolo axalSobili xbos 30-35 kg. intensiurad gamozrda-suqebisas mozvrebis sadReRamiso wonamati 900-1050 g-s aRwevs, saklavi gamosavali ki 55-58%-a.

SveicariaSi furebis saSualo monawveli 4500-5000 kg rZea 3,8-4,5% cximis SemcvelobiT. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1906 wlidan Secvales am jiSis seleqciis mimarTuleba da cxovelebis gadarCeva daiwyes merZe-ulobis niSnebisa da monawvelis upiratesad gadidebis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare. dReisaTvis aq Camoyalibebulia tipiuri sarZeo produqti-ulobis eqsterieris mqone jiSi, romelsac uwodeben Brown Swiss (wabla Svicuri). aSS-Si is sarZeo produqtiulobiT Camouvardeba mxolod holS-tinur jiSs.

Svicuri jiSis pirutyvi biologiurad yvela jiSze ufro labilu-ria, riTac xsnian mis gavrcelebas rogorc civi da tropikuli klimatis qveynebSi, aseve barisa da maRalmTian raionebSic. dReisaTvis mas aSeneben msoflios xuTi kontinentis 100-mde qveyanaSi. saqarTveloSi es jiSi pirvelad SemouyvaniaT 1864 wels.

kavkasiuri wabla jiSi. gamoyvanilia samxreT kavkasiis qveynebsa da daRestanSi adgilobrivi Zroxis SvicurTan da mis monaTesave jiSebTan Sejvarebis gziT.

saqarTveloSi, Svicuri jiSis SejvarebaSi gamoyenebis pirveli cde-bi dakavSirebulia germaneli memamulis a. kuCenbaxis saqmianobasTan, romelsac dRevandeli dmanisis raionis teritoriaze ruseTis mefisagan aRebuli sesxiT SeuZenia 20 aTasi desetina miwa da mouwyvia sarZeo ferma. vinaidan adgilobrivi Zroxa iwvelida cotas, 1964 wels mas Sve-

icariaSi SeuZenia da Camouyvania Svicuri jiSis 13 dekeuli da 3 kuro.

imdroindeli cnobebis Tanax-mad Semoyvanili cxovelebi Znelad eguebodnen adgilobriv ekologiur pirobebs da masobrivad avaddebod-nen, ris gamo kuCenbaxma daiwyo maTi Sejvareba adgilobriv pirutyvTan da najvarebis moSeneba.

jiSis gamosayvanad intensiuri saseleqcio muSaoba dauwyiaT XX saukunis 40-an wlebSi. jiSad dam-tkicda 1960 wels. masSi optimalu-radaa Serwymuli gamosavali jiSe-

bis niSan-Tvisebebi: Svicuridan man memkvidreobiT miiRo didi cocxali masa da maRali merZeuloba, xolo qarTuli mTis Zroxidan rZis Seda-rebiT maRali cximianoba da garemo pirobebisadmi Semguebloba.

qarTuli populaciis cxovelebi eqsterieriT ufro kompaqturi age-bulebisani arian, vidre Svicuri jiSi. Tavi saSualo zomis da msubuqi, zurgisa da welis xazi swori, gava farTo da odnav aweuli; muceli moculobiani, curi upiratesad abazanisebri an momrgvalebuli formis, kertebi cilindruli formis kidurebi saSualo simaRlis, Cliqebi magari.

furebisaTvis standartuli cocxali masa Seadgens 370-430 kg-s, kuroebisaTvis-570-680 kg. furebis monawvelis standarti I, II, III da met laqtaciaze Sesabamisad aris 2000, 2500 da 2800 kg rZea, 3,7% cximiT.

sur. 14. kavkasiuri wabla jiSis furi

35

mozardi xasiaTdeba zrdis sakmaod maRali unariTa da saxorce produqtiulobiT. intensiurad kvebisas 15 Tvis mozvrebis cocxali masa aRwevs 455 kg, xolo naklavis gamosavali 59%- s Seadgens.

1990 wlisaTvis CvenSi funqcionirebda am jiSis 1 samomSeneblo da 43 sanaSene meurneoba da ferma, romelSic hyavdaT 36000 sulze meti pirutyvi, sul saqarTveloSi ki aRricxuli iyo 100 aTas sulze meti. dReisaTvis gavrcelebulia dmanisis, axalcixis, axalqalaqis da ninow-mindis raionebSi, agreTve kaxeTSi, upiratesad dedofliswyarosa da siRnaRis raionebSi.

saxorce jiSebi. ZiriTadad iyofa 3 jgufad- britanuli malmwi-fadi, frangul-italiuri didtaniani da axali samyaros zebusnairi jiSebi. britanuli jiSebia hereforduli, aberdin-angusuri, galovei, SorThorni da sxva. frangul-italiur jiSebs miekuTvneba Sarole, kianuri, limuzinuri, men-anJu, Ria aqvitanuri, romanuli da markijanuli. axali samyaros zebusnairi jiSebia santa-gertruda, brafordi, bifmas-teri, brangusi, Sarbrei, bramuzini, simbrazini da sxva.

hereforduli jiSi: arealiT da suladobiT am jiSs, saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebs Soris, pirveli adgili ukavia msoflioSi. is gamoyvanilia herefordis sagrafoSi, inglisis samxreT-da-savleT nawilSi adgilobrivi muSa tipis Zroxis gaumjobesebiT.

jiSis gamoyvanis samuSaoebi daiwyes XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi. rbili klimatis gamo cxovelebs mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Ria cis qveS, saZovarze inaxavdnen, ramac ganapiroba misi konstituciuri simagre, agreTve saZovris balaxis kargad gamoyenebis unarisa da mov-la-Senaxvis pirobebisadmi naklebi momTxovnelobis Tvisebebis Camoya-libeba.

jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kompaqturi agebuleba, Tavi saSu-alo sididis, saxis nawili mokle, sxeuli kasrisebri formis da har-moniulad ganviTarebuli, fexebi dabali, Cliqebi ki magari. ZiriTadi feria Sindisferi wiTeli, xolo Tavi, zurgis xazi, Rababi, gugubo, muceli da kudis funji, agreTve kidurebi majisa da saxtom saxsramdis TeTrad aris Seferili. amasTan, TeTri da wiTeli Seferilobis zonebi mkveTrad gamijnulia erTmaneTisagan.

jiSi malmwifadia, 1 wlis asakSi zogierTi individi 350-400 kg- s iwonis. zrdasruli furebis cocxali masa 500-600 kg, kuro-mwarmoeb-lebis- 850-1000 kg, xolo axalSobili xbos 30-35 kg-a. furebis merZe-uloba 1300-1800 kg-s aRwevs, magram maT ar wvelian, vinaidan xbos zrdian Tavisufali wovebis, e.w. “furi-xbo”-s (“cow-calf”) meTodiT.

intensiurad kvebisas mozardis sadReRamiso namati 850-1000 g-s aRe-mateba, xolo saklavi gamosavali 58 – 63%-is farglebSia.

1846 wels dafuZnda sanaSene wigni, romelic 1883 wlidan gamoc-xadda daxurulad. hereforduli jiSis mwarmoeblebis sperma farTod gamoiyeneba msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sarZeo jiSebTan samrewvelo SejvarebisaTvis. amave mizniT hereforduli jiSis mwarmoeblebi Semoy-

sur. 15. hereforduli jiSis kuro-mwarmoebeli

36

vanili iyo saqarTveloSi, siRnaRis raionis wnoris saxorce meZroxeobis sacdel-specializebul kompleqsSi.

aberdin-angusuri jiSi: gamoyvanilia Sotlandiis Crdilo-aRmo-savleT nawilSi, aberdinisa da angusis sagrafoSi. es zona xasiaTdeba SedarebiT grili da nestiani klimatiT, reliefi ki gorak-borcviania.

cxovelebi xasiaTdebian coc-xali temperamentiT, harmoniuli age-bulebiT da kargad gamoxatuli saxorce formebiT: Tavi patara, kise-ri mokle, zurgisa da welis xazi swori da ganieri, sxeuli siRrmeSi da siganeSi kargad ganviTarebulia da dafarulia fumfula kunTovani qsoviliT, barklebi aseve kunTebiT kargadaa Sevsebuli, Zvleuli wvri-li, fexebi dabali, Cliqebi ki magari aqvT. ferad cxovelebi Savia. damaxa-siaTebelia genetikuri urqooba, rac dominanturi niSan-Tvisebaa.

jiSi malmwifadia. ukve 14-16 Tvis asakSi amTavrebs intensiur zrdas da cocxali masa aRwevs zrdasruli individebis 80-85%-s. gasuqebuli pirutyvis xorci didi raodenobiT Seicavs kunTebsSoris da kunTebsSig-niTa qons, ros gamo marmarilosebri Sesaxedaoba aqvs.

am jiSis cxovelebi advilad eguebian sxvadasxva klimaturi zonis pirobebs, ris gamo importirebulia aSS-Si, kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, brazi-liaSi, axal zelandiaSi, samxreT afrikasa da sxvagan. Semoyvanili iyo saqarTveloSi (siRnaRis raionis wnoris kompleqsi).

tanadobiT isini Camouvardebian sxva britanul saxorce jiSebs. furis da kuros cocxali masa, Sesabamisad Seadgens 450-500 da 750-850 kg-s, xolo axalSobili xbos masa 25-30 kg-a.

furis merZeuloba sakmarisia mawovari xbos normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis; 6-8 Tvis asakSi dedidan asxletili mozardi 170-190 kg- s iwonis, intensiurad suqebisas dReRamuri namati 800-950 grami, xolo 18 Tvis asakSi dakluli mozardis naklavis gamosavali 60-65% -a. xorcis xarisxiT mas badali ara hyavs. zrdis potenciisa da xorcis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad es jiSi gamoiyeneba samrewvelo SejvarebaSi.

Sarole. gamoyvanilia safrangeTis centralur raionebSi, Saroles provinciaSi. didtanianobasTan erTad gamoirCeva zrdis maRali energiiT, magram gvianmwifadia. kargad iyenebs bunebriv saZovrebs.

Tavis samSobloSi furebis cocxali masa 700-800, kuroebis 1000-1400 kg-s aRwevs. axalSobili xbos masa 40-45 kg-a.

zrdis potenciiT aRemateba britanul saxorce jiSebs, magram naklavis gamosavliTa da xorcis xarisxiT Camouvardeba maT. 8 Tvis asakSi asxletili mozardis coc-xali masa Seadgens 200-220 kg-s. mozvrebis saSaulo dReRamuri wona-

sur. 16. aberdin-angusuri jiSis furi

sur. 17. Saroles jiSis kuro-

mwarmoebeli

37

mati intensiurad suqebisas 1200 g- a, saklavi gamosavali ki 55-56%. naklovani mxareebidan aRniSnaven garTulebuli mSobiarobis maRal

sixSires, rac dakavSirebulia axalSobili xbos farToSublianobasTan da didi masasTan. garda amisa SeimCneva uxeSi Zvlovani sistema da msxvilboWkovani kunTovani qsovili.

cxovelebSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba “dopelendarizmi”, anu sxe-ulis ukana mesamedis kunTebis hipertrofia (gaormageba). Saroles jiSs aSeneben msoflios 5 kontinentze. farTod gamoiyeneba sarZeo jiSebTan samrewvelo SejvarebaSi.

zebusnairi saxorce jiSebi: Zroxisnairebis qveojaxis (bovinae) xaris (bos) gvarSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia zebus, anu indur Zroxas (Bos taurus indicus), romelic aris Cveulebrivi Zroxis nairsaxeoba. is ZroxasTan Sewyvilebisas iZleva nayofier STamomavlobas, miRebul cxovelebs ki eZaxian zebusnairebs.

arsebuli monacemebiT msoflioSi Zroxeulis yvelaze gavrcelebul 299 jiSs Soris 121 aris zebu an zebusnairi. sul ki cnobilia zebusa da zebusnairi Zroxis 380-mde jiSi. maTi suladoba 450 mln-s aRemateba, anu Zroxeulis saerTo suladobis 1/3- s Seadgens.

zebu xasiaTdeba papanaqeba sicxisadmi tolerantobiT, ZroxasTan SedarebiT uxeSi sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis ukeTesi monelebadobiT, agreTve zogierTi infeqciuri da invaziuri daavadebisadmi gadidebuli rezistentobiT da/an imunurobiT. es Tvisebebi memkvidreobiT aris gan-sazRvruli da Sejvarebisas maRali ganmeorebadobiT vlindeba STamo-mavlobaSi. amdenad es cxovelebi Seucvlelni arian tropikuli da subtropikuli klimatis qveynebis bunebrivi sakveb-savargulebis aTvise-bis TvalsazrisiT, xolo zebusnairi axali jiSebi sakmaod efeqturebi arian intensiuri mecxoveleobis pirobebSic.

zebus jiSebidan gansakuTrebulad sayuradReboa bramanis da misi monaTesave jiSebi- indubrazili da kuburi zebu.

bramani. gamoyvanilia aSS-Si zebus induri jiSebis- ongoles, kankrejisa da giris monawileobiT. is saxorce-sarZeo produqtiuli mimarTulebisaa. misi eqsterierisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kiser-mindaos midamoSi arsebuli xorcovan-qonovani kuzi, agreTve metad didi zomis yurebi da kanis naoWebi Rababze, gugubosa da mucelze. ferad cxovelebi Ria nacrisferia, gvxvdeba wiTeli feris bramanis jiSis naxirebic.

furebis cocxali masa 450-550 kg, kuro- mwarmoeblebis 850-1000 kg, axalSobili xbos ki 25-30 kg-a. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba saxorce mimarTulebis teqnologiiT, ra drosac xbos zrdian dedis Tavisu-flad wovebis pirobebSi. amitom furebis sarZeo produqtiulobaze SeiZleba vimsjeloT xbos cocxa-li masiT 6,5-8 Tvis asakSi asxle-tisas, rac 185-200 kg-s Seadgens.

bramanis jiSi gamoirCeva papanaqeba sicxisadmi mdgradobiT, praqtikulad ar avaddeba piro-plazmidozebis iseTi formebiT, rogoricaa piroplazmozi, anaplaz-mozi da fransealozi, xolo

sur. 18. bramanis jiSis zebus

kuro-mwarmoebeli

38

TeilerioziT davadeba vlindeba suladobis 15-20%-Si da rogorc wesi, letali Sedegis gareSe. garda amisa, es jiSi rezistentulia iseTi daava-debisadmi, rogorebicaa brucelozi, tuberkulozi, Turquli, tripono-somozi.

gamoiyeneba Cveulebrivi Zroxis jiSebTan samrewvelo SejvarebaSi, ra drosac heterozisis maRali efeqtis wyalobiT miRebuli Taoba gamoirCeva orive mSoblebTan SedarebiT zrdis ufro maRali energiiT, sicocxlisunarianobiT da saukeTeso saklavi produqtiulobiT.

bramanis tipis zebus monaTesave kuburi zebu gamoicada saqarTve-los baris raionebSi. adgilobriv jiSebTan hibridizaciisas gaizarda sarZeo da saxorce produqtiuloba, agreTve gaumjobesebis furebis nayofiereba, namatis gamosavlianoba da sicocxlisunarianoba.

induri zebus monawileobis, gamoyvanilia sarZeo produqtiuli mimarTulebis iseTi jiSebi, rogorebicaa iamaikis imedi (Jamaika Hope), avstraliuri merZeuli zebu (AMZ) da zebu-frizi (FS).

bifmasteri. gamoyvanilia aSS samxreT da samxreT-dasavleTis Sta-tebSi, bramanis jiSis zebus SejvarebiT saxorce produqtiuli mimar-Tulebis SorThornis da herefordul jiSebTan. mis genotipSi ½ sisxli bramanis, danarCeni ki daaxloebiT Tanabrad SorThornisa da herefor-duli jiSebisaa.

am jiSis cxovelebSi gaerTi-anebulia samive gamosavali formis saukeTeso Tvisebebi: zebusgan man miiRo papanaqeba sicxisadmi gamZ-leoba da daavadebebisadmi maRali rezistentoba, xolo SorThornisa da herefordulisagan malmwifado-ba, zrdis potencia, maRali sak-lavi produqtiuloba da xorcis saukeTeso sagemovno Tvisebebi.

cxovelebi ferad wiTelia, calkeul individebSi aRiniSneba umniSvnelo TeTri niSnebi Tavze da mkerdze, agreTve curis da sasinjis midamoebSi. furebis cocxali masa 500-600 kg, kuroebis 850-1000 kg, axalSobili xbos 25-35 kg, xolo mozardis dedidan 6,5-8 Tvis asakSi asxletisas- 190-220 kg.

jiSs aSeneben xalasad. karg Sedegs iZleva samrewvelo SejvarebaSi, ra drosac miiReba heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone sasuqi mozardi.

Zroxis qarTuli endemuri/aborigenuli jiSebi. qarTuli mTis Zroxa. kavkasiis endemia. is berZeni filosofosis aristoteles mier Cv.w. aR-mde IV saukuneSi aRwerili Zroxis uSualo STamomavalia, romelic miuxedavad „patara tanis“-a „bevr rZes“ iZleoda.

am ZroxaSi ganasxvaveben fSav-xevsurul, osur, raWul, svanur, afxa-zur da aWarul jilagebs. maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze merZeulia fSav-xevsuruli jilagi.

msoflioSi cnobili 17 juja tanis Zroxis jiSebidan qarTuli mTis Zroxas me-15 adgili ukavia. zrdasruli furis simaRle mindaoSi 98-102 sm-a, cocxali masa ki 180-230 kg. kuro-mwarmoeblis cocxali masa 280-300 kg, xolo axalSobili xbos- 11-15 kg-a.

feriT araerTgvarovania: 51% Savia, 24% wiTeli an Calisferi, 15% SavWreli, 8% wiTelWreli da 2% veJani. eqsterieriT cxovelebi uaxlov-

sur. 19. bifmasteris jiSis kuro-

mwarmoebeli

39

debian merZeul tips: Tavi patara da msubuqi; tani zomierad grZeli, zurgisa da welis xazi swori, gulmkerdi saSualo siRrmisa da siganis, muceli moculobiani; kani Txeli da elastiuri, kidurebi mokle, Cliqebi magari, curi upiratesad jirkvlovani da momrgvalebuli formis. gamoirCeva magari konstituciiT da amtanobiT. mas SeuZlia mTis cicabo, 350- mde daqanebul saZovarze sakvebis mopoveba.

mwiri kvebisas furis saSualo monawveli 800-900 kg rZea, 4,2% cximiT. normirebuli kvebis da gaumjobesebuli movla-Senaxvis pirobebSi 7 suli sxvebze ufro produqtiuli furebis saSualo 305-dRiuri monawveli iyo 2530 kg rZe 4,67% cximiT, xolo yvelaze didi monawveliT gamoirCeoda furi „guta“ # 236, romelmac IV laqtaciaze moiwvela 4111 kg rZe 4,96% cximiT. aseTi maRali produqtiuloba ar aris erTeuli SemTxveva: magaliTad, furma „lela“ # 494-ma V laqtaciaze moiwvela 3126 kg rZe 5,61% cximiT.

jiSi gamoirCeva suqebis kargi unariT da xorcis maRali sagemovno TvisebebiT. naialaRari mozvrebis suqebisas cocxali masis saSualo dReRamurma namatma 671 g, xolo saklavma gamosavalma 51,2% Seadgina. xorci Seicavs 64% wyals, 19,8% ci-lebs, 15,3% cximebs da 0,9% minera-lur marilebs.

aman ganapiroba fermerebSi am jiSis popularoba da ganixileba rogorc maRalmTiani regionebis kurortebisa da dasasvenebeli sax-lebis ekologiurad sufTa, e.w. „naturaluri“ rZiT da xorciT moma-ragebis erTaderT wyarod.

megruli wiTeli jiSi. gamoyvanilia megreli mejogeebis mier XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze adgilobrivi patarataniani Zroxis xalasad moSe-nebiT da mkacri gadarCevisa da SerCevis pirobebSi. sxvebTan SedarebiT ukeTes Sedegs miaRwies Zmebma kvaracxeliebma, romelTa gvariT sakmaod

xSirad moixsenieba es jiSi. mTeli wlis manZilze ubi-

naod Senaxvam da mizanmimarTulma saseleqcio muSaobam xeli Seuwyo magari konstituciis cxovelebis Camoyalibebas, agreTve maTi adap-taciis diapazonis gafarToebas da janmrTelobis gakaJebas.

cxovelebi Tanabrad kargad eguebian mTis alpur da kolxeTis daWaobebul saZovarze Senaxvas da advilad itanen Sor manZilebze gadarekvas. zamTarSi isini madi-anad Seeqcevian kolxeTis daWaobe-

buli saZovrebis uxeS balaxnars, maT Soris ”xaias” (Cares elata bellardi), romelsac Zroxis kulturuli jiSebi ar Wamen.

sur. 21. megruli wiTeli jiSis furi

sur. 20. qarTuli mTis Zroxis

kuro-mwarmoebeli

40

cxovelebis sxeuli proporciuli agebulebisaa; Zvleuli wvrili da magari, kunTovani sistema ki zomierad ganviTarebuli aqvT. srulasa-kovani furebis simaRle mindaoSi 112,4 sm, tanis iribi sigrZe (joxiT) 133,5 sm, gulmkerdis siRrme ki 61,6 sm-a. jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva intensivobis wiTeli Seferiloba, rqebi da Cliqebi ki Taf-lisferi aqvs.

konstituciurad cxovelebi ufro sarZeo tipisaken ixrebian. amas-Tan, maT axasiaTebs kargi samuSao Tvisebebi, gamZleoba, Rone, Cqari moZ-raoba da gawevis unari. cdebSi damtkicebulia, rom megruli wiTeli jiSis xarebis gawevis unarma cocxali masis 57%, maSin rodesac Svicur jiSSi mxolod 46% Seadgina.

furebis saSualo cocxali masa 270-280 kg (maqsimaluri 358), kuro-ebis 350-420 kg, axalSobili xbos ki 15-17 kg-a. saZovruli kvebisas furebis monawveli 1400-1900 kg rZea 4,3-4,4% cximis SemcvelobiT.

lanCxuTis raionis sofel akeTis sanaSene fermaSi I da III laqta-ciis furebi iwvelidnen 1800 da 2440 kg rZes, Sesabamisad. mTaSi ialaRo-bisas saZovrul sakvebze damatebiT 1 kg kombinirebuli sakvebis micemisas laqtaciis 305 dRiuri monawveli gaizarda da Seadgina 3017 kg rZe, 4,33% cximiT. jiSis rekordi monawvelis mixedviT ekuTvnis fur ”Toria” # 0861- s, romlisaganac miRebulia 4315 kg rZe, 4,28% cximiT.

jiSi xasiaTdeba damakmayofilebeli zrdis unariT da kargi sak-lavi produqtiulobiT. dabadebidan zomierad intensiuri kvebisas 18 Tvis asakis mozvrebi iwonidnen 289,2 kg-s, maTi dakvliT miRebulia 144,4 kg masis tanxorci, xolo naklavis gamosavalma 53% Seadgina.

1996-1999 wlebSi samegrelo-guriis raionebis eqspediciuri Seswav-lisas fermerul (glexur) meurneobebSi xalasjiSiani cxovelebis sula-dobam Seadgina 10,6 aTasi suli.

kameCis jiSebi kameCi miekuTvneba xarisnairTa qveojaxis kameCis (Bubalus) gvars. is

Zroxis monaTesave saxeobaa magram mas ar ujvardeba. ganasxvaveben kameCis or saxeobas, aziurs (Bubalus bubalus) da afrikuls (Bubalus sincerus); aziuri kameCis rogorc gareuli aseve Sinauri formaa cnobili, xolo afrikuli kameCi mxolod gareuli formiTaa warmodgenili.

aziuri kameCis moSinaurebis adgilad iTvleba indoeTisa da indo-CineTis naxevarkunZulebi. masSi ganasxvaveben or tips grZelrqian anu Waobis da moklerqian anu mdinaris kameCs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am or

tips qromosomebis raodenoba gansxva-vebuli aqvT (Sesabamisad, 2n = 48 da 50-s), isini ujvardebian erTmaneTs da gvaZleven nayofier STamomavlobas.

am saxeobis bunebrivi arealia aziis kontinenti, evropis samxreTi da afrikis CrdiloeT nawili. amasTan gvxvdeba rogorc barSi, aseve mTian qveynebSic (mag. nepalSi). importire-bulia CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSi, avstraliaSi, israelSi, germaniaSi da sxva qveynebSi. gamoiyeneba rZis da xor-

cis sawarmoeblad, agreTve rogorc muSa pirutyvi sasoflo-sameurneo da satransporto samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis da

sur. 22. moklerqiani kameCi

41

malaiziis arqipelagis qveynebSi kameCis monawileobiT awyoben sxvadasxva sanaxaobebs da Sejibrebebs.

msoflioSi kameCis suladobam 2005 wlisaTvis 167 mln-s miaRwia. aqedan 98 mln sulamde hyavT indoeTSi, 31 mln egvipteSi, 23 mln CineTSi, 22 mln ki pakistanSi. 1960 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi kameCis suladoba 60 aTas sulze meti iyo, 2005 wlis monacemebiT ki 27 aTass Seadgens.

aziuri kameCis 40- mde jiSia cnobili. yvelaze meti jiSi- 15 hyavT indoeTSi. am qveyanaze modis msoflioSi warmoebuli kameCis rZis 50%. sxvadasxxva jiSebSi laqtaciuri monawveli cvalebadobs 700-dan 2500 kg-mde. amasTan, calkeuli individebi iwvelian 4000-4500 kg rZes. laqtacia, grZeldeba 300-305 dRe, Tumca xSiria Semoklebuli laqtaciis SemTxvevebi.

cxrili 2. kameCis zogierTi jiSis sarZeo produqtiuloba da cocxali masa

jjiiSSii qveyana llaaqqttaacciiuurrii mmoonnaawwvveellii,, kkgg

rrZZeeSSii ccxxiimmiiss %%

ffuurrkkaammeeCCiiss wwoonnaa,, kkgg

mmuurraahhii indoeTi 11880000--22550000 7,3-7,8 443300--446600

nniillii--rraavvii “ – “ 11880000--22000000 66,,55 --77,,33 553300--555500

ssuurrttii “ – “ 11550000--11775500 77,,55--88,,00 338800--444400

mmeehhssaannaa “ – “ 11880000--22000000 77,,00--77,,33 339900--442200

jjaaffaarraabbaaddii “ – “ 22000000--22220000 77,,22--88,,00 550000--660000

““ –– ““ bbrraazziilliiaa 11880000--22220000 77,,55--88,,00 550000--770000

aannaattoolliiiiss TurqeTi 770000--11000000 66,,66--88,,11 330000--335500

bbuullggaarruullii bbuullggaarreeTTii 11660000--11880000 77,,00--77,,55 550000--660000

eeggvvii ppttuurrii eeggvvii ppttee 11220000--22110000 66,,55--77,,00 445500--550000

kkaavvkkaassiiuurrii aazzeerrbbaaiijjaannii 11220000--11330000 66,,66--77,,00 338800--442200

““ –– ““ ssaaqqaarrTTvveelloo 11110000--11550000 77,,33--77,,77 337700--445500

kameCis rZe Seicavs TiTqmis 2-jer met cxims da 30-40%-iT met cilas, vidre Zroxis rZe. amasTan, maT rZeSi qolesterinis raodenoba naklebia, tokoferolis ki meti, vidre sxva saxeobis cxovelebis rZeSi. Tu gaviT-valiswinebT imas, rom tokoferoli aris bunebrivi antioqsidanti, gasa-gebi gaxdeba am produqtis maRali biologiuri Rirebuleba;

garda amisa, kameCis rZe mdidaria kalciumiTa da fosforiT, xolo peroqsidazis aqtivoba masSi 2-4- jer ufro maRalia, vidre Zroxis rZeSi;

am saxeobis cxovelis rZidan amzadeben sayovelTaod cnobil italiur yvels mocarelas. CvenSi didad fasobs kameCis rZidan damza-debuli mawoni, suluguni da naduRi.

kameCi gvianmwifadi cxovelia. rogorc wesi, pirvelad igebs 3,5-4 wlis asakSi. makeobis xangrZlivoba 305-340 dRea. jiSebis umravlesoba Savi ferisaa. amasTan gvxvdeba TeTri, wiTeli da SavWreli jiSebi. maT sxeuli kuTxovani formis da tlanqi aqvT, Tavi mZime, mindao odnav SemaRlebuli, gulmkerdi saSualo siRrmisa da sifarTis, zurgisa da welis xazi odnav Cazneqili, gava mokle da daqanebuli, muceli moculobiani, arc Tu iSviaTad CamoSvebuli, kidurebis dadgma swori,

42

kunTebi sustad ganviTarebuli, Zvlovani sistema msxvili, Cliqebi magari, tyavi sqeli, romelic dafarulia iSviaTi balniT.

am saxeobis cxovelebis moSenebis aucilebeli winapirobaa wylis arseboba. saqme is aris, rom maT saofle jirkvlebi sustad aqvT ganvi-Tarebuli, ris gamo sicxisas is wyalSi CawoliT cdilobs SeinarCunos organizmis normaluri fiziologiuri mdgomareoba.

kameCi 12-15%-iT ufro ukeT inelebs uxeSi sakvebis sayuaTo nivTi-erebebs, vidre Zroxa. is madianad Seeqceva uxeSi saZovris iseT balax-nars, romelsac, rogorc wesi, Cveulebrivi Zroxa ar Wams. misi moSeneba ufro efeqturia mwiri kvebisas, magram swrafad reagirebs kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis pirobebis gaumjobesebaze.

zrdis intensivobiT kameCi CamorCeba Zroxis kulturul jiSebs, magram sjobs primitiul (mag. qarTul) jiSebs. intensiurad kvebisas 16 Tvis asakisaTvis kavkasiuri kameCis qarTuli populaciis xarzaqis coc-xali masa 360-390 kg-s aRwevs. zrdasruli kameCis saklavi gamosavali 48-51%-a, intensiurad gamozrdili zaqis ki 54-55%.

kameCis xorci Seicavs 64-69 % wyals, 19-20 % cilebs, 10-15% cximebs da 0,8-0,9% mineralur marilebs. amasTan, Cveulebriv ZroxasTan Sedare-biT, kameCis tanxorcSi naklebia rbilobis (Wamadi nawilis) raodenoba, simagriT da gemovnebiT ki 2-2,5 wlis asakamde zaqis xorci praqtikulad ar gansxvavdeba imave asakis Zroxis mozardis xorcisagan; aris cnobebi, rom zaqis xorci warsulSi anemiis (sisxlnaklulobis) da leikozis samkurnalod gamoiyeneboda.

Roris jiSebi

inglisuri msxvili TeTri jiSi. universaluri produqtiuli mimar-Tulebisaa. gamoyvanilia me-19 saukuneSi inglisSi, rTuli sa-axaljiSo SejvarebiT, adgilob-rivi gvianmwifadi Roris mal-mwifad CinurTan da mravalna-yofier neapolitanur da portu-galiur jiSebTan SejvarebiT.

cxovelebs sxeuli harmo-niulad ganviTarebuli aqvT, kon-stitucia ki magari. isini kargad eguebian gansxvavebul klimatur pirobebs da malmwifadebi arian. zrdasruli keratebis masa 300-350 kg-s, nezvebis ki 200-250 kg-s Seadgens. nezvebis nayofiereba 10-12 goWi, xolo merZeuloba 70-80 kg-a.

kombinirebuli produqtiuli mimarTulebisaa. gamoiyeneba sabekone, saxorce da saqone suqebisaTvis. intensiuri kvebisas 6 Tvis mozardis masa 100 kg-s aRwevs, xolo 1 kg namatze xarjavs 4 kg sakveb erTeuls.

jiSma udidesi gavlena moaxdina msoflios meRoreobaze, vinaidan misi monawileobiT gamoyvanilia ramodenime aTeuli jiSi. mas aSeneben evropis qveynebSi, CineTSi, koreaSi, iaponiaSi, kanadaSi da axal zelandi-aSi. Semoyvanili iyo saqarTveloSi.

landrasi. sabekone Roris pirveli specializirebuli jiSia. gamoy-vanilia daniaSi adgilobrivi Roris msxvil TeTr jiSTan SejvarebiT da cxoveluri cilebis didi raodenobiT Semcveli ulufebiT kvebis

sur. 23. msxvili TeTri jiSis nezvi

43

pirobebSi. amasTan, xangrZlivi periodis manZilze mimdinareobda cxove-lebis gadarCeva da SerCeva malmwifadobis, saxorce Tvisebebisa da wonamatiT sakvebis anazRaurebis gasaumjobeseblad.

reproduqciuli Tvisebebi ise-Tive maRali aqvs, rogorc msxvil TeTr jiSs, xolo masTan SedarebiT am jiSis Roris tanxorci Seicavs 2-5%- iT met kunTovan qsovils. misi tanxorci garedan dafarulia Seda-rebiT Txeli kanqveSa qoniT.

damaxasiaTebelia wagrZelebu-li, farTo da brtyeli sxeuli, grZeli, Tvalze gadafarebuli yu-rebi, TeTri da Txeli tyavi, aseve TeTri da iSviaTi jagari. keratis

cocxali masa 300 kg-s, nezvebis ki 250 kg-s aRwevs, nayofiereba ki 11 goWia. farTod gamoiyeneba msxvil TeTr da sxva jiSebTan samrewvelo

SejvarebaSi, ra drosac nayofiereba matulobs 5-10%-iT, namatis malmwi-fadoba 5-12 %-iT, xolo cocxali masis yovel 1 kg namatze sakvebis dana-xarji mcirdeba 2-7%-iT.

kaxuri Rori. Camoyalibebulia xalxuri seleqciiT gareuli Roris kavkasiuri formis moSinaurebis safuZvelze. am saxeobis evropuli jiSe-bis msgavsad miekuTvneba mokleyura Roris qvejgufs.

garegnulad is Zalian Camo-gavs gareuli Rors, Seguebulia mTabarobis pirobebs da kargad iTvisebs bunebriv sakveb savar-gulebs. gamomdinare movla-Senaxvis upiratesad eqstensiuri pirobebi-dan, xSir SemTxvevaSi, misi pro-duqtiuloba mWidrodaa dakavSi-rebuli foTlovani tyis nayofebis mosavlianobasTan.

kaxuri RorisaTvis damaxasi-aTebelia uxeSi konstitucia, sxe-uli dafarulia moSao-wablisferi grZeli, xSiri jagriT da mokle TivTikiT. ZiriTadad Savi ferisaa,

gvxvdeba muqi nacrisferi an Ria wiTeli feris erTeuli individebi. damaxasiaTebelia mokle, samkuTxediseburi nafota sxeuli ukeT

ganviTarebuli wina nawiliT. Tavi didi, profili swori, yurebi mokle da dacqvetili, mindao maxvilisebri, zurgi da weli odnav amozneqili, gava sustad ganviTarebuli da daxrili, muceli patara da akruli. nez-vebs umetes SemTxvevaSi aqvs 10 ZuZu. keratebis masa 115-120 kg-a, nezvebis 95-100 kg, sxeulis sigrZe ki, Sesabamisad, 105-110 da 95-100 sm-s Seadgens.

nezvi erT mogebaze igebs 6-7 goWs, romlebic gareuli Roris goWebisEmsgavsad dabadebisas zolianebi arian. nezvis merZeuloba 30-35 kg-iT ganisazRvreba. mTabarobis pirobebSi mozardis saSualo dReRamuri namati 260 grams aRwevs, xolo 1 kg wonamatze xarjavs 8 kg sakveb erTeuls.

kaxeTis mxaris fermerebis da soflad mcxovreblebis mier kaxuri Roris moSenebas ganapirobebs jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zvirfasi

sur. 24. landrasis jiSis nezvi

sur. 25. kaxuri Rori

44

niSan-Tvisebebi, agreTve qveyanaSi safuraJe marcvlis mwvave deficiti da kombinirebuli sakvebis siZvire.

2000 welTan SedarebiT 2008 wlisaTvis kaxeTis mxareSi Roris suladoba 11- jer Semcirda da Seadgina 7,4 aTasi suli. amasTan kaxuri Roris ricxovnobaze da maTSi xalasjiSianebis xvedriT wilze ramde-nadme sarwmuno monacemebi ar aris. aseTi mdgomareoba, metad damafiqre-belia, rameTu arsebobs am jiSis mTlianad dakargvis saSiSroeba.

cxvris jiSebi

cxvris sameurneo klasifikacia efuZneba im ZiriTadi produqciis saxes, xarisxsa da raodenobas, risTvisac aSeneben ama Tu im jiSis cxvrebs. amis gaTvaliswinebiT cxvrebi iyofa Semdeg jgufebad: nazmat-ylovani, naxevrad nazmatylovani, naxevrad uxeSmatylovani da uxeS-matylovani jiSebi. es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv iyofa- samaJdake, saqurqe-sakravelo, saxorce-samatylo da saxorce-samatylo-sarZeve jiSebad.

1997 wels msoflioSi cxvris suladobam Seadgina 1,05 mlrd. suli, aqedan CineTSi hyavdaT 132,7 mln, avstraliaSi 123,3 mln, indoeTSi 56,5 mln, iranSi 52 mln da axal zelandiaSi 47,4 mln suli.

saqarTveloSi 2007 wlisaTvis aRricxulia 624.0 aTasi suli cxvari, xolo yvelaze didi raodenoba- 2-mln- mde hyavdaT iyo 1953-1954 wlebSi.

rambulie – gamoyvanilia XIX saukuneSi safrangeTSi, espaneTidan Seyvanili merinosuli cxvris sxvadasxva jiSebis SejvarebiT. gamosavali formebisagan isini gansxvavdebian ufro didi zomebiT, malmwifadobiT, xSiri da grZeli bewviT. verZebis cocxali masa Seadgens 80-90 kg-s, nerbebis- 50-60 kg-s. verZebis wliuri naparsi- 8-10, nerbebis ki 5-7 kg-a. matyli 6-7sm sigrZis da 64-70 xarisxisaa. misi monawileobiT gamoyvanilia ramodenime jiSi, maT Soris avstraliuri merinosi, askaniuri da kavka-siuri nazmatylovani jiSebi.

avstraliuri merinosi – gamoyvanilia XVII saukuneSi espaneTidan, germaniidan da inglisidan Seyvanili merinosuli cxvrebis SejvarebiT, mogvianebiT ki SejvarebaSi gamoyenebuli iyo franguli rambulies jiSi. gxvdeba ramodenime tipis: tipi “fain”- aqvs 70 da ufro maRali xarisxis matyli, verZebis masa 65-70, nerbebis 35-40 kg; tipi “mediumi”- matyli 64-66 xarisxis, verZebis masa 75-85, nerbebis 40-44 kg; tipi “strongi”- matyli 58-60 xarisxis, verZebis masa 80-95 kg, nerbebis-42-48 kg.

avstraliuri merinosis verZe-bis saSualo naparsi 9-10 kg (maqsi-maluri 20 kg) nerbebis ki 4-5 kg (maqsimaluri 10 kg), matylis sigrZe 7,5-10 sm-s Seadgens.

askaniuri nazmatylovani jiSi gamoyvanilia 1925-34 w.w. ukrainis stepis raionebis mecxoveleobis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi, adgilobrivi nazmatylovani cxvre-bis amerikul rambuliesTan Sejva-rebiT da miRebuli Taobis mizan-mimarTuli gadarCeva-SerCeviT.

kargad egueba mSral kli-mats. verZebis cocxali masa 110-140 kg, nerbebis 60-70 kg, saSualo naparsi

sur. 26. askaniuri nazmatylo-

vani jiSis verZi-mwarmoebeli

45

verZebis- 10-12 kg, nerbebis 5,5-6 kg. am jiSs ekuTvnis msoflio rekordi naparsis mixedviT, romelic Seadgens 30,6 kg-s. matyli 64 xarisxis, sigrZiT ki 7-8 sm- s aRwevs. saukeTeso suladoba hyavT samomSeneblo “askania-nova”-Si (xersonis olqi).

TuSuri cxvari. gamoyvanilia mTabarobis eqstremalur pirobebSi, qarTveli mecxvareebis, usaxelo seleqcionerebis mier saukuneebis man-Zilze ganxorcielebuli mizanmimarTuli gadarCevisa da SerCevis safuZ-velze. jiSis sawyisi forma iyo mWlekudiani Zveli qarTuli cxvari, romelsac saseleqcio muSaobis sxvadasxva etapze ujvarebdnen uxeSmat-ylovan, cximkudian da dumian cxvrebs. dRes arsebuli saxiT TuSuri cxvris gamoyvana daTariRebulia XIII-XIV saukuneebiT.

mTeli wlis manZilze saZovrulma Senaxvam da yovelwliurad sazam-Trodan sazafxulo saZovrebamde da ukan 200-500 km manZilze gadarekvis mZime pirobebma xeli Seuwyo TuSuri cxvris konstituciis gamagrebas da garemo pirobebisadmi tolerantobis gamomuSavebas.

cxovelebs sxeuli harmoniulad aqvT ganviTarebuli, Tavi saSualo zomis, nazi, msubuqi da balniT sakmaod kargad Sebusuli; profili nerbebSi swori, verZebSi odnav kexiani; yurebi saSualo sididis, rqebi verZebSi kargad ganviTarebuli da dagrexili, nerbebSi ki, ZiriTadad, rkalisebri formisaa, sxeuli saSualo sigrZis, zurgisa da welis xazi swori, mkerdi Rrma da sakmaod ganieri, fexebi grZeli da SedarebiT msxvili, Cliqebi magari, gava odnav daqanebuli, romelic mTavrdeba kargad ganviTarebuli cximkudiT. miekuTvneba uxeSmatylovani cxvrebis ji-

Sebs. gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.

zrdasruli verZebis cocxa-li masa 60-70 kg-a. nerbebis ki 35-45 kg. axalSobili batknis masa 2,5-3 kg- is, 3,5-4 Tvis asakSi asxletile-bis ki 12-19 kg-is farglebSi cvale-badobs. Semodgomaze, mTidan gadmo-rekvis win naialaRari batknis coc-xali masa masa 25-35 kg- s aRwevs;

sxva uxeSmatylovani cxvrebis msgavsad, verZebsa da nerbebs par-saven weliwadSi orjer- gazafxul-ze da Semodgomaze, xolo mozards (batkans) Semodgomaze. verZebis wliuri naparsi 4-5 kg-s, nerbebis

2,5-3,5 kg-s, xolo batknis Semodgomis naparsi 0,8-1,2 kg-s aRwevs. uxeSmatylovan jiSebs Soris TuSuri cxvris matyli xarisxiT erT-

erTi saukeTesoa da fraqciuli SedgenilobiTa da sinaziT naxevrad uxeS matyls uaxlovdeba. is ferad TeTria da gamoirCeva simagriT, dreka-dobiT, elastiurobiT da bzinvarebiT (lustrovnobiT). kululis saSu-alo sigrZea 11-16 sm, calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki aRwevs 30 sm-s. TivTikis- sigrZe 6,5-9 sm, gardamavali boWkoebis ki 7,5-10,5 sm-a. saukeTeso teqnolo-giuri Tvisebebis gamo TuSuri cxvris matyli gamoiyeneba rogorc xaliCebis, aseve sxvadasxva qsovilebis dasamzadeblad.

1,5 wlis Wedilebis naklavis gamosavali, maTi nakvebobidan da dakvliswina cocxali masidan gamomdinare, 43-48%-is, zrdasruli cxvre-bis ki 40-47%-is farglebSi cvalebadobs. nerbebis laqtaciis xangr-

sur. 27. TuSuri jiSis verZi-mwarmoebeli

46

Zlivoba 150-170 dRea, sarZeo produqtiuloba ki 45-75 kg-a (rekorduli maCvenebelia 165 kg). rZis umetesi nawili ixarjeba batknis gamosazr-delad, xolo sasaqonlo rZis raodenoba 15-20 kg-a. rZisgan amzadeben gudis yvels.

imeruli cxvari. Zveli kolxuri cxvaris STamomavalia. gavrcelebu-lia imereTSi, agreTve raWa-leCxumsa da zemo svaneTSi.

xasiaTdeba magari konstituciiT da mkvircxli temperamentiT. Tavi saSualo zomis da xmeli, zurgisa da welis xazi swori, kidurebi mokle, dgoma swori, muceli moculobiani da CamoSvebuli, gvxvdeba rogorc rqiani, aseve urqo formebi. suladobis umetesobas kudi mWle aqvs, cal-keul individebSi gvxvdeba cximkudianobis niSnebic, rac TuSur, volo-Sur da yaraCaul cxvrebTan usistemo Sejvarebebis Sedegia.

Tanabrad kargad egueba nestian da mSral havas, agreTve klimaturi pirobebis mkveTr cvalebadobas.

sxva jiSebTan Sedare-biT patara tanisaa. zrdasru-li nerbebis masa 28-32 kg, verZebis ki 35-37 kg-a; calad mogebuli axalSobili batk-nis masa- 1,7-1,9 kg, tyupad an samcalad dabadebulebis ki 0,8-1,4 kg-a.

gamoirCeva malmwifado-biT. eqvsi Tvis asakis deda-li batkanis masa zrdasruli

imeruli cxvris 75%-s aRwevs, e.i. fiziologiurad mowifebulia da SeiZ-leba dagrildes.

saburveli Txeli da nairbewviania. matyli, ZiriTadad TeTri feris da bzinvarea. uxeSi bewvi diametriT gardamavals uaxlovdeba. verZebis wliuri naparsi 2,0 kg, nerbebis- 1,4-1,7 kg, batknis -0,7 kg-a.

cxvris umetesi jiSebisagan gansxvavebiT mas gamravlebis “mkvdari sezoni” ara aqvs. rogorc wesi, weliwadSi doldeba orjer da nerbebis 94% erT mogebaze gvaZlevs or da met batkans.

mravalnayofierebisa da batknebis zrdis maRali potenciis wyalo-biT erTi nerbidan weliwadSi SeiZleba vawarmooT 51 kg-mde xorci (maT Soris 40 kg batknis) da 3,5 kg matyli.

qarTuli nazmatylovani cximkudiani jiSi. gamoyvanilia 1939-1959 w.w. dedofliswyaros raionis meurneoba ”eldarSi” soflis meurneobis mecni-erebaTa kandidatis i. baZoSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, TuSuri jiSis nerbe-bis kavkasiuri nazmatylovani jiSis cxvris verZebTan SejvarebiT da sasurveli tipis najvarebis ”TavisSi” moSenebiT.

jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nazi matylisa da cximkudis Sexameba. jiSis gamoyvanamde zooteqnikur literaturaSi msgavsi faqti ar iyo cnobili, ris gamo es niSan-Tvisebebi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelad iTvle-boda.

kargad egueba mTabarobis eqstremalur pirobebs. verZebis cocxali masa 75-85 kg, nerbebis- 48-50 kg. matylis naparsi 3,3-3,5 kg. matylis sigrZe 7-8 sm, xolo sinaze 60-64 xarisxis.

sur. 28. imeruli cxvris nerbi 5 batkniT

47

dReisaTvis am jiSis 2 aTas sulamde cxvari hyavT sagarejos raionis ”udabno”-s meurneobaSi.

qarTuli naxevrad nazmatylovani cximkudiani jiSi. gamoyvanilia martivi saaxaljiSo SejvarebiT sagarejos raionis ”udabnos” meurne-obaSi, profesor a.natroSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT (1936-1948 w.w.): amisaTvis TuSuri cxvris nerbebi Seujvares saxorce-samatylo mimarTulebis preko-sis jiSis verZebs, miRebuli II-III Taobis najvarebi ki moaSenes ”TavisSi” da maT Seuqmnes gaumjobesebuli kvebis da movla-Senaxvis pirobebi. axal jiSad damtkicda 1948 wels da ewoda qarTuli cxvari.

jiSis standartuli parametrebia:L verZebis cocxali masa 80-85 kg, nerbebis ki 45-50 kg-a, matylis naparsi, Sesabamisad, 4,5-5,0 da 3,5-4,0 kg. matylis sigrZe- 9-12 sm- a, xarisxi- 56 da 50. matyli kargadaa gamoTana-brebuli rogorc kanZis topografiul wertilebze, aseve StapelSi. nerbebis nayofiereba 107-110% merZeuloba ki 90-110 kg- s Seadgens.

sakmaod popularuli iyo. gasuli saukunis 50-an wlebSi gaiyvanes CineTSi, monRoleTSi da sxva qveynebSi. dReisaTvis am jiSis tipiuri sauladoba hyavT sagarejos raionis ”udabnos” meurneobaSi.

Txis jiSebi

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebs Soris Txa adamianma erT-erTi pirve-li moaSinaura. Txis jiSebi produqtiulobis mixedviT iyofa sarZeo, saTivTike-samatylo da saxorce jiSebad.

zaanenuri anu zaanentaluri jiSi. gamoyvanilia SveicariaSi. sarZeo mimar-Tulebisaa. maRali produqtiulobisa da adaptaciis kargi unaris gamo msoflioSi moipova popularoba da iyeneben rogorc xalasad moSenebis gziT, aseve SejvarebaSi, sxva jiSebis gasaumjobeseblad..

malmwifadia, 1 wlis asakSi mozar-di aRwevs srul ganviTarebas. pirvel axurebaSi modis 6-8 Tvis asakSi.

ferad TeTria, rqebi ara aqvs; Tavi mokle; Subli da saxe farTo; yurebi Txeli; mkerdi farTo da moculobiani;

sxeuli grZeli; welisa da zurgis xazi swori; gava ganviTarebuli, odnav daqane-buli; dgoma swori; Cliqebi magari; curi moculobiani, kertebi ganviTarebuli; balani mokle da upiratesad Sedgeba uxeSi boWkoebisagan.

Txis jiSebs Soris erT-erTi yvela-ze didtaniania. vacebis masa 65-70, dedali Txis ki 50-55 kg-s aRwevs. laqtacia grZeldeba 210-300 dRe, monawveli 600-700 kg, kargad kvebisas ki 1000-1200 kg rZea (rekordi- 2235 kg). namatSi tyupianoba aRwevs 80%-s, axalSobili Tikanis masa 3,0-4,5 kg-a.

togenburguli jiSi. sarZeo mimar-

sur. 29. zaanenuri jiSis

dedali Txa

sur. 30. togenburguli

jiSis dedali Txa

48

Tulebisaa. gamoyvanilia Sveicariis dasavleTis maRalmTan zonaSi. zaane-nurTan SedarebiT patara tanisaa, simaRle mindaoSi 70-75 sm, vacis cocxali masa 60-65, dedali Txis ki 45-50- kg-a. laqtaciuri monawveli aRwevs 500-640 kg- s.

angoras Txa. saTivTike mimarTule-bisaa. Txis jiSebs Soris erT-erTi yve-laze patara taniania. vacis cocxali masa 58-65 kg, dedali Txis ki 35-42 kg-a. orive sqesis cxoveli rqiania, aqvs grZeli, dakiduli yurebi, mokle kudi da Taflis-feri Cliqebi. sxeuli mTlianad dafa-rulia 20-25 sm-is sigrZis, nazi, TeTri feris da abreSumis msgavsi lustrovani (bzinvare) bewviT- moheriT. vacebis naparsi Seadgens 5-7, dedali Txis ki- 2,2-4,0 kg-s.

megruli Txa. sarZeo mimarTulebisaa. ferad TeTri, an monacrisfroa. xasiaT-deba magari konstituciiT, wagrZelebuli sxeuliT, farTo mkerdiT da sworad mdgomi kidurebiT. ferad araerTgva-rovania, upitaresad gvxvdeba TeTri feris individebi. cxovelebs rqebi dagrexili aqvT laTinuri aso “S”-is msgavsad.

vacebis cocxali masa 50-55, xolo dedali Txis- 38-45 kg-a, calke-uli egzempliarebis masa aRwevs 60 (♀) - 90 (♂) kg-s. damatebiTi sakvebis gareSe Senaxvisas, laqtaciis 180-240 dReSi iwvelis 300-350 kg rZes. yove-li xuTi dedali Txidan tyups igebs ori.

gavrcelebulia samegreloSi, svaneTSi da afxazeTSi. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, cxvris farebSi, ZiriTadad, gvxvdeba najvari Txa.

sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelTa saxeobebi da jiSebi

sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebi warmodgenilia Semdegi saxeobebiT: qaTami, indauri, bati, ixvi, cicari da mwyeri.

seleqciis donis gaTvaliswinebiT frinvelis jiSebi iyofa kultu-rul, gardamaval da primitiul, produqtiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT ki mekvercxul, saxorce, kombinirebul, dekoratiul da ZiZgila (sabrZolo) jiSebad. amaTgan, mefrinveleobis pro-duqtebis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba aqvT pirveli sams.

mekvercxuli qaTmis jiSebi da krosebi: leghorni. am jiSma Tavisi saxeli miiRo warmoSobis adgilidan, italiis qalaq livornodan, saidanac 1837 wlidan is Seiyvanes aSS-Si. espanur, ZiZgila, dekoratiul da TeTr minorkasTan misi SejvarebiT da mizan-mimarTuli saseleqcio muSaobiT Camo-yalibda mekvercxuli mimarTulebis maRalproduqtiul jiSad.

ZiriTadi feria TeTri. gvxvdeba wiTeli, Calisferi da sxva feris leg-hornis jiSis qaTmebi.

sur. 32. lehornis jiSis

qaTmebi

sur. 31. angoras jiSis

Txis verZi-mwarmoebeli

49

dedlebis cocxali masa 1,7-2,0 kg-a, mamlebis- 2,3-2,6 kg. sqesobriv simwifes aRweven 150-165 dRis asakSi, kvercxmdebloba 220-250 cali, kver-cxis masa 60 g. lehornis jiSis monawileobiT gamoyvanilia TiTqmis yve-la maRalproduqtiuli mekvercxuli mimarTulebis krosi.

Tanamedrove etapze mekvercxul mefrinveleobaSi, ZiriTadad, aSene-ben ori tipis kross. maTgan erTi miRebulia legornis jiSidan da deben TeTrnaWuWian kvercxs. kvercxmdebloba Seadgens 320-330- s, kvercxis masa, 60-65 g-a, gamoCekvis unari 87%, wiwilis SenarCuneba ki 95%-s aRwevs.

meore krosi miRebulia rod-ailandisa da niu-hempSiris jiSebis monawileobiT. isini deben yavisfernaWuWian kvercxs. amasTan, maTi mekver-cxuloba 8-12 caliT naklebia TeTrnaWuWian krosebTan SedarebiT, magram cocxali masiT da kvercxis masiT sjobnian lehornis jiSis monawi-leobiT miRebul krosebs 0,6 kg-iT da 2-5 g- iT, Sesabamisad.

produqtiulobiT aseve gamoirCevian mekvercxuli krosebi „ross“, „arbor eikris“, „loman indian river“, „loman brauni“ da sxva, romelTa kvercxmdebloba weliwadSi 300 calze metia.

mexorculi jiSebi da krosebi: korniSi. gamoyvanilia inglisSi, kornu-elis sagrafoSi, inglisuri Zveli tipis ZiZgila malais da ZiZgila azilis jiSe-bis SejvarebiT. ZiriTadad gavrcele-bulia TeTri feris korniSi.

zrdasruli dedlebis masa 3,0-3,5 kg, mamlebis ki 4,5-5,0 kg-a. kvercxis debas iwyeben 180-185 dRis asakSi, weliwadSi iZlevian 110-130 cal feradnaWuWian kver-cxs, romlis saSualo masa 58-60 g-a.

wiwila xasiaTdeba zrdis maRali unariT. 1, 2, 3 da 5 Tvis asakSi maTi saSualo cocxali masa, Sesabamisad, aRwevs 0,5-0,6; 1,3-1,4; 2,0-2,8 da 3,0-3,1 kg-s.

plimutroki. gamoyvanilia gasuli saukunis 80-an wlebSi qalaq plimutSi (aSS), espanuri mamlebis SejvarebiT koxinxinis, dorkingis da iavis qaTmebTan. dedlebis masa 2,8 kg, mamlebis ki 3,9 kg-a. iZleva Ria yavisfer naWuWian kvercxs, saSualo kvercxmdebloba 160-170 calia, kvercxis masa ki 56-60 g-s Seadgens. feris mixedviT ansxvaveben

ramodenime tips, romelTa Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia TeTri feris plimutroki.

korniSisa da plimutrokis jiSebs samrewvelo miznebisaTvis xalasad ar iyeneben. broilerebis warmoebaSi dediseul formad far-Tod gamoiyeneba plimutrokis jiSi. sayovelTaod cnobilia saxorce hib-ridebi (broileri), kob-500, kob-700, ABCD da sxv. am ukanasknelis coc-xali masa 40-45 dRis asakSi 1,8-2,0 kg-s aRwevs, xolo 1 kg namatze

sur. 33. korniSis jiSis

qaTmebi

sur. 34. plimutrokis jiSis

qaTmebi

50

xarjavs 1,6-1,7 kg sakveb erTeuls. qaTmis kombinirebuli jiSebi. rod-ailendi. gamoyvanilia XIX s-is

Sua wlebSi, aSS-is rodailendis StatSi, adgilobrivi qaTmebis Sanxais Calisferi, malais muqi wiTeli feris da nacrisfer legornis jiSTan SejvarebiT. ferad wiTelia. kudis, frTisa da fafris bolo Savi bum-buliT aris dafaruli. zrdasruli dedlis masa 2,7-3,0 kg-a, mamlis- 3,5-4,8 kg. kvercxis debas iwyebs 170-180 dRi-dan, weliwadSi gvaZlevs 160 cal kvercxs, romlis saSualo masa 60 g-a.

niu-hempSiri. gamoyvanilia aSS-is niu-hempSiris StatSi rod-ailendis jiSis bazaze. dedlebis masa 2,3 kg, mamlebis ki 3,2 kg-s Seadgens. kvercx-mdebloba 180-200 calia, kvercxis masa ki 58-60 g.

avstralopi. gamoyvanilia avstraliaSi. ferad Savia, dedlebis masa 2,5-2,7 kg-s, mamlebis ki 3,0 kg-s Seadgens. weliwadSi debs 170-180 kvercxs, romlis saSualo masa 58-62 g-a. Tavis samSobloSi es jiSi, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba sakvercxe mimarTulebis hibridebis misaRebad.

suseqsi. gamoyvanilia inglisSi, susek-sis sagrafoSi adgilobrivi qaTmebTan dor-kingis, korniSis, TeTri koxinxinis, orping-tonis da Ria feris bramas jiSebis monawi-leobiT. bumbuli moTeTro-movercxlisfroa, fafarze aqvs TeTri da Savi zolebi, kudis bumbuli, agreTve safreni bumbulis SigniTa mxare Savi ferisaa.

dedlebis cocxali masa 2,5-2,7 kg-a, mam-lebis ki- 3,3-3,6 kg. kvercxmdebloba 160-170 cali, kvercxis masa ki 56-58 g-s Seadgens. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba saxorce mimarTulebis hibridebis misaRebad.

qaTmis adgilobrivi jiSebi. warmodgenilia 5 nairsaxeobiT: Calis-feri, megrula (winwklebiani), Savi, nacara da yeltitvela. yvela isini kombinirebuli mimarTulebisani arian. kvercxdebas iwyeben 160_170 dRis asakidan, xolo piki aRiniSnebaT 8_9 Tvis asakSi. amasTan, kvercxdebis SedarebiT gamoTanabreba SeimCneva zafxulis TveebSi, rac adasturebs maT tolerantobas sicxisadmi. yvelaze maRali kvercxmdebloba axasiaTebs megrula qaTams (150_160 cali). kvebis da movlis pirobebis gaumjobe-sebisas ki adgilobrivi qaTmebi kvercxmdeblobas 170-175 calamde zrdian.

Calisferi, megrula, Savi da nacara qaTmebis zrdasruli dedlebis masa 2,0-2,3 kg, mamlebis ki 3,0-3,3 kg-a. kvercxis saSualo masa kvercxdebis dasawyisSi 49,5 g, 10 Tvis asakSi- 54 g, 13 Tvis asakidan ki- 58,4 g-a.

yeltitvela qaTmebi ramdenadme ufro didi cocxali masiT gamoirCevian (♀=2,3-2,7 kg, ♂=3,3-3,7 kg). kvercxdebis dasawyisSi maTi kver-cxis saSualo masa 50,7 g, 10 Tvis asakSi 55,5 g, 14 Tvis asakidan ki 59,7 g-

sur. 36. suseqsis jiSis qaTmebi

sur, 35. rod-ailendis jiSis

qaTmebi

51

sur. 38. Savi qaTami sur. 37. yeltitvela qaTami

a. sainkubacio kvercxis gamosavlianoba aRwevs 89,5%-s, gamoCekvis procen-ti ki saSualod 86,8%-ia.

Calisferi, megrula, Savi da nacara qaTmebis zrdasruli dedlebis masa 2,0-2,3 kg, mamlebis ki 3,0-3,3 kg-a. kvercxis saSualo masa kvercxdebis dasawyisSi 49,5 g, 10 Tvis asakSi 54 g, 13 Tvis asakidan ki 58,4 gramia.

mekvercxuli mimarTulebis kulturul jiSebTan SedarebiT, adgi-lobrivi qaTmebi ukeTesi mexorculobiT xasiaTdebian.. maTi mTavari Rir-seba ki is aris, rom xasiaTdebian maRali cxovelmyofelobiT, rac vlin-deba maT rezistentobaSi iseTi infeqciuri daavadebebisadmi, rogorebicaa Wiri, leikozi, mareki.

dadgenilia, rom 12 Tviani eqspluataciisas (5_dan 17 Tvis asakamde) adgilobrivi qaTmebis wundebis da sikvdilianobis done saSualod 16,5 % iyo, maSin, rodesac es maCveneblebi leghornis jiSis “krosi 288”- Si 25 %, “xaiseqs braunSi” 27 %, “loman braunSi” ki 26-27 %- s miaRwia.

adgilobrivi qaTmebis es Rirebuli Tviseba ufro metad warmoaCens fermerul (glexur) meurneobaSi maTi gamoyenebis efeqturobas.

indauris jiSebi. indauri moSinaurebulia CrdiloeT amerikaSi. sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro metad gavrcelebulia TeTri farTomkerda da brinjaosferi farTomkerda jiSebi.

TeTeri farTomkerda jiSi gamoyvanilia indauris holandiuri da inglisuri jiSebis SejvarebiT.

dedlebis cocxali masa 7,5-8,0 kg, mamlebis 13,0-14,0 kg-a. kvercxmdebloba 80-90 cali, gamoCekis xvedriTi wili ki Cawyobili kvercxis 60-75%-s Seadgens.

xasiaTdeba kargi saxorce Tvisebe-biT. naklavis gamosavlianoba Seadgens 84%- s.

bolo periodSi farTod gavrcel-da indauris sami da oTxxaziani krosebi. magaliTad inglisurma firmam “river-reit”-ma gamoiyvana msubuqi- 639, saSu-alo-630 da mZime-350 krosebi.

amaTgan: 1. msubuqi krosi gaTvalis-winebulia 12 kviris asakamde saxorced

gamosazrdelad, ra drosac misi cocxali masa aRwevs 2,5 kg-s. 2. saSu-

sur. 39. TeTri farTomkerda indauri

52

alo krosis gamozrdas esaWiroeba 13-18 kvira, xolo periodis bolosaT-vis dedlebis masa aRwevs 3,6-4,5 kg-s, mamlebis ki 4,5-6,4 kg-s; 3. mZime krosidan dasaklavad vargisi indauris misaRebad saWiroa 18-25 kviramde periodi, ra drosac isini aRweven 7 (♀)-10 (♂) kg-s.

adgilobrivi indauri. saqarTveloSi indauri SemouyvaniaT XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi. arsebuli monacemebiT dRes CvenSi gavrcelebulia sxvadasxva feris indauri- Savi, ruxi, Wreli, Calisferi, nacrisferi, yavisferi da brinjaos elferis. yvela es nairsaxeobebi, SedarebiT dabalproduqtiulia, magram advilad egueba adgilobriv pirobebs, amta-nia, kargad iyenebs bunebriv sakveb saSualebebsa da xasiaTdeba gasuqebis kargi unariT. dedali adgilobrivi indauris cocxali masa 2,8-3,5 kg-a, xolo mamalis- 5,0-6,5 kg. kvercxmdebloba 60-100 calamdea, kvercxis masa ki 75-80 g-s Seadgens.

batis jiSebi. batis yvela jiSi saxorce tipisaa. mZime jiSebs ekuT-vnis msxvili nacara, emdenis, tuluzuri da xolmogoruli, msubuq tips ki Cinuri, romenuli da sxvadasxva lokaluri mniSvnelobis jiSebi.

nacara msxvili bati gamoyvanilia tuluzuri batis romenulTan Sejvarebis gziT. mamlebis cocxali masa 6-7 kg, dedlebis- 5,8-6,5 kg-a. kvercxmdebloba Seadgens 35-40 cals, xolo kvercxis saSu-alo masa 175 g-a. mozardi xasiaTdeba suqe-bis kargi unariT da 60ºdRis asakSi aRwevs 4,0-4,5 kg-s.

emdenis jiSi gamoyvanilia germaniaSi, q. emdenis gareubanSi. ferad TeTria, mamle-bis masa 10 kg, dedlebis 8 kg, saSualo kvercxmdebloba ki 25-35 calia. mozardi 60 dRis asakSi aRwevs 3,8 kg cocxal masas.

tuluzuri bati. gamoyvanilia safran-geTSi (q. tuluza) nacara batis moSina-

urebiT da maTi movla-Senaxvisa da kvebis karg pirobebSi moSenebiT. ferad muqi nacrisferia, mamlebis masa 7-10 kg-s, dedlebis- 6-8 kg-s Seadgens. saSualo kvercxmdebloba 30-40 calia, kvercxis masa 170-200 g, gamoCekvis % 60- a, SenarCunebis ki- 92%.

Tavis samSobloSi es jiSi farTod gamoiyeneba msxvili RviZlis misaRebad.

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli bati, ZiriTadad sami ferisaa- TeTri, nacrisferi da Wreli. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli batis dedlebis masa 3.8-4.1 kg, dasavleTSi ki-3,3-3,7 kg-a. kvercxis debas iwyeben 10-12 Tvis asakSi, deben 16-25 cal kvercxs, romlis saSualo masa 160-170 g-a. sakmaod adreulia, 5-6 Tvis asakis WuWulis cocxali masa zrdasrulis batis masas utoldeba.

ixvis jiSebi. ixvis ramodenime aTeuli jiSia cnobili. maTi saxe-lebi, ZiriTadad gamoyvanis qveynis/adgilis saxelidan gamomdinareoben. sameurneo Tvisebebis mixedviT isini iyofa saxorce, saxorce-mekvercxuli da mekvercxul jiSebad. gamoyvanilia ixvis dekoratiuli jiSebi- nagala, xuWuWa bumbliani da sxv.

pekinuri ixvi. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da popularuli jiSia. gamoyvanilia CineTSi, saidanac XIX saukuneSi gaiyvanes aSS-Si, aqedan ki, mogvianebiT, evropaSi.

sur. 40. nacara msxvili

bati

53

frinveli TeTri ferisaa, niskarti ki moyviTalo-narinjisferia. zrdasruli mamali ixvis cocxali masa 3,5-4,0 kg, dedalis ki- 3,0-3,6 kg-a. erT ciklze saSualod debs 100-140, rekordistebi ki 200 cal kvercxs. kvercxis saSualo masa 85 g-a. WuWuli xasiaTdeba zrdis sakmaod maRali intensivobiT: 50-55 dRis asakSi is aRwevs 3-3,5 kg-s.

pekinuri ixvs, upiratesoba eni-Weba xorcis samrewvelo warmoebisas. amJamad am jiSis ixvis bazaze gamoy-vanilia krosebi, romlebic xasiaTde-bian maRali kvercxmdeblobiT, suqe-bis unariTa da kargi saxorce pro-duqtiulobiT. am mxriv, sayovelTaod aris cnobili inglisuri firmis “Cerri-velli”-s krosi X-II.

TeTri moskovuri jiSi. gamoy-vanilia pekinuri ixvis SejvarebiT xaki-kembelis jiSTan. garegnulad is waagavs pekinur ixvs. zrdasruli

mamlebis cocxali masa 4,0-4,2 kg, dedlebis ki- 3,0-3,4 kg-a. wliuri kvercxmdebloba Seadgens 110-130 cals.

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli adgilobrivi ixvi SedarebiT dabal-produqtiulia. dedlebis cocxali masa 1,5-1,8 kg-a. isini saSualod deben 50-60 kvercxs.

muSkiani ixvi. miekuTvneba gareuli ixvis nairsaxeobas. warmoSobis adgilad miCneulia samxreT-amerika. evropaSi Semoyvanilia XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi espaneli mezRvaurebis mier. garegnulad gansxvavdeba Cve-ulebrivi ixvisagan: sxeulis gansxvavebul formebTan erTad niskartisa

da Tvalis irgvliv maT wiTeli Seferilobis wanazardi aqvT.

ZiriTadad gvxvdeba Savi, TeTri, Savi-TeTri frTebiT, cisferi-TeTri frTebiT da mocisfro-moTeTro Seferilobis. amasTan, iSvi-aTia erTgvarovani feris bumbulis mqone indi-videbi.

mamlebis cocxali masa 4,3-6,2 kg, ded-lebis- 2,5-3,5 kg-a. kvercxis debas iwyebs 6-8 Tvis asakSi. kvercxdebis pirveli cikli grZeldeba 5-6 Tve, Semdeg ki iwyeba ganguri. meore cikli grZeldeba sami Tve. weliwadSi debs 140 calamde, 70-100 g masis kvercxs. inkubaciis xangrZlivoba 34-37 dRe.

adre mas aSeneben rogorc dekoratiul-egzotikuri frinvels. amasTan, muSkian ixvs aqvs garkveuli sameurneo mniSvneloba. misi xorci nazi, naklebad cximiani da dieturia, qimiuri

SedgenilobiT ar Camouvardeba wiwila-broileris xorcs, xolo RviZli sagemovno TvisebebiT utoldeba batis RviZls.

naklovani mxareebidan miuTiTeben dabali aRwarmoebis unars- xelov-nurad inkubaciisas WuWulis gamosavali 55-60%- is tolia. amis gamo muS-kian ixvs ajvareben pekinuri da xaki-kempbelis jiSebTan. hibridebs uwo-deben mulardebs.

sur. 41. pekinuri ixvi

sur. 42. muSkiani ixvi

54

muSkiani ixvis upiratesoba gamoixateba gamZleobaSi, rigi daavade-bisadmi rezistentobaSi, gansxvavebuli klimatisadmi Semgueblobasa da malmwifadobaSi; amasTan maTi moSeneba SeiZleba iq, sadac wyalsacavi, mdinare an wylis sxva wyaro ar aris.

cicris jiSebi. cicris samSobloa afrika. is siTbos moyvarulia da upiratesad aSeneben rogorc dekoratiul frinvels. kvercxi dafaru-lia metad magari naWuWiT da +4...+6°С temperaturaze inaxeba 90 dRis ganmav-lobaSi. amasTan, cicris kvercxi Seicavs 1,5-3- jer met vitamins, vidre qaTmis kvercxi.

nacara-moyavisfro cicari yvela-ze gavrcelebuli jiSia. zrdasrul asakSi mamali cicris cocxali masa 1,8-1,85 kg, xolo dedlis- 1,65-1,70 kg-a. wli-uri kvercxmdebloba 80-100 calia, kver-cxis saSualo masa ki Seadgens 45-46 g-s.

cicris kvercxis inkubacia grZel-deba 26 dRe, gamoCekvis maCvenebli ki sakmaod dabalia (50-60%). Wukis masa 12 kviris asakSi aRwevs 1,0-1,1 kg-s.

jiSis uaryofiTi Tviseba is aris, rom kani nacrisfrad aris pigmentirebuli, rac naklavs aZlevs arasasi-amovno Sesaxedaobas.

TeTri cicari. bumbuli TeTri ferisaa, terfi da niskarti ki vardisferia. zrdasruli mamlebis cocxali masa 1,9-2,0 kg, dedlebis ki- 1,6-1,7 kg-a. erTi ciklis manZilze deben 120-130 cal kvercxs, romlis saSualo masa 43-44 g-s Seadgens. gamoCekvis da SenarCunebis procenti sakmaod maRali aqvs (Sesabamisad, 79-86 da 91-93%).

mwyris jiSebi. mwyeri zoologiuri klasifikaciiT ekuTvnis qaTmisebrTa rigs. moSinaurebulia CineTSi IX da iaponiaSi XI-XII sauku-neebSi. amJamad Sinauri mwyris ramodenime aTeuli nairsaxeobaa cnobili. amerikuli katalogis mixedviT ganasxvaveben 44 nairsaxeobas. saqarT-velosa da evropis qveynebSi gavrcelebulia ramodenime jiSuri jgufi, romlebic miRebulia iaponuri mwyrisagan. maT Sorisaa: iaponuri, marma-rilosebri, inglisuri Savi da TeTri, “faraoni”, estonuri da sxv.

am frinveliT daintereseba gamowveulia misi kvercxisa da xorcis gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT. aRmosavleTis medicinaSi, agreTve Zvel egvipteSi am produqtebs iyenebdnen samkurnalod. dReisaTvis iaponiaSi asTmis samkurnalod yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad iTvleba mwyris umi kvercxisa da forToxlis wvenis narevi. zogierTi monacemiT mwyris

kvercxs axasiaTebs antibaqteriuli, imunomamodulirebeli da antisim-sivnuri Tviseba (www.goodsmatrix.ru).

mamlebis cocxali masa 115-200 g, dedlebis ki- 140-210 g-a. kvercxde-bas iwyebs 40-60 dRis asakSi. weliwadSi iZleva 220-300 cal kvercxs. 1 cali kvercxi saSualod iwonis 9-18 g-s. masSi cilisa da yviTris, agreTve kalciumis, kaliumis, A, B1 da B6 vitaminebis Semcveloba metia, vidre qaTmis kvercxSi. kvercxis sainkubacio periodi Seadgens 17 dRes.

sur. 43. nacara-moyavisfro cicari

55

cxenis jiSebi arabuli cxeni. sajdomi jiSis cxenia. gamoyvanilia beduinebis mier

arabeTis naxevarkunZulis oazisebSi cxeli klimatisa da zRvis donidan 500-1000 m-is simaRleze mdebare qviani udabnos zegnebze Senaxvis pirobebSi.

damaxasiaTebelia patara da mSrali Tavi, farTo SubliT, Cazneqili profiliT da metyveli TvalebiT; kiseri moZravi; fafari xSiri; mindao

grZeli; weli mokle; gava daqa-nebuli; kidurebi grZeli; myesebi gamoxatuli; saxsrebi sakmarisad sqeli; Cliqebi magari. kani muqad pigmentirebulia. ZiriTadi fere-bia lurja, qurana da wabla.

ulayebisa da faSatebSi min-daoSi simaRle, Sesabamisad, aRwevs 150-155 da 148-153 sm-s, gulmkerdis irgvliva 175-180 da 170-175 sm-s, xolo nebis irgvliva 19-21 da 17,5-18,5 sm-s.

cxeni damyolia, advilad ixedneba, marTvadi da uSiSaria. Seguebulia cxel klimats.

arabuli cxeni, CamorCeba ra siswrafeSi zogierT jiSebs, grZel manZilze rbolisas inarCunebs Zalebs da finiSze sxvebze mxned gamoiyureba. misi sisxli dRes arsebul TiTqmis yvela jiSSi aris Sereuli.

wmindasisxliani sajdomi cxeni. gamoyvanilia inglisSi XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, adgilobriv faSatebTan aRmosavluri warmoSobis (arabuli,

berberuli, da Turquli) ulayebis SejvarebiT. yvela jiSze ufro swrafi da Zlieria. sxeulis age-buleba proporciuli, Wakebis simaRle mindaoSi 160 sm, gul-mkerdis irgvliva 184 sm, nebis irg-vliva ki 19,5 sm-a.

maT Tavi SedarebiT patara, Tvalebi didi, yurebiT ki moZravi aqvT. kiseri grZeli, mkerdi Rrma, sxeulis sigrZe, rogorc wesi, mindaoSi simaRlis tolia; kidure-bi mSrali, mkveTrad gamoxatuli myesebiT; ZiriTadi feria qurana, wabla, yorana da Tafla.

wmindasisxlian jiSs axasi-aTebs mkvircxli da energiuli, zogjer Warbad aRgznebuli tempe-

ramenti. es cxeni 1 km manZils erT wuTze ufro nakleb droSi faravs. gamoyenebuli iyo amerikuli da rusuli CorTmavali cxenis jiSebis gamoyvanisas. sanaSene wigni daarsda 1793 wels.

TuSuri cxeni. gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. mimarTu-leba sajdom-sasapalnea. xasiaTdeba kompaqturi agebulebiT, konstitucia

sur. 44. arabuli cxeni

sur. 45. wmindasisxliani inglisuri jiSi

56

sur. 46 kaliforniuli jiSis bocveri

mSrali; Tavi msubuqi da mSrali; profili swori; Subli farTo; yurebi saSualo zomis da moZravi; kiseri saSualo sigrZis; gulmkerdi Rrma da saSualo siganis; gava odnav daqanebuli; kidurebi xmeli, kargad gamok-veTili myesebiT; qoCoris, fafris da kudis Semosileba saSualo; ZiriTa-di feria qurana (45%), gvxvdeba Tafla (20%) da lurja (14%). cxenebis umetesoba uniSnoa.

sxeulis ganazomebi aseTia: simaRle mindaoSi 135-140 sm, tanis iribi sigrZe 140-148 sm, gulmkerdis irgvliva 158-165 sm-mde, nebis irgvliva ki 17-18 sm-a. keTilzniania da axasiaTebT mSvidi temperamenti, amtania da aqvs mTaSi orientaciis kargi unari.

megruli cxeni. Zveli kolxuri cxenis STamomavalia. mimarTuleba sajdom-sasapalnea, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo da satrans-porto samuSaoebSic. kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli cxenis jiSebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze patara taniania: simaRle mindaoSi 129-135 sm, tanis iribi sigrZe 128-138 sm, gulmkerdis irgvliva 149-152 sm, nebis irgvliva 16,5-17 sm.

eqsterieri ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSnebia: Tavi sajdomi cxene-bisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis, saSualo zomis da swori yurebiT; qoCo-ri, kudi da fafari saSualod Semosili; kiseri saSualo sigrZis, arc Tu iSviaTad mokle; zurgi saSualo sigrZis, swori da farTo; gava iSvi-aTad daqanebuli; wina kidurebis dadgma swori; zogierT individSi aRi-niSneba ukana kidurebis xmlisebri dgoma; kunTebi kargad ganviTarebuli, ZiriTadi feria wabla an qurana (70%). xasiaTdeba mSvidi temperamentiT.

javaxuri Sesabmeli cxeni. najvari warmoSobisaa. misi formireba dakavSirebulia XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi ruseTidan javaxeTis zeganze seqtant-duxaburebis gadmosaxlebasTan. maT Tan Camoiyvanes Sesabmeli cxeni, romlis gasaumjobeseblad iyenebdnen ardenis, brabansonis da per-Seronis jiSis ulayebs.

ganasxvaveben mZime, saSualo da msubuq Sesabmel tips. simaRle min-daoSi 140-150 sm, tanis iribi sigrZe 150-155 sm, gulmkerdis irgvliva 168-180 sm, nebis irgvliva 20-22 sm.

mas aqvs msubuqi nabiji da kargi CorTiT svla. xasiaTdeba energi-uli temperamentiT. amasTan, Tvinieri da muSaobaSi gamZlea. ZiriTadad gvxvdeba yorana da lurja Seferilobis.

bocvris jiSebi bocvris jiSebs yofen sxeulis

zomis, balnis sigrZis da produq-tiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT. Ziri-Tadi produqtiulobis anu moSenebis miznidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben: satyavbewve, saxorce, saxorce-satyav-bewve da dekoratiul jiSebs. Tavis mxriv, satyavbewve jiSebs yofen mokle da grZelbewvian jgufebad.

kaliforniuli jiSi. saxorce-satyavbewve produqtiuli mimarTule-bisaa. gamoyvanilia aSS-Si, axalze-landiuri TeTri, rusuli yaryumis da msxvili SinSilas rTuli saaxal-jiSe SejvarebiT. balani sxeulze TeTria, yuris niJarebi, drunCi da

57

kidurebis boloebi ki muqadaa pigmentirebuli. agebuleba kompaqturi, sxeuli ki cilindruli formis aqvT. mkerdi Rrma da ganieria, kidurebi msxvili, balani ki xSiri da drekadia.

zrdasrulebis cocxali masa 3,5-4,5 kg (5 kg-mde), adreul asakSi xasiaTdeba zrdis didi siswrafiT da kargi saxorce TvisebebiT. maRali intensiobiT kvebisas 3 Tvis asakisaTvis baWiebi aRweven 2,7 kg-s.

dedali kurdReli erT dayraze gvaZlevs 6-8 baWias, romelTa saSualo cocxali masa dabadebisas 45 g-a.

specialistebis gvTavazoben es jiSi gamoviyenoT broileri-mozar-dis misaRebad da 60-65 dRis asakamde maTi wovebiT gamozrdas.

TeTri goliaTi. saxorce-satyavbewve jiSia. gamoyvanilia fland-ruli jiSidan. xasiaTdeba nazi da magari konstituciiT. sxeuli mogrZoa, mkerdi Rrma, zurgi swori da ramdenadme mokle, kidurebi grZeli, dgoma farTo. ferad TeTria, Tvalebi ki sisxlisferi wiTeli aqvs. zrdasruli dedlis cocxali masa 5,0-5,5 kg-a, romelic erT dayraze gvaZlevs 6-7 baWias. maTi saSualo cocxali masa dabadebisas 90 g- a, ori Tvis asa-kisaTvis ki aRweven 1,5 kg-s. dakvlisas gvaZlevs sakmaod farTo da maRa-li xarisxis saqurqe tyavs.

angoras saTivTike. erT-erTi uZvelesi jiSia. farTod aris gavrce-lebuli dasavleT evropis qveynebSi. gvxvdeba sxvadasxva feris- cisferi, TeTri, Savi da nacrisferi.

zrdasruli dedali bocveris cocxali masa 2,5-4 kg, 4 Tvis asakis mozardis 1,7 kg, 6 Tvis asakisas ki 2,0 kg-a. sxeuli dafarulia nazi, fafuki da 15-22 sm sigrZis sqeli safariT, romelSic boWkoebis 90-92% TivTikia. 1 suli zrdasruli bocvridan TivTikis saSualo wliuri gamo-savali Seadgens 150-500 g-s, maqsimaluri ki 1,5 kg-s.


1. ra aris jiSi? 2. rogoria jiSis struqtura? 3. romeli monaTesave jgufebisagan Sedgeba Zroxis sarZeo produqti-

ulobis jiSebi? 4. ra jgufebad iyofa saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebi? 5. ra ZiriTadi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebian Zroxis adgilobrivi

jiSebi? 6. sad aris moSinaurebuli kameCi da ra biologiuri Taviseburebe-

biT xasiaTdeba is? 7. sad Camoyalibda da ra sameurneo-biologiuri TaviseburebebiT

xasiaTdeba Roris msxvili TeTri jiSi? 8. Roris kulturul jiSebTan SedarebiT ra upiratesoba aqvs kaxur

Rors momTabare pirobebSi Senaxvisas? 9. sameurneo klasifikaciis mixedviT ramden jgufad iyofa cxvris

jiSebi? 10. ra sameurneo-biologiuri maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba imeruli cxvari? 11. seleqciis donisa da produqtiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT romel

jgufebad iyofa frinvelis jiSebi? 12. qaTmis adgilobrivi jiSebi romeli nairsaxeobebisagan Sedgebian da

ra produqtiulobiT xasiaTdebian isini? 13. romeli saxeobebis Sedian sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis jgufSi? 14. sad da ra pirobebSi aris gamoyvanili arabuli cxeni da ra maCveneb-

lebiT xasiaTdeba is?

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literatura: 1. n. gociriZe. rZisa da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia. Tbili-

si, 1997; 2. n. gociriZe, g. dalaqiSvili, l. TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZv-

lebi. Tbilisi, 2002; 3. j. guguSvili. mebocvreoba, Tbilisi, 2003; 4. g. dalaqiSvili. rogor movaSenoT kameCi. Tbilisi, 2001; 5. T. paikiZe, mecxvareoba. Tbilisi, 2006; 6. k.nacvalaZe, r.nozaZe- egzotikuri frinvelebis moSeneba. Tbilisi,

“universali”, 2009; 7. r. nozaZe, m. xuciSvili, v. zavraSvili mefrinveleobis produqtebis

warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2007; 8. v. RliRvaSvili- saqarTvelos meTxeoba. 1997; 9. v. RliRvaSvili- meTxeobis dargis ganviTareba da produqciis war-

moeba fermerul meurneobaSi. Tbilisi, 1999; 10. i.SubiTiZe- rZisa da xorcis warmoebis teqnologia (praqtikuli

rCevebi). Tbilisi, 2008. 11. Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University. Encyclopedia of individual breeds of

cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, and other species. http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds; 12. List of cattle breeds - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. www.en.wikipedia.org; 13. (www.fermer.ru) (www.zooclub.ru) (www.agro-eco.ru) (www.allgoats.com)

(www.thecattlesite.com/breeds) (www.krolikoman.ru) (www.ru.wikipedia.org) (www.media-2.web.britannica.com);

Tavi 4. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sakvebi da normirebuli kvebis safuZvlebi

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis margi mwarmoeb-luroba uSualod dakavSirebulia maT mier miRebuli sakvebis saxesTan, raodenobasa da xarisxTan. saqme is aris, rom sakvebi Seicavs cilebs, cximebs, naxSirwylebs, mineralur nivTierebebs, vitaminebs da sxva biologiurad aqtiur naerTebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen cocxal orga-nizmSi sasicocxlo procesebis normalurad warmarTvas da gamravlebis funqciis Sesrulebas. sakvebi, aseve, warmoadgens rZis, xorcis, kvercxis da matylis warmosaqmnelad aucilebeli substratebis wyaros.

sakvebsa da kvebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelTa janmrTe-lobis SenarCunebis saqmeSic: veterinati eqimebis monacemebiT mecxove-leobis fermebSi aRricxuli daavadebebis 50% aris alimentaruli xasi-aTis, xolo aragadamdebi daavadebebis 92% dakavSirebulia sakvebis xarisxTan da kvebasTan. esec rom ar iyos, ukmarisi kvebis pirobebSi, an kidev ulufaSi romelime sayuaTo nivTierebis deficitisas, cxovelis sustdeba, rac iwvevs sxvadasxva daavadebebisadmi maTi organizmis rezis-tentobis unaris daqveiTebas.

mniSvnelovania kvebis roli sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ekono-mikurobis TvalsazrisiTac, vinaidan mecxoveleobis produqtebis TviTRi-rebulebis 60-75% modis sakvebze.

kvebis intensifikaciis mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom cxo-velis produqtiulobis gadidebas mosdevs erTeul produqciaze sakvebis danaxarjis Semcireba. ase, magaliTad:

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1. 2000 kg wveladobis furi 1 kg rZis warmoebaze xarjavs 1,3-1,4 sakveb erTeuls, maSin, rodesac imave jiSisa da cocxali masis, magram 4000 kg mewveli furi- 1 sakveb erTeuls.

2. wliurad 100 cali kvercxis momcemi dedali yoveli 10 cali kver-cxis sawarmoeblad xarjavs 4,1 sakveb erTeuls, maSin rodesac 180 cali produqtiulobis mxolod 2,9 sakveb erTeuls. mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom normirebuli da yvela sayuaTo nivTi-

erebiT dabalansebuli ulufebiT kvebisas produqciis misaRebad ixarje-ba gacilebiT naklebi raodenobiT sakvebi, vidre, vTqvaT, proteinis, mine-raluri an sxva nivTierebis deficitisas.

sakvebis saxeebi

cxovelTa sakvebi saSualebebi gansxvavdebian fizikuri TvisebebiT, qimiuri SedgenilobiT, monelebadobiT da saerTo yuaTianobiT/energeti-kuli RirebulebiT. warmoSobis mixedviT isini iyofa mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmoSobis sakvebad.

mcenareuli sakvebi. es jgufi cxovelebis ZiriTadi sakvebia da sak-maod mravalferovania. masSi Sedis wvniani, mwvane, uxeSi da koncentrire-buli sakvebi, agreTve mcenareuli nedleulis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi.

wvniani da mwvane sakvebi. aq Sedis saZovris balaxi, gaTibuli mwva-ne masa, silosi, Zirxvenebi, tuberebi, baRCeulis da Zirxvena-tuberianebis miwiszeda Rero-foTlebi. yvela es sakvebi 60%-ze meti raodenobiT Seicavs wyals.

wvniani sakvebi aris saWmlis momnelebeli jirkvlebis aqtiuri aRgmznebi, kargad moqmedebs cxovelis madaze da advilad moineleba misi kuW-nawlavis sistemaSi. amasTan wvniani sakvebi xels uwyobs sxva sakvebis monelebasac.

uxeSi sakvebi. aq Sedis Tiva, senaJi, namja, Cala da bze. isini 19-dan 45%-mde Seicaven ujredanas da SedarebiT Znelad moineleba cxovelis organizmis mier. amasTan erTad, maTSi sakvebi proteinis, Saqrebis, karotinisa da mikroelementebis Semcveloba sakmaod gansxvavebulia. yvelaze yuaTiania Tiva, ris gamo ulufaSi mxolod mis nawils Caanac-vleben namjiT, CaliT an bzeTi. saerTod ki namja, Cala da bze umjobesia cxovels mivceT silosTan erTad.

senaJi aris SemWknari balaxisagan uhaero pirobebSi damzadebuli sakvebi, romelSic tenis Semcveloba ar aRemateba 50-55%-s. misi xarisxi damokidebulia aRebisas balaxis vegetaciis periodze, mwvane masis botanikur Sedgenilobaze da damzadebis teqnologiuri parametrebis zustad dacvaze. senaJis damzadebisas, Tivad aRebasTan SedarebiT, kve-biTi Rirebulebis gamosavali izrdeba 800-1000 kg sakvebi erTeuliT, xolo dasilosebasTan SedarebiT 300-400 kg sakvebi erTeuliT.

koncentrirebuli sakvebi. aq gaerTianebulia marcvlovani da parko-sani mcenareebidan miRebuli marcvleuli, an maTi narevi; marcvleuli mdidaria advilad monelebadi sazrdo nivTierebebiT da xasiaTdeba maRa-li energetikuli RirebulebiT. qimiuri Sedgenilobidan gamomdinare marcvleul sakvebs yofen or jgufad: 1. naxSirwylebiT mdidar marc-vlovan mcenareTa marcvlis sakvebad (simindi, qeri, xorbali, Wvavi, Svria) da 2. proteiniT mdidar parkosanTa marcvlis sakvebad (soio, muxudo, barda, cercvi, cercvela).

marcvlovanTa marcvlis proteini Raribia zogierTi Seucvladi aminmJaviT da kalciumiT. amasTan, maTSi bevria fosfori da kaliumi.

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saerTod ki koncentrirebuli sakvebi sakmao raodenobiT Seicavs B jgu-fis vitaminebs, aris maTSi “K” da “E” vitaminebi, magram Raribia karoti-niT da ar Seicavs “D” vitamins.

mcenareuli nedleulis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi. miekuTvneba wisq-vilkombinatis, zeTsaxdeli qarxnis, Saqris, ludis da saxameblis warmo-ebis anarCenebi (koptoni, Sroti, qato, wisqvilis mtveri, JenJo, buyi, xoti, badagi da dRlabi); isini erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian qimiuri SedgenilobiT, yuaTianobiT da energetikuli RirebulebiT.

maTi yuaTianobidan gamomdinare anarCenebis erTi nawili SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT koncentrirebul sakvebs. meore nawili yuaTianobiT Camor-Ceba sawyis nedleuls (mag. marcvals, Warxals, kartofils), zogierTi maT-gani didi raodenobiT Seicavs wyals da swrafad fuWdeba; amis gamo am ukanasknels aSroben an akonserveben da aseTi saxiT iyeneben sakvebad.

cxoveluri sakvebi. miekuTvneba rZe da rZis gadamuSavebis anarCe-nebi, cxovelebis dakvlisa da xorcis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi, agreTve Tevzis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi.

rZes da rZis gadamuSavebis anarCenebs miekuTvneba naturaluri rZe, moxdili rZe, Srati da do.

cxovelebis dakvlisa da xorcis ganamuSavebis anarCenebia Zvlis, Zvalxorcis da xorcis, agreTve frTa-bumbulis fqvili,

Tvzis gadamuSavebis anarCens miekuTvneba Tevzis fqvili. rogorc wesi, cxoveluri sakvebi mdidaria advilad monelebadi pro-

teiniT da mineraluri nivTierebebiT, agreTve sakmao raodenobiT Seicavs vitaminebis kompleqss.

kombinirebuli sakvebi. bunebaSi ar gvxvdeba iseT sakvebi, romelic optimaluri raodenobiTa da formiT Seicavs cxovelis organizmisaTvis saWiro yvela sayuaTo nivTierebas. magaliTad, marcvlovani mcenareebis marcvali didi raodenobiT Seicavs saxamebels, magram maTSi naklebadaa cilebi da piriqiT, parkosnebi mdidaria cilebiT magram maTSi saxame-beli naklebi raodenobiTaa warmodgnili.

Tu marcvleuls SevurevT ciliT mdidar parkosanTa marcvals, aseTi nareviT cxovelis kveba ufro efeqturi iqneba, vinaidan saxamebeli da cilebis urTierTSefardeba ufro optimaluri iqneba misi organizmi-saTvis. viciT ra yvela saxis sakvebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, SeiZleba davamza-doT iseTi narevi, romelSic sasurveli TanafardobiT iqneba warmodge-nili sayuaTo nivTierebebi, vitaminebi, makro- da mikroelementebi da sxv. aseT sakvebs uwodeben kombinirebul sakvebs.

srulfasovani kombinirebuli sakvebnarevi sxvadasxva marcvalTan erTad Seicavs vitaminebs, mineralur danamatebs, memcenareobis needle-ulis gadamuSavebis anarCenebs, balaxis fqvils, proteinisa da energiis wyaros (nax. 4).

amasTan, receptura sxvadasxva saxeobis, sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis da sameurneo daniSnulebis cxovelisaTvis sakmaod gansxvavebulia. rogorc wesi, Zroxeulis kombinirebuli sakvebi mzaddeba martivi receptiT, xolo frinvelisaTvis ufro rTuliT (mravalkomponentiania).

kombinirebuli sakvebi, ZiriTadad, ori saxisaa, srululufiani da koncentrirebuli.

srululufiani kombinirebuli sakvebi warmoadgens koncentrirebuli da uxeSi sakvebis saTanado recepturiT Sezavebul narevs. is mTlianad scvlis cxovelis dRiur ulufas da uzrunvelyofs saWmlis mom-

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kombinirebuli

sakvebi

vitaminebi marcvleulis

narevi

qato

melasa (badagi)

energiis

wyaro

proteinis wyaro

mineraluri

danamatebi

biologiurad

aqtiuri

nivTierebebi

balaxis

fqvili

Saqris

Warxlis badagi

nax. 4. kombinirebuli sakvebis Sedgeniloba

nelebeli traqtis balasturi nivTierebebiT normalurad Sevsebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, kuW-nawlavis sistemis normalurad funqcionirebisaTvisaa aucilebeli.

amasTan, masSi cxovelis organizmis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare, zedmiwevniT aris da-balansebuli yvela sayuaTo nivTiereba, mikro da makroele-mentebi da vitaminebi. rogorc wesi, srul-ulufiani kombinire-buli sakvebi gamo-iyeneba frinvelebis sakvebad.

koncentrati-kom-binirebuli sakvebi Sedgeba sxvadasxva koncentrirebuli sak-vebis narevisagan. sxva sakvebTan (uxeSi, mwvane, wvniani) erTad am saxis koncentra-tis micemisas cxove-li maqsimalurad

iTvisebs ulufis sayuaTo nivTierebebs. kombinirebuli sakvebi gamodis dafquli narevis saxiT, agreTve

daroSili, granulirebuli da briketebis fizikuri formiT. yvelaze ukeTesia 1-dan 2,5 mm zomis cilindris an kubis formis granulebi. aseTi formisas ukeTesad inaxeba sayuaTo nivTierebebi da vitaminebi, gamoric-xulia Semadgenlebis fraqcionireba, ar itkepneba, gaadvilebulia trans-portireba da sakveburebSi darigeba.

premiqsebi. cxovelTa kvebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia minera-lur-vitaminovan danamatebs, anu premiqsebs. isini, upiratesad, warmoad-genen qimiuri da mikrobuli sinTezis nivTierebebiT gamdidrebul narevs da gamoiyeneba kombinirebuli sakvebis kvebiTi Rirebulebis da biolo-giuri srulfasovnebis asamaRleblad.

ganasxvaveben vitaminovan, mineralur, vitaminovan-Terapevtul da sxva saxis premiqsebs. maT SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Semavsebeli (produqti, romelsac aqvs unari Seakavos aqtiuri nivTiereba), Svriis fqvili, qato, balaxis fqvili, koptoni, safuari, agreTve biologiurad aqtiuri nivTi-erebebi- vitaminebi, mikroelementebi, aminmJavebi, sxva qimiuri da Terapev-tuli preparatebi.

premiqsebs awarmoeben specializebul sawarmoebSi an kombinirebuli sakvebis qarxnebis specialur xazebze. is gaTvaliswinebulia konkretuli saxeobis da produqtiuli mimarTulebis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelisa da frinvelisaTvis (magaliTad, mewveli furisaTvis, mekvercxuli qaTmi-saTvis, Roris sabekone suqebisaTvis da sxv.).

mineraluri danamatebi. gamoiyeneba ulufaSi ama Tu im mineraluri nivTierebis deficitis Sesavsebad. magaliTad, kalciumis deficitisas gamoiyeneba carci, Camqrali kiri, niJaris fqvili, xolo fosforis naklebobisas fosforini, monokalcium- da/an trikalciumfosfati. makro

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da mikroelementebiT ulufis gasamdidreblad iyeneben, agreTve, sapro-pels (tbis lams) da nacars.

vitaminovani preparatebi. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Rorisa da frinve-lis kombinirebuli sakvebis vitaminebiT gasamdidreblad. “A” da “D” vitaminebis wyaroa Tevzis qoni, “D” vitamins Seicavs, agreTve, safuari. garda amisa mrewveloba uSvebs sxvadasxva vitaminovan preparatebs.

antibiotikebi. gasuli saukunis 60-ani wlebidan kombinirebuli sak-vebis SemadgenlobaSi daiwyes antibiotikebis damateba. biologiurad aqtiuri Tvisebis wyalobiT isini dadebiTad moqmedeben organizmis nivTierebaTa cvlaze, zrdian produqtiulobas da cxovelebis mier sakve-bis gamoyenebis efeqturobas.

dReisaTvis msoflios umetesi qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT antibioti-kebis gamoyeneba cxovelTa sakvebad akrZalulia. saqme is aris, rom aseTi cxovelidan miRebuli rZe, xorci da kvercxi Seicaven narCen antibioti-kebs, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze, iwvevs ra alergiul reaqcias da disbaqteriozs. arsebobs, agreTve, toqsikuri, teratogenuri da mutagenuri moqmedebis ganviTarebis saSiSroeba.

ulufaSi proteinis da aminmJavebis deficitis Sesavsebi danamatebi.

azotSemcveli nivTierebebi. Zroxeulisa da cxvris ulufaSi pro-teinis ukmarisobisas, deficitis Sesavsebad danamatis saxiT iyeneben sinTetikur azotovan nivTierebebs- karbamids (Sardovanas), bikarbonats, amoniumis sulfats, amiaks. es nivTierebebi Seicaven aracilovan azotovan SenaerTebs. dadgenilia, rom am nivTierebebis ulufaSi CarTviT SesaZlebelia mcoxnav cxovelTa proteinze moTxovnileba dakmayofildes 25%- iT. yvela maTganis sakveb danamatad gamoyenebaze SemuSavebulia teq-nikuri pirobebi.

sinTetikuri aminmJavebi. rogorc aRiniSna, mcenareuli sakvebi, romelic aris cxovelebis ulufis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli, rogorc wesi, ver uzrunvelyofs maRalproduqtiuli organizmis moTxovnilebas biologiurad srulfasovan cilebze, anu Seucvlad aminmJavebze.

mcenareul sakvebSi, Cveulebriv, aRiniSneba lizinis, ufro iSviaTad meTionisis da triptofanis deficiti. amasTan dakavSirebiT daiwyes sinTetikuri aminmJavebis warmoeba, romlebic danamatis saxiT gamoiyeneba kombinirebul sakvebSi, an Cveulebriv ureven yoveldRiur ulufaSi.

lizinis sakveb koncentrats iReben mikrobuli sinTeziT da gamo-dis rogorc mSrali aseve Txevadi saxiT. am preparatis, agreTve meTi-oninisa da triptofanis koncentratebis kombinirebul sakvebSi dasama-tebeli raodenoba ganisazRvreba am aminmJavebis deficitis xarisxiT, agreTve sxvadasxva saxeobisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovele-bis moTxovnilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

bolo monacemebiT, sinTetikuri aminmJavebis damatebiT dabalanse-buli ulufebiT kvebisas cxovelebis produqtiuloba izrdeba 15-20%- iT.

sakvebis yuaTianoba

sakvebis yuaTianobas anu sargeblianobas gansazRvravs masSi Sema-vali organuli, araorganuli da biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi (sazrdo nivTierebebi). maTi raodenoba da urTierT Sefardeba sxvadasxva saxis sakvebSi metad gansxvavebulia.

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cxovelis organizmis nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi calkeuli sayuaTo nivTierebis rolis Seswavlam mkvlevarebi miiyvana daskvnamdis, rom SeuZlebelia erTi romelime sazomis gamonaxva da saWiroa sakvebi Sefasdes yovelmxriv, kompleqsurad. aseTi Sefaseba, rodesac gaTvalis-winebulia ara marto, vTqvaT, energetikuli Rirebuleba, aramed prote-inis, cximebis, Saqrebis, mineraluri nivTierebebis, vitaminebis da a.S. Semcveloba daedo safuZvlad kvebis normebs.

saqme is aris, rom sakvebSi Semavali nivTierebebis raodenoba da xarisxi, agreTve maTi urTierT Sefardeba gansazRvravs sakvebis margi moqmedebis efeqturobas. aqedan gamomdinare, cxovelis kvebisas aucile-belia maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas yvela is organuli da araorganuli nivTiereba, romelsac saWiroebs misi organizmi sasicoc-xlo procesebis Sesasruleblad da produqciis warmosaqmnelad.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, CvenSi sxvadasxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameur-neo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis ulufebis dabalanseba xdeba 24-35 maCvenebliT, maT Sorisaa sakvebi erTeuli, mimocvliTi energia, monele-badi proteini, mikro da makroelementebi, zogierTi Seucvladi aminmJa-vebi da vitaminebi.

yvela ama nivTierebaze sxvadasxva saxeobis, sqesis, asakis da fizi-ologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelebis moTxovnileba metad gansxvavebulia, rac gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas ulufebis Sedgenisas. saqme is aris, rom romelime maTganis, miT ufro ramodenimes danaklisi cocxal orga-nizmSi iwvevs produqtiulobis Semcirebas, nayofierebis daqveiTebas, erTeul produqciaze sakvebis danaxarjis gadidebas, sicocxlisunari-anobis Sesustebas da sxv., saboloo Sedegi ki damokidebulia danaklisis odenobasTan da aseTi ulufiT kvebis periodis xangrZlivobasTan.

amasTan erTad, calkeuli sayuaTo nivTierebebis da mTlianad sakvebis efeqturad gamoyeneba damokidebulia calkeuli Semadgenelis (mag. Saqrebisa da proteinis, kalciumisa da fosforis da a.S.) urTierT Sefardebaze

sakvebi erTeuli. axlo warsulSi cxovelis sakvebze moTxovnile-bis anu kvebis normis ZiriTadi maCvenebeli iyo sakvebi erTeuli. is aris sakvebis kvebiTi Rirebulebis, anu yuaTianobis saerTo sazomi. 1 sakvebi erTeuli, 1 kg saSualo xarisxis Svriis marcvlis kvebiT Rirebulebis tolia, rac uzrunvelyofs Zroxisa da cxvris organizmSi 149 g, xolo RorebSi 170-180 g cximis dagrovebas.

yvela sxva saxis sakvebis yuaTianobas adarebdnen 1 kg Svriis yuaTi-anobas. magaliTad, 1 kg mTis saZovris balaxis yuaTianoba 0,26 sakvebi erTeulia, ionjis Tivis- 0,44 sakvebi erTeuli, TeTri simindis marcvlis- 1,33 sakvebi erTeuli da a.S. (cxrili 3) amdenad, 1 kg Svriis marcvali Tavisi yuaTianobiT 4 kg mTis saZovris balaxis, 2,3 kg ionjis Tivis da 0,75 kg TeTri simindis marcvlis tolfasad unda CaiTvalos.

energetikuli sakvebi erTeuli. kvebiTi Rirebulebis sakvebi erTe-uliT Sefasebis sistemas aqvs naklovani mxareebi. magaliTad, sakvebis produqtiuli moqmedeba ar aris mudmivi da damokidebulia cxovelis organizmis sxvadasxva sayuaTo nivTierebebiT dakmayofilebis doneze. amitom sakvebis yuaTianoba ar SeiZleba gamoisaxos produqtiuli ener-giis ubralo jamiT.

Svriis (sakvebi) erTeulis nakli mdgomareobs amaSi, rom ar iTvaliswinebs sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis saxeobriv gansxvavebebs. Tavis droze, cximis dagrovebis konstantebi gansazRvruli iqna

64

zrdasruli xarebis suqebisas, xolo Sedegebi gadatanili iqna sxva saxeobis cxovelebze.

cxrili 3. zogierTi sakvebis Sedgeniloba da yuaTianoba (1 kg-Si)

mwvane/wvniani sakvebi uxeSi sakvebi

maCveneblebi

mTis

saZovr

is

bal

axi

mSral

obis

bal

axi

Wao

bis

bal

axi

marcvl

ovan-

parko

sani na-

revi

(naT

esi)

bunebrivi

saT

ibis

Tiva

ionj

is T

iva

sag

azaf

xulo

xorblis

namj

a

sakvebi erTeuli 0.26 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.42 0.44 0.22 mimocvliTi energia: mjouli:

ZroxisaTvis 2.88 3.2 2.4 2.24 6.85 6.72 4.91 RorisaTvis - - - 2.02 - 6.23 3.68 cxvrisaTvis 3.52 3.4 2.6 2.38 7.28 6.95 5.25

mSrali nivTiereba, g 317 364 278 217 857 830 849 nedli proteini, g 43 33 33 35 97 144 46 m.S. monelebadi proteini, g 27 20 18 23 55 101 9 nedli cximi, g 11 13 11 10 25 22 15 nedli ujredana, g 80 114 95 54 263 253 351 uazoto eqstraqtuli nivT-ba, g 157 179 127 102 414 330 368

m.S. saxamebeli 6.4 7.4 9.6 - - 9 - “ – “ Saqari 25 18 28 28 20 20 3

aminmJavebi, g: lizini 3.8 1.2 0.9 1.9 4.2 7.3 1.3 meTionini+cistini 2.3 0.8 0.4 0.9 3.7 5.5 1.3

makroelementebi,g: kalciumi (Ca) 2.8 2.0 1.2 2.5 7.2 17 3.3 fosfori (P) 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 2.2 2.2 0.9 magniumi (Mg) 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.4 1.7 3.0 1.4 kaliumi (K) 3.5 1.7 4.3 4.0 16.7 15.6 8.0

natriumi (Na) 0.7 2.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.5 0.6 qlori (Cl) 1.5 1.6 1.3 0.5 6.8 2.6 2.1

gogirdi (S) 0.96 0.7 0.9 0.5 1.8 1.8 1.0 mikroelementebi, mg: rkina (Fe) 16 11 25 70 188 168 409

spilenZi (Cu) 1.4 1 1 5.4 5.6 8.2 1.1 cinki (Zn) 6.1 5 4 15.0 21.2 19.1 35

manganumi (Mn) 24.7 50 12 37 94 26.4 53 kobalti (Co) 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.5

iodi (J) 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.4 0.3 0.45 vitaminebi: karotini, mg 45 20 30 48 15 49 5 A, saerTaSoriso erTeuli - - - - - - - D, “ – “ – “ 3.1 - 3.8 5 150 360 40 E, mg 60 - 48 50 60 134 -

B1, mg - - - 1.0 2 1.6 - B2, mg - - - 1.0 6 6.3 - B3, mg - - - 10 23 15 - B4, mg - - - 75 800 700 - B5, mg - - - 8 17 19 - B6, mg - - - - - 4 - B12, mg - - - - - - -

65

cxrili 3. –is gagrZeleba

marcvali anarCenebi

maCveneblebi

xorblis

(r

bil

i)

qeris

TeT

ri

simindis

Svr

iis

mzes

umz

iris

ko

ptoni

xorblis

qato

rZis S

rat

i

sakvebi erTeuli 1.28 1.15 1.33 1.0 1.08 0.75 0.13 mimocvliTi energia: mjouli

ZroxisaTvis 10.8 10.5 12.8 9.20 10.44 8.85 1.31 RorisaTvis 13.56 12.7 13.65 10.75 12.25 9.28 1.51 cxvrisaTvis 12.38 11.2 12.9 9.46 10.46 9.41 -

mSrali nivTiereba, g 850 850 850 850 900 850 90 nedli proteini, g 133 113 92 108 405 151 37 m.S. monelebadi proteini, g 106 85 67 79 324 97 35 nedli cximi, g 20 22 43 40 77 41 1 nedli ujredana, g 17 49 43 97 129 88 - uazoto eqstraqtuli nivT-ba, g 661 638 658 573 221 526 45

m.S. saxamebeli 515 485 560 320 25 - - “ – “ Saqari 20 2 20 25 62.6 47 -

aminmJavebi, g: lizini 3 4.1 2.8 3.6 13.4 5.4 2.9 meTionini+cistini 3.7 3.6 1.8 3.2 15.8 3.9 1.2

makroelementebi,g: kalciumi (Ca) 0.8 2.0 0.4 1.5 5.9 2.0 1.4 fosfori (P) 3.6 3.9 2.7 3.4 12.9 9.6 1.0 magniumi (Mg) 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 4.8 4.3 0.1 kaliumi (K) 3.4 5.0 3.7 5.4 9.5 10.9 1.8

natriumi (Na) 0.1 0.8 0.1 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.6 gogirdi (S) 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.39 qlori (Cl) 0.4 2.4 0.3 1.4 5.5 1.9 1.5

mikroelementebi, mg: rkina (Fe) 40 50 42 41 215 170 0.8 spilenZi (Cu) 6.6 4.2 6.0 4.9 17.2 11.3 0.9

cinki (Zn) 23 35.1 19.5 22.5 40.0 81.0 4.4 manganumi (Mn) 46.4 13.5 8.8 56.5 37.9 117.0 0.21 kobalti (Co) 0.07 0.26 0.06 0.07 0.19 0.10 0.07

iodi (J) 0.06 0.22 0.13 0.1 0.37 1.75 0.11 vitaminebi: karotini, mg 1 0.5-0.2 0.4 1.3 2 2.6 - A, saerTaSoriso erTeuli - - - - - - - D, “ – “ – “ - - - - 5 - 5-20 E, mg 11.9 50 15.0 12.9 11.0 20.9 0.6

B1, mg 4.6 3.5 4.6 7.3 6.3 6.0 0.4 B2, mg 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.1 3.1 2.9 1.8 B3, mg 9.6 9.4 4.0 13.0 14.9 23.5 4.5 B4, mg 969 1100 500 900 2300 1300 120 B5, mg 52.5 60 16 13.0 220 150 1.0 B6, mg 6.1 3.1 8 1.9 10 15 1.1 B12, mg - - - - - - 3.6

66

imavdroulad, rZis an/da matylis misaRebad cxovelebis moSenebis da maTi aRwarmoebis funqciis dasaxasiaTeblad cximis dagroveba ar SeiZleba iyos sakvebis produqtiuli moqmedebis erTaderTi kriteriumi.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvadasxva sakvebisa da ulufebis energeti-kuli yuaTianobis ZiriTad maCveneblad iyeneben mimocvliTi energiiT Sefasebis monacems. Sesafasebel erTeulad SemoTavazebulia energetiku-li sakvebi erTeuli (“ese”), am sididis gazomvis etalonad ki miRebu-lia 2500 kilokaloria, anu 10,47 megajouli mimocvliTi energia. “ese”-s sazRvraven sakvebis (ulufis) mimocvliTi energiis 2500 kilokaloriaze an 10,47 mjoulze gayofiT.

ase magaliTad, me- 3 cxrilis mixedviT mTis saZovris balaxis mimocvliTi energia ZroxisaTvis Seadgens 2,88 megajouls. amdenad, misi energetikuli sakvebi erTeuli ki iqneba:

ese = 2,88 : 10,47 = 0,28.

monelebadi proteini. sakvebis azotovani nivTierebebis nawilia proteini, xolo masSi Semaval yvela azotovan naerTs uwodeben nedl proteins. am nivTierebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis cilebi da azotis Semcve-li sxva aracilovani naerTebi, e.w. amidebi. proteini cxovelis kuW-naw-lavis wvenebis moqmedebiT iSleba aminmJavebad da aseTi saxiT Seiwoveba sisxlSi.

cila cxovelis organizmisaTvis ZiriTadi saSeni masalaa. cocxali ujredis cxovelmoqmedeba cilebis cvlis mudmivi procesisagan Sedgeba da, amdenad, sakvebis proteiniT dakmayofilebas misTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom cilovani nivTierebebi monawileoben cocxal organizmSi mimdinare TiTqmis yvela sasicocxlo procesSi. amasTan, rac ufro bevria ulufaSi sxvadasxva sakvebi saSualebebi, miT ufro mraval-ferovnad aris warmodgenili proteini da, amdenad, metia am nivTierebiT organizmis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis garantiebi.

proteinis Semcvelobas da xarisxs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces Rorisa da frinvelebis kvebisas. saqme is aris, rom am saxeobebis moSenebis efeqturoba, ZiriTadad, damokidebulia sakvebSi Seucvladi aminmJavebis Semcvelobaze, romelTa nakleboba swrafadve aisaxeba nivTi-erebaTa cvlis moSliT da produqtiulobis SemcirebiT. maTgan gansxvave-biT, mcoxnavi cxovelebis winakuWebSi mikroorganizmebis mier sasicoc-xlo funqciebis Sesrulebisas xdeba yvela Seucvladi aminmJavas sinTezi, ris gamo es saxeobebi naklebad ganicdian sakvebSi miRebuli proteinis dabal xarisxiT gamowveul uaryofiT moqmedebas.

mcoxnavi cxovelebisaTvis ulufis proteinovan yuaTianobas sazR-vraven nedli da monelebadi proteinis raodenobiT, xolo frinvelebisa da RorebisaTvis nedli da monelebadi proteinis, agreTve zogierTi Seucvladi aminmJavebis SemcvelobiT.

naxSirwylebi (Saqrebi). mcenareuli sakvebi didi raodenobiT Seicavs am nivTierebebs da maT udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc energiis way-ros. amasTan, zogadad sakvebis da masSi proteinis gamoyenebis efeqtu-robis amaRlebis saqmeSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs naxSirwylebisa da proteinis urTierTSefardebas (“Saqarproteinovan Sefardebas”). am cnebis qveSi igulisxmeba Tu ra raodenobiT Saqari modis monelebadi proteinis erTeul raodenobaze. mewveli furebisaTvis es maCvenebeli unda iyos 0,8-

67

1,0- is farglebSi, anu yovel 100 g monelebad proteinze unda modiodes 80-100 g naxSirwylebi.

cximebi. am nivTierebis roli ar Semoifargleba mxolod energeti-kuli RirebulebiT. is struqturuli masalis saxiT Sedis ujredis pro-toplazmis SemadgenlobaSi. cximebis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali zogierTi cximmJava (mag. araqidonis, linolenis) gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania nivTierebaTa cvlisaTvis da cxovelis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis. sakvebSi cximebis ukmarisobisas aRiniSneba cximSi xsnadi vitaminebis (A, D, E, K) deficiti, amis gamo kvebis normebSi asaxulia am nivTierebaze moTxovna.

mineraluri nivTierebebi. mravalmxriv funqciebs asruleben cxove-lis organizmSi. isini warmoqmnian Zvlovan qsovils, monawileoben nivTi-erebaTa cvlaSi da sxva.

cxovelis organizmi SeiZleba Seicavdes 66-68 qimiuri elements, romelTagan mudmivad gvxvdeba 47. raodenobrivi Semcvelobidan gamomdi-nare maT yofen makro da mikroelementebad.

makroelementebidan cxovelebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kalciumi da fosfori, xolo mikroelementebidan- rkina, spilenZi, TuTia, manganumi, kobalti da iodi.

mineraluri marilebis gareSe kveba cxovelis gardauval sikvdils iwvevs, Tundac misi ulufa dabalansebuli iyos energiis da organuli nivTierebebis mixedviT. garkveuli gadaxrebi aRiniSneba calkeuli mikro da makroelementis naklebobisas. magaliTad, kalciumis nakleboba iwvevs zrdis SeCerebas da raqitiT daavadebas, fosforis deficiti- madis daqveiTebas, osteomalacias da balnis cvenas, rkinis nakleboba ki sis-xlnaklulobas.

sasicocxlo funqciebis Sesrulebisas cxovelis organizmi “xar-javs” mineralur nivTierebebs. magaliTad, weliwadSi 3000 kg rZis mew-veli furi rZesTan erTad organizmidan gamohyofs 22,5 kg mineralur nivTierebas. misi gamoiyofa xdeba, agreTve, fekalur masaSi, SardSi, oflSi da sxv., amitom normaluri mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad cxo-velma mineraluri nivTierebebi sistematiurad da gansazRvruli raode-nobiT unda miiRos sakvebidan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mosalodnelia:

a) organoTa funqciuri moqmedebis darRveva; b) aRwarmoebis funqciis moSla da/an daqveiTebuli sicocxlisuna-

rianobis mqone namatis dabadeba; g) sarZeo produqtiulobis Semcireba da rZis qimiur Semadgenlo-

baSi cvlilebebi; d) sakvebis monelebadobis gauareseba da erTeul produqciaze

daxarjuli sakvebis raodenobis gadideba. sufris marili (NaCl). mineraluri marilebidan gansakuTrebuli

adgili ukavia. am naerTSi 39,3% modis natriumze da 60,7% qlorze. cxove-lisaTvis vargisi sufris marili ar unda Seicavdes qviSis minarevebs, metalis nawilakebs da sxva ucxo CanarTebs.

uSualod meZroxeobisa da mecxvareobis fermebSi es nivTiereba gamoiyeneba qvamarilisa an dawnexili briketebis saxiT. amaTgan, ufro efeqturia briketebad dawnexilis gamoyeneba, vinaidan damzadebisas aris SesaZlebloba masSi mevurioT sxvadasxva elementebi, vitaminebi da zogierTi invaziuri daavadebis sawinaaRmdego preparatebi, e.i. gavzardoT misi moqmedebis efeqti.

sufris marilisadmi Zlier mgrZnobiare aris Rori, qaTami, indauri da yvela saxeobis frinvelis mozardi. am nivTierebiT mowamvlis niSnebia

68

Zlieri wyurvili, sunTqvis sixSiris momateba, kunTebis sisuste, kisrisa da Tavis arabunebrivi moZraoba.

vitaminebi. sakvebSi metad mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba, magram maTi biologiuri roli imdenad didia, rom vitaminebis gareSe cxovelis organizmi ver uzrunvelyofs sasicocxlo funqciebis Sesrulebas. es nivTierebebi asruleben katalizatorebis rols.

vitaminebis klasifikacia damyarebulia maT xsnadobaze. am maCvenebliT isini iyofa or jgufad: 1. wyalSi xsnadi (B jgufis da C vitaminebi) da 2. cximSi xsnadi (A, D, E da K).

organizmSi romelime vitaminis naklebobas uwodeben hipovitami-nozs, xolo saerTod ar arsebobas- avitaminozs. informacia vitaminebis naklebobiT gamowveul daavadebebze mocemulia me- 4 cxrilSi.

cxrili 4. sakvebSi zogierTi vitaminebis naklebobiT gamowveuli daavadebebi

vitaminebis dasaxeleba

qimiuri formula

naklebobiT gamowveuli daavadebebi

A, rentoli C20H29OH zrdis SeCereba, Tvalis daavadeba, nayofierebis daqveiTeba

B1, Tiamini C12H17ON4SCl polinevriti, madis dakargva, kunTebis sisuste, rezistentobis daqveiTeba

B2, riboflavini C17H20N4O6 zrdis SeCereba, dermatiti, balnis cvena, pulsis Seneleba

B6, piridoqoli C8H11O3N tyavis daavadeba, zrdaSi CamorCena.

B12 ciankobalamini C6H88O14N14PCo anemia, proteinis aTvisebis unaris daq-veiTeba

PP, nikotinmJava C6H5O2N pelagra (specifikuri dermatiti)

C,askorbinis mJava C6H8O6 cinga (kbilebis cvena, sisxlCaqcevebi)

D, kalciferoli C28O44OH osteomalacia, raqiti

E, tokoferoli C29H50O2 unayofoba, abortebi

K, filoqinoni C32H46O2 sisxlis Sededebis unaris daqveiTeba

H, biotini C10H16O3N2S tyavis daavadeba

wyali. erT erTi yvelaze efeqturi bunebrivi gamxsnelia. marTalia is ar Seicavs sayuaTo nivTierebebs, magram sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyo-faze didadaa damokidebuli cxovelebis produqtiuloba da janmrTe-lobis mdgomareoba.

pirutyvis sasmeli wylis optimaluri temperatura +8...+160C-is farg-lebSia. ufro maRali temperaturis wyali cudad klavs wyurvils. amasTan, ZuZumwovar mozards umjobesia mivceT +30...+320C temperaturis wyali, erTi Tvis Sesrulebis Semdeg ki +14...+15 C0–is.

cxovelebi wyals dRe-RameSi svamen 6-10 da metjer. bagurad Senaxvi-sas dasawyurveblad umjobesia gamoviyenoT avtosawyurveblebi. saZovarze ki ise unda movawyoT sawyurveblebi, rom cxovelebs dRis manZilze survilisamebr SeeZloT wylis daleva.

sxvadaxva saxeobis da asakis cxovelebisa da frinvelebis moTxov-nileba wyalze mocemulia me- 5 cxrilSi.

sakvebis monelebadoba aris sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis Tviseba saWmlis momnelebeli

wvenebis zemoqmedebiT gadavidnen xsnad mdgomareobaSi da am gziT miiRon

69

kuW-nawlavis sistemis mier advilad asaTvisebeli forma. es maCveneblebi, damokidebulia sakvebis qimiur Sedgenilobaze, gemoze, sunze da kvebis-wina Semzadebaze, agreTve kvebis teqnikaze, cxovelis saxeobaze, mis asakze da fiziologiur mdgomareobaze.

cxrili 5. sasmeli da sameurneo saWiroebisaTvis saWiro wyali (saSualod 1 sulze dReRameSi, litri)

dRiuri norma pirutyvis saxeoba da jgufi avtosawyureb-lis gareSe

avtosawyureb-lis dros

saZovruli Senaxvisas

furi (xeliT wvelisas) 70 90 60-75

furi (manqaniT wvelisas) 90 115 60-75 kuro-mwarmoebeli da uSobeli 50 60 - Zroxis 2 wlamde mozardi 30 35 40 4-6 Tvis asakis xbo 18 20 - cxvari 10 10 6-8 asxletili batkani 3 5 3-4 mawovari nezvi 60 100 40-50 mSrali-make nezvi 25 35 30 kerati-mwarmoebeli 25 35 30 Roris 2 Tveze uxnesi mozardi 10-15 15-25 15 qaTami 0,5 1 - indauri 0,75 1 - ixvi da bati 1,25 1,75 - cxeni 50 60-80 50-60

sakvebis monelebadobas gamosaxaven monelebadobis koeficientiT (%-Si), romel-sac sazRvraven micemuli sakvebisa da organizmidan gamoyofili mounelebeli nawilis urTierTSefarde-biT. rogorc wesi, sakvebis organul nivTierebebTan erTad sazRvraven, nedli proteinis, nedli cximis, uazoto eqstraqtuli nivTi-erebebis (uen) da ujredanas monelebadobis koeficien-tebs (cxrili 6). sxvadaxva sakvebis mone-lebadobis koeficienti cxo-velTa saxeobebis mixedviT metad gansxvavebulia. amas-Tan, rac metia sakvebSi ned-li ujredana, miT dabalia masSi Semavali sayuaTo

nivTierebebis monelebadobis koeficienti.

cxrili 6. zogierTi saxis sakvebis

monelebadobis koeficientebi

sakvebi

organuli

nivT

iereb

a

nedli

proteini

nedli

cximi

uen

ujred

ana

mcoxnavi cxovelebi

saZovris balaxi 71 70 62 75 66

Tiva 61 57 51 64 59

qeris marcvali 86 70 89 92 33

xorblis qato 69 79 71 71 26

moxdili rZe 98 95 100 100 -

Rori

samyuras balaxi 40 33 12 57 16

qeris marcvali 82 77 44 89 12

xorblis qato 78 85 71 82 26

moxdili rZe 90 90 81 95 -

70

cxovelTa normirebuli kveba

cxovelTa produqtiulobis potenciis gamovlenaSi, misi janmrTe-lobis SenarCunebisa da eqsploataciis xangrZlivobis gazrdaSi kvebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.

mecxoveleobis mravalsaukunovani praqtikiT dasabuTebulia, rom met-naklebad maRalproduqtiuli jiSebis gamoyvana da/an xarisxobrivi gaumjobeseba SeuZlebelia srulfasovani da dabalansebuli ulufebiT kvebis gareSe.

cxovelTa kvebis sworad organizacia iTvaliswinebs sayuaTo nivTi-erebebiT, mineraluri marilebiT da vitaminebiT cocxali organizmis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas. arasrulfasovani, daubalansebeli ulu-febiT kvebisas cxoveli Tavisi sxeulidan xarjavs im nivTierebebs, romelTa deficiti aRiniSneba ulufaSi. Sedegad, aRiniSneba organizmis gaRaribeba da rac ufro didxans grZeldeba aseTi kvebis periodi, miT ufro sustdeba cxoveli, qveiTdeba produqtiuloba da sareproduqcio Tvisebebi.

fermebSi produqciis warmoebaze da mis ekonomikur efeqtianobaze mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebisaTvis unda vicodeT:

a) sxvadasxva saxeobis, produqtiuli mimarTulebis, sqesis, asakis cocxali masisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelis da/an frinvelis moTxovnileba yvela aucilebel nivTierebebze, anu kvebis norma;

b) ulufebis Sedgenis principebi; g) arsebuli sakvebi saSualebebis bazaze kvebis optimaluri tipis

SerCeva; d) cxovelTa kvebis sworad organizacia da teqnika; e) kvebis pirobebis kontroli da ekonomikurobis Sefaseba. kvebis norma. aris mecnierulad argumentirebuli moTxovnileba

sayuaTo nivTierebebze, romelic sakvebis zomierad xarjviT uzrun-velyofs cxovelidan Sesabamisi produqciis miRebas, misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa da aRwarmoebis unaris SenarCunebas.

sakvebis yuaTianoba aris Tviseba daakmayofilos cxovelis moTxov-nileba ama Tu im nivTierebaze. Tavis mxriv, sakvebis moTxovnilebaSi igulisxmeba nivTierebebis is raodenoba, romelic unda miiRos cxovelma saarsebod da produqciis Sesaqmnelad.

mecnierebis mier Sedgenili kvebis normebi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT ulufebi konkretuli saxeobis, jiSis, sqesis, asakis da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare. amasTan, kvebis normebis da pirobebis dacva miRebuli produqciis- rZis, xorcis, kvercxisa da matylis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis saSualebas iZleva.

kvebis normebis Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia organizmis moTxov-nileba arsebobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro sayuaTo nivTierebebze (saar-sebo sakvebi) da sayuaTo nivTierebebis is damatebiTi raodenoba, rome-lic aucilebelia: a) produqciis misaRebad (produqtiuli sakvebi) da b) aRwarmoebis funqciis Sesasruleblad (sareproduqcio sakvebi).

saarsebo sakvebis raodenoba icvleba cxovelis saxeobis, cocxali masis, asakis, nakvebobis, individualuri Taviseburebisa da garemos tempe-raturis gaTvaliswinebiT.

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produqtiuli sakvebis raodenoba gaiangariSeba cxovelis asakis, produqtiulobis donis da/an datvirTvis (mag. cxovelis muSaobisas) xasiaTidan gamomdinare.

mdedri cxovels organizmi kvercxujredis mosamwifeblad, gana-yofierebis Semdeg ki nayofis normalurad ganviTarebisaTvis, mamr cxovels ki spermis warmosaqmnelad garkveuli raodenobiT sakvebi sWirdeba, romelic iwodeba sareproduqcio sakvebad.

ulufa. mas racionsac uwodeben. ulufa aris cxovelis dRiuri norma sakvebze da Sedgeba erTi an ramodenime saxis sakvebisagan. sworad Sedgenilma ulufam unda daakmayofilos cxovelis moTxovnileba yvela organul da araorganul nivTierebaze.

ulufis Sedgenisas unda gamovideT sakvebis im asortimentidan romelic gvaqvs meurneobaSi da ra yuaTianobis ulufa mogvcems ufro maRal efeqts. amis gaTvaliswinebiT cdiloben rac SeiZleba iafi sakvebi CarTon ulufaSi, magram aman uaryofiTad ar unda imoqmedos cxovelis produqtiulobasa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs kvebis pirobebis dacvas. es niSnavs, rom cxo-vels sxvadasxva saxis sakvebi unda mivceT garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT da zustad gansazRvrul dros. mniSvnelovania, rom ulufaSi axali sakvebis Setana moxdes TandaTanobiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia aRi-niSnos saWmlis monelebis moSla.

kvebis (ulufis) tipi. ganisazRvreba ulufaSi Semavali sxvadasxva sakvebis urTierT SefardebiT da gamoixateba procentebSi. kvebis tipis saxelad arCeven yuaTianobis mixedviT ulufaSi yvelaze meti raodenobiT Semavali sakvebis saxels. magaliTad koncentrirebuli tipis, moculo-biani tipis, silosis tipis da a.S.

ulufis tips arCeven cxovelis saxeobidan gamomdinare. magaliTad, Roris ZiriTadi sakvebia koncentrirebuli sakvebi. analogiuri mdgoma-reoba frinvelebSi, maSin rodesac Zroxa da cxvari SeiZleba SevinaxoT moculobiani sakvebis maRali xvedriTi wilis Semcvel ulufebze.

kvebis tipi gavlenas axdens organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa cvlis xasiaTsa da mimarTulebaze, agreTve cxovelis janmrTelobis mdgomareobasa da aRwarmoebaze. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi is unda SeiirCes sakvebis saerTo maragis da asortimentis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc aRiniSna, ulufa xels unda uwyobdes produqtiulobis maqsima-luri doniT gamovlenas.

cxovelTa kvebis organizacia. mecxoveleobis fermaSi sakvebi ulufebis Sedgena xdeba cxovelebis garkveul jgufze. ase, magaliTad, sarZeo fermaSi furebs yofen daaxloebiT erTnairi cocxali masis, asa-kis, dRiuri monawvelis, rZeSi cximis Semcvelobis da nakvebobis mixed-viT, ris Semdeg dgeba moTxovnilebis Sesatyvisi sakvebi ulufebi jgufis erT saSualo cxovelze, rogorc fizikuri masiT, aseve Semadgeneli nivTierebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

erTi furis dRiuri normis gamravlebiT jgufSi cxovelTa saer-To raodenobaze adgenen moTxovnilebas cal-calke yvela saxis sakvebze, xolo fermaSi arsebuli furebis yvela jgufisaTvis saWiro sakvebTa dajamebiT ganisazRvreba mTeli moTxovnileba garkveuli periodis (rogorc wesi erTi Tvis) manZilze. msgavsi principiT ganisazRvreba sakvebze moTxovnileba meZroxeobis fermis sxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi da fiziologiuri jgufis cxovelebisaTvis konkretuli Tvis, wlis peri-odis da/an mTeli wlis manZilze.

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ramdenadac fermaSi, rogorc wesi, hyavT sxvadasxva sqesobriv-asa-kobrivi jgufis cxovelebi, gaTvlebis gaadvilebis mizniT SemoRebulia cneba “pirobiTi suli”, romlis qveS igulisxmeba erTi saSualo safu-raJe furi.

sxvadasxva saxeobis, agreTve sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis cxovele-bis pirobiT sulSi gadayvana SeiZleba Sesabamisi koeficientebis saSu-alebiT (cxrili 7). gaTvlebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemiT, ician ra “erTi safuraJe furis” wliuri moTxovnileba sakvebze, dagegmili kvebis tipi, fermaSi arsebuli sakvebis da mosalodneli mosavlis savaraudo yuaTianoba, gadaangariSebiT sazRvraven sxvadasxva saxis sakvebze moT-xovnilebas.

cxrili 7. sxvadasxva saxeobis da sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis

cxovelis pirobiT sulSi gadasayvani koeficienti

saxeoba/sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufi

gadasayvani

koeficientebi

saxeoba/sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufi

gadasayvani

koeficientebi

furi/furkameCi 1.0 ZiriTadi nezvi 0.47 kuro 0.78 kerati 0.46 uSobeli 0.61 gamosacdeli nezvi 0.34 1-dan 2 wlamde mozardi

0.54 2-10 Tvis sanaSene mozardi

0.17

1 wlamde mozardi 0.23 2-8 Tvis sasuqi mozardi

0.11

6 Tvemde xbo 0.15 8-dan 11 Tvemde sasuqi mozardi

0.21

nerbi 0.13 ulayi, faSati 0.86 verZi 0.15 kvici 1 wlamde 0.40 SiSaqi 0.11 kvici 1-2 wlamde 0.68 1 wlamde batkani 0.07 2- dan 3 wlamde

mozardi 0.71

ramdenadac, ulufis yvela komponentiT dabalanseba sakmaod Sroma-tevadi samuSaoa, Seqmnilia specialuri kompiuteruli programebi (maga-liTad programa «Коралл»), romelic gvaZlevs saSualebas vareguliroT cxovelTa ulufebis dagegmva da sakvebze moTxovnileba konkretuli bunebriv-ekologiuri da sameurneo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saZovrebis organizacia

saqarTvelo mdidaria bunebrivi sakveb-savargulebiT. statistikuri monacemebiT CvenSi sul aris 1796,6 aTasi ha bunebrivi sakveb-savarguli, romlidan 1919,0 ha modis sazafxulo saZovrebze da saTibebze, 235 aTasi ha sazamTroa, xolo 642,6 ha gardamavali saZovaria. maTi efeqturad gamoyeneba iseTi mciremiwiani qveynisaTvis, rogorc saqarTveloa metad mniSvnelovania.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom gamomdinare bunebriv-klimaturi da ekonomikuri pirobebidan Cveni meZroxeoba da mecxvareoba TiTqmis mTli-anad efuZneba bunebrivi svargulebidan miRebul sakvebs, gasagebi unda iyos am sferoSi saqmianobis sworad organizaciis sakiTxis udidesi mniSvneloba.

saZovrebis mosavlianobis gazrda da maTi sargeblianobis amaRleba SesaZlebelia zedapiruli da Zireuli gaumjobesebiT.

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zedapiruli gaumjobeseba. am dros mimarTaven Semdeg RonisZiebebs: 1. kulturteqnikuri samuSaoebi (qvebis gatana, Txunelebisa da Wian-

Wvelebis kolxobebis mosworeba, SedarebiT swor farTobebze buCq-narebisa da wvrili tyis gakafva, saWiroebisas teritoriis moswo-reba);

2. wylisa da sahaero reJimebis gaumjobeseba (morwyva, kordis gaf-xviereba);

3. sarevela mcenareebTan brZola; 4. organuli da mineraluri sasuqebis SetaniT miwis ganoyiereba; 5. sakvebi balaxebis SeTesva.

kulturteqnikuri samuSaoebis da sarevelebTan brZolis Ronis-Ziebebis damTavrebis Semdeg im farTobebze, sadac kordi Zlier darRve-ulia da cenozSi Warbobs fesuriani da meCxerbuCqiani marcvlovnebi, ata-reben sakvebi balaxebis SeTesvas. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi klima-tis, niadagis tipis da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT SearCeven Sesa-Tesi sakvebi kulturebis saxeobebs. am RonisZiebis efeqturoba damokide-bulia farTobebis teniT uzrunvelyofis sakiTxis gadawyvetaze.

Zireuli gaumjobeseba. arsebobs ori xerxi: pirveli, niadagis mox-vnisa da damuSavebis Semdeg 2-3 wlis manZilze erTwlovani kulturebis Tesva-moyvana da meore e.w. daCqarebuli gamdeloeba, rodesac niadagis moxvnis Semdeg pirdapir iTeseba mravalwlovani balaxebis narevi.

saZovrebis gaumjobesebis Tu romeli xerxi iqnas gamoyenebuli yovel konkretul SemTxvevisaTvis unda gadawydes bunebrivi pirobebis, nakveTis eqsploataciis intensivobis, cenozis mdgomareobis da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saZovrebis racionaluri gamoyeneba. gulisxmobs cxovelebis Zove-bis mowesrigebas. upirvelesi amocanaa gazafxulze cxovelebis saZovarze gayvanis da Semodgomaze saZovruli Senaxvis damTavrebis optimaluri vadebis gansazRvra. gazafxulze, cxovelebis saZovarze pirvelad gaSve-bis periodis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sazomia balaxnaris simaRle. amasTan, marcvlovani balaxeulis siWarbisas Zoveba unda daiwyos aRerebis sawyis stadiaSi, xolo parkosnebis siWarbisas- parkosani balaxebis gverdiTi ylortebis ganviTarebis dasawyisSi.

nebismier tipis saZovarze balaxnaris mosavlianobis da eqsploata-ciis xangrZlivobis gazrdis, agreTve efeqturobis amaRlebis mniSvnelo-vani saSualebaa nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebis sistemis SemoReba.

CvenSi, jer kidev, SemorCenilia usistemo Zovebis tradicia, rode-sac pirutyvi yovelgvari winaswar momzadebis gareSe gahyavT fermis mimdebare nakveTze da xdeba maTi Tavisuflad Zoveba.

usistemod Zovebisas saZovris balaxis mniSvnelovani nawili (30-35%-mde) iTeleba cxovelebis gadaadgilebisas. saqme is aris, rom am SemTxvevaSi, ukeTesi balaxnaris ZebniT cxoveli yoveldRe Semoivlis mTel farTobs, sakvebis ukmarisobisas ki is Zovs ufro karg da noyier balaxs. meores mxriv, mosavlis siWarbisas pirutyvi ver aswrebs balaxis srulad gadaZovnas, is yvavildeba, uxeSdeba da kargavs yuaTianobas.

nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebis sistema gulisxmobs mTeli farTobis 4-5 nakveTad dayofas da yovel nakveTSi, morigeobiT, 5-7 dRis ganmavlobaSi pirutyvis Zovebas. aseT pirobebSi pirutyvi pirvel nakveTs daubrundeba 25-30 dRis Semdeg. drois es Sualedi ki sruliad sakmarisia balaxis wamosazrdelad da misi sruli simwifis misaRwevad.

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nakveTebis raodenobisa da farTobis gaangariSebisas gasaTvalis-winebelia jgufSi cxovelebis suladoba, maTi sakvebze moTxovnileba, balaxnaris mdgomareoba, vegetaciisaTvis saWiro tenis uzrunvelyofa da zogierTi sxva momenti. 1 pirobiT furze unda modiodes 2-3 m siganis nakveTi, xolo saZovris farTobma dReSi unda Seadginos 12-15 m2.

saZovris nakveTebad dayofisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT bunebrivi saz-RvrebiT Semokavebuli farTobebi, an kidev gamoviyenoT ”eleqtro mwyemsi” (nax. 47), romlis axali modeli ikvebeba mzis batareebiT.

nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebis efeqturoba gamoixateba, agreTve, invaziuri daavadebebis gavrcele-bis saSiSroebis nivelirebaSi. saq-me is aris, rom periodi, romlis Semdeg naxiri ubrundeba nakveTs sruliad sakmarisia daavadebuli cxovelis nakelidan saZovarze moxvedrili parazitebis kvercxebis dasaxocad, e.i. saZovris TviTdaw-mendisaTvis.

nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebisas gaadvilebulia saZovris morwyvis da sxva zedapirulad gasaumjo-besebeli RonisZiebebis Catareba.

xelovnuri (kulturuli) saZovrebi. cxovelebisaTvis erT-erTi yve-laze iafi da maRali xarisxis sakvebis wyaroa. mowyoba xdeba agroteqni-kuri moTxovnebis zustad dacvis pirobebSi, mravalwlovani marcvlovani parkosani balaxebis narevis TesviT. kulturuli saZovrebi mosavli-anobiT 2-3 da ufro metad aRemateba bunebriv saZovrebs.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris raionebisaTvis kulturuli saZov-rebis mosawyobad rekomendebulia saTiTuras, mdelos wivanas, ufxo Svrielas, saZovris koindaris da ionjis narevSi Tesva. 1 ha farTobze am balaxebis Teslis masam unda Seadginos, Sesabamisad 8, 10, 8 da 6 kg. aseTi saZovris mwvane masis 1 kg- is yuaTianoba, vegetaciis fazidan gamomdinare, 0,22-0,24 sakvebi erTeulia da Seicavs 24-28 g monelebad proteins.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi.

• ra maCveneblebs iTvaliswineben kvebis normebis dadgenisas?

• ra gansazRvravs sakvebis yuaTianobas?

• ra ewodeba vitaminebis naklebobas da mis saerTod ar arsebobas?

• normidan ra gadaxrebia mosalodneli vitaminebis naklebobisas?

• rogor vangariSobT sakvebis monelebadobis koeficients?

• ra aris sakvebi erTeuli?

• rogor gaiangariSeba energetikuli sakvebi erTeuli (“ese”)?

• ra saxis sakvebi saSualebebi iciT?

• ramdeni maCvenebliT dabalansebas iTvaliswinebs kvebis normebi?

• ras niSnavs “saarsebo” “produqtiuli” da sareproduqcio sakvebi?

• ra aris Saqarproteinovani Sefardeba da ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas?

• ra mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelis sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofas?

sur. 47. eleqtro mwyemsis gamoye-nebis principuli sqema

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• ra aris “pirobiTi suli”?

• ra samuSaoebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs saZovrebis zedapiruli gaumjobeseba?

• ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT cxovelebis saZovarze gayvanisas?

• ra upiratesoba aqvs nakveTmorigeobiT Zovebas Tavisuflad Zove-basTan SedarebiT?

sacnobaro literatura: 1. g. aglaZe- saqarTvelos mTis saTib-saZovrebis ganoyiereba. Tbilisi,

1980; 2. g. gogoli- garemo da cxoveli; produqtiulobis ekologiuri prob-

lemebi meZroxeobaSi. Tbilisi, “mecniereba”, 1997; 3. l. diursti, m. vitmani- sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa kveba. Tbi-

lisi, “siesta”, 2005; 4. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi,

“universali”, 2009; 5. j.RuduSauri, j.guguSvili da sxv.- rCevebi (fermerebisaTvis)

cxovelTa da frinvelTa normirebuli kvebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2001; 6. Нормы и рационы кормления сельскохозяйственных жиоттных. Сост. А.П.Калаш-

ников и др., 2002; 7. С. Н.Хохрин- Корма и кормление животных. Учебное пособие. 2002. 8. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под

общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;

Tavi 5. meZroxeoba; rZis da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia

Zroxis moSenebiT dainteresebis mizezia bunebrivi sakveb savargu-lebidan, agreTve memcenareobis produqtebidan da anarCenebidan adamiane-bisaTvis metad Zvirfasi sakvebi produqtebis- rZisa da xorcis mocemis unari. dReisaTvis msoflioSi warmoebuli rZis saerTo raodenobis daax-loebiT 97% da xorcis 25% modis meZroxeobis dargze.

Zroxis biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi; konstitucia, eqsterieri da interieri

biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi gapirobebulia istori-uli ganviTarebis anu filogenezis procesSi gancdili cvlilebebiT; maT Soris ZiriTadia, e.w. domestikuri, anu adamianis Segnebuli da mizan-mimarTuli SromiT gamowveuli cvlilebebi.

Zroxa mcoxnavi cxovelia, aqvs 32 kbili da oTxkameriani kuWi. saWm-lis momnelebeli sistemis Taviseburi agebuleba aZlevs mas saSualebas aiTvisos ujredaniT mdidari mcenareuli warmoSobis sakvebi saSuale-bebis sayuaTo nivTierebebi.

zrdasruli Zroxa xasiaTdeba Semdegi klinikur-fiziologiuri maC-veneblebiT:

- sxeulis temperatura normaSi +37,5...+38,9 0C; - sisxlis raodenoba cocxali masis 7,5-8%; - gamoyofili nerwyvis raodenoba 980-1900 kg dRe-RameSi; - kuWis sekretis raodenoba- 60-65 l dRe-RameSi; - naRvlis wvenis raodenoba- 2-6 litri dRe-RameSi;

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- Sardis raodenoba- 2-6 l dRe-RameSi; - ganavlis raodenoba- 35-45 kg dRe-RameSi; furis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 18-21 welia, magram, rogorc wesi,

is sameurneod gamoyeneba 9-12 weli. Zroxa izrdeba sicocxlis pirveli 4-5, gvianmwifadi jiSebi ki 6-7 wlis manZilze. mozardi sqesobrivi simwi-fes aRwevs 7-10, xolo fiziologiur simwifes- 15-20 Tvis asakSi.

Zroxas SeiZleba damakdes da Sesabamisad xbo moigos wlis nebis-mier Tves. amasTan, daxboianebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens fotope-riodizmi, ris gamo aRiniSneba adre gazafxulze xbos mogebis tendencia.

dekeulebisa da furebis sqesobriv aqtivobas axasiaTebs garkveuli cikluroba. ara make individebi xuraoben yovel 17-22 dReSi erTxel.

xuraobis refleqsi garegnulad vlindeba cxovelis aqtiurobis gadidebiT, xSirad SardvaSi, sasircxo bageebidan lorwosmagvari siTxis gadmodinebaSi, monawvelis SemcirebaSi da sxv. daubmelad Senaxvisas is axteba sxva cxovels an sxvebi axtebian mas, is ki uZravad dgas (“uZra-obis refleqsi”).

axalSobili xbos cocxali masa damokidebulia cxovelis jiSze da cvalebadobs 11-15 kg-dan (primitiul jiSebSi) 45-55 kg-mde; umetesi kulturuli jiSis axalSobili xbos saSualo cocxali masa 25-45 kg-a. amasTan saxareebi dabadebisas saSualod iwonian 1-5 kg-iT ufro mets, da movla-Senaxvis Tanabar pirobebSi izrdebian 10-15%-iT ufro swrafad, vidre safureebi.

zrdasruli Zroxis saSualo cocxali masa sxvadasxva jiSebSi sakmaod farTo diapazonSi cvalebadobs: primitiul jiSebSi furebis cocxali masa 170-230 kg-a, kuroebis ki 300-380 kg. magaliTad, qarTuli mTis Zroxis furebi iwonian 180-200 kg-s, xolo simaRle mindaoSi 100 sm-a. kulturuli jiSis zrdasruli furi iwonis 600-700 kg-s, kuro ki 850-1200 kg-s. magaliTad holStinuris furebi iwonian 650-700 kg-s, xolo mindaoSi maTi simaRle 150-180 sm- a.

sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT Semdegi rekorduli maCveneblebia cnobili: dRiuri monawveli- 109,7 kg, laqtaciuri monawveli- 30264 kg rZe, xolo laqtaciis manZilze rZis saSualo cximianoba- 10,58%. amaTgan, pirveli ori ekuTvnis holStinur, xolo mesame- gernsiul jiSs.

konstitucia, Zroxis produqtiulobis dones, mimarTulebasa da xarisxs gansazRvravs misi konstitucia anu cocxali organizmis Sinagani da garegnuli Taviseburebebis erToblioba.

Zroxas yofen naz, uxeS, mkvriv da faSar konstituciur tipebad; nazi konstituciuri tipis niSnebia: sxeuli odnav kuTxovani for-

mis, Tavi msubuqi da patara, rqebi da Zvlovani sistema wvrili, mkerdi SedarebiT viwro da brtyeli, magram sakmaod Rrma, kunTebi SedarebiT sustad ganviTarebuli. aseTi konstituciis cxovelebs Txeli da nazi kani aqvs, romelic kiserze warmoqmnis mravalricxovan naoWebs.

uxeSi konstituciis Zroxa xasiaTdeba mZime TaviT, uxeSi da masiuri ZvleuliT, mkvrivi-uxeSi muskulaturiT, Zlier ganviTarebuli kunTovani da sustad ganviTarebuli SemaerTebeli qsoviliT, sqeli kaniT, romelic dafarulia naklebad elastiuri da uxeSi balniT. aseTi konstituciis cxovelebi ar gamoirCevian maRali sarZeo da saxorce produqtiulobis, xolo warmoebul produqciaze (rZeze, cocxali masis namatze) xarjaven didi raodenobiT sakvebs.

mkvrivi konstituciuri tipis Zroxas aqvs mkvrivi muskulatura, xSiri balniT dafaruli elastiuri kani, kargad ganviTarebuli gul-

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sisxlZarRvTa da sasunTqi sistema, agreTve saWmlis momnelebeli orga-noebi. am tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia garemos uaryofiTi zemoqmedebi-sadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari da nivTierebaTa cvlis gaZlierebuli intensivoba.

faSari konstituciuri tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebia: wvrili Zvlovani sistema, patara zomis Tavi, farTo da Rrma mkerdi, mok-le kiseri, sqeli da rbili kani, rbili da SedarebiT iSviaTi balani, wvrilboWkovani kunTebi, Zlier ganviTarebuli kanqveSa da kunTebsSorisi SemaerTebeli qsovili. biologiurad am konstituciuri tipis cxovelebs axasiaTebT adreuli asakidan gasuqebis unari.

Cveulebriv, Zroxis jiSebSi gvxvdeba aRwerili konstituciuri tipebis oTxive kombinacia: maT Soris, nazi-mkvrivi, romelic sasurvelia sarZeo da sarZeo-saxorce, nazi-faSari- saxorce produqtiuli mimarTu-lebis ZroxisaTvis, uxeSi-mkvrivi, naklebad sasurvelia, magram ase Tu ise misaRebia muSa pirutyvisaTvis, xolo uxeSi-faSari arc erTi produqtiuli mimarTulebis ZroxisaTvis ar aris sasurveli.

eqsterieri. anu sxeulis garegani forma. gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom garegnuli formis, anu eqterieris Seswavlis safuZvelze maRali sarwmunoebiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT Zroxis produqtiul mimarTulebaze.

garegnulad ra niSan-Tvi-sebebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTi-sagan sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis Zroxis jiSebi?

sarZeo jiSebis (sur. 48, a) sxeuls, gverdidan Sexedvisas aqvs wagrZelebuli (samkuTxedisebri) forma; Tavi saSualo zomis da xmeli, kiseri grZeli, saSualo sisqis da danaoWebuli Txeli kaniT, mindao SemaRlebuli, swori da zomieri siganis, zurgi da weli swori, ganieri da odnav

wagrZelebuli, gulmkerdi Rrma da saSualo siganis, gava farTo da grZeli, muceli moculobiani da akruli.

sarZeo jiSebisagan gansxvavebiT, saxorce jiSis Zroxis sxeuli kasrisebuli formisaa (sur. 48, b) da gverdidan Sexedvisas aqvs marTkuT-xedis forma; Tavi ganieri da xorciani, kiseri mokle da sqeli, mindao farTo, gulmkerdi Rrma da ganieri, zurgi farTo da swori, sxeulis ukana mesamedi grZeli da kunTebiT kargad Sevsebuli, kani faSari, kan-qveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili kargad ganviTarebuli.

Zroxis eqsterieriT Sefasebas udides yuradRebas uTmoben maRal-ganviTarebuli meZroxeobis qveynebSi. SemuSavebulia Sefasebis erTiani moTxovnebi, romlis mixedviT sarZeo furis eqsterieri fasdeba 12 stan-dartuli da 4 damatebiTi maCvenebliT.

moTxovnis Tanaxmad, sxeulis TiToeuli nakvTis Sefaseba xdeba 1- dan 9- mde balis mikuTvnebiT. 49- e suraTze motanilia niSan-Tvisebebis ganviTarebis done, romlis mixedviT maT miekuTvnebaTY1 (marcxniv), 5 (cen-trSi) da 9 (marjvniv) bali. sanaSene furis SerCevisas iTvaliswineben misi eqsterieris da produqtiulobis Sesabamisobas jiSis sasurvel tipTan, romelsac gansazRvraven jiSis momSenebelTa asociaciebi. analo-giurad fasdeba kuro-mwarmoeblebi da maTi furSvilebi.

sur. 48. sarZeo (a) da saxorce (b)

jiSis Zroxis eqsterieri

a b

78

sur. 49. eqsterieris Sefasebis standartuli da damxmare niSan-Tvisebebi

I. ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi

1. simaRle gavaSi 2. sxeulis siRrme

3. gavis forma

4. gavis sigane

5. ukana kidurebis dadgma

6. Cliqis simaRle

7. curis mimagreba

8. curis siRrme

9. curis Sua Zgide

10. curis ukana meoTxedebis siRrme

11. wina kertebis mdebareoba

12. kertebis sigrZe

II. damatebiTi niSan-Tvisebebi

13. curis wina meoTxedebis sigrZe

14. sarZeo tipi

13. wina kidurebis dadgma

14. saxtomi saxsari

79

sarZeo produqtiuloba da masze momqmedi faqtorebi

furis sarZeo produqtiulobaze msjeloben misgan miRebuli rZis raodenobiTa da xarisxiT. es maCveneblebia: laqtaciuri da 305 dRiuri monawveli, rZeSi cximis da cilis %, agreTve rZis cximisa da cilis saerTo raodenoba.

sarZeo produqtiulobaze momqmedi faqtorebi, pirobiTad, SeiZleba davyoT or jgufad, genetikuri anu memkvidruli da paratipuli anu garemo.

furis jiSi. sarZeo jiSebi xasiaTdebian maRali monawveliT. maTTan SedarebiT ufro mcire monawveli aqvT kombinirebul jiSebs, xolo saxorce jiSebi iZlevian imden rZes, ramdenic sakmarisia maTi naSieris gamosazrdelad.

jiSi, aseve, gansazRvravs rZeSi mSrali nivTierebis da maT Soris cximebisa da cilebis Semcvelobas. magaliTad, jersuli jiSis Zroxis rZe Seicavs 5,6 % cxims da 4%-mde cilas, maSin rodesac holStinuri jiSis rZe, Sesabamisad, 3,6 da 3,1%-s.

jiSSi gvxvdeba calkeuli individebi, xazebi da ojaxebi, romelTac axasiaTebT sarZeo produqtiulobis gansxvavebuli parametrebi. am movle-nas uwodeben SigajiSur gansxvavebebs.

furis fiziologiuri mdgomareoba. aq Sedis: xuraoba, makeoba, mSra-lobis periodis xangrZlivoba, laqtaciis Tve, nakveboba, asaki, da sxva.

normalur pirobebSi furma xbo yovelwliurad unda moigos, xolo laqtacia unda grZeldebodes 305 dRe. rZis intensiuri sekrecia iwyeba xbos mogebis pirvelive dRidanve da misi done maqsimalurs aRwevs laqtaciis meore TvisaTvis, Semdeg ki TandaTan klebulobs. mogebidan 85-e dRemde furi unda damakdes, xolo momdevno mogebamde 60 dRiT adre is unda gaSres. es cikli sqematurad gamosaxulia nax. 5- ze.

“servis–periodi”, grZeldeba mogebidan nayofier dagrilebamde.

xangrZlivi an Zlier Semoklebuli “servis-periodi” amcirebs furis sarZeo produqtiulobas. adre damakeba naklebad sasurvelia imitom, rom laqtaciis periodis mokldeba da, Sesabamisad, iwvevs monawvelis 20-30%- iT Semcirebas.

mSralobis periodi. furis gaSroba aucilebelia nayofis norma-lurad ganviTarebisaTvis, agreTve organizmis aRsadgenad da saWiro rezervebis Sesaqmnelad, anu momdevno laqtaciisaTvis mosamzadeblad.

mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom mSralobis periodis 20-30 dRemde Semokleba 15-20%- iT amcirebs momdevno laqtaciis monawvels, xbo ki susti da ganuviTarebeli ibadeba.

laqtaciis Tve. rZis sekreciis intensivoba mTeli laqtaciis man-Zilze ar aris erTnairi. mogebidan I-II TvisaTvis dRiuri monawveli

nax. 5. furis fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cikli

mogeba damakeba mogeba

“servis”-periodi, 85 dRe

makeobis periodi, 285 dRe

laqtaciis periodi, 305 dRe mSralobis

periodi, 60 dRe gaSroba mogebaTa Soris periodi, 365 dRe

80

izrdeba, Semdeg ki TandaTanobiT klebulobs. amasTan, pikis miRwevidan me-6 Tvemde monawveli mcirdeba 4-8%-iT, xolo Semdeg ufro intensiurad.

monawvelis cvalebado-bas laqtaciis Tveebis mixed-viT, gamoxatuls grafiku-lad, uwodeben laqtaciur mruds (nax. 6). laqtaciuri mrudi, aseve gviCvenebs fu-ris konstituciur simagres.

asaki. furi I laqtaci-aze iZleva SedarebiT mcire raodenobis rZes, Semdgom monawveli TandaTanobiT ma-tulobs da maqsimalurs aRwevs IV-V (kulturul ji-SebSi) an VI-VII (primitiul jiSebSi) laqtaciaze.

Cveulebriv, laqtaci-ebis mixedviT monawvelis mateba Seadgens: II laqtaciaze pirvelTan SedarebiT- 15–25%-s, III laqtaciaze meoresTan SedarebiT- 10–16%-s, xolo IV laqtaciaze mesamesTan SedarebiT- 5_8%-s.

I ganayofierebis da I mogebis asaki: damokidebulia jiSis malmwi-fadobasa da gamozrdis pirobebze. adreul asakSi dekeulis damakeba, miT ufro, Tu cocxali masac Seusabamoa, iwvevs mis dakninebas, agreTve zrda-Si Seferxebasa da monawvelis Semcirebas. meores mxriv, didi dagvianebiT dekeulis damakebisas izrdeba Senaxvis xarjebi, mcirdeba sicocxlis man-Zilze misgan misaRebi rZis raodenoba da matulobs berwianoba.

cocxali masa. didtanian furs SeuZlia SeWamos da gadaamuSaos meti raodenobiT sakvebi, vidre patara tanianma. e.i. potenciurad mas aqvs SesaZlebloba mogvces meti raodenobiT rZe. magram aseTi damokide-buleba yovelTvis ar dasturdeba.

sakvebi da kvebis pirobebi: SeiZleba iTqvas gadamwyveti faqtoria monawvelis potenciuri SesZleblobis gamovlenaSi. mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc sakvebis xarisxs, aseve yoveldRiuri ulufis yuaTianobasa da struqturas. sxvadasxva saxis sakvebi gansxvavebulad moqmedebs rZis raodenobasa da Sedgenilobaze; kerZod, ulufaSi moculobiani sakvebis didi xvedriTi wili xels uwyobs rZis cximianobis gazrdas, xolo koncentratebis didi raodenobiT Semcveli ulufa amcirebs mas. alpur da subalpur saZovrebze ialaRoba dadebiTad moqmedebs monawvelis raodenobasa da qimiur Sedgenilobaze.

movla-Senaxvis pirobebi. haeris maRali temperatura da fardobiTi tenianoba, amcirebs monawvels. msgavsi movlena aRiniSneba boselSi mavne airebis normaze maRali koncentraciisas, rac, aseve, SeiZleba gaxdes sxvadasxva daavadebis mizezic. boselSi +5...+200C temperatura da 75% fardobiTi tenianoba, agreTve haeris 0,5 m/wm moZraobis siCqare da mavne airebis koncentraciis dabali done xels uwyobs organizms gamoavlinos sarZeo produqtiulobis genetikuri potencia. am normebis darRveva gan-sakuTrebulad moqmedebs maRalproduqtiul furebze. daubmelad Senax-visas, dabmulTan SedarebiT izrdeba erTeul produqciaze daxarjuli sakvebis raodenoba.

nax. 6. magari (__) da susti (_ _) konstitu-

ciis furebis laqtaciuri mrudi

02468

1012141618

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

laqtaciis Tve

dRiuri mo

naw

veli, kg

81

xbos mogebis sezonis gavlena furis sarZeo produqtiulobaze uSu-alod dakvSirebulia fermebSi sakvebi bazis mdgomareobaze. laqtaciis sawyis stadiaSi rac ufro mwiria kvebis done, miT ufro naklebia furis monawveli da piriqiT, rac ufro gamoTanabrebulad vkvebavT mas, miT meti rZis miReba aris SesaZlebeli.

wvelis sixSire. Cveulebriv furs wvelian dReSi orjer, diliT da saRamos; sxva Tanabar SemTxvevaSi samjer wvelsas miiReba 10-15%- iT meti rZe. wvelaTaSoris periodi unda iyos Tanabari xangrZlivobis.

aqtiuri mocioni. bagurad Senaxvisas dReSi 3-4 sT aqtiuri mocioni dadebiTad moqmedebs rZis sekreciaze da monawvelis raodenobaze.

fermis dRis ganawesi. gulisxmobs sawarmoo procesebis Tanamimdev-robas da sazRvravs maTi Sesrulebis zusti dros. darRveva iwvevs monaw-velis Semcirebas.

furis kveba normaluri sarZeo produqtiulobis misaRwevad mogebis win make-

mSral furs amzadeben momdevno laqtaciisaTvis. kvebis normebis gansaz-Rvrisas iTvaliswineben furis cocxal masas da mosalodnel sarZeo produqtiulobas (cxrili 8).

cxrili 8. make-mSrali furis kvebis normebi

dRiuri norma* cocxali masa,kg sakvebi

erTeuli mimocvliTi energia, kj

monelebadi proteini,g

Ca, g P, g karoti-ni, mg

NaCl, g

mosalodneli 305 dRiuri monawveli 3000 kg rZe 300 5.0 62 600 45 25 200 30 400 6.0 73 720 60 35 240 40 500 7.0 82 840 80 45 280 50

mosalodneli 305 dRiuri monawveli 3500-4000 kg rZe 400 6.8 79 750 70 40 250 40 450 7.2 85 800 75 45 280 50 500 7.5 90 850 85 50 300 60

• ulufaSi sxva komponentebis Semcvelobis normebi motanilia sasof-lo-sameurneo cxovelTa kvebis cnobarebSi;

make-mSrali furis ulufa unda Seicavdes kargi xarisxis Tivas, siloss, Zirxvenebs; Tivis nawili, daaxloebiT 30-35% SeiZleba Seicvalos namjiT. yovel 100 kg cocxal masaze mwvane da wvniani sakvebis raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes 3-4 kg-s. kombinirebuli sakvebic make-mSral furs unda mivceT SezRuduli raodenobiT.

zamTarSi make-mSrali furi yoveldRiurad unda gaviyvanoT seiran-ze. mocionis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia haeris temperaturasa da amin-dze.

msgavs pirobebs uqmnian uSoblebs, romlebic mogebamde 2-2,5 TviT adre gadahyavT furebis boselSi da zrdaSi rom ar CamorCnen, msgavsi cocxali masis make-mSrali furis normaze damatebiT 1-2 sakvebi erTe-uliT meti yuaTianobis ulufiT kvebaven.

xbos mogebidan 30-35 wT-is Semdeg furs asmeven +25...+350C temperatu-ris wyals, sakveburSi ki Cauyrian kargi xarisxis Tivas. 1 saaTis Semdeg curs Tbili wyliT Camobanen da gamomdinare movla-Senaxvis teqnolo-giidan, pirvel xsens Camowvelian an xbos moawoveben.

82

mogebis Semdeg uxvrZian furebs curi da ukana kidurebi SeiZleba SeuSupdes. am SemTxvevaSi wvelamde da wvelis Semdeg SeSupebul adgi-lebze ukeTeben masaJs.

cocxali masisa da monawvelis gaTvaliswinebiT normis Sesatyvisi ulufebiT kvebaze furi gadahyavT TandaTanobiT, mogebidan pirveli 8-12 dRis ganmavlobaSi, ris Semdeg, daaxloebiT me- 20 dRidan ganwvelis mizniT ulufis yuaTianobas adideben 10-15%-iT.

mecnierulad dasabuTebuli kvebis normebiT ulufas abalanseben 24 komponentiT, ra drosac iTvaliswineben furis cocxal masas, dRiur monawvels da rZeSi cximis Semcvelobas. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom rekomendebuli normebi (cxrili 9) atareben saorientacio xasiaTs da, amdenad, is SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes monawvelis da cximrZianobis, agreTve furis nakvebobis mdgomareobis Sesabamisad.

cxrili 9. sxvadasxva cocxali masisa da sarZeo produqtiulobis furebis kvebis normebi

dRiuri norma* dRiuri monawveli,

kg sakvebi

erTeuli mimocvliTi energia, kj

monelebadi proteini,g

Ca, g

P, g karoti-ni, mg

NaCl, g

cocxali masa 300 kg, rZeSi cximis % 3,8 4- mde 5.3 63 550 30 20 190 30

8 7.3 85 760 50 35 290 50 10 8.3 97 870 55 40 340 55 15 11,0 125 1180 75 55 480 75

cocxali masa 400 kg, rZeSi cximis % 3,8 7 7.5 88 785 50 35 295 50 10 9.0 105 960 60 40 370 60 14 11.0 126 1220 75 55 470 75 20 14.2 160 1650 100 75 620 100 25 17.4 197 2040 120 90 750 120

cocxali masa 500 kg, rZeSi cximis % 3,8 8 8.6 104 820 57 39 345 57 10 9.6 115 1020 65 45 400 65 15 12.1 144 1340 85 60 530 85 20 14.7 168 1680 105 75 650 105 25 17.8 200 2060 130 95 300 130 30 21.0 230 2460 145 105 900 145

• ulufaSi sxva komponentebis Semcvelobis normebi motanilia sasof-lo-sameurneo cxovelTa kvebis cnobarebSi;

3-4 wlis axalgazrda furebis ulufa normiT gaTvaliswinebulze damatebiT unda gaizardos 1,0-2,5 kg sakvebi erTeuliT, 11,5-17,5 megajouli energiiT da 115-145 g monelebadi proteiniT, rac uznunvelyofs mis normalur zrda-ganviTarebas.

furis wvela

wvelis win curs Camobanen Tbil wyliT, Semdeg ki SeamSraleben mSrali xelsaxociT.

gamoiyeneba wvelis ori xerxi, xeliT da sawveli aparatiT. praqti-kaSi gvxvdeba xeliT wvelis ori wesi, TiTebiT da muWiT wvela. TiTebiT

83

sur. 51. sawveli aparatiT wvela

wvelisas mwvelavi cera da saCvenebeli TiTebs uWers kertis fuZes da dabla CamocurebiT gamodevnis kertis cisternaSi mdgar rZes.

muWiT wvelisas (sur. 50) kerti moqceulia xelis gulsa da saCvenebel TiTs Soris, xolo cera TiTi devs am ukanasknelze zemodan (1). kerts jer SemouWeren saCvenebel da cera TiTs (2), Semdeg danarCen TiTebs Tanamimdev-robiT mouWeren, ris Sedegad kertis cisternaSi mdgari rZe TandaTanobiT gamoidevneba gareT (3). es wesi ara marto aadvilebs mwvelavis Sromas, aramed ufro swrafi da furisaTvis umtkivneuloa.

sawveli aparatiT (sur. 51) wvela dRes sayovelTaod aris gavrcelebuli. xeliT wvelasTan SedarebiT is 10-15- jer adidebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobas da aumjobesebs rZis xarisxs.

gamowvelis principi efuZneba sawveli Wiqis Sida moculobasa da ker-tis bolos Soris 0,5-0,6 atm donis vakumis warmoqmnas, rac uzrunvelyofs spinqteridan rZis gamowvelas da saw-vel vedroSi an rZis gamtar sistemaSi gadatanas.

wvelis damTavrebisas curs da kertebs erTjeradi xelsaxociT Seam-Sraleben, Semdeg ki mas boloebze (spinqters) wausvamen malamos.

msxvil fermebSi furebs wvelian sawvel darbazebSi “tandemis”, “eloC-kas”, “karuselis” da sxva tipis sawvel danadgarebze.

Seqmnilia avtomaturi sawveli danadgari, romelic wvelasTan dakav-Sirebul yvela operacias- curis Camo-banvas, sawveli Wiqebis kertebze mor-gebas, wvelas, wvelis damTavrebis Sem-deg Wiqebis Camoxsnas da sawveli apa-ratis sanitarul damuSavebas asru-leben damoukideblad, adamiani ki mxo-lod akontrolebs maT muSaobas.

sanaSene xbos gamozrda

miuxedavad imisa, rom axalSobili anatomiurad da morfologiurad Camoyalibebulia, is fiziologiurad jer kidev moumwifebelia. amis gamo mogebis pirvel dReebSi xbo gansakuTrebul mzrunvelobas saWiroebs.

xbos mogebis win furs etyoba mousvenroba, daubmelad Senaxvisas ki is cdilobs moSordes naxirs. mogvianebiT mas ewyeba WinTvebi, dawveba da xSirad bRavis;

sur. 50. TiTebis mdgomareoba furis muWiT wvelisas

84

sur. 52. xbos indivi-dualuri galia

sur. 53. maTaraSi Cas-xmuli xseniT xbos

sasircxo bageebidan pirveli gamoCndeba Tavwylis buSti, romelic male skdeba da Semdeg gamoCndeba xbos wina kidurebi da masze dadebuli drunCi. nayofis normaluri mdgomareobisas WinTvebis gaZlierebis kvalobaze is TandaTanobiT, sakmaod swrafad gamoidevneba saSvilosnodan. mSobiaroba, roforc wesi, grZeldeba 30-40 wuTi.

axalSobils sufTa tiloTi an erTjeradi xelsaxociT cxviridan da piridan unda movwmindoT lorwo, xolo sxeuli gavamSraloT aseve tiloTi (erTjeradi xelsaxociT) an namjiT. Semdeg Wiplarze, muclidan 3–5 sm- is daSorebiT unda SemovakraT winaswar gadezinfecirebuli kanafi an ubralo Zafi da “zedmeti” nawili movWraT makratliT an basri daniT. am proceduris damTavrebisTanave sxeulze darCenili Wiplari unda davamuSaoT iodis 2-3%-ni nayeniT an sxva sadezinfeqcio saSualebiT.

mogebidan 10-20 wT-is gasvlis Semdeg furi dgeba da iwyebs xbos lok-vas. es aaqtiurebs axalSoblis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemas da dadebiTad moqmedebs mis organizmze. garda amisa, lokvisas, nerwyvTan erTad nayofis siTxis gadaylapva astimulirebs furis saSvilosnos momyolisagan ganTavisuflebis process.

axalSobils dabadebisTanave uaqtiurdeba wovis refleqsis aRmZvreli nervuli centrebi. amis gamo wamodgomisTanave is iwyebs dedis Zebnas da cdilobs kertis pirSi Cadebas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xbo sustia, is

miyavT dedasTan da exmarebian xsenis miRebaSi. xbos mier dedis wova ar aris sasurveli,

vinaidan furi eCveva mas da mocilebis Semdeg, xSirad, mwvelavs ar emorCileba da/an Znelad iZleva rZes (ityvian rZes iparavso). amis gamo, dabadebisTanave xbo gadayavT individualur galiaSi da dabadebidan ara ugvianes 2,5-3 saaTisa dedis pirvel xsens aZleven sawovaraTi (sur. 52). amisaTvis furs wvelian, xsens Tbiladve asxamen maTaraSi, mas moargeben sawovaras da aZleven xbos (sur. 53).

pirveli xseni didi raodenobiT Seicavs imunoglobulinebs (cxrili 10), nivTierebebs, romlebic gadadian jer limfaSi, Semdeg ki sisxlSi da uzrunvelyofen organizmis damcve-lobiTi funqciebis ganviTarebas.

pirveli 3-4 dRis manZilze xbos xsens aZleven mcire dozebiT, erT jerobaze 0,75–1,0 kg raodenobiT da dReSi 3-4-jer sixSiriT. Warbi an civi xsenis dalevineba iwvevs faRaraTs. xseniT kvebis periodi grZeldeba 7-10 dRe, mas kvebaven rZiT an rZis SemcvleliT.

axalSobili xbos, Termoregulaciis una-ris gamomuSavebamde, 3-4 sT-iT aTavseben +20 ...+25°0C-isºpirobebSi, Semdgom ki, vidre 2-3 Tvis asakis miRwevamde saxboreSi haeris temperatura

+12...+20°0C-is, xolo fardobiTi tenianoba 75-78%-is farglebSi unda iyos. 10-12 dRidan xbo gadayavT jgufur galiaSi. erT galiaSi unda

moTavsdes erTnairi asakis, sqesisa da cocxali masis individebi. xsenis periodis Semdeg xbos aCveven rZis vedrodan smas. mniSvnelovania saxbores optimaluri ganaTebiT uzrunvelyofa. sinaTlis sxivebi spobs kanze moxved-

85

ril mikrofloras, sisxlSi zrdis eriTrocitebis ricxvsa da hemoglobinis koncentracias, aZlierebs leikocitebis fagocitur aqtivobasa da organiz-mis sxva fiziologiur funqciebs.

zafxulobiT, saxboresTan mowyobil seiranze mocionisas organizmi ganicdis mzis sxi-vebis zemoqmedebas, xolo zam-TarSi aucilebelia movawyoT xelovnuri dasxiveba, ra miz-niTac gamoiyeneba infrawiTeli an ultraiisferi sxivebis spe-cialuri naTurebi.

15-20 dRis asakidan, SeCvevis mizniT, xbos sakveburSi eZleva marc-vlovani sakvebi- Svriis an qeris moxaluli marcvlis RerRili, an kidev specialuri kombinirebuli sakvebi. SesaCvevad, aseve aucilebelia calke sakveburSi mozards hqondes kargi xarisxis Tiva.

20-25 dRis asakidan, naturaluri rZis ekonomiis mizniT, xbos sakvebad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rZis Semcvleli fxvnili, romelsac kvebis win 1:8 SefardebiT xsnian +39...+400C temperaturis wyalSi.

rZis fxvnili, naturalur rZesTan SedarebiT iafia, vinaidan mzaddeba mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmoSobis aratradiciuli nedleulidan, xolo receptura SerCeulia imdagvarad, rom gamoyenebis instruqciis moTxovnebis dacvisas uaryofiTi movlenebi (faRaraTi, cxovelis zrdaSi CamorCena da sxv.) ar aRiniSneba.

gamomdinare gamozrdis sqemidan, rZiT kvebis periodi 2,5-4 Tvis asa-kamde grZeldeba. am dros ulufa imdagvarad unda SeirCes, rom mozardis saWmlis momnelebelma organoebma mcenareuli warmoSobis sakvebis monele-bis specifikuri unari gamoimuSaon.

gamozrdis sqemis SerCevisas saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT xbos jiSi, sqesi da cocxali masa. saqme is aris, rom xbos sworad gamozrda uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva organoebisa da sistemis harmoniul ganviTarebas, rac momavalSi maRali sarZeo da saxorce produqtiulobis winapirobaa.

zogjer meZuZuri xbos gamozrdisas mimarTavs e.w. ”wvela-wovebis” wess, romelic mdgomareobs SemdegSi: wvelis dawyebamde xbos miuSveben dedasTan, 1–1,5 wT-is Semdeg ki mas asxleten da iwyeben wvelas, rogorc wesi, xbosaTvis mwvelavi Camouwvelavs tovebs erT an or kerts, an furs srulad ar Camowvelavs, wvelis damTavrebisTanave ki xbos kvlav miuSvebs dedasTan.

xbos gamozrdis es meTodi dakavSirebulia Sromis did danaxarjebTan. amasTan, xbos SeCveuli furi, asxletis Semdeg Znelad iZleva rZes, calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki saerTod wyvets rZis gacemas.

rZiT kvebidan mTlianad mcenareul sakvebiT kvebaze gadasvlisas stre-suli movlenebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, xbos gamozrdis sqemiT gaTva-liswinebulia ulufaSi rZis raodenobis TandaTanobiT Semcireba, an natu-raluri rZis moxdiliT Secvla da garkveuli asakis miRwevis Semdeg ulu-fidan misi mTlianad amoReba.

sworad gamozrdili xbos rZiT kvebis Semdgom periodSi zrdis maRal potencias gansazRvravs is, rom misi kuW-nawlavis sistema mzad aris gada-amuSaos da aiTvisos koncentratebis, uxeSi, mwvane da sxva saxis sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebi.

cxrili 10. xsenis qimiuri Sedgeniloba.

saaTi mo-gebidan

prote-ini

globu-linebi

cximi laq-toza

0 22,1 0.63 6.5 4.37 12 13,7 0,29 6,5 4.51 24 7.1 0.25 3.6 4.65 60 4.9 0.20 3.7 5.2

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zrdis mimdinareobis kontrolis mizniT TvveSi erTxel mozardi unda aiwonos da ganisazRvros ramdenad Seesabameba dRiuri wonamati sakvebis danaxarjebs.

rZiT kvebis Semdgom periodSi mozardis gamozrda. igegmeba imdagvarad, rom gamoiricxos dabali wonamatis xangrZlivi drois manZilze miReba, vinaidan ganviTarebis nebismier etapze zrdis Seferxeba iwvevs organizmis dakninebas, calkeuli organoebisa da sistemebis proporciulad ganvi-TarebaSi CamorCenas da sabolood, momavali produqtiulobis daqveiTebas. optimalurad iTvleba sanaSene safure xbos/dekeulis gamozrdis iseTi sqema, romelic uzrunvelyofs 1 wlis asakisaTvis dabadebis cocxali masis 8-11-jer, xolo 1,5 wlisaTvis- 13-14-jer gazrdas.

gazafxulis Tbili dReebis dadgomisTanave 6 Tveze uxnesi mozardi SeiZleba gadaiyvanos saZovarze. am periodSi, kvebisa da movla Senaxvis pirobebis sworad organizaciisas, damatebiTi kvebis gareSe, SesaZlebelia mozardis cocxali masis dReRamurma namatma 650-700 g-s gadaaWarbos.

Senaxvis sistemebi

sasaqonlo produqciis warmoebis intensifikaciis doniT ganas-xvaveben Zroxis Senaxvis eqstensiur da intensiur sistemas.

Senaxvis eqstensiur sistema CvenSi efuZneba saukuneebis manZilze damkvidrebul tradiciebs. misi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia.

• rZisa da xorcis misaRebad, agreTve cocxal gamwev Zalad Zroxis aborigenuli an endemuri jiSebis moSeneba;

• naxiris struqturaSi furebis dabali xverdiTi wili da maTi dabali monawveli;

• sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis erTeul farTobze warmoebuli produqciis mcire raodenoba;

• xbos sezonurad mogeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, rZisa da cocxali masis namatis ZiriTadi nawilis saZovrul periodSi warmoeba, zamTarSi ki, arc Tu iSviaTad, cocxali masis Semcireba.

• cxovelebis ubinaod an martivi tipis sadgomebSi Senaxva; amasTan, yvela samuSao, dakavSirebuli cxovelTa movlasTan, kvebasTan, rZis warmoebasTan da a.S. sruldeba xeliT an/da primitiuli iaraRebiT.

• sanaSene muSaobis dabali done, furebis Tavisufali dagrileba da xboebis “wvela-wovebis” wesiT eqstensiurad gamozrda.

• sakvebwarmoebis procesis eqstensiuroba, rac niSnavs sakvebis buneb-rivi savargulebidan miRebas. amisagan gansxvavebiT Zroxis Senaxvis intensiuri sistemisas naxiri

dakompleqtebulia maRalproduqtiuli jiSebiT, cxovelebs inaxaven kapi-talur binebSi da kvebaven yvela komponentiT dabalansebuli ulufebiT da a.S. aseT pirobebSi, miuxedavad gaweuli didi xarjisa, sarZeo produq-tiulobisa da cocxali masis namatis done uzrunvelyofen erTeuli sasaqonlo produqciis dabal TviTRirebulebas da konkurentunarianobas.

aRniSnuli orive sistema, TavisTavad gulisxmobs Zroxis staciona-lurad da momTabareobis pirobebSi Senaxvas.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi baris zonis mejogeebi sargeblobdnen civ gomboris, TuSeTis mTiani nawilisa da samcxe-javaxeTis maRalmTiani saZovrebiT. dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zroxis zamTris saZovrebad gamo-iyeneba kolxeTis dablobi, xolo zafxulis- samegrelos, guriis da sva-neTis mTebi.

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stacionalur pirobebSi mimarTaven cxovelebs bagurad, bagur-saZovrulad, bagur-banakurad da saZovrulad Senaxvas. warmoebis ama Tu im sistemaze mikuTvnebisas ZiriTad sazomad aRebulia naxiris saaR-mwarmoeblo birTvis, anu furebis Senaxvis pirobebSi ganasxvavebebi.

baguri sistema gulisxmobs mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovelebis ganTavsebas regulirebuli mikroklimatis mqone binebSi, xolo Tbil dReebSi maT uSveben seiranze. baguri sistemis gamoyenebisas furebs inaxaven rogorc dabmulad, aseve daubmelad.

bagur-saZovruli Senaxvisas wlis civ periodSi cxovelebi ikve-bebian bagaze, xolo gazafxul-zafxulsi TveebSi fermispira saZovarze. aseTi Senaxvisas yvela ZiriTadi sawarmoo procesi (wvela, rZis pirve-ladi damSaveba, damatebiTi kveba da sxv.) xorcieldeba ZiriTad sadgomSi.

bagur-banakuri Senaxvas mimarTaven im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saZov-rebi mdebareoben fermidan Sors. amisaTvis saZovarze awyoben banaks, sadac ganlagebulia baki cxovelebis Ramis saaTebSi dasasveneblad, martivi tipis Senobebi momsaxure personalisaTvis, sarZeve, sakvebis Sesanaxi da sxva aucilebeli saTavsoebi. gazafxulze, saZovruli sezo-nis dawyebisTanave cxovelebs gadarekaven banakSi da yvela sawarmoo procesi iq xorcieldeba.

saZovruli Senaxva. SesaZlebelia mxolod im regionebSi, sadac zamTari Tbilia da balaxis vegetacia mTeli wlis manZilze grZeldeba. Senaxvis aseT sistemas mimarTaven Tbili klimatis qveynebSi, ZiriTadad ki specializebuli saxorce meZroxeobis fermebSi. CvenSi Senaxvis es sistema gamoyenebuli iyo megreli mejogeebis mier, romlebic zamTarSi cxovelebs aZovebdnen kolxeTis, zafxulSi ki didi da mcire kavkasionis alpur saZovrebze.

Zroxis saZovarze Senaxvis teqnika

gamomdinare bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebidan, saqarTveloSi aris yvela winapiroba Zroxeuli 190-210 dRis manZilze vkveboT saZovruli sak-vebiT. Zroxis saZovarze Senaxva imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom cxovelis Tavisuflad moZraoba, agreTve sufTa haeris da mzis sxivebis moqmedeba dadebiT gavlenas axdens mis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze, aRwarmoebis unarsa da produqtiulobaze.

dRes CvenSi mTeli wlis manZilze warmoebuli rZis da cocxali masis wonamatis 65-70%-ze mets iReben furebis saZovarze Senaxvisas. sa-Zovrebis sworad eqsploataciisas, kombinirebuli da sxva saxis sakvebiT damatebiTi kvebis gareSe SesaZlebelia furis dRiurma monawvelma 15-20 kg rZes, xolo mozardis sadReRamiso namatma 750-800 g-s miaRwios.

mwvane balaxi, mcenareuli warmoSobis sxva sakvebTan SedarebiT uf-ro srulad akmayofilebs Zroxis organizms sazrdo da biologiurad aq-tiuri nivTierebebiT; Mmisi 1 kg mSrali nivTiereba 0,8 kg sakveb erTeul-sa da 120-150 g monelebad proteins Seicavs, e.i. daaxloebiT imdens, ram-densac maRali xarisxis kombinirebuli sakvebi. amasTan, mwvane balaxi 1,5-2- jer ufro iafia, vidre sxva saxis sakvebi saSualebebi, rac uzrunvel-yofs warmoebuli rZisa da cocxali masis namatis TviTRirebulebis Sem-cirebas.

mniSvnelovania saZovruli periodis dawyebis vadis zustad gansaz-Rvra. amis erT-erTi maCvenebelia balaxnaris simaRle (cxrili 11). saZovarze marcvlovani cenozis siWarbisas Zoveba unda daviwyoT balaxeulis aRerebis sawyis stadiaSi, xolo parkosnebis siWarbisas- am ba-

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laxebis gverdiTi ylortebis ganviTarebis dasawyisSi. gviani Semodgomisa da zamTris TveebSi Zroxis ulufa, ZiriTadad,

warmodgenilia uxeSi sakvebiT (Tiva, namja, simindis Cala), calkeul Sem-TxvevaSi kombinirebuli sakvebis umniSvnelo ra-odenobis damatebiT; amis gaTvaliswinebiT gazaf-xulze saZovris sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis kargad aTvisebis uzrun-velsayofad cxovelma unda SesZlos saWmlis momnelebeli da nivTie-

rebaTa cvlis procesebis mniSvnelovani gardaqmna, rac moiTxovs garkve-uli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas:.

1. mTeli suladobis veterinaruli gamokvleva da pirutyvis dajgufeba sqesis, asakis, fiziologiuri mdgomareobis da nakvebobis mixedviT;

2. avadmyofi da gamxdari individebis calke jgufad gamoyofa da mTe-li suladobis damuSaveba sanitarulad;

3. saZovarze gayvanis pirvel dReebSi cxovelebis damatebiT kveba 1,5-2,0 kg/dReSi uxeSi sakvebiT. umjobesia am sakvebis diliT adre, sa-Zovarze gasvlamde darigeba, rac Tavidan agvacilebs norCi bala-xis xarbad Wamas da masTan dakavSirebul uaryofiT movlenebs;

4. mineraluri sakvebiT damatebiT kveba; 5. cxovelebis dacva uaryofiTi klimaturi movlenebisagan; dauSvebe-

lia Tbili boselidan cxovelebis saZovarze swrafad gayvana, gan-sakuTrebiT ki adre gazafxulis periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel civ, qarian amindSi, rac Tavidan agvacilebs maTi gacivebis SemTxvevebs.

sxvadasxva asakis, coc-xali masisa da produqti-ulobis Zroxeulis saZov-ris balaxze dRiuri moTx-ovnilebis saorientacio maCveneblebi mocemulia me- 12 cxrilSi.

rogorc aRiniSna (gv. 69-70) upiratesoba eniWeba nakveTmorigeobiT Zovebas. dadgenilia, rom saSualo mosavlianobis xelovnur saZovarze 1 sul pirobiT furze unda modiodes 2-3 m siganis nakveTi, da 12-15 m2

saZovris farTobi.

saxorce produqtiulobaze momqmedi faqtorebi

gaeros sursaTis da agrarul sakiTxTa (FAO) da janmrTelobis dacvis (WHO) organizaciebis mier rekomendebulia, rom adamianis mier miRebul xorcis balansSi Zroxis xorcze unda modiodes 40%, rac gamowveulia am produqtis maRali kvebiTi da biologiuri RirebulebiT.

cxrili 11. gazafxulze Zroxis saZovarze gayvanisas balaxnaris optimaluri simaRle

saZovris tipi balaxis si-maRle, sm*

mSralobis bunebrivi saZovrebi 10-12

teniani dablobis “ – “ – “ 12-15

dablobis bunebrivi da naTesi 15-18

sarwyavi naTesi saZovari 18-20

cxrili 12. dRiuri moTxovnileba mwvane sakvebze (saSualod 1 sulze/dReSi)

sqesobriv-asakobrivi da produq-tiuli jgufi

moTxovni-leba, kg

30 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 55

I. cocxali masa 350-450 kg: a) uSoblebi, make-mSrali da 5-8kg wveladobis furi

b) furi 10-12 kg wveladobiT g) furi 14-16 kg wveladobiT d) furi 18-20 kg wveladobiT 55 - 65

II. 700-900kg cocxali masis kuro 40 - 55 III. 200-250 kg c/masis mozardi 20 - 30 IV. 180 kg-mde cocxali masis xbo 12 - 18

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Zroxis xorcs, ZiriTadad, awarmoeben arasanaSene, anu e.w. zesaremonto mozardis gamozrda-suqebiT. amasTan, mniSvnelovani sargebeli SeiZleba mivi-RoT wundebuli zrdasruli pirutyvis saxorced realizaciis win suqebiTac.

Zroxis saxorce produqtiuloba, upirveles yovlisa, fasdeba dak-vlisas miRebuli tanxorcis rbilobis raodenobiTa da xarisxiT. amasTan erTad, saxorce produqtiulobaze msjelobisas iTvaliswineben cxove-lis cocxal masas suqebidan moxsnisas da dakvlis win, tanxorcis, muclis qonis, nedli tyavis, sxva teqnikuri Tu sakvebi subproduqtebis masas, gamosavlianobasa da xarisxs. saxorce produqtiulobaze mniS-vnelovani informacia miiReba xorcisa da sakvebi subproduqtebis qimi-uri Sedgenilobis SeswavliT da energetikuli Rirebulebis gansaz-RvriT, agreTve gamozrda-suqebis ekonomikurobis SefasebiT. es ukanas-kneli gulisxmobs erTeul wonamatze sakvebisa da sxva danaxarjebis dadgenas, ris Semdeg gaiangariSeba wonamatis TviTRirebuleba da xorcis warmoebis rentabeloba.

saxorce produqtiulobis yvela maCvenebels gansazRvravs mravali faqtori, romlebic, pirobiTad iyofa orad, 1. genetikuri anu memkvid-ruli faqtorebi da 2. paratipuli anu garemo faqtorebi. konkretulad es faqtorebia: cxovelis jiSi, sqesi da asaki, misi gamozrdisa da suqe-bis pirobebi, kvebis done da tipi, dakvlisas cxovelis nakveboba da sxva.

cxovelis jiSi: xorcs gvaZlevs nebismieri produqtiuli mimarTu-lebis Zroxa, magram isini gansxvavdebian rogorc cocxali masiTa da dakvlis produqtebis gamosavaliT, aseve xorcis xarisxiT.

sarZeo da kombinirebuli produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebTan SedarebiT specializebuli saxorce jiSebi ufro malmwifadebi arian, swrafad izrdebian, adreul asakSi aRweven dasaklav kondicias da gvaZleven meti raodenobiT maRalxarisxovan xorcs. garda amisa, erTeul wonamatze xarjaven 7-12%-iT naklebi raodenobiT sakvebs.

miuxedavad amisa, ar iqneba swori Tu saxorce produqtiulobis donisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT davupirispirebT gansxvavebuli speci-alizaciis jiSebs. miT ufro, rom dRes msoflioSi warmoebuli Zroxis xorcis 70%-ze meti modis sarZeo da kombinirebul jiSebze, saqarTve-loSi ki saxorce jiSis pirutyvi dRes praqtikulad ara gvyavs.

jiSsSigniTa tipebi: mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen zrdis intensi-vobaze, dakvlis produqtebis gamosavalsa da xorcis xarisxze. indivi-debi, romlebic xasiaTdebian ufro kompaqturi da Rrma sxeuliT, mokle kiseriTa da mokle fexebiT, sxva Tanabar SemTxvevaSi gvaZleven meti raodenobisa da ukeTesi xarisxis xorcsa da dakvlis sxva produqtebs, vidre brtyeli kuTxovani sxeulis mqone da maRalfexiani individebi.

zogierT jiSSi (mag. saxorce mimarTulebis Saroles jiSi) gamoyva-nilia xazebi, romelTac menj-barZayis midamoSi kunTebi normalurTan SedarebiT gaormagebuli aqvT (am movlenas uwodeben dopelendarizms). aseTi cxovelebis tanxorcSi rbilobis xvedriTi wili 3-5%-iT metia, vidre sxva xazis analogebSi.

sqesi: suqebisas SedarebiT maRali wonamati miiReba daukodavi mozvrebidan, maSin rodesac ufro gemrielia dekeulis xorci, rameTu is gamoirCeva wvrilboWkovnobiT, sinaziTa da cvrianobiT. amasTan, dekeulis suqebisas erTeul winamatze ixarjeba 5-12%-iT meti sakvebi vidre moz-vrebis suqebisas. dakodil mozvrebs (e. w. “kastratebs”) zrdis unariT,

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saklavi produqtiulobiTa da xorcis xarisxiT, Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukaviaT.

furis xorci xasiaTdeba ufro optimaluri qimiuri SedgenilobiT, agreTve fizikur-qimiuri da sensoruli TvisebebiT, vidre imave asakis kuro mwarmoeblis, magram es ukanaskneli aRemateba furs tanxorcisa da nedli tyavis masiTa da gamosavaliT.

asaki. adreuli asakidan xbo wonaSi matulobs, ZiriTadad, kunTo-vani qsovilis ganviTarebis xarjze, maSin rodesac zrdasruli Zroxis suqebisas wonaSi mateba xdeba cximovani qsovilis dagrovebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, mozardis xorci ufro mdidaria cilebiT, rac ganapirobebs mis ukeTes biologiur Rirebulebas.

zrdasruli cxovelis xorcSi kunTis boWkoebi ufro msxvilia, gamagrebulia SemaerTebeli qsovili, ris gamo is ufro uxeSi da naklebad wvniania, vidre imave jiSis 16 – 18 Tvis mozardis. zrdasruli Zroxis xorci SedarebiT muqi ferisaa da kargad aqvs gamoxatuli saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli suni, gemo da aromati;

nakveboba: am terminis qveS igulisxmeba organizmSi kunTovani da cximovani qsovilebis ganviTarebis done. gamxdari (dabali nakvebobis) cxovelis saklavi gamosavali 42-45%-s ar aRemateba, maSin rodesac kar-gad gasuqebulis SeiZleba 60-62% da metic iyos. gamxdari Zroxis tanxorci naklebi raodenobiT Seicavs Wamad nawils, is SedarebiT gamomSralis STabeWdilebas tovebs da naklebad kaloriulia.

kvebis done da tipi. sakvebi aris is saSeni masala, romelic uzrunvelyofs cxovelis organizmis zrdasa da ganviTarebas, rasTanac uSualod aris dakavSirebuli saxorce produqtiuloba. mwiri kvebis pirobebSi gamozrdili mozardis cocxali masa 15 Tvis asakSi iyo 187 kg, xolo imave jiSis intensiurad gamozrdilis –456 kg. Sesabamisad pirve-lidan miRebulia 3,1 –jer naklebi wonis tanxorci, vidre intensiurad nakvebidan.

saxorce produqtiulobaze moqmedebs ulufis struqtura. sxvada-sxva raodenobiT koncentrirebuli sakvebis Semcvel ulufaze gamozrda suqebisas aRmoCnda, rom maRalkoncentratul ulufaze gamozrdilebi 18 Tvis asakSi aRematebodnen moculobian sakvebis metad Semcveli ulufiT gamozrdil Tanatolebs rogorc cocxali masiT (92 kg-iT, anu 19,1%-iT), aseve dakvlis produqtebis masiT, gamosavliTa da xarsxiT. amasTan erT kg wonamatze maT daxarjes 1,2 sakvebi erTeuliT anu 17,4%-iT naklebi sakvebi.

sasuqi mozardis gamozrda-suqeba

sanaSenesagan gansxvavebiT sasuqi mozardis sakvebi ulufa unda Sedges imdagvarad, rom mogvces misi genotipiT gansazRvruli wonamatis maqsimumi. saqme is aris, rom gamozrdisas rac ufro maRalia zrdis siswrafe, miT ufro naklebia cocxali masis yovel kilogram namatze daxarjuli sakvebis raodenoba da sxva materialuri danaxarjebi, agreTve sagrZnoblad mokl-deba xorcis warmoebis teqnologiuri cikli, umjobesdeba dakvlis produq-tebis (xorcis, sakvebi da teqnikuri subproduqtebis) xarisxi da gamosavali.

gasasuqebeli mozardi SeiZleba SeviZinoT sxvadasxva asakSi. sruli teqnologiuri ciklis sasuqi meurneobebi mozards iZenen 15-25 dRis asakidan. aseT meurneobebSi warmoebis teqnologiuri cikli iyofa sam periodad:

I – rZiT kvebis, romelic grZeldeba xbos Semoyvanis dRidan 6 Tvemde; II – rZis kvebis Semdgomi (mosamzadebeli)- 6 Tvidan 9-10 Tvis asakamde;

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III – suqebis, 9-10 Tvidan suqebis damTavrebamde. Cveulebriv mozardis suqebas agrZeleben 16-18 Tvis asakamde.

pirveli periodi moicavs or fazas: I faza grZeldeba Semoyvanis dRidan 1 Tvemde da iTvaliswinebs xbos

naturaluri rZiT da/an rZis SemcvleliT kvebas da mcenareuli sakvebis miRebis SeCvevas.

II faza grZeldeba 1 Tvidan 5,5-6 Tvis asakamde. sawyis etapze xbos aCveven Tivis, mwvane balaxis, marcvlis RerRilisa

an/da kombinirebuli sakvebis Wamas, 2,5 Tvis asakidan TandaTanobiT uwyve-taven rZis Semcvlelis micemas, xolo 3-3,5 TvisaTvis is mTlianad gadahyavT mcenareul sakvebze.

sqesis, asakis da cocxali masis mixedviT gadarCeul mozards inaxaven jgufurad galiaSi 10-15 sulis odenobiT. 6 Tvis asakamde mozardisaTvis magar iatakian boselSi/sasuq moedanze 1 sulze unda modiodes – 2,1-2,2 m2

iatakis farTi da 0,3-0,35 m kvebis fronti, mosamzadebel periodSi (6-dan 9-10 Tvis asakamde) 3-3,5 m2 da 0,4-0,5 m, 10 Tveze uxnesi cxovelebis suqebisas ki 4-4,5 m2 da 06-0,7 m, Sesabamisad; dauSvebelia erTi galiidan meoreSi mozardis gadayvana.

pirveli periodis mozardis kvebisas sakveburebSi mudmivad unda iyos marcvleulis narevis RerRili an specialuri (xbos) kombinirebuli sakvebi, agreTve kargi xarisxis Tiva, an daWrili mwvane balaxi.

rZis Semcvlels xbos aZleven individualuri vedroTi, dReSi orjer, yovel kvebaze 2-3 kg- is raodenobiT (gamomdinare kvebis sqemidan). asakis zrdasTan erTad xbo eCveva mcenareuli sakvebis Wamas da, amis Sesabamisad, ulufaSi rZis raodenobas TandaTanobiT amcireben.

ulufis yuaTianoba unda SeirCes imdagvarad, rom saSualo sididis jiSebis mozardis cocxali masis dReRamurma namatma ara nakleb 630-650 g. Seadginos; aseTi gegmiT gamozrdisas periodis bolosaTvis xbos cocxali masa 145-155 kg-s miaRwevs.

meore periodSi mozards kvebaven iseTi donis ulufebiT, rom uzrun-velyon 650-700 g da ufro maRali dReRamuri namatis miReba. ulufa, ZiriTa-dad, unda Sedgebodes uxeSi da wvniani sakvebisagan; koncentrirebuli sakve-bis xvedriTma wilma ulufis yuaTianobis 25% mainc unda Seadginos.

meore periodis mozardis ulufaSi dasaSvebia yvela saxis sakvebis CarTva, maT Soris: mwvane balaxis, Tivis, namjis, Calis, marcvleulis, koptonis, qatos, kombinirebuli sakvebis, badagis, JenJos da a.S. maTi raodenoba unda Seesabamebodes mozardis kuW-nawlavis sistemis fiziolo-

giuri SesaZleblobas, anu ra moculobis sakvebis miReba SeuZ-lia konkretuli asa-kis an cocxali masis mozards:

damamTavrebeli suqebisas cxoveli uzrunvelyofili unda iyos maqsimaluri raodenobiT sakvebiT (anu ramdensac SeWams). saZovarze Senaxvisas aucilebelia damate-

cxrili 13. sasuqi mozardis kvebis normebi 650-700 g. saSualo dReRamuri wonamatis misaRebad

mozardis cocxali masa, kg maCveneblebi 145-180 185-220 225-250 255-280

sakvebi erTeuli,kg 4,7 4,9 5,3 5,7 mimocvliTi ener-gia, mjouli

50 54 56 59

monelebadi prote-ini, g

475 500 540 575

kalciumi, g 23 25 27 30 fosfori, g 9 11 13 15 karotini, mg 25 25 30 30 sufris marili, g 20 20 25 25

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biT, koncentrirebuli sakvebis micema. saqme is aris, rom koncentrirebuli sakvebis ulufaSi CarTva uzrunvelyofs mozaris ufro swrafad ganviTa-rebas da is ufro adreul asakSi aRwevs dasaklavi kondiciebs.

CvenSi sasuqad upiratesad iZenen rZis periodis Semdgomi asakis, anu 6 Tveze uxnes mozards. SeZenisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT misi ganviTarebis harmoniulobas da cocxali masas. es ukanaskneli axlos unda iyos konkre-tuli jiSis standartul maCvenebelTan.

Semoyvanidan pirveli 2-3 Tve mozardi unda SeeCvios axal garemos da im sakveb ulufas, romliTac navaraudevia misi kveba damamTavrebeli suqe-bisas.

Zroxis umetesi jiSebis biologiuri Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, rogorc wesi, 16-18 Tvis asakis miRwevis Semdeg mozardis zrdis intensivoba sagrZnoblad klebulobs; garda amisa, cxovelis didi cocxali masis gamo erTeul wonamatze izrdeba sakvebis danaxarjebi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, ufro did asakobriv periodSi suqeba SeiZleba ararentabeluri gamodges.

aqedan gamomdinare, suqebis damTavrebis periodi (asaki, cocxali masa) unda ganisazRvros gaweuli danaxarjebisa da miRebuli cocxali masis nama-tis monacemebis Sejerebis safuZvelze. es ki SesaZlebelia sakvebis danaxar-jebisa da cxovelis cocxali masis zrdis yovelTviurad kontrolis pirobebSi.

zrdasruli, wundebuli pirutyvis suqeba. ZiriTadi kontigenti warmod-genilia gamowunebuli furebiT. rogorc wesi suqeba grZeldeba 60-90 dRe, ra drosac SesaZlebelia 45-75 kg saerTo wonamatis miReba. unda gaviTva-liswinoT, rom zrdasruli pirutyvidan cocxali masis namats, ZiriTadad, vRebulobT cximovani qsovilis dagrovebis xarjze, rac meti raodenobiT sakvebis danaxarjebs moiTxovs. amis gamo mizanSewonilia iafi sakvebis gamoyeneba da wonamatis sakvebis danaxarjebTan Sesabamisobis sistematiuri kontroli. zrdasruli pirutyvis gasuqeba aumjobesebs mis saklav produqtiulobas da xorcis xarisxs, rac zrdis aseTi cxovelebis sabazro Rirebulebas.

ialaRoba. saZovarze suqebis upiratesoba mdgomareobs mis siiafeSi. saqme is aris, rom ialaRobisas viyenebT mTis bunebrivi saZovrebis praqti-kulad muqTa sakvebs. amasTan, ar aris saWiro cxovelebisaTvis raime Zvirad-Rirebuli sadgomis mowyoba, agreTve sawarmoo procesebze Sromisa da sxva materialuri danaxarjebis gaweva.

ialaRobis periodi sakmaod SezRudulia. gamomdinare mTis klimaturi pirobebidan, is SeiZleba gagrZeldes 4-4,5 Tve, rogorc wesi, maisis bolodan oqtombris pirvel ricxvebamde. am periodis manZilze, saZovrebis efeqturad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi saSualod erTi sulis cocxali masis saerTo namatma 75-85 kg SeiZleba Seadginos.

ialaRobis efeqturoba damokidebulia sasuqi jgufebis sworad dakom-pleqtebaze, agreTve baridan mTaSi da piruku pirutyvis gadarekvis sworad organizebaze.

specializebuli saxorce meZroxeoba meZroxeobis es dargi (mimarTuleba) upiratesad ganviTarebulia im

qveynebSi, sadac didia bunebrivi saZovrebis farTobebi da/an arsebobs cxove-lebis mTeli wlis manZilze Zovebis SesaZleblobebi. saxorce meZroxeoba aris monoproduqtiuli dargi, awarmoebs mxolod erT sasaqonlo produqts- gasasuqebel an sanaSene mozards.

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aqedan gamomdinare warmoebis organizaciuli formebiTa da teqno-logiiT, agreTve seleqciis meTodebiT es dargi diametralurad gansxvav-deba sarZeo meZroxeobisagan.

saxorce meZroxeobis teqnologiis ZiriTadi elementebia: 1. sareproduqtoro suladobis mTeli wlis manZilze ubinaod, saZov-

rebze, an wlis civ periodSi msubuqi fardulebis qveS Senaxva; 2. namatis erTdroulad, garkveul sezonSi, erT an or turad, miReba da,

Sesabamisad, sadede suladobis sezonurad dagrileba; 3. 6-8 Tvis asakamde xbos gamozrda Tavisuflad wovebis, e.w. “furi-xbo”

(“cow-calf “) meTodiT; 4. sasuqi mozardis intensiuri suqeba da adreul asakSi cocxali masisa

da nakvebobis maRali kondiciebis miRweva; miuxedavad intensifikaciis dabali donisa, iafi sakvebi baza, Sromis

da warmoebis sxva saSualebebis minimaluri danaxarjebi, dargs xdis konku-rentunarians.

biologiuri da sameurneo TaviseburebebiT saxorce jiSebi gansxvav-debian sarZeosagan:

• furebi iwvelian mcire raodenobiT rZes, magram is sruliad sakma-risia mawovari mozardis normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis;

• aqvT saZovris aTvisebis kargi unari, mkveTrad vlindeba dedobrivi instinqti da xasiaTdebian garemos uaryofiTi zemoqmedebisadmi tolerantobiT;

• sezonuri bioriTmebs ufro mkveTrad avlenen, rac, ZiriTadad, aisa-xeba aRwarmoebis ciklurobaSi da balnis safaris sezonuri cvale-badobis ufro maRal intensivobaSi. xorcis warmoebis teqnologiuri cikli iyofa sam etapad : 1. “furi-

xbo” meTodiT mozardis gamozrda 6-8 Tvis asakamde; 2. asxletili mozardis daaxloebiT 10-12 Tvis asakamde intensiurad suqebisaTvis momzadeba, da 3. intensiuri suqeba, 16-20 Tvis asakamde. es ukanaskneli cikli, rogorc wesi, tardeba specializirebul meurneobebSi. isini sasuqi mozardis SeZenisas upiratesobas aniWeben heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone hibridul suladobas.

rZis realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gamo bolo 40 welia daiwyes saxorce mimarTulebis jiSebis intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebis zonebSi moSeneba, ra drosac mimarTaven xelovnuri saZovrebis mowyobas da xorcis warmoebis sxva elementebis intensifikacias.

1976-1990 wlebSi CvenSi aseTi sqemiT sakmaod warmatebulad muSa-obda wnoris mexorculi meZroxeobis sacdel-specializirebuli komp-leqsi, sadac hyavdaT 25 aTasamde suli Zroxa (maT Soris 6 aTasamde furi), xolo xorcis wliuri warmoeba dakluli masiT 2,5 aTas tonaze meti iyo. samoqalaqo omisa da sazogadoebrivi qonebis privatizaciisas es meurneoba mTlianad ganadgurda. sakontrolo kiTxvebi:

• ra faqtorebi moqmedeben furis sarZeo produqtiulobaze?

• ramden xans grZeldeba da ra etapebiisagan Sedgeba furis fizi-ologiuri mdgomareobis erTi cikli?

• ra maCveneblebiT sazRvraven furis sarZeo produqtiulobas?

• rogor icvleba monawvelis raodenoba laqtaciis Tveebis mixedviT?

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• ra nivTierebebs Seicavs xseni, romlebic uzrunvelyofen axalSobi-lis organizmis damcvelobiT funqciebs?

• rogor unda vkveboT xseniT da rZiT xbo?

• ramdeni dRis asakidan unda mivceT xbos moculobiani da koncen-trirebuli sakvebi SesaCvevad?

• CamoTvaleT da daaxasiaTeT Zroxis Senaxvis sistemebi.

• ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebian saxorce jiSebi?

• romeli ZiriTadi elementebisagan Sedgeba teqnologiuri cikli specializebul saxorce meZroxeobis meurneobebSi?

• ramden etapad iyofa mozardis suqebis teqnologiuri cikli?

• ra faqtorebi moqmedeben Zroxis saxorce produqtiulobaze? literatura:

1. n. gociriZe- rZisa da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia. Tbi-lisi, 1997;

2. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2002;

3. g.gogoli, a.dolmazaSvili- jiSTaSorisi hibridizacia da xorcis

warmoebis teqnologia meZroxeobaSi. Tbilisi, “universali”,2003; 4. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi,

“universali”, 2009. 5. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под

общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005; 6. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- Разведеине селскохозяйственных

животных. «КолосС», 2005;

T a v i 6 . meRoreoba; Roris xorcis warmoebis teqnologia

msoflioSi Roris suladoba 936 mln- s Seadgens da weliwadSi iwarmoeba 100 mln tonamde xorci, anu saerTod warmoebuli xorcis daaxloebiT 1/3. yvelaze meti raodenobiT Rori hyavT CineTSi- 468 mln suli, xolo erT momxmarebelze gadaangariSebiT yvelaze met Roris xorcs awarmoeben daniaSi- 330kg.

istoriulad Roris xorcs qarTul samzareuloSi mowinave pozici-ebi ar ekava. miuxedavad amisa meRoreobis ganviTarebas CvenSi garkveuli yuradReba eqceoda.

statistikuri monacemebiT saqarTveloSi Roris suladoba yvelaze didi iyo 1985 wels (1173,4 aTasi suli), xolo yvelaze meti raodenobiT (72 aT. tona) Roris xorci warmoebulia 1989 wels. kaxeTis, Sida qarTlis da zogierT sxva raionebSi, sadac msxmoiare foTlovani tyis didi masivebia, istoriulad ganviTarebuli iyo momTabare meRoreoba, gasuli saukunis 80-an wlebSi ki intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebis zonebSi funqci-onirebda meRoreobis meurneoba-kompleqsebi.

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirvel wlebSi Roris suladoba mkveTrad Semcirda, 1997 wlidan ki gamoCnda am dargis aRorZinebis pirve-li niSnebi, magram bolo 5 welia, rac aRiniSnebas regresi: magaliTad,

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2003 welTan SedarebiT 2007 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi Roris suladoba 374 aTasi suliT, anu 4,4 jer Semcirda, rac gamowveulia afrikuli Wiris anu montgomeris daavadebis gavrcelebiT. saerTod ki intensiuri meRoreobis ganviTarebas CvenSi xels uSlis zogadad marcvlis da maT Soris safuraJe marcvlis qronikuli deficiti.

Roris biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi

sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisagan Rori gamoirCeva mravalna-yofierebiT (TiTo mogebaze iZleva 10-12 goWs), xSirnayofierebiT (SeuZlia 2 weliwadSi mogvces 5 Taoba) da malmwifadobiT (fiziologiur simwifes aRwevs 8-10 Tvis asakSi, makdeba da namats gvaZlevs 13-14 Tvis asakSi).

Roris kargad egueba gansxvavebul bunebriv-klimatur da teqnolo-giur pirobebs. nezvis makeoba saSualod grZeldeba 114-116 dRe (3 Tve, sami kvira da sami dRe). nezvis merZeuloba ganisazRvreba budis, anu mawovari goWebis saerTo cocxali masiT 1 Tvis asakSi da kulturul jiSebSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 50-60 kg-s.

swrafi zrdis wyalobiT 1 sulis cocxali masa 6-7 Tvis asakSi 100-120 kg-s aRwevs da, amdenad erTi nezvidan weliwadSi SeiZleba vawarmooT 1,8-2,0 tona xorci (cocxali masiT). amasTan, 1 kg cocxali masis namatze xarjaven 4-5 kg sakveb erTeuls, xolo saklavi gamosavali- 75-83%-a.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Rors aqvs erTkameriani kuWi, is aris yvelaf-rismWameli cxoveli. misi nawlavebis sigrZe sxeulis sigrZeze 15-16- jer grZelia (Zroxis nawlavebis sigrZe sxeulis sigrZeze 20-21- jer metia). Rori gansakuTrebulad momTxovnia sakvebis xarisxisadmi. is cudad inelebs ujredaniT mdidar uxeS sakvebs. amasTan, madianad Seeqceva advilad mosanelebel wvnian, koncentrirebul da cxoveluri warmoSobis sakvebs, Tivis fqvils, tyis nayofs, saZovars, agreTve samzareulos da ojaxuri meurneobis anarCenebs. amis gamo meRoreoba iTvleba maRalSemo-savlian dargad.

Roris warmoSoba Roris yvela Tanamedrove jiSi gamoyvanilia 6-7 aTasi wlis winaT

moSinaurebuli SedarebiT patara tanis aziuri da ufro didtaniani evropuli gareuli Rorebis SejvarebiT.

moSinaurebul pirobebSi Rorma Seicvala rogorc qcevis reaqciebi, aseve produqtiuloba. is gaxda ufro adreuli, moimata nayofierebam, man gamoimuSava kanqveSa qonis ufro swrafad dagrovebis unari, gaumjobesda saklavi produqtiuloba da xorcis gemovnebiTi Tvisebebi.

konstitucia da eqsterieri RorebSi gvxvdeba yvela is konstituciuri tipi, rogoric aris sxva

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebSi. ganurCevlad produqtiuli mimarTule-bisa, RorisaTvis sasurvelia magari konstituciuri tipi, romelic uzrun-velyofs mis janmrTelobas da garemo faqtorebis mimarT tolerantobas. amasTan, saqone tipis RorisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia faSari konstitucia, sabekone da saxorce jiSebs ki mkvrivi konstitucia moeTxovebaT.

ganasxvaveben Roris eqsterieris ramodenime tips- sabekone, saqone, saxorce da universaluri.

sabekone tipis eqsterieris mqone cxovelebi xasiaTdebian Sedare-biT brtyeli, magram metad grZeli sxeuliT, Rrma gulmkerdiT da maRali kidurebiT. aseTi formebis gamo sxeulis sigrZe 15-20 sm-iT aRemateba gulmkerdis irgvlivas.

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saxorce tipis Rorebis eqsterieris Taviseburebebia: swori zurgisa da welis xazi, kargad Sevsebuli barklebi, magari Zvleuli, Txeli da unaoWo kani. maTi sxeulis iribi sigrZe aseve metia gulmkerdis irgvli-vaze, magram sxvaoba sabekone RorSi aRniSnulTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro naklebia.

saqone Roris jiSebs aqvT SedarebiT dabal kidurebze mdgari momrgvalebuli, ganieri da sakmarisad grZeli sxeuli. damaxasiaTebelia agreTve mokle drunCi da kiseri. amasTan, sxeulis iribi sigrZis ganazomi naklebia gulmkerdis irgvlivaze.

saxorce-saqone, anu universaluri tipis Rorebis eqsteriers aqvs saxorce da sabekone tipis Rorebis eqsterieris Sualeduri parametrebi da sxeulis yvela nakvTis Sesabamisi proporciuloba.

Roris eqsteriers afaseben 100 baliani skaliT. is cxovelebi, romlebis eqsterieris SefasebiT miiReben 79 balze naklebs, sanaSened ar gamoiyeneba.

Sefasebisas, eqsterieris yovel nakvTs (magaliTad Tavs, kisers, mkerds da a.S.), adareben, ase vTqvaT, “tipis etalons” da konturze (sur. 54) aRniS-naven ramdenad aris damaxasiaTebeli sxeulis saerTo proporciuloba da agebulebis cakleuli nakvTi sasur-vel tipTan axlos.

naklad iTvleba: uxeSi an gadana-zebuli Tavi, grZeli, viwro da brtye-li kiseri, maRali an gayofili min-dao, viwro, Cazneqili an amozneqili zurgi, naklebad Rrma da viwro gul-mkerdi, naSarti beWebs ukan, mokle, viwro da daqanebuli gava, kidurebis

iqsisebri, xmlisebri, xbosebri dgoma, susti Cliqebi, nezvebSi 12- ze naklebi krateruli kertis arseboba, maTi asimetriuli ganlageba an ganuviTarebloba, keratebSi- saTesle jirkvlebis ganuviTarebloba da saTesle parkis asimetriuloba.

gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis Roris inte-rieric. magaliTad, tanxorcSi kunTovani qsovili meti aqvs sabekone da saxorce jiSebs, maSin rodesac cximovani- saqone jiSebs. imavdroulad, sabekone RorSi nivTierebaTa cvlisa da anatomiur-fiziologiuri maCveneblebi ufro maRal donezea, vidre saqoneSi.

Roris moSeneba meRoreobis meurneobaSi erT-erT mTavar amocanas warmoadgens nez-

vis intensiurad gamoyeneba, weliwadSi misi orjer dagoWianeba da saSu-alod 18-20 goWis gamozrda.

produqtiulobis da aRwarmoebis maRal maCveneblebs gansazRvravs memkvidruli faqtorebi da movla-Senaxva-kvebis pirobebi. Roris moSeneba efeqturi iqneba maSin, rodesac movlis, Senaxvis da kvebis pirobebi uzrunvelyofen produqtiulobis Semdeg minimalur maCveneblebs (cxrili 14).

sur. 54. gasaRebi Roris eqsterieris aRwerisaTvis

1.Tavi normaluri; 2.profili Cazne-qili; 3.yurebi horizontaluri; 4.be-Webs ukan naSarti; 5.mkerdi farTo; 6.gava normaluri; 7.barZayi Sevsebu-li; 8. fexebi susti; 9. (“Sn”) Sebu-suloba normaluri

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kolti Sedgeba ZiriTadi da Sesamowmebeli nezvebisagan, keratebisa-gan, saremonto da sasuqi mozardisagan, rZis asakis da asx-letili goWebisagan, agreTve 5-6 Tvis asa-kis sarealizacio sa-naSene mozardisagan.

koltis struq-tura sxvadasxva daniSnulebis meurne-obaSi SeiZleba gans-xvavebuli iyos. sasa-qonlo meurneobis koltis struqtura-Si, rogorc wesi, yve-laze maRali xved-riTi wili, 50%-mde, modis sasuq sulado-baze.

sanaSene muSaoba

sanaSene da sasaqonlo meurneobebSi sanaSene muSaobis formebi gansxvavebulia. sanaSene meurneobebSi hyavT mxolod xalasjiSiani maRal-produqtiuli suladoba, muSaoben xazebis gamoyvanasa da srulyofaze, ZiriTadi meTodia xazebad moSeneba. nezvebis 25-30%- dan iReben sakuTari koltisaTvis saremonto mozards, danarCenebidan miRebul suladobas ki yidian sanaSened. wyvilTa SerCeva individualuria, xolo ZiriTadi nezvebis suladobis wundeba Seadgens 20-25%-s.

sasaqonlo meurneobaSi cdiloben koltis ZiriTadi birTvi daakompleqton erTi jiSis cxovelebiT, romelTa nawils iZenen sanaSene meurneobidan, nawili ki sakuTari reproduqciisaa. sadede suladobas yofen or jgufad, sasaqonlo da sanaSene. amaTgan sasaqonlo jgufis nezvebs agrileben sxva jiSis kerati-mwarmoeblebiT, e.i. mimarTaven sam-rewvelo Sejvarebas heterozisis efeqtis mqone sasuqi mozardis misaRe-bad. meores mxriv, sadede suladobis Sesavsebi cxovelebis misaRebad sanaSene nezvebs awyvileben imave jiSis kerat-mwarmoeblebTan.

bolo wlebSi heterozisis efeqtis mqone namatis misaRebad mimar-Taven erTi da imave jiSis, magram specialurad gamoyvanili xazebis (xazTaSoris) Sejvarebas, rasac uwodeben hibridizacias.

sanaSene aRricxva. saseleqcio-sanaSene muSaobis warmoeba cxovelTa identifikaciisa da Canawerebis warmoebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. identifi-kaciis qveS igulisxmeba cxovelis danomvra da saxelis mikuTvneba, agreTve warmomavlobaze da produqtiulobaze arsebuli informaciis specialur JurnalebSi, formebSi da/an individualur sanaSene baraTebSi Setana.

goWs marcxena yurze dabadebisTanave ukeTdeba budis da budeSi misi rigiTi nomeri. budis nomeri yoveli axali kalendaruli wlidan iwyeba pirveli nomriT da aRmavali rigiT grZeldeba wlis bolomde. es nomeri droebiTia da mas iyeneben goWis asxletamde.

cxrili-14. Roris minimaluri (wliuri) produqtiulobis maCveneblebi

maCveneblebi kulturuli jiSebi

kaxuri, mangali-curi

wovebis periodi, dRe 56 42 35 50-60 dadolebis raodenoba 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.5-1.8 miRebulia goWi 1 nezvze 16 17 18 8-9 gayidulia 1 nezvidan, suli

13.5 14.0 14.5 5-6

goWis cocxali masa asxletisas, kg

15 10 8 8-9

wonamati gamozrdisas, g 365-385 140-150 wonamati suqebisas, g 400-500 250-270 xorcis warmoeba 1 sulze, kg

104-113 52-55

1 kg namatze daxarju-lia sakvebi, kg sak. erT.

6.5 8.0

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saidentifikacio anu sainventaro nomeri goWs ukeTdeba asxletisas, marjvena yurze. TeTri feris Rors nomraven tatuirebis wesiT. feradi Roris danomvrisas mimarTaven yurebis daservas Roris dasanomrad aseve gamoiyeneba metalis an polimeruli masalisagan damzadebuli birkebi. aRricxvis gaadvilebis mizniT sakerates akuTvneben kent, xolo sanezves wyvil nomers (bolo cifris mixedviT).

plastmasis nomris upiratesoba is aris, rom advilia misi Soridan wakiTxva, rac aRricxvisas minimumamde amcirebs Secdomebs. amasTan, es nomrebi mzaddeba sxvadasxva feris da gamoiyeneba Sifris saxiT, jgufe-bis gasarCevad.

meRoreobaSi saxelis mikuTvnebis Taviseburi sistemas mimarTaven. yvela sakerates akuTvneben mamis, sanezves ki dedis saxels. amdenad, gans-xvaveba iqneba mxolod maT saidentifikacio nomrebSi. amasTan, dauSvebe-lia adamianis, mdinaris, qalaqis da sxva kerZo saxelis cxovelze mikuT-vneba.

sanaSene Canawerebis warmoeba da cxovelTa produqtiulobis individualuri aRricxva savaldebuloa rogorc sanaSene meurneobisaT-vis, ise sasaqonlo meurneobebis sanaSene birTvis cxovelebisaTvis.

yoveli niSan-Tvisebis mniSvneloba formdeba garkveuli pirobebis dacviT:

• cocxali masis da sxeulis ganazomebis maCveneblebi Segvaqvs mxolod mTeli ricxvebiT, 1 kg- is da 1 sm- is sizustiT, Sesabami-sad. budis masa dabadebisas, 21 dRis da 2 Tvis asakSi mTeli cifrebiT, aseve 1 kg-s sizustiT, xolo goWis cocxali masa dabadebisas, 21 dRis da 2 Tvis asakSi Caiwereba meaTedi sizustiT.

• dauSvebelia gadasworebuli an waSlili Canaweris arseboba. uneb-lie Secdomis gasasworeblad mcdar Canawers gadausvamen erT xazs, xolo imave grafaSi Caweren swor monacems. sanaSene aRricxvisaTvis monacemebs iReben zooteqnikuri Canawere-

bidan, risTvisac arsebobs sxvadasxva Jurnalebi da formebi: sanaSene keratis piradi baraTi, sanaSene nezvis piradi baraTi, keratis produq-tiulobis aRricxvis baraTi, nezvis dagrilebisa da xelovnuri ganayofi-erebis aRricxvis Jurnali, saremonto mozardis gamozrdis Jurnali, sa-naSene keratisa da nezvis eqsterieris Sefasebis registraciis Jurnali, mawovari nezvis sadolfaro baraTi, bonitirebis jumluri uwyisi da sxv.

sanaSene mozardis gadarCeva. RorTan sanaSene muSaobisas erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia is, rom koltis Sesavsebad gadaarCeven mxolod im mozards, romlis mSoblebi Sefasebulia sakontrolo suqebis meTodiT. aseTi mSoblebidan miRebul da kargad ganviTarebul individebs ayeneben sakontrolo gamozrdaze, xolo maTgan miRebul goWebs sakontrolo suqebaze. aseTi midgoma uzrunvelyofs Roris adremwifadobis da sameurneo TvalsazrisiT sxva sasargeblo niSan-Tvisebebis gaumjobesebas.

sanaSene sanezves gadaarCeven 2 Tvis asakSi. maTi raodenoba 4- jer meti unda iyos, vidre gamosawunebeli nezvebis raodenoba, vinaidan: 1. gamoz-rdis procesSi sanezvvebis nawili iZulebiT gamosawunebeli xdeba, xolo nawili ar makdeba da 2. dagoWianebis Semdeg Sesamowmebeli nezvebis TiT-qmis naxevari gamosawunebeli xdeba dabalnayofierebis da cudi dedob-rivi instinqtis gamo.

sanaSened ar toveben im sanezves, romelsac aqvs krateruli kerti. am mankis SemCneva sakmaod advilia- kertis bolo CaRrmavebulia da masSi

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WuWyi grovdeba, rac daTvalierebisas Savi wertiliviT mosCans. aseTi ZuZudan rZe ar gamoiyofa.

sakerates gadarCevisas sxva maCveneblebTan erTad yuradRebas aqce-ven saTesle jirkvlebs, romlebic kargad ganviTarebulni, erTi zomis, mkvrivi agebulebis da odnav daSvebuli unda iyos. mankad iTvleba kriptorxizmi, anu SemTxveva, rodesac erTi an orive saTesle jirkvali muclis siRrmeSia da garedan ar Cans.

rogorc sakerates aseve sanezves kani jiSisaTvis tipiuri feris unda hqondes, dauSvebelia misi danaoWeba. orive sqesis sanaSene mozards kudi maRla aweuli da gadagrexili unda hqondes.

nezvis ganayofiereba

axurebuli nezvi unda dagrildes orjer. pirvelad xuraobis gamovlenisTanave da meored pirveli dagrilebidan 12-18 saaTis Semdeg. meored dagrilebisas sasurvelia gauSvaT imave jiSis sxva kerati. es xels uwyobs maRal nayofierebas da namravli ibadeba ufro sicoc-xlisunariani da gamZle.

nezvis yvela dagrilebisas ar nayofierdeba. amis mizezi SeiZlebas iyos: uxarisxo sperma, daavadebebi, arasrulfasovani kveba da sxva.

sanezveebis pirveli ganayofiereba sasurvelia moxdes 9-10 Tvis asakSi, anu maSin, rodesac maTi cocxali masa zrdasruli nezvis wonis 70% mainc iqneba. droulad rom gavigoT damakda Tu ara nezvi saWiroa masze dakvirveba. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dagrilebidan 22-23 dRe nezvi ar axurdeba, maRali albaTobiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom is damakebulia. Tu aRniSnul periodSi nezvi kvlav axurda, maSin is sxva keratiT unda davagriloT.

make da mawovari nezvis movla-Senaxva da kveba

mSrali-make nezvis nakveboba saSualo unda iyos. mas inaxaven jgu-furad galiaSi da mxolod makeobis bolo kviras gadahyavT individua-lur dolfaraSi. amave dRidan iwyeben ulufis Semcirebas, im varaudiT, rom mogebis win nezvma miiRos fiziologiurad saWiro normis naxevari yuaTianobis ulufa.

nezvs mogebis niSnebi etyoba 2-3 dRiT adre. is mousvenaria, curi Sevsebulia, kertebi izrdeba da wiTldeba, mogebamde erTi dRiT adre ki kertze xelis moWerisas gamoiyofa xseni.

mogebamde 2-3 saaTiT adre nezvi mSviddeba, CiCqnis qveSsafens, mas agrovebs dolfris erT-erT kuTxeSi, akeTebs budes, xSirad wveba da dge-ba. goWebis dayra, rogorc wesi grZeldeba 2-3 saaTi. WinTvebis dawyebidan yovel 5-10 wuTSi ibadeba 1 goWi. mogeba damTavrebulad iTvleba mom-yolis dabadebis Semdeg.

mogebis Semdeg nezvi isvenebs. 4-6 saaaTi mas sakvebs ar aZleven. goWebis pirveli wovebis Semdeg nezvs asmeven Tbil wyals.

mogebis dRes nezvs aZleven xorblis qatos da Svriis an qeris Rer-Rilis narevis Txel salafavs 0,5 kg-is raodenobiT. ulufaSi sakvebis raodenobas zrdian TandaTanobiT, im varaudiT, rom normiT gaTvalis-winebuli moTxovnileba srulad dakmayofildes mogebidan me-5–me-6 dRes.

nezvis ulufa 50-60 % koncentrirebuli sakvebs mainc unda Seicav-des, danarCeni SeiZleba iyos: zamTarSi wvniani, uxeSi da mineraluri, zafxulSi ki parkosanTa (ionjis, samyuras an cercvelas) mwvane masa.

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sur. 55. axladmogebuli nezvis Sesanaxi dazga.

2 welze uxnes mawovar nezvs yovel 100 kg cocxal masaze aZleven 1,5 sakveb erTeuls da damatebiT, yovel mawovar goWze 0,5 sakveb

erTeuls. sasurvelia 1 kg sakveb erTeulze modiodes 115 g mone-lebadi proteini. ulufa daba-lansebuli unda iyos sxva sayuaTo da mineraluri nivTire-bebiTac.

Roris kvebis normebi, asa-kis, cocxali masis da mawovari goWebis raodenobis gaTvaliswi-nebidan gamomdinare, mocemulia me- 15 cxrilSi.

mawovari nezvis Sesanaxad Seqmnilia specialuri dazga (sur. 55), romelic mawovari goWebis damatebiTi sakvebiT kvebis saSu-alebas iZleva.

cxrili 15. mawovari da make nezvis kvebis normebi*

2 wlamde asakis 2 welze uxnesi make cocxali masa, kg

120-140 181-200 <140 201-220 161-180 161-180 mawovari goWebis raodenoba**

8 8 10 10 I pe-riodi

bolo Tve

sakvebi erTeuli, kg 5.1 5.7 5.8 6.7 2.4 2.9 mimocvliTi energia, mj 56.4 63.1 64.2 74.2 26.6 32.0 mSrali nivTiereba, kg 3.92 4.38 4.46 5.15 2.29 2.76 monelebadi proteini, g 568 635 647 747 240 290 lizini, g 31.4 35 35.7 41.2 13.7 16.6 meTionini + cistini,g 1.8 21 21.4 24.7 8.2 10.0 nedli ujredana, g 274 307 312 360 321 320

• danarCeni 20 maCveneblis moTxovnilebaze informacia mocemulia spe-cialur cnobarebSi (literaturis siaSi ixileT # 4 da № 6 wyaro);

** goWebis asxleta 35-45 dRis asakSi;

Cveulebriv, goWis wovebiT gamozrdis periodi 45-60 dRe grZel-deba; am periodis 35 dRemde Semcireba SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac goWebis sakvebad viyenebT rZis da rZis gadamuSavebis anarCenebs (ix. sasuqi mozardis kveba). aseTi teqnologia sagrZnoblad aumjobesebs nezvis gamoyenebis efeqturobas.

mogebidan 4-5 dRis Semdeg nezvs da goWebs uSveben saseirnod, romlis xangrZlivoba zamTarSi 15-20, zafxulSi ki 45-50 wT- a.

sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadeba

ganasxvaveben Roris kvebis or nairsaxeobas, mSrali da sveli. mSrali kveba. mSralad umjobesia mivceT srululufovani kombini-

rebuli sakvebi. aseTi sakvebis upiratesoba is aris, rom organizmi Rebu-lobs yovelmxriv dabalansebul ulufas. amasTan, mSralad kvebisas auci-

101

lebelia Rors Seuzudavad hqondes sufTa sasmeli wyali, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba zrdis intensivobis daqveiTeba.

mSrali sakvebiT kvebisas gamoyofili nerwyvi ar aris sakmarisi sakvebis mTlianad dasasveleblad da monelebis dasawyebad. garda amisa, mSrali sakvebi advilad ibneva da ifanteba.

sveli kveba. sxvadasxva sakveb narevi (magaliTad daWrili kartofi-li, bostneuli, samzareulos anarCenebi, marcvleuli, balaxeuli, kom-binirebuli sakvebi da sxv.) cxovelebs eZleva winaswar Termulad damu-Savebuli (moxarSuli an CaorTqlili) narevis saxiT. vinaidan sveli sakvebi swrafad mJavdeba, cxovels is unda mivceT imdeni raodenobiT, ramdensac erTjerobaze SeWams, xolo anarCenebisagan sakveburi droulad unda davasufTaoT.

Roris mier Txevadi sakvebis miRebisas nerwyvi praqtikulad ar gamoiyofa da, amdenad, piris RruSi moneleba ar iwyeba.

sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadeba. sagemovno Tvisebebis da monelebado-bis gasaumjobeseblad sakvebs winaswar Seamzadeben. marcveluls winas-war RerRaven, ZuZuTa goWisaTvis 0,5-0,8 mm, axlad asxletilebisaTvis- 0,9-1 mm, xolo danarCeni suladobisaTvis 1,0-1,5 mm zomis nawilakebis miRebis varaudiT. ufro wvrilad dafqva auaresebs sakvebis monelebadobas, adi-debs kuWis mJavianobas, iwvevs nawlavis funqciis darRvevas da, arc Tu iSviaTad, kuWis wylulovan daavadebas.

wisqvilis ar qonis SemTxvevaSi marcvls kvebamde 12-24 saaTiT adre unda davasxaT wyali an rZis Srati. marTalia svel marcvals Rori ufro cudad inelebs, vidre daRerRils an daroSils, magram gacilebiT ukeT, vidre mSrals.

koptons kvebis win aqucmaceben, mwvane balaxisagan umjobesia mom-zaddes pasta, Zirxvenebi gairecxos da daiWras, samzareulos anarCenebi ki wamoduRdes.

dauSvebelia srululufovani kombinirebuli sakvebis maRal tempe-raturaze CaorTqvla an moxarSva, vinaidan +550C-ze ufro cxel wyalSi iSliba biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis mniSvnelovani nawili.

sveli marcvalnareviT kvebisas, 1 wil sakvebze unda modiodes 1,5 wili wyali. aseTi Sefardebisas izrdeba sakvebis Wamadoba da umjobes-deba monelebadoba.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Rors kvebaven bostneulisa da samzare-ulos anarCenebis da sxva sakvebnareviT, wamoduRebisa da gacivebis Semdeg mizanSewonilia mineralur-vitaminovani premiqsebis damateba.

sasuqi mozardis kveba da movla-Senaxva

2 Tvis asakidan goWis sakvebad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT parkosanTa balaxi, gaTibuli mwvane masa, stafilo da sxva saxis sakvebi, romlis raodenoba sawyis etapze dReSi unda iyos 300-400 g/1 sulze. dauSvebelia, wvnian sakvebze mkveTrad gadasvla, vinaidan is iwvevs dispepsias. aseve ar SeiZleba nedli da/an mwvane kartofiliT kveba, agreTve mwvane kartofi-lis naxarSi wyliT sakvebis momzadeba.

ufro momgebiania goWebis gazafxulze suqeba, vinaidan am dros aris iafi mwvane sakvebiT da bostneulis anarCenebiT maTi kvebis, agreTve msubuqi tipis sadgomSi Senaxvis SesaZlebloba.

goWebis gamozrda-suqebis teqnologiur cikls yofen sam periodad: 1. rZiT kvebis - dabadebidan 45 dRis asakamde (an 2 Tvemde). pirveli 10-

15 dRe goWis ZiriTadi sakvebia dedis rZe. amasTan, me-3 – me-4 dRi-

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dan sakveburSi maT mudmivad unda hqondeT mSrali kombinirebuli sakvebi an daRerRili marcvalnarevi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kombinire-buli sakvebis Wamis SeCvevasTan erTad, aRiniSneba goWis kuW-nawla-vis traqtis moqmedebis gaumjobeseba. me- 5 dRidan goWebs unda SeeZlos sasmeli wylis nebaze miReba. aseTi teqnologiiT gamoz-rdili goWebi dedidan asxletisas iwonian 10-15 kg- s;

nezvis dabali merZeulobisas goWebs unda mivceT 100-300 g/su-lze/dReSi naturaluri an moxdili pasterizebuli rZe. karg Sedegs iZleva rZis nacvlad acidofiluri prostokvaSiT kveba. meZuZuri goWis damatebiTi sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis sqema mocemu-lia me- 16 cxrilSi.

cxrili 16. rZis asakis goWis gamozrdis sqema (sakvebi 1 sulze/g-Si)

asaki rZe Tve deka-

da natura-luri

mox-dili

koncen-trati

Tivis fqvi-li

sta-filo

kar-tofi-li

NaCl car-ci

I 50 25 2 3 II 150 100 10 10 20 3 3 1 III 250 150 150 20 15 50 4 5 IV 300 200 200 50 20 100 4 5 V 150 250 300 100 25 200 5 10 2 VI 450 400 150 30 450 10 15

2. mosamzadebeli periodi - grZeldeba asxletidan 3,5-4 Tvis asakamde.

stresuli movlenebis Tavidan asacileblad mniSvnelovania, rom nezvidan asxletili goWi davtovoT imave dolfaraSi, sadac imyofeboda dedasTan erTad. stresis ganviTarebisas goWebi didi raodenobiT Wamen sakvebs, romlis monelebas ver aswrebs maTi kuW-nawlavis sistema da aRiniSneba dispepsia.

sasurvelia am periodis goWebi vkveboT II periodis mozar-disaTvis gankuTvnili specialuri kombinirebuli sakvebiT, an marc-vlovan-parkosani sakvebnareviT. ulufis 1 kg unda Seicavdes 1,12 kg sakveb erTeuls, 11-12 mjoul mimocvliT energias, 134 g monelebad proteins, 7,7 g lizins, 45 g nedl ujredanas, 8 g kalciums da 6,5 g fosfors.

sakvebs aZleven normis mixedviT, mSrali saxiT da dReSi 3-4 jer. periodis bolosaTvis goWebis cocxali masa aRwevs 40 kg-s.

3. damamTavrebeli suqebis, romelic grZeldeba 3,5-4 Tvis asakidan 8 Tvemde. periodis dasawyisSi mozardis cocxali masa daaxloebiT 35-40 kg-a. sakvebs aZleven mSrali saxiT, dReSi 3-4 jer. cocxali masis maRali namatis miRebis garantias iZleva simindis marcvlisa da ciliT mdidari mwvane masis, da/an Tivis fqvilis kombinacia. am ukanasknelTa xvedriTi wili unda iyos ulufis yuaTianobis 10-20%. suqebas amTavreben 100-120 kg cocxali masis miRwevisas. ufro maRa-li cocxali masis kondiciamde suqeba, erTeul wonamatze sakvebis danaxarjebis gadidebis gamo ekonomikurad gaumarTlebelia. gamozrda suqebis samive periodSi cxovelebs mudmivad unda hqon-

deT sufTa sasmeli wyali da mineraluri sakveb danamati (maT Soris carci, wiTeli Tixa da naxSiri).

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goWis dRiuri ulufa SeiZleba Sedgebodes marcvlovani sakvebis narevisagan, mwvane masisagan, stafilos da CaTuTqul kartofilisagan (cxrili 17). dRiuri norma damokidebulia mozardis cocxal masaze da dagegmil saSualo dReRamur wonamatze..

mozardis suqebis mesame etapze da saer-Tod Roris kvebaSi karg Sedegs iZleva kom-binirebuli silosi, romlis 60-70% unda Sedgebodes ara umetes 1-2% ujredanas Semcve-li sakvebisagan (Saqris Warxali, kartofili, gogra, stafilo da

sxva), agreTve simindis tarosagan, mwvane masisagan da sxva danamatisagan. goWis dakodva. ara sanaSene daniSnulebis mamr goWebs, SemTxveviTi

Sewyvilebis Tavidan asacileblad kodaven. garda amisa dakodili cxove-lis xorci ufro xarisxiani da mimzidvelia. swored amas efuZneba beko-nis dasamzadebeli Roris tanxorcis standartis erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna, romlis mixedviT nedleuli miRebuli unda iyos ara ugvianes 4 Tvis asakSi dakodili cxovelisagan.

goWis dakodvis optimaluri vadaa 4-6 kvira, Tumca zogierTi sawarmoebis gamocdilebiT efeqturia ufro adreul asakSi dakodva. dadgenilia, rom rac ufro mozrdilia goWi, miT ufro SesamCnevia am dakodvis Sedegad ganviTarebuli stresis uaryofiTi moqmedeba mis zrda-ganviTarebaze.

momTabare meRoreobis teqnologia saqarTvelos teritoriis 1/3 mTagoriania da misi mniSvnelovani

nawili foTlovani tyiTaa dafaruli. momTabare meRoreobas swored im raionebsa da soflebSi misdeven, romlebic esazRvrebian aseTi tyis masivebs. sxvadasxva monacemebiT saqarTveloSi warmoebuli Roris xor-cis TiTqmis 20-25% modioda momTabare meRoreobaze.

samTabarod upiratesad gamoiyeneba kaxuri Rori, kaxuris mangali-cur jiSTan najvari da sxva adgilobrivi populaciebi, romlebic Seguebulni arian movla-Senaxvis eqstensiur sistemas, kargad iyeneben foTlovani tyis nayofs da sxva bunebriv savargulebs.

tyis nayofi xasiaTdeba maRali kvebiTi RirebulebiT. 1 kg mSrali, CenCogaclili rkos yuaTianoba 1,21 sakvebi erTeulia da Seicavs 42 g monelebad proteins, wiflis- 2,06 da 110, xolo wablis- 0,99 da 70 g sakvebi erTeuli da monelebadi proteini, Sesabamisad. Rori, aseve, warma-tebiT iyenebs sxva sakveb savargulebs- bunebriv saZovrebs da erTwliani kulturebis mosavlis aRebis Semdeg Cabneul marcvleuls da sxva anarCenebs.

arsebuli resursebis ukeTesad gamoyenebis mizniT tyis masivebTan axlos awyoben banaks. aqve ganlagebulia bina momsaxure personalisaT-vis, inventarisa da sakvebis Sesanaxi saTavso, Roris msubuqi tipis sad-gomi ramodenime “ganyofilebiT” sxvadasxva asakis cxovelebisaTvis, agreTve individualur dolfarebi mawovari nezvebisa da rZis asakis goWebisaTvis.

cxrili 17. sasuqi goWis samagaliTo ulufa

sakvebi, kg cocxali

masa, kg marcval-narevi

mwvane masa

stafi-lo

karto-fili

20 kg-mde 0,8 2,5 0,5-1 0.6-1.5 20-30 1,0 3.0 1.5-2.0 1.0-1.5 30-40 1.0 5.0 2.0-3.0 1.5-2.0 40-50 1.3 7.0 3.0-3.5 2.0-2.5 50-60 1.5 8.0 3.0-3.5 2.0-2.5

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Rors SeuZlia aiTvisos ZiriTadi sadgomis irgvliv 10-15 km radi-usis tyis masivi. banakis mimdebare farTobi, rogorc wesi, eTmoba mawovar nezvebs da 2 Tvis asakamde goWebs, xolo ufro moSorebuli teritoriebis aTvisebis mizniT, ZiriTadi sadgomis garda aucilebeli xdeba damatebiTi sadgomis mowyobac, sadac sasuq suladobas toveben dazamTrebamde (Tovlis safaris dadebamde).

vinaidan tyis nayofis mosavlianoba sxvadaxva wlebSi gansxvavebu-lia, saWiroa suladobis raodenobisa da farTobis gamoyenebis regu-lireba. mosavlian wels Rori naklebad gadaadgildeba sakvebis Zebnis mizniT da met wonamatsac iZleva. karg Sedegs iZlevas xeebidan nayofebis Camobertyva.

gegmazomierad Zovebisas Rori niadags afxvierebs, rac aumjobesebs misi zeda fenis aeracias. imavdroulad tyis nayofebi miwaSi “CaiTeseba” da iqmneba maTi aRmocenebis xelisSemwyobi pirobebi.

mniSvnelovania, rom Zovebam xeli ar SeuSalos tyis bunebriv ganax-lebas. rogorc wesi, aprilis meore naxevridan iwyeba mcenareebis amos-vla da, amdenad, am periodSi Roris tyeSi gayvana ar SeiZleba.

karg Sedegs iZleva tyispira Tavisufal ferdobze, an kidev sazam-Tro sadgomTan ionjis, samyuras da miwavaSlas saZovrebis mowyoba. es farTobebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc gazafxul-zafxulis TveebSi, aseve zamTarSic, rodesac cxovelebi ganicdian sakvebis mniSvnelovan deficits.

klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT umjobesia namatis miReba daigegmos gazafxulze, tyis masivebSi gasvlis wina periodisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi maqsimlurad gamoiyeneba gazafxul-zafxulis Tbili klima-tis sikeTe da wlis bolomde namatis cocxali masa aRwevs 50-60 kg- s, anu sarealizacio kondicias.

sxvebTan SedarebiT momTabare meRoreobisaTvis yvelaze xelsayre-li pirobebi aris axmetis raionSi, gansakuTrebiT ki soflebis- zemo da qvemo alvanis mimdebare teritoriaze (jaburi, bawara, fiCxovani, panki-sisa da iltos xeoba, CaCxrialis tye). aq tyis da mdelos bunebriv saZovrebze uxvadaa Roris sakvebi- wifeli, rko, wabli, panta, maJalo, TuTa, bali, tyemali, zRmartli, mayvali, kuneli, marwyvi da sxva.

mTabarobis pirobebSi karg Sedegs iZleva sasuqi mozardis damate-biTi kveba marcvlovani sakvebnarebiT, ra drosac saSualo dReRamuri namati 280-320 g- s aRwevs da, Sesabamisad, umjobesdeba gasuqebuli Roris saklavi produqtiuloba.

fermispira sazafxulo banakebSi Roris Senaxva am RonisZiebas xels uwyobs saqarTvelos umetesi raionebis gazaf-

xul-zafxulis klimaturi pirobebi. banakis mowyoba da mTeli suladobis iq gadayvana gvaZlevs ZiriTadi sadgomebis dasufTavebis, dezinfeqciis da mimdinare remontis Catarebis saSualebas.

banakad Roris gayvanas veterinaruli TvalsazrisiTac aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba. am SemTxvevaSi zamTris sadgomebi mTlianad Tavisufldeba mavne mikroorganizmebisagan da mRrRnelebis umetesi nawilisagan. praq-tikiT damtkicebulia, rom veterinaluri da teqnologiuri “Sesvenebis” gareSe, erTi da igive sadgomis gamoyenebisas, matulobs paTogenuri mikrofloris koncentracia, rac zrdis daavadebebis saSiSroebas.

banaki umjobesia movawyoT ZiriTad sadgomTan axlos, raTa gamo-viyenoT fermis wyalgayvaniloba, sakvebi saamqro, nakelsacavi da sxva

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nagebobebi. is Sendeba mSral, SedarebiT SemaRlebul da SeZlebisda-gvarad qarisagan dacul adgilze. SerCeul teritorias SemoRobaveben da yofen bakebad. cxovelebis wvimis da qaris, agreTve papanaqeba sicxisas mzis sxivebis pirdapiri zemoqmedebisagan dasacavad yvela baks unda hqon-des msubuqi tipis farduli, romlis qveS idgmeba sakveburebi da sawyur-veblebi.

mawovari nezvisa da goWebis Sesanax bakSi iataki magarsafariani unda iyos, romelzec ageben xis masalisagan damzadebul fars.

sazafxulo banakebSi sxvadasxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufebisaT-vis bakis zomebze, jgufebSi dasaSveb suladobasa da 1 sulze saWiro farTobze parametrebi mocemulia cxril 18-Si.

cxrili 18. sazafxulo banakSi dolfaris parametrebi

1 sulze farTobi,m2 asakobrivi jgufi 1 bakSi dasaSvebi suladoba

fardulis qveS

seiranze kvebis

fronti, m

mawovari nezvi goWebiT 1 4.5 6 0.45 salTi da make nezvi 20 1.4 3.0 0.45 asxletili goWi 30 0.3 1.0 0.20 saremonto mozardi 25 0.5 1.3 0.30 sasuqi Rori 25 0.5 1.3 0.30 ZiriTadi kerati 1 6.0 10 0.45

banakis asaSeneblad gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi arastandartuli da

iafi masala, xis nagverduli, gamouyenebeli betonis sinkari, naSali aguri, bloki da sxv. saxuravad yvelaze iafia isli.

banakad yofnisas Roris kvebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia saZo-vars. sufTa haerze yofna da mzis sxivebi gansakuTrebulad dadebiTad moqmedebs make nezvebze- maTgan miiReba janmrTeli da ganviTarebuli goWi, iSviaTia garTulebuli mSobiaroba, mcirdeba berwianoba da maR-ldeba daavadebebisadmi rezistentoba.

diliT Rori saZovarze unda gavuSvaT sakvebis micemamde. nakvebi Rori cudad Zovs da maleve cdilobs banakSi dabrunebas. maRalmosavli-an naTes saZovarze yoveldRiurad Rors aZoveben 1,5-2 saaTi, bunebrivze ki- 3-3,5 saaTi.

mosavlianobis SenarCunebis, saZovris efeqturad gamoyenebis da parazitul daavadebebTan brZolis mizniT mimarTaven nakveTmorigeobiT Zovebas. amisaTvis mTel farTobs yofen ramodenime nakveTad, im varaudiT, rom TiToeul nakveTze kolts sakvebi eyos 4-5 dRe mainc. Semdeg cxovelebi gadayavT meoreze nakveTze, Semdeg mesameze da a.S., ise, rom sasurvelia kolti pirvel nakveTs daubrundes 1-1,5 Tvis Semdeg.

saWiro farTobis gaangariSebisas gamodian Semdegi parametrebidan: 1 suli ZiriTadi nezvisaTvis dReSi saWiroa 10 m2, xolo asxletili mozardisaTvis 2 m2- mde saZovari.


• romel konstituciur tips miekuTvneba saqone an saxorce jiSis Rorebi?

• rogori mozardi unda gadavarCioT sanaSened?

• ra procedurebi tardeba sanaSened gadarCeuli mozardis Sesafaseb-lad?

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• ra principiT xdeba sakerateebze da sanezveebze saxelebis mikuTvneba?

• romeli saxeli ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT cxovels?

• ratom ar SeiZleba srululufiani kombinirebuli sakvebis +550C- ze ufro cxeli wyliT Cafufqva?

• rogori unda iyos kombinirebuli sakvebisa da wylis urTierT Sefar-deba svelad kvebisas?

• romel sakvebiT da rogori foriT unda vkveboT axladmogebul nezvi?

• ramdeni SeiZleba iyos koncentrirebuli sakvebis minimaluri xved-riTi wili Rorebis ulufaSi?

• ras uwodeben heterozisis efeqtis miRebis mizniT erTi da imave jiSis Roris sxvadasxva xazebis Sejvarebas?

literatura:

1. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2002;

2. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi, “universali”, 2009;

3. i.SubiTiZe- rZisa da xorcis warmoebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2008; 4. j.RuduSauri, j.guguSvili- rCevebi (fermerebisaTvis) cxovelTa da

frinvelTa normirebuli kvebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2001; 5. Г. С. Походня, А. Г. Нарижный, П. И. Бреславец, Г. В. Ескин, Е. Г. Федорчук, А. П.

Бреславец- Свиноводство, Изд-ство «Колос», 2009; 6. Нормы и рационы кормления сельскохозяйственных животных. авт. А.П.Калаш-

ников, Н.И.Клейменов и др., М., «Колос», 2002; 7. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под

общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005; 8. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйственных

животных. «КолосС», 2005;

T a v i 7. mecxvareoba. matylis, cxvris/Txis xorcisa da rZis warmoebis teqnologia;

mecxvareobis mniSvneloba

cxvari iZleva ramodenime saxis sakveb produqts (xorcs, rZes, qons) da msubuqi mrewvelobisaTvis Zvirfas nedleuls (matyls, saqurqe da sabewve tyavs, kravels da maJdaks). Tanamedrove msoflio mecxvareobis Taviseburebas warmoadgens, matylTan SedarebiT, xorcis warmoebis gadi-debisaken orientacia, rac dakavSirebulia safeiqro mrewvelobis mier sinTezuri boWkoebis gamoyenebaze gadasvlasTan da, Sesabamisad, matylze moTxovnilebisa da fasebis SemcirebasTan.

bolo 30 welia msoflios mraval qveyanaSi mecxvareoba viTardeba krosbreduli tipis saxorce-samatylo produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebis moSenebaze gadasvliTa da dargis Semdgomi intensifikaciis gziT. amaze miuTiTebs statistikuri monacemebi, romelTa Tanaxmad miuxe-davad suladobis ramdenadme Semcirebisa, cxvris produqtebis warmoeba sul ufro izrdeba. ase, magaliTad, 1999 welTan SedarebiT 2002 wlisaT-

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vis msoflioSi cxvris suladoba Semcirda 1,83 mln suliT, maSin rode-sac xorcis warmoeba gaizarda 137 aTasi toniT, anu 1,8%-iT.

warmoebuli xorcis saerTo balansSi cxvris xorcs, jer kidev, sakmaod mokrZalebuli adgili ukavia (6,8 mln t, anu yvela saxis xorcis warmoebis 2,8%). cxvris xorcis yvelaze didi mwarmoebeli qveyanaa CineTi, xolo mecxvareobis dargis intensifikaciis TvalsazrisiT mowi-nave poziciebi ukaviaT axal zelandias da avstralias.

saqarTveloSi mecxvareobas uZvelesi droidan misdevdnen. amis das-turia cnobili legenda argonavtebze, romelTac Cv. w. aR-mde 1100 wlis winaT saberZneTidan kolxeTSi “oqros sawmisis” mosataceblad ilaSqres. odiTganve mecxvareoba CvenSi vaJkacur saqmed iTvleboda da am saqmes mxolod rCeulebs andobdnen.

sxva garemoebebTan erTad, CvenSi dargis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda bunebrivi saZovrebis didi masivebi da rbili klimati.

istoriulad saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda cxvris Senaxvis sami Ziri-Tadi sistema: momTabare, naxevrad stacionaluri da stacionaluri (anu sakarmidamo). amaTgan, momTabare tipis mecxvareobas misdeven aRmosavleT saqarTvelos 19 raionis, naxevrad-stacionalurs, ZiriTadad samcxe-java-xeTis da aWaris a.r.-is fermerebi, xolo stacionalurs qveynis dasavleT nawilSi mcxovrebni.

gasuli saukunis 90-an wlebamde CvenSi cxvris suladoba 1,7-2,0 mln- is farglebSi cvalebadobda. damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirvel wlebSi, samoqalaqo omisa da sazogadoebrivi qonebis moufiqreblad privatizaciis gamo, cxvris raodenoba 583 aTas sulamde (1994 w.) Sem-cirda. momdevno wlebSi SeimCneva cxvris suladobis zrdis tendencia da 2007 wlis bolosaTvis CvenSi aRricxulia 624,0 aTasi suli yvela asakis cxvari, maT Soris 372,8 aTasi suli nerbi. 2007 wels saqarTveloSi warmoeulia 3,9 aT. t cxvris da Txis xorci (dakluli masiT) da 1,9 tona matyli (fizikuri masiT). Sesabamisad, wlis dasawyisSi arsebuli erTi cxvridan saSualod warmoebulia 6,2 kg xorci (dakluli masiT) da 3,0 kg matyli. xorcis saerTo balansSi cxvris xorcis xvedriTi wili Seadgens mxolod 5,6%- s.

cxvris warmoSoba

cxvari moaSinaures Cv.w.aR.-mde 6-7 aTasi wlis winaT. cxvris Tanamedrove jiSebi Zlier gansxvavdebian gareuli, agreTve im Sinauri cxvrebisagan, romelnic dRes ukve aRar arseboben. aseTi mdgomareoba arTulebs im gareuli formebis dadgenas, romlebic Tavis droze SemoCveuli da moSinaurebuli iqna adamianis mier. varaudoben, rom moSinaurebuli iyo gareuli cxvris ori jgufi mufloni da argali, xolo moSinaurebis adgilebad miCneulia wina da mcire azia, samxreT evropa, CrdiloeT afrika, Sua da centraluri azia.

cxvris biologiuri Taviseburebebi

sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebTan SedarebiT cxvari ukeT iye-nebs uxeS da saZovrul sakvebs, rasac ganapirobebs misi organizmis fizi-ologiuri Taviseburebebi da saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis agebuleba. dadgenilia, rom saZovarze gavrcelebuli mcenareebis 800 saxeobidan cxvari Wams 520- ze mets, Zroxa 460- s, xolo cxeni 416- s. amasTan, cxvari naklebad momTxovnia saZovris xarisxisadmi da advilad iTvisebs Sedare-biT dabal balaxnars.

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cxvari kargad itans Sor manZilze gadarekvas da gamoirCeva garemo pirobebisadmi adaptaciis didi potencialiT, rac nebismier ekologiuri zonaSi misi moSenebis saSualebas iZleva.

cxvris metad mniSvnelovani biologiuri Taviseburebaa kritikuli situaciebis advilad gadatanis unari. kerZod, sasmeli wylisa da sakve-bis sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis manZilze ukmarisobisas cxvari sakuTa-ri rezervebis (sxeulSi, dumaSi da/an cximkudSi dagrovili cximis) xar-jze inarCunebs WenWianobas da aRwarmoebis funqcias. amasTan, cxvris jiSebis umravlesoba farexSi Senaxvisas cudad itans maRal tenianobas da orpir qars, agreTve daWaobebul saZovrebs, haeris maRal temperatu-rasa da fardobiT tenianobas. gansakuTrebuli biologiuri Tavisebure-bebis gamo zogierTi jiSi (mag. yarakulis) gavrcelebulia mxolod cxeli klimatis pirobebSi- udabnosa da naxevraudabnos zonebSi, xolo zogierTi jiSebi Tavs kargad grZnoben notion klimatis pirobebSic.

sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 10-12 welia, magram rogorc wesi faridan gamoiwuneben 6-8 wlis asakamde. cxvars kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli jogu-ri instinqti, ris gamo inaxaven SedarebiT didi suladobis farebad.

konstitucia, eqsterieri, interieri

sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebi Zvlovani da kunTovani sistemis, tyavis, kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovilis da saWmlis momnelebeli organoebis ganviTarebiT, agreTve temperamentiT sagrZnob-lad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. me- 7 naxatze naCvenebia sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebSi calkeuli qsovilebisa da orga-noebis ganviTarebis proporciebi.

dadgenilia, rom samatylo mimarTulebis cxvrebs tyavi da Zvlebi ufro Zlier, magram kunTovani da kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili ufro

sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli, vid-re saxorce da merinosul ji-Sebs.

cxvrebs yofen naz, uxeS, mkvriv da faSar konstituciur tipebad.

• uxeSi konstituciuri tipis cxvrebs Zvlebi da Tavis qala ufro Zlier aqvT gan-viTarebuli. isini ufro did-tanianebi magram araharmo-niuli agebulebiT xasiaTde-bian, sxeulze matyli gamo-Tanabrebuli ar aris, sak-vebis anazRaureba ki daqve-iTebulia.

• nazi konstituciuri tipis cxovelebs Zvlebi SedarebiT

sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli, maTi tyavi Txeli da faSaria, matyli metad nazi, mokle da iSviaTi, kidurebi da muceli cudad aqvT Sebusuli, amasTan axasiaTebT simkvircxle da nivTierebaTa cvlis gaZlierebuli intensivoba;

• mkvrivi konstituciuri tipis cxvrebis kani mkvrivia, maT Zvlebi zomi-erad, kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili ki sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli,

nax. 7. sxvadasxva qsovilebis ganviTa-rebis damokidebuleba cxvris produqtiul mimarTulebasTan

1. tyavi; 2. kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qso-vili; 3. kunTovani qsovili; 4. Zvlo-vani qsovili; 5. saWmlis momnelebeli aparati

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organoebsa da qsovilebSi cximi naklebad grovdeba, matyli xSiri da jiSidan gamomdinare, SedarebiT nazia. gamoirCevian kargi janmrTelobiTa da simkvircxliT;

• faSari konstituciis cxvrebs kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili Zlier aqvT ganviTarebuli, sxeuli damrgvalebulia, Zvleuli susti, kani sqeli, matyli grZeli, magram iSviaTi. isini naklebad moZravni arian da xasiaTdebian dabali nayofierebiTa da merZeulobiT.

amasTan, nebismieri produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvari sasurvelia xasiaTdebodes magari konstituciuri tipiT, romlis qveS igulisxmeba daavadebebis mimarT gamZleobis da sakvebis anazRaurebis harmoniulad Sexameba maRal produqtiulobasTan da aRwarmoebis unarTan.

eqsterieri. aris cxvris produqtiuli mimarTulebis erT-erTi maCvenebeli. is gvaZlevs saSualebas, erTi da imave konstituciis far-glebSi, SevafasoT cxvris ganviTarebis xarisxi. eqsterieris Sefaseba gamoiyeneba cxvris bonitirebisas, ra drosac aqceven yuradRebas garegnuli formebis naklovanebebs, an piriqiT, gansakuTrebulad karg ganviTarebas.

cxvris eqsteriers afaseben TvalzomiT, konkretuli jiSisaTvis specialurad SemuSavebuli skalis mixedviT. skala iTvaliswinebs sxe-ulis calkeuli nakvTebze (magaliTad Tavze, zurgze, welze da sxv.) garkveuli Sefasebis (balis) miekuTvnebas da miRebul Sedegis dajamebas. rac ufro axlosaa jami 100- Tan, miT ufro sasurveli tipisaa Sefase-buli cxoveli.

TvalzomiT SefasebasTan SedarebiT ufro zustia ganazomebiT Sefaseba, ra drosac sazomi xelsawyoebiT sazRvraven sxeulis calkeuli nawilebis (simaRlis, sigrZis, siganis da garSemowerilobis) ganviTare-bas. miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze adgenen eqsterieris profils da sazRvraven agebulebis indeqsebs.

interieri. Sefasebisas did mniSvnelobas aniWeben hematologiuri maCveneblebis, sisxlis jgufebis, kanis histostruqturis da sxva maCve-neblebis Seswavlas, agreTve maTi kavSiris dadgenas zrdis energiasTan, cocxal masasTan, matylis gamosavalTan da xarisxTan, cxovelis gamZle-obasTan da aRwarmoebis unarTan.

cxvris moSeneba

iseve rogorc mecxoveleobis sxva dargebSi mecxvareobaSic gamoiye-neba moSenebis ori meTodi, xalasjiSiani (xazobrivi, xazTaSoris kro-sireba) da jvaruli (darTviTi, cvladi, STanTqmiTi, saaxaljiSe da Seda-rebiT iSviaTad samrewvelo Sejvareba).

gadarCeva da SerCeva cxvris gadarCevas awarmoeben niSan-TvisebaTa kompleqsiT, ra dro-

sac iTvaliswineben warmoSobas, eqsteriers, produqtiulobas, matylis simsxos, Sebusulobis sixSires, malmwifadobas, mravalnayofierebas da sakvebis efeqturad gamoyenebis maCvenebels.

bonitireba. sasurveli tipis cxovelebis gadasarCevad atareben bonitirebas. cxvris sicocxlis manZilze ZiriTadi bonitireba tardeba erTxel da im asakSi, rodesac ufro metad aris SesaZlebeli eqspertuli gasinjviT misi swori Sefaseba.

nazmatylovan da naxevrad nazmatylovan cxvrebs, agreTve maT naj-varebs uxeSmatylovan jiSebTan abonitireben erTi wlis asakSi, gazaf-

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xulze, pirveli parsvis win, elitur jgufSi gamoyofil cxvars ki ganmeorebiT individualurad abonitireben ori wlis asakSi.

uxeSmatylovan saxorce-saqone cxvrebs abonitireben pirvel dagri-lebaze gaSvebis win, daaxloebiT 1½ wlis asakSi.

samaJdake mecxvareobaSi batknebs abonitireben 1-3 dRis asakSi, xolo saqurqe mecxvareobaSi mozardis mier 7-8 Tvis asakis miRwevisas.

cxvris bonitireba orgvaria, individualuri da klasuri. individualuri bonitireba. ewodeba niSan-TvisebaTa kompleqsiT

cxvris konkretuli individis calke Sefasebas da bonitirebis JurnalSi da/an individualur baraTebSi Sesabamisi Canawerebis Setanas. individu-alurad abonitireben sanaSene meurneobebisa da fermebis sakuTari aRwarmoebisaTvis gankuTvnil mozards, STamomavlobis xarisxze Semow-mebuli verZebidan miRebul batknebs (asxletisas da 1 wlis asakSi) da sanaSened gasayid suladobas.

klasuri bonitireba. ewodeba sabonitiro klasebze cxvris mikuT-vnebas misi jiSuri, konstituciuri da produqtiulobis xarisxis eqsper-tuli Sefasebis safuZvelze. klasuri bonitirebisas yovel individs afaseben cal-calke, magram ufro Semoklebuli sqemiT, vidre individu-alurad bonitirebisas. cxovelebis daxasiaTebas Canawerebis saxiT ar afiqsireben, xolo klasis mikuTvnebas aRniSnaven yurze Sesabamisi seris (niSnis) dadebiT. am wesiT dabonitirebuli pirveli klasis suladobidan gamoyofen jgufs individualuri bonitirebisaTvis.

klasuri bonitireba tardeba sasaqonlo farebSi, agreTve sanaSene meurneobis im suladobaze, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian individualur bonitirebas.

sxvadaxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebisaTvis cal-calke Sedgenilia bonitirebis teqnikuri pirobebi. masSi mocemulia is minima-luri moTxovnebi (I klasis standarti), romelsac unda akmayofilebdes konkretuli sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis cxoveli.

bonitirebis monacemebis safuZvelze yvela produqtiuli mimarTu-lebis cxvrebs yofen elita, I da II, klasebad. amas damatebiT, nazmat-ylovan da naxevrad nazmatylovan mecxvareobaSi najvar cxvrebs akuTv-neben III da IV sabonitiro klass.

individualuri bonitirebis masalebis safuZvelze fermaSi adgenen individualuri SerCevis gegmas (konkretuli nerbis gasanayofiereblad gamoyofen konkretul verZs, an spermas), xolo klasurad dabonitirebul nerbebs jgufuri SewyvilebisaTvis SeurCeven ramodenime verZs.

cxvris nerbva, doli da mozardis gamozrda

cxvris umravlesi jiSebi xuraoben zafxulis bolodan gvian Semod-gomamde. es ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT metad momgebiania, vinaidan doli emTxveva gazafxulis dadgomas, e.i. daTbobas da saZovris balaxnaris intensiuri vegetaciis dawyebas.

SiSaqebis da saverZeebis pirvel nerbvaze gaSveba xdeba 1,5 wlis asakSi, rodesac maTi cocxali masa zrdasruli asakovnebis masis 65-70%-s aRwevs. nerbvis dawyebisas cxvari normalur SexorcebaSi unda iyos. ami-saTvis nerbvis dawyebamde 30-40 dRiT adre wyveten cxvris wvelas. uxeS-matyllovani jiSis cxvrebSi nerbvamde unda Catardes parsva, faris dakompleqteba da sxva samuSaoebi (wundeba, bonitireba, danomvra, veteri-narul-profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi).

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nerbvis saxeebi. mecxvareobaSi gamoiyeneba Tavisufali nerbva, xel-ze nerbva da xelovnuri ganayofiereba. Tavisufali nerbvisas 1 suli ver-Zis datvirTva 25, xelze nerbvisas 60-100, xolo xelovnuri ganayofiere-bisas 500-700 suli nerbia. gansakuTrebiT maRalproduqtiuli verZebis datvirTvas xelovnurad ganayofierebisas zrdian 5-6 aTasi sulamde. xelovnuri ganayofiereba rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve veterinaruli TvalsazrisiT, momgebiania.

axurebuli nerbis gamorCeva. axurebuli nerbebis swori da drouli gamorCeva uzrunvelyofs ganayofierebis maRali donis miRwevas. axureba vlindeba sqesobrivi aRgznebiT. am dros nerbi TviTon uCerdeba verZs dasagrileblad. Cveulebriv axureba grZeldeba 24-29 saaTs, calkeul SemTxvevaSi sam dRemde. axurebul nerbs gareTa sasqeso organoebi SeSu-pebuli da gawiTlebuli aqvs, saidanac pirvel dRes uxvad gamoiyofa lorwosmagvari gamWirvale, meore dRes ki TeTri-mRvrie siTxe.

pirveli axurebis dros nerbi Tu ar damakda 16-17 dRis Semdeg xuraoba isev meordeba cxovelis damakebamde. sasurvelia nerbebis mTeli suladoba ganayofierdes 35-40 dReSi.

xelovnuri ganayofiereba. axurebuli nerbebis gamosavlenad gamo-iyeneba msinjavi (megolari). yovel 1000 ner-bze saWiroa 10-12 suli, SedarebiT dabali sanaSene Rirsebis, magram janmrTeli da sqesobrivad aqtiuri axalgazrda saverZeebi. xelovnuri ganayofierebis damTavrebis Sem-deg isini SeiZleba gamoviyenoT gaunayofi-erebeli nerbebis gasanerbad.

faraSi gaSvebamde megolarebs ukeTe-ben winsafars (sur. 56), rac Tavidan gvaci-lebs SemTxveviT ganayofierebas. amave mizniT gamoiyeneba qirurgiuli CareviT vazomqtimrebuli (spermis sadinarebi gada-ketili) megolarebi. axurebul cxvrebs

faridan arCeven yoveldRiurad diliT adre, 2-3 saaTis manZilze. is nerbebi, romlebic daiTesla wina dRes, magram kvlav avlenen xuraobis niSnebs ganmeorebiT unda daiTeslos, Semdeg ki SeerioT ganayofiere-buli nerbebis faras.

Tavisufali nerbva. am dros verZebi gaSvebuli arian faraSi da Tavisuflad anayofiereben axurebul nerbebs; Tavisuflad nerbvisas gaZ-nelebulia zooteqnikuri aRricxva da SeuZlebelia wyvilebis individu-alurad SerCeva;

xelze nerbva. xelze nerbvisas, iseve rogorc xelovnuri ganayofi-erebisas, gvaqvs saSualeba organizebulad warvmarToT sanaSeno muSaoba, sworad CavataroT SerCeva, zustad aRvricxoT yvela nerbis dagrilebis dro da SevadginoT dolis kalendaruli gegma. axurebul nerbebs gamo-arCeven saerTo suladobidan da gadahyavT calke bakSi, sadac afiqsire-ben xeliT an Caayeneben specialur dazgaSi da gasanayofiereblad miuS-veben winaswar SerCeul verZs.

arian cxvris iseTi jiSebi, romlebic wlis yvela periodSi modian xuraobaSi. aseT jiSebs miekuTvneba imeruli cxvari, romelic saukeTeso jiSia batknis xorcis uwyveti warmoebisaTvis.

dolisaTvis mzadeba. cxvris makeoba grZeldeba 144-155 dRe. janm-rTeli da sicocxlisunariani batknis misaRebad saWiroa make nerbis

sur. 56. megolari verZi winsafriT

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srulfasovani kveba, makeobis bolo periodSi ki ulufis yuaTianobis 20-25%- iT gazrda.

dolis dawyebamde 8-10 dRiT adre farexi kargad unda dasufTavdes da gamoicvalos qveSsafeni. specialurad damzadebuli ficris tixrebiT gamoiyofa adgili axladmogebuli batknebisa da nerbebisaTvis, keTdeba dolfarebi (koraknebi) im nerbebis Casasmelad, romlebic ar awoveben qorfa batkans; aseve ewyoba sakveburebi, cal-calke gamoiyofa sadgomi daudolebeli nerbebisaTvis da SiSaqebisaTvis.

doli. batknebi, ZiriTadad, ibadeba 1,5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. nerbi Tu janmrTelia da mogeba normalurad mimdinareobs, procesi mTavrdeba 40 wuTSi. Tu mogeba yovndeba da nerbi wuxs, maSin saWiroa gamocdili mwyemsis an veterinari eqimis Careva. garTulebul mSobiarobas iwvevs nayofi didi zoma da/an misi araswori mdgomareoba.

mogebisas batkans, rogorc wesi, Wiplari TviTon wydeba, magram Tu Wiplari ar mowyda mas muclidan 6-8 sm daSorebiT moaWrian da adezinficireben iodis nayeniT, an sxva saSualebiT.

dabadebisTanave batkans sufTa tiloTi mowmenden cxvirsa da tuCebs da miusvamen dedas. sasurvelia dedam galokis batkani, vinaidan lokva, erTis mxriv xels uwyobs nerbis mier momyolis droul mogdebas, meores mxriv ki batknis organizmSi sisxlis mimoqcevis gaumjobesebas- garda amisa, lokvis procesSi deda eCveva batkans da uSvebs mas mosawo-vad. dabadebidan 15-20 wuTis Semdeg janmrTeli batkani fexze dgeba, eZebs curs da iwyebs dedis wovas.

farexis dasadolebel ganyofilebaSi haeris temperatura unda iyos +15...+170C- is farglebSi. dauSvebelia gamWoli qari da maRali tenianoba.

batknis gamozrda. mecxvareobis praqtikaSi batknis gamozrdis sxva-dasxva meTods mimarTaven. saqarTvelos momTabare mecxvareobaSi, nerbe-bis suladobidan gamomdinare, dolis dros zogjer dRe-RameSi 20-dan 100-mde batkani ibadeba da Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis Znelia imis dad-gena Tu romeli batkani, romeli nerbisaa. Zvelad am saqmes emsaxureboda specialuri mwyemsi `mcnobari~, romelic mxedvelobiTi maxsovrobisa da gansakuTrebuli smenis wyalobiT Seucdomlad asrulebda am saqmes.

dReisaTvis dadolebul nerbebs TavianT batknebTan erTad yofen mcire jgufebad da 2-3 kviris ganmavlobaSi aTavseben erT galiaSi, rac, bunebrivia xsnis problemas. Semdgom cxvari gayavT saZovarze, batkans ki inaxavdnen sabatkneSi did jgufad, sadac eZlevaT xarisxiani Tiva, Svriis da qeris RerRili an kombinirebuli sakvebi.

diliT saZovarze gasvlamde nerbebsa da batknebs erTimeoreSi ure-ven. nerbis mier Tavisi batknis povnis Semdeg orive gamohyavT calke da 20-30 wuTi awoveben. am process gasardvla hqvia. wovebis Semdeg batkans asxleten da SehyavdaT sabatkneSi, cxvars ki saZovarze garekaven. saRa-mos, saZovridan dabrunebul nerbebTan kvlav miuSveben batknebs, wovebis damTavrebis Semdeg ki, dilamde maT inaxaven cal-calke.

pirveli Tve batkani, ZiriTadad, dedis rZiT ikvebeba. zrdasTan erTad misi moTxovnileba sakvebze matulobs, amitom 2-3 kviris asakidan mas aZleeven damatebiT sakvebs- kargi xarisxis Tivas da koncentrirebul sakvebs, an kidev marcvlovnebis (qeris an Svriis) RerRils.

cxvris kveba. sxvadasxva zonis bunebrivi klimaturi pirobebis gaT-valiswinebiT mecxvareobis praqtikaSi miRebulia cxvris Senaxvisa da kve-bis ramdenime sistema.

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CvenSi, nebismieri sistemiT Senaxvisas, mTeli wlis manZilze cxvris ZiriTadi sakvebia saZovris balaxi.

amasTan, gviani zamTrisa da adre gazafxulis TveebSi aRiniSneba saZovruli sakvebis garkveuli deficiti. amis gaTvaliswinebiT Rrmad make nerbebs saZovris sakvebze damatebiT aZleven 0,5kg, xolo mawovar nerbebs 1,0 kg koncentrirebul sakvebs, rac mTlianad uzrunvelyofs cocxali masisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis Sestyvisi raodenobis sayuaTo nivTierebebis miRebas (cxrili 19).

verZis kveba. wlis yvela periodSi, verZi-mwarmoebli unda iyos sanaSene kondiciaSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavebulia kvebis normebi, rac mxedvelo-baSi unda miviRoT saZovris mosavliano-bidan gamomdinare. rogorc wesi, verZ-mwarmoebels damatebiT kvebaven mxolod ner-bvis periodSi.

mozardis kveba. dabadebidan 1 Tvis asa-kamde batknis kveba Ziri-Tadad dakavSirebulia nerbis merZeulobasTan. laqtaciis mesame Tvi-dan rZis raodenoba klebulobs. am droi-saTvis batkani ukve SeCveulia organizmis

moTxovnilebis Sesabamisi yuaTianobis uxeSi da/an saZovruli sakvebis Wamas. amis misaRwevad batkans 3-4 kviris asakidan dedis rZeze damatebiT aZleven kargi xarisxis Tivas da daRerRil marcvleuls.

sami Tvis asakis batkani dReSi ukve 0,3-0,5 kg Tivas da 150 gr kon-centrats Wams, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva mozardis sadReRamiso wona-matma saSualod 400-500 g-s miaRwios.

momTabare mecxvareobis pirobebSi 3-3,5 Tvis asakis batkani ukve mTaSia ayvanili, sadac xdeba misi dedisgan asxleta. asxletil mozards, rogorc wesi, mTaSi SeurCeven binasTan axlos mdebare saZovaris yvelaze karg nakveTs.

cxvris suqeba. mozardis suqeba ZiriTadad mTis saZovarze xdeba. zogjer ki ialaRobidan dabrunebul mozards 30-45 dRe intensiurad asuqebaen, risTvisac awyoben martivi tipis sasuq moedans. iq, sadac maRali xarisxis sazamTro saZovrebia, zrdasrul, wundebul cxvars asuqeben 60 dRe, xolo mozards 90-120 dRe.

suqebisas 7-8 Tvis asakis batkani 1 kg cocxali wonis namatze xar-javs 5-6 sakveb erTeuls, zrdasruli cxvari ki 9-10 kg sakveb erTeuls.

cxrili 19. make da mawovari nerbis kvebis norma

cocxal

i masa, kg

sakv. erT.

kg.

mimo

cvl

.iTi

ener

gia,

mjouli

monel. pr

o-

teini

g

Ca,

g

P, g

karotin

i,

mg.

makeobis I periodi

40 0.75-0.95 8.3-10.6 60-75 3.7-4.7 2.3-2.9

50 0.85-1.05 10.1-11.4 75-90 4.2-5.1 2.5-3.1

60 0.95-1.15 11.2-13.5 81-95 4.7-5.6 2.8-3.4

10-12

makeobis bolo 2 Tve

40 1.1-1.2 12.1-13.1 95-115 6.5-7.5 3.2-4.0

50 1.15-1.35 12.4-14.5 115-125 7.5-8.5 3.5-4.5

60 1.30-1.40 14.8-15.5 115-135 8.0-9.0 4.1-5.0

15-20

mawovari nerbi

40 1.4-1.8 15.5-19.1 140-180 7.2-8.4 4.2-5.2

51 1.5-1.9 16.3-20.1 150-190 7.6-8.8 4.4-5.4

60 1.6-2.0 17.6-22.0 160-200 8.0-9.2 4.6-5.6

15-20

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cxvris parsva.

parsva erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sawarmoo procesia. misi droulad da sworad Catareba mtylis xarisxis amaRlebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi pirobaa.

parsvis vadebi. sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSis cxvrebs parsaven sxvadasxva dros da sixSiriT; erTgvarovani matylis mqone cxvris jiSebi (nazmatylovani da naxevrad nazmatylovani) iparseba weliwadSi erTxel gazafxulze, xolo Sereuli matylis mqone jiSebi (naxevrad uxeSmatylovani da uxeSmatylovani) weliwadSi orjer gazaf-xulze da Semodgomaze.

Sereuli matylis mqone batkani pirvelad iparseba 6-7 Tvis asakaSi. erTgvarovani matylis mqone batknebi SeiZleba gaiparsos amave asakSi, Tu matylis sigrZe 4 sm da metia. maTi Semdegi parsva tardeba momdevno wels.

gazafxulze cxvris parsvis dawyebis ZiriTadi pirobaa Tbili amin-debis dadgoma. dauSvebelia gril amindSi parsva, vinaidan gaparsuli cxvari swrafad civdeba. amasTan, parsvis dagvianebac ar aris mizanSe-wonili, vinaidan sicxeebis dadgoma gauparsav cxvar awuxebs, iklebs cocxali masa da nakveboba, mawovar nerbebs ki umcirdebaT merZeuloba.

saqarTvelos barSi gazafxulze parsva tardeba aprilSi, rac saSu-alebas iZleva sazafxuli saZovrebze gadarekvamde cxvars wamoezardos da mouswordes matyli. aprilSi parsva sasurvelia imitomac, rom am dros iwyeben daavadebebis profilaqtikis mizniT cxvris gabanebas. saqme i saris, rom gauparsavi cxvris gabaneba ar SeiZleba, radgan qimiuri saSualebebis moxvedrisas matyli kargavs teqnologiur Tvisebebs da safeiqro mrewvelobisaTvis gamousadegia.

Semodgomis parsva tardeba seqtemberSi, ise, rom zamTris civi dRe-ebis dadgomamde cxvars matylis saburvelis wamozarda moeswros.

parsvis wina dRes gasapars faras ar aZoveben, xolo 12 saaTiT adre mas unda uwyvitaven wylis micemas. maZRari cxvari parsvisas wuxdeba, xolo savse kuWidan gamoyofili ganavaliTa da SardiT matyli WuWyi-andeba. dauSvebelia sveli cxvris parsva.

parsvisaTvis momzadeba. cxvars parsaven xeliT (duqardiT) da eleqtro saparsiT. parsvisaTvis gamoyofili bina an martivi farduli winaswar unda dasufTavdes da Cautardes dezinfeqcia. cxvari SeiZleba gaiparsos specialurad mowyobil magidaze, romlis sigrZe da sigane 1,7X1,5 m, simaRle ki 0,40-0,50 m- a. Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aris, matylis danagvianebis Tavidan asacileblad ageben ficris iataks an miwaze daafenen brezents.

parsvis wesebi. parsva unda Catardes mSvid viTarebaSi. matylis xarisxi didad aris damokidebuli mparsavis kvalifikaciaze. yvelaze did defeqtad iTvleba arasworad parsviT gamowveuli matylis sigrZis Semcireba.

parsvisas aucilebelia mparsavma daicvas Semdegi Tanamimdevroba: 1. cxvari unda daawvinos marcxena gverdze, zurgiT mparsavisaken; 2. pirvelad gaparsos fexebi da curis irgvliv midamo (es matyli

calke grovdeba); 3. Semdeg iparseba muceli da gverdi; 4. gamorTos saparsi agregati, cxvari unda gadabrunos marjvena

mxares mucliT mparsavisken da gaparsos menji, Semdeg ki marcxena beWi;

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5. saparsis gamorTvis Semdeg, cxvars kvlav marcxena mxareze gada-abrunebs, mucliT mparsavisken da parsavs marjvena beWis midamosa da ferds;

6. Semdeg parsavs welis da xerxemlis midamos; 7. bolos parsavs Tavs da kisris marjvena mxares. 8. saparsi aparatis gamorTvis Semdeg cxvars wamoayenebs da gauSebs

gaparsuli cxvrebis jgufSi. gaparsul cxvars veterinari eqimi umowmebs Cliqis mdgomareobas da

aWris wanazardebs. parsvisas kanis SemTxveviT gaWrisas, Wrilobaze esmeba sadezin-

feqcio saSualeba. parsvis Semdeg kanZs gaSalian specialur magidaze, Sida monaWeriT

zeviT, da dabertaven mtvrisagan. Tu kanZi Wrelia feradi matyli grovdeba calke.

cxvris wvela

wvelian mxolod araerTgarovan matylovan cxvrebs. momTabarobisas cxvris wvelas iwyeben mTaSi asvlidan 5-7 dRis Semdeg. es periodi saWi-roa cxvris mgzavrobis Semdeg dasasveneblad, batknebis asasxletad da axali garemo pirobebisadmi maT SesaCvevad, agreTve wvelisaTvis bakebis da inventaris mosamzadeblad.

zogierTi fermeri cxvars barSic wvelis, Tumca rigi mizezebis gamo es arc Tu mTlad gamarTlebulia.

CvenSi wvelis ori wesi gamoiyeneba, bakSi wvela da beraSi wvela: a) bakSi wvela. am wesis gamoyenebisas nerbebs Serekaven specialu-

rad mowyobil bakSi, ise, rom iq isini mWidrod arian. aseT SemTxvevaSi mwvelavi advilad iWers da afiqsirebs mosawvel nerbs. aucilebelia nerbi srulad moiwvelos, vinaidan curSi darCenili rZe iwvevs mis droze adre gaSrobas.

b) beraSi wvela. am wess mimarTaven mcire kavkasionze momTabare fermerebi, romlebic mTaSi asvlis Semdeg, wvelis periodSi batkans nawilobriv acileben dedas. nerbs wvelian bakTan mowyobil viwro gasas-vlelSi- beraSi. mis orive mxareze zis ramodenime mwvelavi da Semosuli cxvari mosawvelad rigrigobiT gadadis xelidan xelSi. bolo Camowve-lis Semdeg nerbs uSveben gareT. es meTodiT ufro efeqturad unda CaiTvalos, vinaidan nerbi gvian Sreba da met rZes iZleva. wvelamde nerbebi da batknebi imyofebian cal-calke, xolo wvelis damTavrebis Semdeg maT 1_2 saaTiT ureven erTmaneTSi, ra drosac batkani curSi darCenil rZes wovs. amasTan, praqtikosi mecxvareebis umravlesoba bakSi wvelas amjobinebs, vinaidan beraSi wvela ufro Sromatevadia. garda amisa, bakSi wvelisas cxvari ufro srulad gamoiwveleba da, vinaidan rZis bolo ulufa ufro met cxims Seicavs, aseTi meTodiT mowvelili rZisgan ufro maRali xarisxis yveli mzaddeba

nerbebi agvistos pirveli dekadis bolosaTvis unda gaSres, rac aucilebelia maTi nerbvisaTvis mosamzadeblad.

meTxeoba

Txa gvaZlevs sxvadasxva sakveb produqtebs (rZes, xorcs, qons) da msubuqi mrewvelobisaTvis TivTiks, matyls (moheri) da balans (Txisura). misi mniSvneloba gamoixateba agreTve imiTac, rom is advilad iTvisebs sxva saxeobebisaTvis miuwvdomel cicabo reliefis mqone ekal-bardian

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savargulebs da mwiri kvebis pirobebSic gvaZlevs sakmao raodenobiT produqcias.

FAO- s monacemebiT msoflioSi Txis suladoba, sxva sasoflo-same-urneo cxovelebTan SedarebiT, ufro swrafi tempiT izrdeba (saSualod weliwadSi 8,7 mln suliT), ris gamo 2006 wlisaTvis am saxeobis cxove-lebis suladobam 763 mln suli Seadgina. imave periodisaTvis Txis rZis warmoebam msoflioSi miaRwia 11,5 mln tonas, xolo xorcis- 4,7 mln tonas (dakluli masiT).

CvenSi sxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebTan erTad, Txis moSenebas mniSvnelovani adgili ekava, xolo afxazeTis, samegrelos da mTiani aWaris mcxovrebTaTvis is Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo. bolo aTwleulSi Txis suladobis dinamikaSi aRiniSneba arastabilu-roba: 2004 wlisaTvis, 1999 welTan SedarebiT Txis suladoba gaizarda 33,5 aTasi suliT, anu 44,3%-iT, magram 2007 wlis bolosaTvis Semcirda 40.0%-iT.

Txis biologiuri Taviseburebebi. biologiurad Txa sakmaod axlos dgas cxvarTan, magram isini sxvadasxva saxeobebs miekuTvnebian da ar ujvardebian erTmaneTs.

ZroxasTan erTad, Txa erT-erTi pirveli moiSinaura adamianma. is ar saWiroebs kvebis da movla patronobis gansakuTrebul pirobebs, advilad egueba gansxvavebul garemos, ris gavrcelebulia TiTqmis yvela buneb-riv-klimatur zonaSi.

Txas SeuZlia sakvebi moipovos iseT saZovarze, romelsac Zlieri daqanebis sxva saxeobis cxoveli ver iyenebs. is moZravi da mgrZnobiare cxovelia da swrafad reagirebs mis garSemo arsebul mdgomarebaze. smenis aparati ise aqvs mowyobili, rom yurs amoZravebs erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad da aRiqvams bgeriT cvlilebebs, romlebic miedinebian sxvadasxva wyaroebidan da mxridan. Txa advilad eCveva adamians. aqvs cxvris faris winamZrolobis unari, ris gamoc momTabare mecxvareobaSi did rols asrulebs, mis gareSe cxvris gadarekva sazafxulo saZovrebis rTuli reliefis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

Txa cxvrisagan gansxvavdeba qcevis reaqciebiT, temperamentiT, xmis tembriT, siTbomdgradobiT da zogierTi sxva niSan-TvisebiT. iolia misi marTva, farebad Zoveba da individualurad Senaxva, kargad egueba dabmu-lad Senaxvas. mis saWmlis momnelebeli sistemas SeuZlia gadaamuSaos 64%-mde ujredanas Semcveli sakvebi.

Txa mravalnayofieri cxovelia. sqesobrivad mwifdeba 5-7 Tvis, xolo fiziologiur simwifes aRwevs da nayofierdeba 1,5 wlis asakSi. makeoba saSualod grZeldeba 150 dRe da, rogorc wesi, erT mogebaze iZleva or Tikans.

Txis rZe. uvnebelia yvela asakis adamianisaTvis da ar aris saSiSi alergiis TvalsazrisiT. rigi TvisebebiT sakmaod axlos dgas qalis rZesTan, amitom Cvili bavSvebis sakvebad misaRebia. mdidaria vitaminebiT, kalciumiT, fosforiT, kobaltiT da rigi sxva mineraluri nivTierebe-biT, axasiaTebs Zlieri antiinfeqciuri, antianemiuri da antihemoragiuli Tvisebebi. kalciumis marilebis didi raodenobiT Semcvelobis gamo Txis rZe saukeTeso saSualebaa im bavSvebis sakvebad, romlebsac mineraluri marilebis cvla darRveuli aqvT, an raqitiT arian daavadebulebi.

Tavisi SedgenilobiT, fizikur-qimiuri da sensoruli TvisebebiT Txis rZe iTvleba Zvirfas produqtad. misgan mzaddeba ramdenime saxis yveli da karaqi.

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Txis xorci sakmaod gemrielia, cxvris xorcTan SedarebiT is ufro Ria (rZisfer-vardisferi) ferisaa, qoni ki TeTria. maRali xarisxis xorci miiReba adreul asakSi dakodili im mamali Txisagan, romelic saZovrul pirobebSia gasuqebuli.

Txis matyli. gansakuTrebuli Zvirfasi xarisxis matyli aqvs angoris Txas, romelic gamoirCeva erTgvarovnebiT. gansakuTrebul naz matyls is iZleva 1 wlis asakSi.

Txis TivTiki. miekuTvneba gansakuTrebul kategorias matyleulis nedleulTa Soris da gamoirCeva simsubuqiT, sirbiliT da sinaziT.

Txis tyavi. Tavisi xarisxiT, gamZleobiT, simtkiciT bevrad aRema-teba cxvrisas. misgan mzaddeba saukeTes xarisxis tyaveuli- Sevro, zamSi, laika. gamoiyeneba, agreTve, saqurqe da bewveulis warmoebisaTvis.

Txis nakeli. maRali xarisxis organuli sasuqia da gamoiyeneba, rogorc erTwliani, aseve mravalwliani kulturebis qveS dakavebuli farTobebis gasanoyiereblad.

meTxeobaSi ZiriTadad gamoyofen warmoebis sam mimarTulebas: merZe-ul, saTivTike da samatylos.

Txis moSeneba da kveba. garda calkeuli specifikuri momentebisa Txis moSenebis meTodebi da movla-Senaxva-kvebis teqnika praqtikulad mecxvareobaSi gamoyenebulis msgavsia.

Txis wvela. rogorc wesi, Txas dReSi orjer wvelian, maRalpro-duqtiulebs ki samjer. iseve rogorc Zroxis wvelisas, Txis wvelian gverdidan. Txis monawveli izrdeba mesame-meoTxe laqtaciamde.


• ra mimarTulebiT viTardeba Tanamedrove mecxvareoba da ratom?

• ra biologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba cxvari?

• ra niSnebia damaxasiaTebeli nazi, uxeSi, mkvrivi da faSari kons-tituciis cxvrebisaTvis?

• ra maCveneblebiT afaseben cxvris eqsteriers?

• bonitirebis ramdeni xerxi gamoiyeneba cxvris gadarCevisas?

• bonitirebis masalebis safuZvelze ramden klasad iyofa cxvari?

• dagrilebis romeli meTodia yvelaze misaRebi da ratom?

• ramdenia 1 verZis datvirTvis norma Tavisufali dagrilebisas, xelze dagrilebisas da xelovnuri ganayofierebisas?

• ra maCveneblebi unda gaviTvaliswinoT nerbis kvebis normis gansaz-Rvrisas?

• cxvris xeliT wvelis romeli meTodebia cnobili da ra upirate-sobebi aqvs TiToeul maTgans?

• ra TanamimdevrobiT sruldeba parsvis operaciebi?

• rodis iparseba erTgvarovanmatylovani/araerTgvarovanmatylovani cxvrebi?

• ra biologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba Txa?

• ra TvisebebiT aqvs Txis rZes? literatura:

1. a.dolmazaSvili- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi, ”universali”, 2009; 2. T. paikiZe- mecxvareoba. Tbilisi, 2004; 3. v.RliRvaSvili- meTxeoba, Tbilisi, 1997;

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4. v.RliRvaSvili- meTxeobis dargis ganviTareba da produqciis war-moeba fermerul meurneobebSi. Tbilisi, 1999;

5. v.RliRvaSvili- meTxeobis dargisa da produqtebis warmoebis teqno-logia. Tbilisi, 2001;

6. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;

7. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйственных животных. «КолосС», 2005;

T a v i 8. mefrinveleoba. frinvelis xorcisa

da kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia;

bolo 30 welia msoflioSi, mecxoveleobis sxva dargebTan Sedare-biT, mefrinveleoba ufro swrafad da dinamiurad viTardeba. 2002 wli-saTvis frinvelis kvercxis warmoebam 917 mlrd. cals, xolo xorcis warmoebam 73,9 milion tonas miaRwia. xorcis balansSi frinvelis xorcis wilze modis 30%.

frinvelis xorcis warmoebaSi msoflio lideria aSS, xolo kver-cxis warmoebaSi CineTi. erT sul mosaxleze frinvelis xorcisa da kvercxis warmoebis maCvenebliT mowinave pozicia ukavia aSS- s.

ise rogorc mecxoveleobis sxva dargebSi, mefrinveleobaSic saqar-Tvelos mosaxleobas didi tradiciebi aqvs. es dargi, warmoadgenda ra glexuri meurneobis saqmianobis erT-erT ZiriTad sferos, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda qveynis ekonomikaSi. sxva monacemebTan erTad amis TvalsaCino magaliTia XIX saukunis 80-90- ani wlebis oficialuri cno-bebi, romelTa Tanaxmad ruseTSi, britaneTSi, safrangeTSi da evropis sxva qveynebSi saqarTvelodan didi raodenobiT gahqondaT kvercxi da mefrinveleobis sxva produqtebi.

gasuli saukunis 70- iani wlebidan CvenSi swrafad viTardeboda samrewvelo mefrinveleoba. Sedegad xorcis warmoebam miaRwia 40 aTas tonas, kvercxis ki 90 mln. cals.

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdgom periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamo, iseve rogorc saxalxo meurneobis sxva dargebma, mefrinveleobamac seriozuli zarali ganicada. es aris imis mizezi, rom 2006 wels 1990 welTan SedarebiT frinvelis xorcis warmoeba Semcirda 27 aTasi toniT, xolo kvercxis- 410 milioni caliT.

sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis moSinaureba

frinvelTa samyaros ramodenime aTasi warmomadgenelidan adamianma SemoiCvia da moaSinaura mxolod ramodenime saxeoba: qaTmisnairebidan–qaTami, indauri, cicari da mwyeri, batisnairebidan ki- bati da ixvi.

arsebuli monacemebiT frinveli moSinaurebuli iqna 9 aTasi wlis win. zogierTi mecnieris mosazrebiT pirvelad mouSinaurebiaT bati, misi gareuli winapari ki nacara batia, romelic gadamfreni frinvelia.

batis gareuli forma dResac gvxvdeba evropisa da aziis samxreT raionebSi, sadac isini zamTarSi binadroben wyalsacavebTan. maTi SemoC-veva sakmaod iolia Tu daviWerT axladgamoCekil WuWuls. saberZneTSi, mcire da centralur aziaSi bati iTvleboda wminda frinvelad da siux-vis simbolod.

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dadgenilia, rom jer kidev 4500 wlis winaT moCxubar qaTmebs amrav-lebdnen indoeTSi, saidanac is gavrcelebula CineTSi, iranSi, egvipteSi da sxvagan. Sinauri qaTmis gareuli winaparia e.w. bankivis qaTami, rome-lic dResac gvxvdeba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi- indoeTis, indoneziisa da birmis bambukis tyeebSi da buCqnariT dafarul masivebze.

varaudoben, rom ixvis moSinaureba dauwyiaT saberZneTSi Cv.w.aR-mde I aTaswleulSi, muskusuri ixvi ki amerikis kontinentze mouSinaurebiaT evropelebis gamoCenamde. misi gareuli formebi binadroben braziliaSi, boliviasa da paragvaiSi.

cicari moSinaurebulia dasavleT afrikaSi, kerZod ki dRevandeli gvineis teritoriaze. pirveli cnobebi moSinaurebul cicarze daTari-Rebulia Cv.w.aR.-mde XV saukuniT. evropaSi misi moSeneba dauwyiaT romis imperiaSi, saidanac gavrcelda evropis sxva qveynebSi da amerikis konti-nentze.

moSinaurebis procesSi yvela saxeobis frinvelma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada:

1. ConCxi naklebad mkvrivi, faSari gaxda, frTebis Zvlebi damoklda da dapataravda;

2. Seicvala sxeulis saerTo agebuleba da misi calkeuli nawilebis proporciebi;

3. Sinaur frinvelebSi bumbulis Seferiloba ufro mkveTri da mravalgvari gaxda, maSin rodesac maTi gareuli formebis feri ufro erTgvarovania da Sexamebulia garemosTan;

4. saxeobis farglebSi, gareul formebSi sxeulis sidide praqtiku-lad erTnairia, maSin rodesac moSinaurebulebSi cvalebadobs sakmaod farTo diapazonSi; magaliTad, qaTmebSi 400-500 gramidan 4,5-5 kg-mde, indaurSi 2-dan 20 kg-mde, batSi 2-dan 12 kg-mde da a.S;

5. kvercxmdeblobaSi, ZiriTadad, gamoiricxa sezonuroba da gaizarda mekvercxuli produqtiuloba. magaliTad, bankivis qaTami debs 8-12 cal kvercxs, maSin rodesac mekvercxuli dedali 300 calamde;

6. gaumjobesda xorcis xarisxi. Sinauri frinvelis xorci, gareulTan SedarebiT ufro Ria ferisaa, ufro xSirad TeTria, met cxims Seicavs da ufro nazi da gemrielia;

7. Seicvala qcevis reaqciebi. gareuli frinveli ufro mkvircxli da agresiulia, garkveuli raodenobiT kvercxis dadebis Semdeg krux-deba, Zlier aqvs ganviTarebuli dedobrivi instinqti. maTgan gans-xvavebiT Sinaur frinvelebSi kvercxmdeblobis zrdam daTrguna dedobrivi instinqti, xolo zogierT saxeobebSi savsebiT miCqmala.

sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis bilogiuri Taviseburebebi

sasoflo-sameurneo frinveli warmodgenilia oTxi ZiriTadi saxeobiT, qaTami, indauri, ixvi da bati. garda am saxeobebisa, samewarmeo an sxva miznebisaTvis adamianebi aSeneben cicars da mwyers.

yvela aRniSnuli saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sameurneo Tval-sazrisiT sami metad mniSvnelovani niSan-Tviseba, malmwifadoba, maRalna-yofiereba da yvelafris mWameloba (polifagia).

malmwifadoba. frinvelebi SedarebiT mokle periodSi aRweven sim-wifes da anazRaureben gaweul xarjebs. magaliTad, qaTami da ixvi kver-cxdebas iwyebs 5-6 Tvis asakidan, indauri- 7-8 Tvis asakidan, bati- 8-10 Tvis asakidan. imavdroulad, qaTmis da ixvis broilerebis suqeba mTavr-

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deba 6_7 kviraSi, indauris- 10, batis ki 9 kviraSi. aseT mokle droSi dasaklavi masis miRweva ganpirobebulia mozardis intensiuri zrdis una-riT: wiwilis cocxali masa 7-8 kviris asakamde periodSi 35-jer imatebs, ixvis WuWulis- 40-50 jer, batis 9 kviriani WuWulis- 40-jer indauris Wukis ki 4 Tvis asakisaTvis 70-jer.

mravalnayofiereba da aRwarmoebis Tavisebureba. qaTami weliwadSi iZleva 250-280 (300 calamde) kvercxs, mwyeri 240-250 cals, cicari 140 calamde, ixvi 110-130 cals, indauri 85-100 cals da bati 50-70 cals. potenciurad SesaZlebelia yvela maTganidan ganviTardes nayofi. Cveulebriv, erTi qaTmidan weliwadSi iReben 100-ze met wiwilas, indauridan 60-70 Wuks, ixvisagan da batisagan, Sesabamisad, 90-100 da 15-30 WuWuls.

ZuZumwovrebisagan gansxvavebiT frinvelis nayofi embrionalur periodSi viTardeba dedisagan damoukideblad kvercxis bunebrivi an xelovnuri inkubaciiT. amis Sesabamisad aris agebuli mdedris sasqeso organoebic, romelic Sedgeba sakvercxisa da kvercxsavalisagan. sakver-cxe yurZnis mtevnis formis organoa da mimagrebulia xerxemalze fil-tvebsa da Tirkmlebs Soris. masSi warmoiqmneba da viTardeba gacilebiT meti kvercxujredi, vidre ZuZumwovrebis sakvercxeebSi.

yvelafris mWameloba anu polifagia. frinvelis saWmlis monelebis sistema isea mowyobili, rom SeuZlia rogorc mcenareuli, aseve cxove-luri sakvebis aTviseba da gadamuSaveba.

sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebTan SedarebiT frinvels SeuZlia bevrad ufro swrafad gadaamuSaos miRebuli sakvebi. misi kuW-nawlavis sistema sakmaod moklea, magram funqcionalurad moqmedebs metad intense-urad, ris gamo miRebuli sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis moneleba da aTviseba 2-4 saaTSi mTavrdeba.

sasqeso qromosomebis Tavisebureba. ZuZumwovrebisagan gansxvavebiT mdedrobiTi sasqeso qromosomebi warmodgenilia “XY”, xolo mamrobiTi “XX” qromosomebiT. amdenad, frinvelebSi gansxvavebulia sqesTan SeWidu-li niSan-Tvisebebis memkvidreoba.

frinvelis konstitucia da eqsterieri

termini konstitucia gulisxmobs cocxali organizmis morfolo-giur da fiziologiur Taviseburebebs, romelTac gansazRvravs memkvidre-oba, garemo pirobebi da dakavSirebulia produqtiul mimarTulebasTan.

sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebSi gvxvdeba magari, nazi, mkvrivi da faSari, iSviaTad uxeSi konstituciuri tipis individebi.

eqsterieriT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT frinvelis saxeoba, jiSi, produqtiuli mimarTuleba, sqesi, asaki, fiziologiuri mdgomareoba, janmrTeloba da, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, produqtiulobis done.

konstituciisa da eqsterieris Sefaseba xdeba frinvelis sicoc-xleSi orjer, pirvelad axladgamoCekil wiwilebSi- gamozrdaze dayene-bis win da meored zrdasrul asakSi.

qaTmis konstitucia da eqsterieri. ganasxvaveben eqsterieris sam tips (sur. 57) mekvercxuls (a), kombinirebuls (b) da mexorculs (g). mekvercxuli qaTmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nazi-mkvrivi konstitucia, msu-buqi Tavi, saSualo zomis niskartiT, didi zomis da foTliseburi bibi-lo, didi, elastiuri da Ria wiTeli feris Rababi, TeTri sayure, mbzin-vare Tvalebi, saSualo zomis da SedarebiT wvrili kiseri, naklebad ganviTarebuli wina nawili, saSualo zomis muceli, wvrili Zvlovani

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1. kargi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis Zvlebs Soris sami TiTi eteva);

2. cudi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis Zvlebs Soris mxolod ori TiTi eteva);

3. kargi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis da mkerdis Zvlebs Soris oTxi TiTis dadebaa);

4. cudi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis da mkerdis Zvlebs Soris ori TiTis dadebaa).

sur. 58. sxvadasxva kvercxmdeblobis

qaTmis eqsterieris Taviseburebebi sur. 59. qaTmis

eqsterieris simaxinjeebi

1.mongreuli terfi; 2. moxrili TiTebi; 3. X-sebri dgoma; 4. yva-visebri Tavi; 5. mamlisebri Tavi; 6. CamoSvebuli bibilo; 7. marwuxisebri niskarti; 8. gver-dze gadaxrili bolo.

sur. 57. sxvadasxva produq-

tiulobis qaTmis eqsterieri

sistema, zomierad ganviTarebuli kunTebi, Txeli kani, fexebi saSualo simaRlis, romelzec aqvs oTxi TiTi.

kargi kvercxmdebeli qaTmis eqste-rieris mixedviT Sesafasebeli niSnebi da calkeuli simaxinjeebi naCvenebia 58 da 59 suraTebze.

mexorculi qaTmebisTvis damaxasi-aTebelia nazi-faSari konstitucia, sqeli kani, kanqveSa qonis dagrovebisaken mid-rekileba, masiuri Zvaleuli, fumfula kunTebi, flegmaturi temperamenti. maT Tavi mokle da masiuri, niskarti mokle da msxvili, bibilo mtevnisebri an foTlisebri formis, Rababi saSualo sididis, Tvali mowiTalo-narinjisferi, kiseri mokle aqvT. sxva niSnebidan aRsaniSnavia: sxeulis wina nawili kargad ganviTarebuli, zurgi ganieri da mokle, muceli didi, fexebi msxvili da ganierad mdgomi, kudi mokle da Sebumbvla faSari.

kombinirebuli (mekvercxul-mexor-culi) qaTmis jiSebi konstituciiT da eqsterieriT xasiaTdebian zemoT aRwe-rili tipebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebis Sualeduri gamovleniT. isini ufro nazi-faSari konstituciuri tipisa-ken ixrebian, axasiaTebT mSvidi tem-

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peramenti da magari Zvlovani sistema. indauris eqsterieri. Tavi grZeli da msxvili, Tavze da kisris

zeda nawilze aqvs naoWiani-xorciani wanazardebi, romelic mSvid mdgoma-reobaSi wiTeli ferisaa, xolo gaRizianebisas lurjdeba. niskarti grZe-lia da zemoTa mxareze xorTumi aqvs, kiseri grZelia da ukan gadaxrili, mkerdi ganieri da momrgvalebuli, mis centralur nawilSi wamozrdilia uxeSi bumbulis kona, frTebi mZlavri da grZeli, zurgi ganieri da grZeli.

ixvis eqsterieri. pekinuri jiSis eqsterieris ZiriTadi niSnebia: grZeli Tavi, odnav moxrili niskarti, saSualo sigrZis kiseri, mkvrivi da TeTri feris Sebumbvla, mokle fexebi, TiTebi erTmaneTTan dakav-Sirebulia afskiT.

batis eqsterieri. saSualo an didi zomis Tavi, saSualo sigrZis da swori an moxrili niskarti, romelic narinjisferi an yviTelia da dasawyisSi didi wanazardi aqvs, Tvalebi didi, mkerdi kargad ganviTa-rebuli, ganieri da win wamoweulia, zurgi ganieri da grZeli, sxeuli wagrZelebuli, frTebi gverdebze mWidrod mikruli, kudi mokle, Sebum-bvla mkvrivi, fexebi magari, TiTebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia afskiT.

sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis eqsteriers afaseben TvalzomiT, ganazomebis meTodiT da fotografirebiT. sxeulis proporciuli ganvi-Tarebis dasadgenad ganazomebis safuZvelze iangariSeba sxeulis agebu-lebis indeqsebi.

frinvelis moSeneba

mefrinveleobaSi mimarTaven xalas da jvarul moSenebas. moSenebis meTodis SerCeva gamomdinareobs dasaxuli miznidan da iTvaliswinebs sasargeblo niSan-Tvisebebis gaumjobesebas.

xalasad moSenebis mizania jiSis SenarCuneba da mizanmimarTuli gadarCeva-SerCevis gziT axali maRalproduqtiuli xazebis gamoyvana. xalasjiSian moSenebas mimarTaven samomSenebloebSi, saseleqcio cent-rebSi da eqsperimentul bazebSi.

xalasad moSenebisas ZiriTadad mimarTaven xazebad moSenebas, xazTaSoris krosirebas, agreTve uaxloes da axlo inbridings. naTesauri Sewyvilebis Sedegs afaseben imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad dahomozi-gotda sasurveli genebi. amiT, aseve xdeba letali da naxevradletali genebis gamovlena.

xazTaSorisi krosirebiT iReben e.w. sinTetikur xazebs. Sejvarebis sxvadasxva meTodebiT gamoyavT axali jiSebi da samrew-

velo daniSnulebis, heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone hibridebi. Tana-medrove samrewvelo mefrinveleoba dafuZnebulia swored aseTi hibri-duli frinvelebis (e.w. broilerebis) gamoyenebaze.

sanaSene muSaoba. mekvercxuli mimarTulebis qaTmebSi seleqciis mizania maRali kvercxmdeblobis, didi masis kvercxis momcemi da malmwi-fadi xazebisa da krosebis gamoyvana.

mexorculi mimarTulebis qaTmebSi seleqciis mizania iseTi xaze-bisa da krosebis Seqmna, romlebic swrafi zrdis wyalobiT adreul asakSi aRweven dasaklav kondicias, erTeul namatze xarjaven mcire raodenobiT sakvebs da aqvT kargi gemovnebiTi Tvisebebis mqone xorcis maRali gamosavali.

indaurebis fermaSi mamlebs arCeven zrdis siswrafis, mexorculi formebis, sicocxlisunarianobisa da aRwarmoebis maCveneblebis mixedviT.

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dedal indaurSi ZiriTad yuradRebas aqceven kvercxmdeblobas, gamoCekvis dones, zrdis siswrafesa da sxeulis agebulebas.

ixvebSi sanaSene muSaoba miznad isaxavs cocxali masis, xorcis xarisxis, WuWulis Sebumbvlis xarisxis, mozardis SenarCunebis, kvercx-mdeblobis da sakvebis anazRaurebis gaumjobesebas.

gadarCeva. mefrinveleobaSi mimarTaven ori saxis gadarCevas, masob-rivs da individualurs. masobrivi gadarCeva xdeba garegnulad daTva-lierebiT, xolo individualuri- eqsterierisa da konstituciis, warmo-Sobis, produqtiulobis da STamomavlobis xarisxiT Sefasebis SedegebiT.

mefrinveleobaSi ZiriTadi saseleqcio niSan-Tvisebebia: kvercxmdeb-loba, kvercxdebis intensivoba, kvercxis masa da xarisxi, cocxali masa, xorcis xarisxi, sicocxlisunarianoba, sakvebis anazRaureba, adreuloba, Sebumbvlis siswrafe da xarisxi.

SerCeva. SerCevis meTodi gamomdinareobs moSenebis meTodidan. xalasjiSiani (xazebad) moSenebisas mimarTaven erTgvarovan SerCevas, maSin rodesac hibridizaciisas- araerTgvarovans. araerTgvarovani SerCevis safuZvelze, sxvadasxva saxeobebis, jiSebisa Tu xazebis SewyvilebiT miiReba heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone STamomavloba.

bonitireba. mefrinveleobaSi klasur bonitirebas atareben yovel-wliurad, ra drosac produqtiulobis donisa da xarisxis mixedviT adgenen frinvelis klass. mozards abonitireben uSualod sanaSened gadarCevis momentSi, meored ki mozrdil asakSi, ZiriTadi gundis formirebisas. sabonitiro klasebi ganisazRvreba ZiriTad niSan-TvisebaTa kompleqsiT.

kvercxis inkubacia inkubatori. aris danadgari/mowyobiloba, romelSic winaswar gan-

sazRvruli temperaturul-tenianobis da haeris mimocvlis reJimis piro-bebSi kvercxidan xdeba wiwilis/Wukis/WuWulis gamoCekva.

sainkubacio kvercxis gadarCeva. sainkubaciod ar varga araswori formis, wagrZelebuli an mokle kvercxi. aseve dauSvebelia defeqtiani naWuWis mqone (faruli bzari, wanazardebi, uswormasworo, xaoiani), saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli patara an didi zomis, agreTve didxans Senaxuli kvercxi. es ukanaskneli advilad gasarCevia naWuWze mocisfro, momwvano an movardisfro laqebiT da miuTiTebs daSlis procesis dawye-baze. sainkubacio kvercxi unda iyos swori formis.

mekvercxuli qaTmis sainkubacio kvercxi unda akmayofilebdes Sem-deg parametrebs: masa- minimaluri 52 grami, sahaero saknis diametri- 1,8 sm, yviTrSi vitamin “A”- s Semcveloba 6 mk/1 g-Si, karotinoidebis Semcve-loba- 18 mkg/1 g-Si, ganayofierebis %- 95 da gamoCekvis %- 90.

inkubaciis reJimi. sainkubaio karadaSi qaTmis kvercxis Calagebisas haeris temperatura unda iyos +37,60C. tenianobas adgenen fsixrometris “sveli” da “mSrali” Termometrebis maCveneblebiT. zemoTaRniSnuli temperaturisas “sveli” Termometri unda uCvenebdes +29,00C-s, rac Seesabameba 60% fardobiT tenianobas. sainkubacio karadaSi Calagebisas sxva saxeobis frinvelebis kvercxis inkubaciis reJimis parametrebi moce-mulia me- 20 cxrilSi.

qaTmis kvercxis gamoCekvisas “mSrali” Termometri unda uCvenebdes +37,20C-s, xolo “sveli”-+34,0...+35,00C-s. es niSnavs, rom inkubatorSi iqneba 80-90% fardobiTi tenianoba.

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inkubaciis nebismier etapze optimalurze dabali temperatura ane-lebs Canasaxis zrdas da ganviTarebas, is cudad iyeneben cilas, ris Sedegad bevri embrioni iRupeba uSualod gamoCekis win.

cxrili 20. sxvadasxva saxeobis frinvelis kvercxis inkubaciis reJimi

temperatura, 0C

qaTami indauri ixvi bati cicari mwyeri

sainkubacio karada

+37.6 +37.6 +37.5 +37.8 (1-14 dR.)

+37.8 (1-12 dR.)

+37.6 mSrali

Termometris +37.2 (15-27,5 dR.)

+37,6 (13-27 dR.)

+29.0 +29.0 +27.5 +29,0 (1-14 dR.)

+31.0 (1-12 dR.)

+28.5 sveli

Termometris +27,5 (15-27,5 dR.)

+28,5 (12-27 dR.)

gamosaCeki karada

mSrali Termometris +37.2 +37.2 +37.0 +37.2…+37.0 +37.2 +37.0

k v e r c x i s g a m o t e x v a m d e

+29 +29...+31 +29-+30 +29 +29...+30 +28.5

g a m o C e k v i s d r o s sveli

Termometris

+34...+35 +33...+35 +29...+30 +33...+35 +33...+35 +32.0

kvercxis gacieba iwvevs gamoCekis periodis gaxangrZlivebas da gamoCekili mozardis xarisxis gauaresebas. maRali fardobiTi tenianoba aferxebs Canasaxis zrda-ganviTarebas, da iwvevs kvercxSi mSrali nivTierebis zedmetad dagrovebas; Tavis mxriv dabali tenianoba kvercxis SigTavsidan wylis Warbad amoSrobas iwvevs, naWuWSiga garsi Sreba, is kargavs haeris gatarebis unars da Canasaxi uhaerobiT iRupeba.

inkubatorSi naxSirorJangis 0,4-0,6% koncentraciisas Canasaxi normalurad viTardeba, 1%- mde gazrdisas- mcirdeba gamoCekis xvedriTi wili, xolo 1,2-2% koncentraciisas Canasaxi masobrivad iRupeba.

inkubaciis reJimis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgenelia kver-cxis gadabruneba. bunebrivi inkubaciisas frinveli fexebis moZraobiT periodulad abrunebs kvercxs. inkubatorSi, specialuri meqanizmebis daxmarebiT kvercxi dRe-Ramis manZilze, vidre gamosaCek karadaSi gada-tanamde vertikaluri RerZidan 450-iT 24- jer brundeba.

wylis frinvelebis kvercxis inkubaciisas mimarTaven kombinirebul gagrilebas: jer haerze, 20-30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg ki susti kon-centraciis (movardisfro elferis) kaliumis permanganatis wyalxsnaris dasxurebiT.

sainkubacio karadidan gamosaCek karadaSi Taroebi unda gadavita-noT kvercxis gamotexvamde, rac Tavidan agvacilebs embrionis dainfi-cirebas.

Tanamedrove inkubatorebSi temperaturul-tenianobisa da haerc-vlis reJimi, agreTve kvercxis gadabrunebis sixSire regulirdeba speci-aluri kompiuteruli programebiT (aseTi programaa magaliTad “navi-gatori”).

125

qaTmis kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia

mefrinveleobis fabrikebi awarmoeben ori saxis kvercxs, sainkuba-cios da sasursaTos. amis Sesabamisad kvercxmdebeli qaTmebi pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT mSobelTa da samrewvelo gundad.

mSobelTa gundis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa xarisxiani sainkubacio kvercxis warmoeba, xolo samrewvelo gundidan Rebuloben mxolod sasursaTo kvercxs.

sanaSene meurneobebSi sawarmoo procesebi iTvaliswinebs sainkuba-cio kvercxis warmoebas, inkubacias, saremonto mozardis gamozrdas, sadede gundis dakompleqteba-aRwarmoebas, sanaSene produqciis (kvercxis) Segrovebas, daxarisxebas da SefuTva-realizacias.

mSobelTa gundis Senaxvis ori sistema gamoiyeneba, iatakze (Rrma safenze) da galiuri.

iatakze Senaxva. evropis qveynebSi upiratesad mimarTaven Rrma safenze Senaxvas. iatakze Senaxvisas safrinveleSi yovel 5-6 kvercx-mdebelze ewyoba erTi sabudari, saidanac kvercxs iReben yoveli 2 sT-is SualediT. qveSsafenis mowyobis principi iseTivea, rogoric saxorce broileris gamozrdisas.

dasmis simWidrove Seadgens 5-6 frTas 1 m2- ze. yovel 4-6 frTa kver-cxmdebelze unda modiodes erTi wveTovani an mikroTefSuri sawyurebe-li. kvebis frontma mrgvali sakveburebis gamoyenebisas unda Seadginos 6,3 sm, Raruli sakveburebis SemTxvevaSi ki 6-12 sm, dawyurvebis frontma ki 2,5 sm.

galiuri Senaxva. Rrma safenTan SedarebiT aqvs rigi upirateso-bebi. maT Sorisaa: izrdeba Senobebis tevadoba ris gamo erTeul far-Tobze miiReba samjer meti kvercxi, gaadvilebulia sawarmoo procesebis meqanizacia-avtomatizacia, Semcirebulia safenis SeZenis, mowyobisa da aRebis xarjebi.

erT galiaSi, 30-32 frTa dedalTan erTad aTavseben 3-4 mamals. produqtiulobis periodSi gundidan gamoiwuneben mxolod sust, ufe-rulbibiloian, tramvirebul da zedmetad gasuqebul frinvels. dasmis simWidrove frinveli sqesisa da asakis mixedviT icvleba 200-1200 sm2- is farglebSi.

safrinveleSi haeris temperatura unda iyos +21...+220C, fardobiTi tenianoba ki 60-70%. sakveburis simaRleze ganaTebis intensivobam unda Seadginos 10-15 luqsi. amasTan, rekomendebulia sinaTlis wyvetili reJimi, rac zrdis mekvercxul produqtiulobas da amcirebs energetic-kul danaxarjebs. mavne airebis dasaSvebi koncentraciaa: naxSirorJangis- 0,25%, amiakis- 15 mg/m3 da gogirdwyalbadis 5- mg/m3.

mekvercxuli qaTmebi kvercxdebas iwyeben 4-5 Tvis asakidan, momdevno 2-5 Tve kvercdebis intensivoba izrdeba, Semdeg ramodenime Tve erT done-zea, dabolos TandaTanobiT klebulobs. kvercxdebis aseTi cvalebado-bis gamo mimarTaven mSobelTa gundis mravaljer dakompleqtebas.

kveba. mekvercxul qaTmebSi sakvebnarevis yuaTianobis, energetikuli Rirebulebisa da aminmJavuri Sedgenilobis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoyene-bulia orfaziani an samfaziani kveba. ulufas adgenen frinvelis moTxov-nilebidan gamomdinare, asakisa da produqtiulobis donis gaTvalis-winebiT.

kvercxdebis I periodSi qaTami izrdeba da, amdenad, mas sWirdeba energiisa da nedli proteinis gadidebuli raodenoba (Sesabamisad- 1,13

126

sur. 60. kvercxmdebili qaTmis

galiebSi Senaxva

mjouli da 17%). kvercxdebis Semcirebis Semdeg ulufaSi proteinis Semcveloba SeiZleba Semcirdes 15-16%- mde.

maRali kvercxmdeblobis periodSi qaTmebs sakvebs aZleven SeuzRu-davad, Semdeg ki ulufis yuaTianobas amcireben 7-10%-iT, rac gavlenas ar axdens maT kvercxmdeblobaze, magram sakvebis ekonomiis saSualebas

iZleva. mniSvnelovania, rom ulu-

faSi kalciumisa da fosforis raodenoba da urTierTSefar-deba iyos normis farglebSi. 20-45 kviris asakobriv peri-odSi kalciumis dRiuri nor-maa 4,3%, xolo fosforis 0,8%. amdenad, ulufaSi 4 wil kal-ciumze unda modiodes daax-loebiT 1 wili fosfori. produqtiuli periodis meore naxevarSi kalciumis Semcve-lobas kombinirebul sakvebSi zrdian 0,2%- iT (cxrili 21).

kvebaze kontroli xor-cieldeba cocxali masis peri-

odulad dadgeniT. amisaTvis safrinveles sxvadasxva ubnidan amoarCeven 100 frTamde kvercxmdebels, niSnaven maT da yovelTviurad wonian.

sasursaTo kvercxis warmoeba. aseTi kvercxis misaRebad calke saf-rinveleSi hyavT samrewvelo gundi. maT, ZiriTadad, 1- dan 12- mde iaru-sad dalagebul sxvadasxva markis batarea-galiebSi inaxaven. erT galiaSi Casmulia erTnairi cocxali masisa da asakis 6-10 frTa kverc-xmdebeli. amasTan, sakvebis normire-bulad darigebis procesis gamar-tivebis mizniT dabla iarusebze galiebSi Casvamen saSualoze dabali cocxali masis, Sua iarusebze saSualo cocxali masis da maRla iarusebze saSualoze maRali coc-xali masis dedlebs. maT sakvebi miewodeba jaWvuri sakvebdamrigeb-

liT, dawyurveba xdeba wveTovani sawyurebliT, kvercxis Segroveba da nakelis gatana ki transportioriT. Tanamedrove tipis safrinveleSi mikroklimatis parametrebi kontroldeba avtomaturad, kompiuteruli programebis daxmarebiT.

samrewvelo gundis dakompleqtebis win mTel safrinveles, apara-tura-mowyobilobas da inventars ukeTdeba mimdinare remonti, sanitaruli dasufTaveba da dezinfeqcia, ris Semdeg Casvamen 17 kviris asakis saremonto mozards. Senaxvis procesSi SearCeven e.w. sakontrolo galiebs da masSi msxdom frinvelebs TveSi erTxel wonian. miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze xdeba misacemi sakvebis raodenobis gansazRvra. 20

cxrili 21. mekvercxuli krosebis dRi-uri moTxovnileba (1 frTaze)

asaki, kvira maCvenebeli 20-45 46 <

mimocvliTi energia, 100 g-Si, mjouli

1,299-1,341 1,257

nedli proteini, g 20,0 19,0 lizini, g 0.95 0.90 meTionini+cistini, g 0.86 0.83 arginini, g 1.0 0.98 triptofani, g 0.21 0.20 treonini, g/100 g 0.64 0.58 kalciumi, g/100 g 4.3 4.5 fosfori, g/100 g 0.8 0.75 natriumi, g/100 g 0.21 0.21

127

mSobelTa gundi

saremonto mozardis gamozrda

inkubatori

dasaklavi mozardis gamozrda

sasaklao

nax. 8. broileris xorcis warmoeba

daxuruli ciklis meurneobaSi

kviris asakSi frinvelebi gadayavT kvercxmdebelTa jgufSi, xolo sam-rewvelo gunds inaxaven daaxloebiT 1,5 wlis asakamde.

qaTmis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia

Tanamedrove etapze qaTmis xorcis warmoeba, ZiriTadad, emyareba broilerebis gamozrdas. broileris warmoebam intensiurad ganviTareba daiwyo gasuli saukunis 20-ani wlebidan. am saqmis pionerebi iyvnen aSS-s delaveris Statis mefrinveleebi, saidanac gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi.

sityva broileri (to broil) inglisuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs “naxSirze Sewvas”. termini ”broileri” niSnavs hibriduli warmoSobis saxorced dasaklav wiwilas, romelic xasiaTdeba swrafi zrdiT, malmwi-fadobiT, sakvebis maRali konversiis unariT, kargi saklavi produqti-ulobiT da xorcis saukeTeso sensoruli TvisebebiT.

daxuruli ciklis meurneobaSi broileris xorcis warmoebis teqnologiuri cikli sqematurad gamosaxulia me- 8 naxazze. sqemis

Tanaxmad, mSobelTa gundis saamqroSi awarmoeben finalu-ri hibridebis sainkubacio kvercxs, inkubatorSi gamoCe-kili wiwilebis sanaSene nawi-li gadahyavT saremonto mozardis gamosazrdel, xolo danarCeni dasaklavi mozardis gamosazrdel saamqroSi. sare-monto mozardis saamqroSi gamozrdili frinvelebis saukeTeso nawili gadahyavT mSobelTa gundis saremontod, xolo danarCens, dasaklav mozardTan da mSobelTa gun-didan gamowunebul sulado-basTan erTad gadaamuSaveben sasaklaoze.

broileris gamozrdis ramodenime xerxia cnobili, romelTa Soris ufro xSirad gvxvdeba Rrma safenze da galiebSi gamozrda.

gamosazrdelad SearCeven janmrTel, erTdRian wiwilebs, romelTac unda hqondeT sufTa, mbzinavi, fafuki da sxeulze mikruli bumbuli, didi da moZravi Tvalebi. akruli da rbili muceli, Sezrdili Wiplari. maTi cocxali masa unda iyos 38-40 g- is farglebSi.

Rrma safenze gamozrda. Casmis win iatakze Slian Camqral kirs- 0,5-1,0 kg/m2- ze da zemodan moayarian qveSsafens- daWril namjas an simindis naquCs, burbuSelas da/an naxerxs. simSralis SesanarCuneblad periodu-lad qveSsafens amateben. erT frTa wiwilaze gamozrdis manZilze saWi-roa 2,5-3 kg qveSsafeni. periodis bolos Rrma safenis sisqe zafxulSi 5-10, xolo zamTarSi 15-20 sm- s. saSualod 1 kvadratul metrze erTdRiani wiwilas dasmis simWidrove ar unda aRematebodes 12-15 (18- mde) frTas.

wiwilis normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovania sufTa haeri, agreTve temperaturis, tenianobis da ganaTebis reJimis dacva. haercvlas uzrunvelyofen Semwov-gamwovi ventilatorebiT da/an haeris specialuri damatenianebeliT. safrinveleSi dauSvebelia orpiri qari.

128

gamozrdis pirvel kviras safrinveleSi haeris temperatura unda iyos +28...+320C, meore kviras +24...+25, mesame kviras +20, xolo meoTxe kviridan +180C. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba ar unda aRematebodes 70%-s. ganaTebis intensivoba pirveli 7 dRe Seadgens 20-25 luqss, me-8 – me-12 dReebSi 10-20 (TandaTanobiT Semcireba), xolo 21- e dRidan 10 luqsia. dReRameSi safrinvele ganaTebuli unda iyos 23 saaTi.

galiaSi gamozrda. farTobis ekonomiis mizniT galiebs dgamen or-sam iarusad. 0,5 m2 farTobis galiaSi svamen 10 frTa erTdRian wiwilas da gamozrdis damTavrebamde ase inaxaven.

mTavari amocanaa galiebis yvela iarusze erTnairi temperaturis SenarCuneba. amisaTvis rekomendebulia galiebis meore iarusis doneze es maCvenebeli 1-5 dRis wiwlebisaTvis iyos +340C- is, 6-12 dRis- +30...320C, Sem-deg ki TandaTanobiT amcireben 50-e dRisaTvis +180C-is miRwevis grafikiT. haeris normaze naklebi temperaturisas wiwilebi jgufebdebian galiis erT-erT adgilas da ar iRweben sakvebs da wyals. gamozrdis yvela etapze fardobiTi tenianoba 60-70%- is farglebSi unda iyos. pirveli sami kvira galiebi 24 saaTi ganaTebuli unda iyos, Semdeg ganaTebis xangrZlivobas TandaTanobiT amcireben dRe-RameSi 17 sT-mde da ase amTavreben gamozrdas. 10 dRis asakamde wiwilebisaTvis sakveburis da sawyureblis ganaTeba unda iyos 35, Semdeg ki 5-6 luqsi.

gamozrdis orive meTodis komentirebisas miTiTebuli temperaturis normebi pirobiTia. misi koreqtireba xdeba wiwilebis qcevaze sistemati-uri dakvirvebiT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac wiwilebi wvanan frTagaSlili, kiserwagrZelebuli da maRla aweuli TaviT, temperaturas amcireben.

broileris kveba da dawyureba. moicavs or periods, sastarto (pirveli 4 kvira) da safiniSo (me-5 kviridan gamozrdis damTavrebamde). wiwilas sakvebi unda mivceT gamoCekidan ara ugvianes 12-13 sT-sa. sastar‐to sakvebi unda Seicavdes adviladmonelebad komponentebs- simindis, xorblis, qeris da fetvis burRuls, soias Srots da sxv. kargia rZis produqtebi, magram yuradReba unda mivaqcioT rom is ar gafuWdes.

cxoveluri sakvebis xvedriTi wilis 30-35%- ze naklebi Semcvelobi-sas ulufa ar balansdeba Seucvladi aminmJavebiT, liziniTa da meTi-oniniT. aseT SemTxvevaSi skvebSi SeaqvT sinTetikuri aminmJavebi.

rekomendebulia Semdegi Sedgenilobis sakvebnarevi (cxrili 22). Cveulebrivi fizikuri formiT narevis micemisas wiwilebi upiratesad Wamen marcvleulis burRuls, danarCen Semadgenlebs ki toveben

sakveburSi. amitom umjobesia sakvebnarevi mivceT 2,5 (sastarto) da 3,0-3,5 mm (safiniSo) mm-is zomis granulebis saxiT.

gamozrdis pirvel kviras 1 frTa wiwilas aZleven 12-15 g, meore kviras- 20, mesame kviras 40-45, meoTxe kviras- 60-65, mexuTe- 75-85, meeqvse da meSvide kviras ki 90-100 g granulirebul sakvebs. pirveli aTi dRe bro-ilers kvebaven yovel or saaTSi erTxel, 10-12 dRis asakidan ki dRe-RameSi 6-jer.

gamozrdis efeqturobas amaRlebs kombinirebuli sakvebis vitaminebiT gamdidreba. karotinoidebs didi raodenobiT Seicavs da karg Sedegs iZleva parkosnebis Tivis fqvilis ulufaSi CarTva.

sakvebis monelebadobis gasaumjobeseblad wiwila-broilers sakve-burSi mudmivad unda hqondes wvrili kenWebi da/an msxvilmarcvlovani lami (5-6 kg-mde yovel aTas sulze gamozrdis periodSi). 2-3 kviramde asakis wiwilebisaTvis nawilakebis zoma unda iyos 1-2 mm.

129

safrinveleSi yovel 50 frTa wiwilas sWirdeba erTi vakum-sawyur-vebeli.

periodulad awonviT akont-roleben wiwilebis zrda-ganviTa-rebas. sxvadasxva asakSi maT saorientacio cocxal masaze informacia mocemulia 23- e cxrilSi. es maCvenebeli SeiZleba Seicvalos Casmuli krosis zrdis intensivobis potenciuri SesaZleb-lobidan gamomdinare.

broileris gamozrdis dam-Tavrebis optimalur periods adgenen zrdis mimdinareobaze dakvirvebiT. arsebuli rekomenda-ciebiT gamozrda mizanSewonilia vidre sakvebi gamoyenebis maCve-nebeli maRalia. Tanamedrove kro-sebisaTvis es asaki Rrma safenze Senaxvisas Seadgens 7-8, xolo galiaSi Senaxvisas 6 kviras.

тeльнoгo пpoиcxoждeния в indauris xorcis warmoeba

indauris xorci xasiaTdeba zomieri cximianobiT, maRali kalori-ulobiT, qolesterinis mcire raodenobiT SemcvelobiT da kargi sagemov-no TvisebebiT. 2006 wlisaTvis msoflioSi warmoebulia 5,03 mln tona indauris xorci, romelTagan naxevarze meti (2,64 mln tona) modis aSS da kanadaze. saqarTveloSi indauris xorci tradiciuli sakvebi produqtia da, miuxedavad amisa, masze moTxovnileba ufro sezonuria (Soba-axali wlis dReebSi).

indauris mSobelTa gunds inaxaven iatakze da galiebSi. zafxulo-biT karg Sedegs iZleva msubuqi tipis gadasatan fardulebSi maTi gaday-vana da banakuri Senaxva.

Rrma safenze Senaxvisas safrinveles yofen (gadatixraven) seqci-ebad da kedlis gaswvriv yovel oTx frTa kvercxmdebelze awyoben erT budes. dasmis simWidrove mZime krosebisaTvis saSualod Seadgens 1,5, saSualo krosebisaTvis ki 2,5 frTas 1 m2 farTobze. kvebis fronti 8-12 sm, dawyurebis ki 2,5-4 sm- a.

safrinveles mikroklimatis parametrebi SeiZleba cvalebadobdes: haeris temperatura +12...+16 0C- is, fardobiTi tenianoba 60-70%- is, gana-Tebis reJimi ki sxvadasxva asakis indaurisaTvis 7-16 sT-is farglebSi.

saxorced gamosazrdelad gamoiyeneba orive sqesis Wuki. ufro gavr-celebulia did jgufebad (250 frTamde) seqciebSi Rrma safenze gamoz-

cxrili 22. saxorce broileris sakveb-narevis Sedgeniloba da yuaTianoba

asaki ingredientebi, % 1-28 39-56

simindi 45 45 xorbali 10 10 qeri 9 7,5 mzesumziris Sroti - 16,5 soias Sroti 16 - safuari 5 5 Tevzis fqvili 7 4 Zvlis fqvili - 3 mSrali moxdili rZe 3 - Tivis fqvili 3 3 carci 1 1 sakvebi cximi 1 5

100 g sakvebnarevi Seicavs mimocvliT energias, mjouli

1,296 1,351

nedl proteins, % 21,6 19,7 nedli cxims, % 3,6 8,3 nedl ujredanas, % 3,2 5,0 kalciums, % 1,157 1,055 fosfors, % 0.856 0,779 natriums, % 0,324 0.350 lizins, mg 1239,8 881,8 meTionini+cistins, mg 679,9 667,6

cxrili 23. broileris saorien-tacio cocxali masa

cocxali masa, g asaki, kvira mamlebi dedlebi

6 1180 994 7 1530 1218 8 1676 1398 9 1970 1606

130

rda. dasmis simWidrove 16 kviris asakamde mamlebisaTvis 4,7 frTa/m2- ze, xolo 23 Tvis asakamde dedlebisaTvis 2,8 frTa/m2- ze.

pirvel sam dRes Wukebs kvebaven sakvebnareviT, romelSic Sedis: 60% daRerRili simindi, 27% xorbali, 10% soias Sroti, da 3% mSrali rZis fxvnili. me- 4 dRes ulufis 75% warmodgenilia zemoT motanili recep-tiT damzadebuli sakvebnareviT da 25% I asakis kombinirebuli sakvebiT, me-5 dRes- es Sefardeba 50/50- is, me-6 dRes 25/75%-is tolia, ris Semdeg mozardi mTlianad gadahyavT I asakis kombinirebul sakvebze. gamozrdis I kviras saSualod 1 frTaze dReSi saWiroa 10 g sakvebi, II kviras – 25 g, III kviras- 40 g, da a.S. 16 kviris asakSi ki- 305 g. ufro efeqturia granu-lirebuli sakvebis gamoyeneba, romlis zomebi izrdeba Wukis asakis zrdis kvalobaze.

zrdasrul indaurs dReSi SeuZlia 400 g-mde mwvane balaxi SeWamos. fermerul meurneobebSi maT aZleven WinWars, kombostos, stafilos, Warxals da zogierT sxva saxis mwvane masas. intensiurad Senaxvisas mas balaxis nacvlad kvebaven 40-50 g/dR balaxis fqviliT.

ixvisa da batis xorcis warmoeba

ixvis gamozrda. ixvis saxorce mozards zrdian iatakze an galieb-Si, agreTve sazafxulo fardulebSi da wyalsacavebis mimdebare fer-mebSi. intensiurad kvebisas pekinuri ixvis gamozrdas amTavreben 6-7kviris asakSi, ra drosac maTi cocxali masa aRwevs 3400 g-s. muSkiani ixvis gamozrdas amTavreben 10-12 kviris asakSi.

gamozrdis sawyis etapze sasurvelia ixvis WuWuli davawyuroT KMnO4- is susti vardisferi wyalxsnariT. sakvebad pirvel dRes kargia simindis RerRilSi an qeris da Svriis burRulSi areuli naWuWgaclili, moxarSuli da daqucmacebuli qaTmis an ixvis kvercxis micema. mesame dRidan maT SeiZleba mivceT wvrilad daWrili WinWris, ionjis da bardas mwvane masa. 1 kviris asakidan ulufaSi SeiZleba CavrToT daqucma-cebuli Zirxvenebi, kartofili da samzareulos anarCenebi.

10 dRis asakamde ixvis WuWuls sakvebs aZleven 6-8- jer dReSi, 11-30 dRis periodSi 4-5- jer, 31-50 dRis SualedSi ki 4- jer dReSi.

ixvis WuWuls wyalsacavSi uSveben 20-30 dRis asakidan. wylis zeda-piris 1 ha farTobze maqsimaluri datvirTvaa 120-150 frTa. imisaTvis, rom WuWulma ukeTesad aiTvisos wyalsacavis sakvebi, diliT gaSvebisas maT ar kvebaven da sakvebs pirvelad aZleven mxolod 9-10 saaTisaTvis.

batis gamozrda. saxorced gamosazrdel batis WuWuls gamoCekidan ara ugvianes 10 sT-sa gadaarCeven da sakvebad aZleven simindis, qeris, xorblis, mSrali moxdili rZisa da safuarisagan Semzadebul sakvebna-revs. sakvebs dReSi aZleven 6-8- jer. meoTxe dRidan SeiZleba mivceT winaswar wyalSi dambali koptoni, agreTve moxarSuli kartofili da Warxali. me-20 dRidan mozards kvebaven 4-jer dReSi. umjobesia sakveb-narevi mivceT dasvelebuli saxiT. gamozrdisas kviraSi erTxel sakve-burSi uyrian wvril xreSs- yovel 100 frTaze 0,5-1 kg- is raodenobiT.

batis WuWuls sistematiurad unda hqondes sufTa, axali wyali. me-10 dRidan, profilaqtikis mizniT, sasmel wyalSi amateben KMnO4- s, susti vardisferis miRebamde.

pirveli oci dRis periodSi 100 g sakvebnarevi unda Seicavdes 1,173 mjoul mimocvliT energias da 20% nedl proteins.

gamozrdis pirvel sam dRes safrinveleSi haeris temperatura unda iyos +300C, Semdeg temperaturas TandaTanobiT amcireben ise, rom 21- e

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sur. 61. mwyris kvercxi

dRidan miaRwios +180C- s. miuxedavad imisa, rom bati wylis frinvelia, is uaryofiTad reagirebs safrinveleSi fardobiTi tenianobis 75%-ze zeviT momatebaze.

iatakze gamozrdisas batis WuWulis qveSsafeni sveldeba ufro metad, vidre qaTmis wiwilis gamozrdisas, amitom yovel 2-3 dReSi erT-xel unda davamatoT sufTa. pirveli 7 dRe safrinvele ganaTebulia 24 saaTiani reJimiT, 8-20 dRis asakobriv periodSi ki ganaTebis xangr-Zlivobas TandaTanobiT amcireben da dahyavT dRe-RameSi 14-16 sT-mde.

gamoCekvidan 5-7 dRis Semdeg, Tbil mzian amindSi, batis WuWuli SeiZleba gavuSvaT saseirno moedanze, an mravalwlovani balaxeulis naTes nakveTze, jer 20-30 wuTiT, xolo ori Tvis asakidan maT unda mieceT seiraniT mTeli dRis manZilze sargeblobis saSualeba.

60-70 dRis asakisaTvis mozardi aRwevs dasaklav cocxal masas.

cicris xorcis warmoeba

saxorced gamosazrdel cicris mozards inaxaven iatakze an galia-batareebSi. gamozrdis periodi ar aRemateba 12 kviras.

pirveli kvira cicris Wuks kvebaven yovel 3 saaTSi erTxel, Semdeg ki 4-jer dReSi, 2,5 mm zomis granulirebuli sakvebiT. maRali wonamatis da sakvebis minimaluri danaxarjebis misaRwevad Casmis sixSire da mikroklimati unda Seesabamebodes mozardi organizmis moTxovnilebas: 1 m2 farTobze unda Caisvas 14-18 frTa mozardi. pirveli 4 kvira safrin-vele ganaTebuli unda iyos dRe-RameSi 24 sT- is, xolo Semdeg, gamoz-rdis damTavrebamde 17 sT- is manZilze. am periodebSi, Sesabamisad, kvebis frontma unda Seadginos 2 da 4 sm, xolo dawyurebis- 0,6 da 1 sm.

mwyris kvercxis da xorcis warmoeba kvercxis warmoeba. Sinauri mwyeri kvercxdebas iwyebs 50-60 dRis

asakSi. is weliwadSi debs 250-300 calamde kvercxs, romlis masa 10-14 g-a. mwyris kvercxis naWuWi pigmentirebulia (laqebiania; sur. 61).

sasursaTo kvercxis misaRebad dedal mwyers aTavseben 40 X 30 X 20 sm zomis gali-ebSi, sadac 1 frTaze unda modiodes 80-85 sm2 farTi. haeris temperatura unda iyos +18...+20 0C (ara nakleb +160C-sa), xolo far-dobiTi tenianoba 55%. ganaTebis optimaluri xangrZlivoba dRe-RameSi 16-17 sT-a. 12 sT-ze naklebi xangrZlivobiT ganaTebisas mwyeri wyvets kvercxdebas. karg Sedegs iZleva galiaSi lamis abazanis dadgma.

dauSvebelia kvebaSi wyvetiloba. saSualod 100 frTa dedal mwyers TveSi sWirdeba 90 kg sakvebi, xolo amave periodSi isini deben 2200-2300 kvercxs.

mwyris kvercxis warmoeba ufro iafi jdeba, vidre qaTmis. amasTan, misi kvercxis biologiuri Rirebuleba gacilebiT maRalia da rekomende-bulia bavSvebisa da mozardebis dietaSi zogierTi daavadebis dros. is ar iwvevs alergiul reaqciebs im adamianebSi, romelTac qaTmis kvercxis miReba am mizeziT akrZaluli aqvT. amdenad, mwyris kvercxi samom-xmareblo bazarze Zvirad fasobs.

mwyris mSobelTa gundis eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba 40 kviraa.

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gamozrda-suqeba. pirveli 24 dRe mwyris wiwilis gamozrda SeiZleba umniSvnelod gadakeTebul qaTmis wiwilis galia-batareaSi. is Zlier mgrZnobiarea, amitom haeris temperatura farTo diapazonSi ar unda mer-yeobdes, optimaluri temperatura ki +30...+320C- is farglebSia. haeris temperaturis cvalebadobas mozardi pasuxobs Sesabamisi qcevis reaq-ciebiT: dabali temperaturisas isini grovdebian erTad da wripineben, xolo sicxisas cdiloben moSordnen siTbos wyaros. erT frTaze unda modiodes 50 sm2 iatakis farTi.

gamozrdis pirveli sam kviras safrinvele 24 saaTi unda iyos gana-Tebuli, Semdeg yoveldRiurad ganaTebis xangrZlivobas amcireben 2-2 sT-iT, vidre ar miaRweven minimalur maCvenebels- 17 sT-s.

25- e dRidan mozardi gadayavT 76 X 60 X 15 sm gabaritebis galiaSi, romelSic aTavseben 30-35 frTas. 1 frTaze unda modiodes 90 sm2 iatakis farTi, xolo haeris temperatura unda iyos +22...+250C. dasawyurveblad gamoiyeneba vakumuri sawyurvebeli. pirvel dReebSi sasurvelia maT mivceT KMO4-is Ria vardisferi wyalxsnari. gamozrdis yvela etapze dauSvebelia orpiri qari da temperaturis mkveTri cvalebadoba.

mwyris wiwila metad moZravia da swrafad izrdeba. ori Tvis asakisaTvis misi cocxali masa matulobs 20-jer da praqtikulad aRwevs zrdasruli mwyris kondiciebs. gamozrdis pirvel kviras maT kvebaven yovel 2 sT-Si erTxel. karg Sedegs iZleva moxarSuli da daqucmace-buli kvercxis Sereva kombinirebul sakvebSi an mananis burRulSi, 3 dRis Semdeg ki maT SeiZleba mivceT qaTmis wiwilis kombinirebuli sak-vebi. I kviras 1 frTa mwyris wiwils dReSi sWirdeba 4 g, II kviras- 7 g, Semdeg 13-17 g, xolo 7 kviraze uxness 25 g sakvebi.

zrdaze kontrolis mizniT wiwilebi yovel 7 dReSi erTxel jgu-furad unda aiwonos da 1 frTis saSualo cocxali masa unda SevadaroT konkretuli jiSis Sesabamisi asakis cocxali masis normativebs. 2 Tvis asakSi maTi cocxali masa 130-200 g-a. sakontrolo kiTxvebi:

• ra biologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebian sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebi?

• eqsterieris ra maCveneblebiT ganasxvavebT maRali kvercxmdeblo-bis qaTams dabali kvercxmdebelisagan?

• eqsterieris ra simaxinjeebi gvxvdeba qaTmebSi?

• ra maCveneblebiT unda gadavarCioT sainkubacio kvercxi?

• gaciebis mizniT ra procedurebs atareben wylis frinvelis inkubaciisas?

• romeli teqnologiuri rgolisagan (saamqroebisagan) Sedgeba bro-ileris xorcis daxuruli ciklis sawarmo?

• rogori unda iyos temperaturis da tenianobis reJimi broileris gamozrdis sxvadasxva periodSi?

• ra formiT unda mivceT sakvebnarevi broilers da ratom?

• ras iwvevs cxoveluri sakvebis xvedriTi wilis Semcireba saxorce broileris kvebisas?

• iatakis ra farTobi unda modiodes didi da saSualo tanis indaurze Rrma safenze Senaxvisas?

• ra asakSi amTavreben Cveulebrivi da muSkiani ixvis mozardis gamozrda-suqebas?

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• ra maCveneblebiT gansxvavdeba mwyris kvercxi qaTmis kvercxisagan? literatura:

1. r.nozaZe, m. xuciSvili, v. zavraSvili- mefrinveleobis produq-tebis warmoebis da gadamuSavebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2007;

2. k.nacvalaZe, r.nozaZe- egzotikuri frinvelebis moSeneba. Tbilisi, “universali”, 2009;

3. Б.Ф.Бесарабов, Б.Э.Бондарев, Т.Д.Столяр - Птицеводство и технология производ-ства яиц и мяса птиц. Санкт-Петербург, «Лань», 2005;


5. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйствен-ных животных. «КолосС», 2005;

6. Выращивание цыплят бройлеров. www.pticevod2.narod.ru; 7. Кормление бройлеров - проблемы на старте. www.webpticeprom.ru; 8. Бройлеры - птицы капризные. www.fermer.ru/sovet; 9. А. Ф. Зипер- Содержание уток при производстве мяса, www. zhivotnovodstva.net/

oв выpaщивaния.

Tavi 9. mecxeneoba

cxeni intensiurad gamoiyeneba sportsa da turizmSi, zogierT qve-yanaSi ki rogorc xorcisa da rZis momcemi cxoveli. amasTan, miuxedavad meqanizaciis ganviTarebis maRali donisa, mas rogorc samuSao Zalas ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mTian adgilebs. cxens didi mniSvneloba aqvs, agreTve, biologiuri mrewvelobisTvis rogorc profilaqtikuri da samkurnalo Sratebis reproducents.

saqarTveloSi mecxeneobas didi tradiciebi gaaCnia, es gapirobe-buli iyo, erTis mxriv, mtrebis gamudmebuli SemosevebiT, rodesac cxeni qveynis damcvelebisaTvis Seucvlel saSualebad iTvleboda, xolo meores mxriv, momTabare mecxoveleobis maRal doneze ganviTarebis gamo. garda amisa, CvenSi mravladaa iseTi tradiciuli TamaSebi da sanaxaobebi, romelSic monawileobas iReben saTanadod gawvrTvnili cxenebi.

konstitucia da eqsterieri

sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT cxenis orga-nizmi funqciurad mzad aris daZabuli, xangrZlivi da gansxvavebuli samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. nervuli sistema aZlevs mas SesaZleblobas aRiqvas da zustad Seasrulos adamianis brZaneba, gamoimuSaos da ganimt-kicos pirobiTi refleqsebi. metabolizmis siCqare da intensiuroba cxenSi gacilebiT Zlieria, vidre sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelSi.

konstituciurs miekuTvneba cxenis is Taviseburebebi, romlebic Tavis asaxvas poulobs mTeli organizmis sasicocxlo funqciebSi da vlindeba rogorc morfologiuri, aseve misi fiziologiuri reaqciebis individualur TaviseburebebSi. cxenis organizmis konstituciur Tavise-burebebs miekuTvneba sxeulis agebuleba, Zvlovani, kunTovani da cximo-vani qsovilebis urTierTSefardeba, sasunTqi, saWmlis momnelebeli da nervuli sistemebis Taviseburebebi, mwarmoebluroba da sxva.

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cxenis eqsterieris zogadi cnebis qveS igulisxmeba sxeulis zomebi da forma, asakobrivi Taviseburebebi, sxeulis nakvTebis agebuleba, feri da niSnebi.

eqsterieris Seswavlis ZiriTadi meTodebia TvalzomiT Sefaseba, ganazomebis aReba, agebulebis indeqsebis gaangariSeba da fotografireba.

TvalzomiT Sefasebisas cxenis calkeuli nakvTebis ganviTarebis da misi garegani agebulebis harmoniulobis ganxilva xdeba mis jiSianobas-Tan, temperamentTan da moZraobis xarisxTan kavSirSi. aseTi midgomisas iReben informacias cxenis tipze, formatze, masiurobaze da agebulobis kompaqturobaze, misi kidurebis simagreze, calkeuli nakvTebis Rirse-bebsa da mankebze.

eqsterieris Sefasebisas tipis dadgenis mizniT cxens aTvaliereben zogadad, Semdeg ki, rogorc gaCerebul mdgomareobaSi, ise moZraobisas (nabijiT, rboliT, navardiT an ToxarikiT svlisas) ufro detalurad swavloben calkeul nakvTebs. kidurebs aTvaliereben orive gverdidan, agreTve winidan da uknidan, afaseben kbilebis mdgomareobas da sasunTqi sistemis funqcionirebas.

ganazomebidan ZiriTadia simaRle mindaoSi, sxeulis sigrZe, gul-mkerdisa da nebis irgvliva. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi damatebiT iReben gulmkerdis siganis, gavis sigrZis da sxva ganazoms. maT safuZvelze angariSoben formatis, masiurobis, kompaqturobis da Zvlovanobis indeqsebs.

yvelaze ufro xSirad gvxvdeba eqsterieris Semdegi mankebi: “irmis kiseri”, “viwromkerdianoba” “unagirisebri zurgi”, “CamoSvebuli muceli”, “Zroxiseburi dgoma”. memkvidrul mankebad iTvleba, stveniTi sunTqva, kurba, Jaba da sxvadasxvanairi Zvlovani wanazardebi.

cxenis svla (aluri)

aluri aris cxenis winsvliTi moZraobis forma, rac, umTavresad ukana kidurebis biZgiT sruldeba. bunebrivi svlis nairsaxeobebia- nabi-ji, rbola (CorTi), navardi, Toxariki da xtoma.

nabiji. or da sam Cliqze dayrdnobiT oTxtempiani neli gadaad-gilebis aluria. cxenis nabijis sigrZe 0,8-1,2 m-a, sixSire ki wuTSi 100- mdea. tvirTmzidavi jiSis cxeni saaTSi 4-5 km- s gaivlis, swrafi aluris ki 6-7 km-s.

rbola. ori diagonaluri Cliqis dayrdnobiT ortempiani swrafi aluria. aseTi aluriT moZraobisas marcxena ukana da marjvena wina fexi erTdroulad gadaidgmeba, Semdeg ki SenacvlebiT- marjvena ukana da marcxena wina da a.S. neli CorTis siswrafe saaTSi 9-10 km- is, saSualo- 11-13- is, xolo swrafi- 14-15 km- is tolia.

navardi. samtempiani, xtomiTi gadaadgilebaa. is yvelaze swrafi aluria. navardis dasawyisSi cxeni erT-erT ukana fexzea dayrdnobili, Semdeg mas uerTdeba ukana meore fexi, winas diagonalurad, romlebiTac cxeni erTdroulasd eyrdnoba miwas da bolo damwyebi ukana fexiT ascildeba miwas. am fexis mocilebis Semdeg cxens miwaze sayrdeni ar aqvs, is haerSia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, am momentSi “mifrinavs”, “navardobs”.

Toxariki. gverdiTi ori fexis miwaze dayrdnobiT ortempiani swrafi aluria. aseTi moZraobisas cxeni jer erTi, Semdeg ki meore mxaris kidurebs erTdroulad iRebs miwidan da dgams miwaze.

xtoma. aris erTjeradi rTuli moZraoba da Sedgeba biZgis, gaqa-nebisa da miwaze daSvebis etapebisagan.

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cxenis moSeneba aRwarmoeba. faSatis normaluri sqesobrivi cikli meordeba yovel

18-28 dReSi, xolo xuraobis xangrZlivoba 3-9 dRea. mecxeneobaSi dagri-lebis sami ZiriTadi wesi gamoiyeneba: xelze, ilxuri da bakSi. xelov-nuri ganayofierebas mecxeneobaSi sakmaod iSviaTad mimarTaven.

xelze da ilxuri dagrilebis wesi upiratesad gamoiyeneba staci-onalur da stacionalur-saZovruli Senaxvisas, xolo bakSi dagrilebas mimarTaven im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mwarmoebeli ilxuri dagrilebis pirobebs SeuCvevelia.

xelze dagrileba yvelaze Sromatevadi da rTulia, ris gamo upira-tesad gamoiyeneba sanaSene mecxeneobaSi. ilxuri forma iTvaliswinebs remidan faSatebis garkveuli raodenobis (ilxis) saZovarze calke yolas da masSi Tavisuflad dagrilebis mizniT ulayis gaSvebas. bakSi dagri-lebisas faSatebis jgufi gahyavT bakSi da yoveldRiuraT maT dasagri-leblad uSveben ylays.

xelze dagrilebisas ulayis datvirTvis normaa 40-50, ilxuri wesisas- 20-25, xolo bakSi dagrilebisas 25-30 faSati.

TavlaSi Senaxvisas cxenis dagrilebis optimaluri periodia Teber-vlidan ivlisis Tvemde, jogur pirobebSi ki- aprilis dasawyisidan ivlisis bolomde.

ganayofierebis maRali Sedegebi miiRweva ulayi-mwarmoeblis dasag-rileblad winaswar saTanadod momzadebisas. amisaTvis, dagrilebis dawyebamde isini yovel 100 kg cocxal masaze unda iRebdnen 2,5-2,8 kg sakveb erTeuls. sasurvelia ulufaSi moxdili rZis, qaTmis kvercxis, vitaminovani sakvebis da fetvis marcvlis CarTva. mniSvnelovania, agreTve is, rom koncentrirebul sakvebis xvedriTi wili ar unda iyos ulufis yuaTianobis 60 %- ze naklebi.

axladdamakebuli faSati mgrZnobiarea cudi kvebisa da movla-Senax-vis pirobebisadmi. misi makeobis xangrZlioba ukmari kvebis pirobebSi matulobs, sakvebis qronikuli deficitisas ki maRali albaTobiT mosalodnelia makeobis Sewyveta (aborti). ukmari kvebis garda faSatis aborti SeiZleba gamoiwvios zogierTma infeqciurma daavadebam, sakvebiT mowamvlam, gacivebam da muSaobisas gansakuTrebulad mZime datvirTvam.

kvicis mogeba, rogorc wesi, garTulebis gareSe, sakmaod iolad mimdinareobs, xolo momyolis SeCereba praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba. axlad-dabadebuli kvici sakmaod swrafad wamodgeba fexze da SeuZlia dedas-Tan erTad sakmaod Sor manZilze gadaadgildes.

pirveli ori Tve kvici ikvebeba mxolod dedis rZiT. yoveldRiurad is rZis misaRebad sakmaod xSirad midis dedasTan (calkeul SemTxvevaSi 50- jer) da dReSi wovs 20 kg-mde rZes. cocxali masis 1 kg namatze mas sWirdeba daaxloebiT 10 kg rZe.

ori Tvis asakidan kvici iwyebs mcenareuli sakvebis Wamas. dasaw-yisSi mizanSewonilia mas mivceT winaswar daWyletili Svriis marcvali 0,5 kg/dReSi raodenobiT, xolo yovel momdevno Tves es raodenoba unda gaizardos 0,5 kg-iT.

5-6 Tvis asakSi kvics daRaven da detalurad aRweren mis garegnul niSan-Tvisebebs. dedidan mas asxleten 6-7 Tvis asakSi. am periodisaTvis maT yoveldRiurad unda miiRon 2,6-2,8 sakvebi erTeuli 100 kg cocxal masaze gadaangariSebiT.

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asxletili kvici zamTarSi unda sargeblobdes SeZlebisdagvarad xangrZlivi mocioniT da utardebodes jgufur varjiSi. 1 wlis asakidan kvicebs yofen sqesis mixedviT da inaxaven cal-calke.

cxenis samuSaod gamoyeneba. cxenis datvirTva unda moxdes coc-xali masis, muSaobis unaris, Sexorcebis, asakis, sqesis, garemos tempe-raturis, makeobis periodis da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ula-yebi, make mawovari faSatebi da susti cxenebi msubuq samuSaoze unda gamoviyenoT. normalur pirobebSi cxeni 10 saaTs unda vamuSaoT, yoveli 1,5-2 saaTis Semdeg ki 15 wuTiT unda davasvenoT. amdenad, 10 saaTiani samuSao dRis manZilze man 2 saaTi mainc unda daisvenos, ra drosac cxeni, rogorc wesi ikvebeba.

soflis meurneobis garda cxeni samuSaod gamoiyeneba geologiur da arqeologiur eqspediciebSi, sasazRvro jarebSi da policiaSi.

cxenis srulfasovnad dasatvirTad aucilebelis kargad SeurCioT Sesabmeli da SesakvanZi mowyobiloba (caluli, kexi, unagiri, sadave, aRviri da sxva).

cxenis kveba da movla-patronoba

cxenis ulufas abalanseben 28-29 maCvenebliT. moTxovnilebas saz-rdo nivTierebebze gansazRvravs cxenis fiziologiuri mdgomareoba da cocxali masa, agreTve Sesrulebuli samuSaos saxe.

make faSatis kveba. cxenis makeoba daaxloebiT 11 Tves grZeldeba. am periodSi normalurma kvebam da movla-patronobam unda uzrunvelyos rogorc nayofis normaluri ganviTareba, aseve muSaobis unarianoba.

makeobis pirveli 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi faSati unda vkveboT iseTive normebiT, rogoriTac ikvebeba imave cocxali masis ara make faSati, meSvide Tvidan ki misi dRiuri norma izrdeba (cxrili 25).

makeobis pirvel periodSi faSati SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Cveulebriv samuSaod, meore periodSi ki mas unda SevurCioT msubuqi samuSao. amas-Tan, makeobis bolo ori Tve da mogebis Semdeg 15 dRe - erTi Tve, cxeni saerTod unda gamovaTavisufloT samuSaodan. am periodSi aucilebelia dReSi 1 saaTi mocioni.

mawovari faSatis movla da kveba. mogebis dRidanve faSatis ulufa unda gaizardos 2-3 kg mSrali nivTierebiT, 2,5-3,5 kg sakvebi erTeuliT da 25-35 kjouli mimocvliTi energiiT. Sesabamisad izrdeba moTxovnileba normirebuli kvebis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva komponentebzec.

mogebidan 5-6 dRis ganmavlobaSi faSats unda mivceT sveli qato da maRali xarisxis Tiva. ulufaSi koncentrirebuli sakvebis xvedriTi wili TandaTan unda gaizardos da 6-8 dRis Semdeg gadayvanili iqnas srul ulufaze.

mawovari faSatisaTvis saukeTeso sakvebi saZovaria, magram Tu amis saSualeba ar aris, SeiZleba misi Secvla kargi xarisxis marcvlovnebis da parkosnebis TiviT da silosiT. cxenis ulufaSi garkveuli adgili ukavia koncentrul sakvebs- Svrias, qers, qatos da koptons.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom cxenis normaluri mdgomareobis Sesanar-Cuneblad aucilebelia kanis, curis da kidurebis sisufTavis dacva, saWiroebisamebr danalva da samuSao dRis reJimis dacva.

ulayis movla da kveba. ulayi ZiriTadad aRwarmoebisaTvis gamoiye-neba, amitom is mudmivad unda iyos sanaSene kondiciaSi. saqme is aris, rom misi kondiciis daqveiTeba iwvevs sqesobriv modunebas, saerTo sisus-tes, agreTve spermis moculobis Semcirebas da xarisxis gauaresebas.

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cxrili 24. sajdomi da CorTmavali jiSis faSatis kvebis normebi

ara make makeobis me-9 Tvidan cocxali masa, kg

maCveneblebi

400 500 600 400 500 600 sakvebi erTeuli 5.72 7.15 8.6 7.0 12.5 15.0 mimocvliTi energia, mjouli 58.9 75.7 90.9 75.2 91.5 109.8 nedli proteini, kg 0.88 1.1 1.32 1.0 1.25 1.5 monelebadi proteini, kg 0.62 0.77 0.92 0.7 0.87 1.05 lizini 35 44 53 45 56 67 nedli ujredana, kg 1.76 2.2 2.64 2 2.5 3 sufris marili, g 20 25.3 29 24 30 36 kalciumi, g 35 44 53 45 56 67 fosfori, g 26 33 40 35 44 52 magniumi, g 11.4 14.3 17.4 13 16 19.5 rkina, mg 704 880 1056 800 1000 1200 spilenZi, mg 70 88 106 85 106 127 cinki, mg 220 275 330 300 375 450 kobalti, mg 2.6 3.3 4 4 5 6 manganumi, mg 264 330 396 300 375 450 iodi, mg 2.6 3.3 4.0 4 5 6 karotini, mg 114 143 172 150 187 225 vitamini A, aT. saerT. erT. 55.6 57.2 68.8 60 74.8 90

“ – “ – “ D, “ – “ – “ 5.1 6.4 7.6 4 5 6

“ – “ – “ E, mg 176 220 264 250 312 375

“ – “ – “ B1, mg 22 27.5 33 30 37.5 45

“ – “ – “ B2, mg 22 27.5 33 35 44 52.5

“ – “ – “ B3, mg 26.4 33 40 50 62.5 75

“ – “ – “ B4, mg 880 1100 1320 1000 1250 1500

“ – “ – “ PP, mg 57 71 86 65 81 97

“ – “ – “ B6, mg 13 16 18.5 15 19 22

“ – “ – “ B12, mg 44 55 66 60 75 90

“ – “ – “ Bc, mg 9 11 13 14 17 21

ulayis sakvebi ulufa aucileblad unda iyos dabalansebuli mone-lebadi proteiniT, mineraluri nivTierebebiT da vitaminebiT. datvirTvis periodSi kargia Tu ulufaSi SevitanT 8-10 litr moxdil rZes, 5-10 cal um kvercxs da xorblis qatos. ulayi da faSatebi unda SevinaxoT cal-calke. rogorc wesi, ulayebis movlas andoben gamocdili mejinibeebs.

kvicis movla da kveba. kvicis movlaze da srulfasovan kvebazea damokidebuli cxenis moSenebis efeqturoba.

kvici dabadebidan 1-1,5 saaTis Semdeg cdilobs fexze adges da iwyebs dedis ZuZus Zebnas, ra drosac sasurvelia mas davexmaroT ZuZus povnaSi.

1-1,5 Tvis asakidan kvici unda mivaCvioT damatebiT sakvebs. amisaTvis kargia Tu mivcemT Svriis RerRils sufTad an xorblis qatosTan narevSi, jer 150-200 gramis odenobiT dReSi, Semdgom ki raodenoba TandaTan izrdeba da 4 Tvis asakSi aRwevs 1 kg-s.

zafxulobiT kvicis sakvebad saukeTeso saSualebaa saZovari, moge-bidan 2 kviris asakSi dedasTan erTad SegviZlia is saZovarze gavuSvaT.

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am dros ara marto maRali xarisxis sakvebs Rebulobs, aramed sufTa haerze mzis sxivebis moqmedebiTa da Tavisuflad moZraobiT kaJdeba.

ZuZudan kvici 6 Tvis asakSi unda avsxlitoT, joguri mecxeneobis pirobebSi ki 1 wlis asakSi. asxletis DSemdeg ulufa unda davabalansoT yvela komponentiT, gansakuTrebiT ki monelebadi proteiniT, mineraluri nivTierebebiT da vitaminebiT.

mozardis muSaobis unarianobasa da samuSao Tvisebebze gamocda. muSaobis unarianobaze gamocda xdeba ipodromze, 2 wlis asakidan. amas win unda uZRodes cxenTsaSenSi jgufurad da individualurad sistema-tiuri wvrTna, ra drosac mozards uviTardeba myesovan-iogovani sistema, organizmi janmrTeldeba, kaJdeba da misi agebuleba harmoniuli xdeba.

pirvelad iwyeben jgufur wvrTnas, romelsac atarebs zrdasrul da wynar cxenebze mjdomi ori gamocdili mxedari. isini Tavdapirvelad, 3-4 wuTi kvicebs amoZraveben CorTiT, Semdeg ki gadahyavT navardze. moZraoba unda iyos Tanabari, 1 km-is 4-5 wT-Si gavlis varaudiT. jgufuri wvrTna xels uwyobs kvicis saerTo fiziologiur ganviTarebas, Tavisuf-lad moZraobis unaris gamomuSavebas da uzrunvelyofs misi intensiuri datvirTvisaTvis momzadebas.

meore rgolia individualuri wvrTna, romelsac atareben or eta-pad: noembridan-ianvramde da Tebervlidan aprilis CaTvliT. amasTan, kvi-raSi erTi dRe cxenebs eZlevaT dasvenebis saSualeba.

sajdomi cxenis gamocda, rogorc wesi, xdeba sada doRebSi 1000 da 2000 m da marulaSi 10 km manZilze.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs datvirTvis intensiobis periodulad cvli-lebas. misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom didi datvirTvis Semdeg (ramo-denimejer swrafi navardi da doRi) cxenebs eZlevaT 2-3 dRe dasveneba, Semdeg ki 7-10 dRe maT aZleven msubuq datvirTvas.

TuSuri da megruli jiSis cxenebis wvrTnisas unda gaTvaliswine-buli iqnas isic, rom maT uxdebaT Tavisi cocxali masis 30-35%- is simZi-mis tvirTis (sapalnis) gadazidva, upiratesad ki mTian raionebSi da, arc Tu iSviaTad, 40-450-iT daqanebul ferdobebze.

Sesabmel cxens asxletidan wvrTnian jgufurad. iwyeben cvladi aluriT, pirvel dReebSi 2-3 km-ze nabijisa da CorTis cvliT, Semdeg ki manZils zrdian 5-7 km-mde. javaxur cxens CorTiTa da nabijiT swraf moZraobaSi da SezRudul manZilze (ara umetes 100 m-sa) weviT gamZleobaSi cdian 2,5 wlis asakidan.

nebismieri wvrTnisas mniSvnelovania cxenisadmi individualuri mid-goma, gansakuTrebiT ki gamosvlebis dagegmvisas da swrafi navardiT wvrTnisas. aucilebelia cxenis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze sistema-tiuri kontroli.

cxenis xorcis da rZis gamoyeneba cxenis xorci maRali Rirebulebis kvebis produqtia. zogierT qve-

yanaSi cxenis xorcze moTxovnileba wlidan wlamde izrdeba. am produq-ts yidulobs aSS, safrangeTi, inglisi, belgia, holandia, italia, iaponia da sxva. cxenis xorcs ZiriTadad awarmoeben adgilobrivi jiSis cxenebidan, romelTa moSeneba-gamozrda xdeba jogur pirobebSi bunebrivi sakveb-savargulebis gamoyenebiT. cxenis xorcisagan kvebis mrewveloba amzadebs naxevrad Sebolil da Sebolil Zexveuls, sosiss, sardels, xorcis konservs da sxva.

139

cxenis laqtacia grZeldeba 6-8 Tve. naklebadmerZeuli faSatebis monawveli 700-1500 litria, xolo maRalmerZeulebis 2500-3000 l. pirveli ori Tvis rZes, ZiriTadad, kvici moixmars, ra drosac is dReSi 10-12 l rZes (20 l-mde) svams da 1-2 kg dReRamur namats iZleva.

cxenis rZe meti raodenobiT Saqars (laqtozas) da nakleb cximsa da cilas Seicavs. rZis cilebSi meti xvedriTi wili modis albuminze. rZis cximi sakmaod didi raodenobiT Seicavs mono da poligaujerebel cximovan mJavebs. rZis cximis ioduri ricxvi 100-108, maSin rodesac Zro-xis rZisaTvis es maCvenebeli 25-40- is farglebSia. faSatis rZeSi didi raodenobiTaa A, C da E, agreTve B jgufis vitaminebi.

cxenis rZidan, ZiriTadad, amzadeben kumiss. is advilad klavs wyur-vils da aZlierebs madas, agreTve xasiaTdeba dieturi da samkurnalo TvisebebiT. Seicavs ra advilad aTvisebad formaSi sayuaTo da minera-lur nivTierebebs, agreTve rZis mJavas da spirtebs, kumisi matonizireb-lad moqmedebs nervul sistemaze, aaqtiurebs saWmlis monelebas da astimulirebs sisxlis warmoqmnas.

sacxenosno sporti

sportis es saxeoba saTaves iRebs II-III saukuneSi Cv.w.aR-mde. qseno-fontes kapitaluri Sroma “hipika da hiparxi” mravali saukunis ganmav-lobaSi saomari da sportuli cxenis gawvrTnis ZiriTad saxelmZRvane-lod iTvleboda. jer kidev 680 wels Cvens eramde, saberZneTSi olimpiur TamaSebSi pirvelad moewyo cxenebSebmuli etlebiT Sejibri, xolo 648 wlidan sacxenosno sportuli Sejibri doRebSi.

sacxenosno sportis mravali saxeobaa cnobili. yvela maTgani sakmaod lamazi sanaxaobaa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom warmoadgens namdvil xelovnebas, romelic miiRweva mxedrisa da cxenis xangrZlivi momzadebis Sedegad.

Seqmnilia sacxenosno sportis saerTaSoriso federacia (ФЭИ), romelSic gawevrianebulia 60-ze meti qveyana. sportis es saxeoba Tana-medrove olimpiuri TamaSebis programis mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia.

sacxenosno sportis klasikuri saxeebia: xedniloba, dabrkolebaTa gadalaxva (konkuri) da samWidi.

xedniloba - Sejibri tardeba Ria an daxurul moedanze 60X20 m2

farTobis maneJSi. mxedarma am saxeobaSi unda gamoavlinos cxenis marTvis xelovneba. yvela bunebriv svlaze (nabiji, rbola, navardi) cxeni sworad unda moZraobdes, xolo garkveul figurebsa da varjiSs gamok-veTilad unda asrulebdes.

xednilobis dros bunebriv moZraobaSi arCeven: alagmur, mokle, saSualo da aCqarebul CorTs. rTul elementebs miekuTvneba: maneJis diagonalze rboliT da navardiT moZraoba; naxevradpirueti _ navardiT moZraobisas fexis monacvleoba; pirueti - nabijiTa da navardiT moZrao-bisas ukana kidurebze Semobruneba; pasaJi - maRali, riTmuli Semok-lebuli CorTi; aseTive moZraobas adgilze Sesrulebuls piafi ewodeba.

konkuri. anu dabrkolebaTa gadalaxva sacxenosno sportis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli, klasikuri saxea, romelic mxedrisagan moiTxovs gamZleobas, gambedaobas, mixvedrilobas, xolo cxenisagan Zlier naxtoms, radgan dabrkolebis simaRle 160-200 sm-s aRwevs.

samWidi. Seicavs samaneJo svlas, savele gamocdas da dabrkolebaTa gadalaxvas. samWidSi Sejibri sami dRis ganmavlobaSi tardeba. pirvel dRes sruldeba samaneJo svla, romelic xednilobis gamartivebuli

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variantia. masSi CarTulia cxenis mxolod bunebrivi moZraoba da zogi-erTi ararTuli varjiSi.

stipl-Ceizi. anu dabrkolebiani doRi sportis saxeobebs Soris yvelaze saintereso da rTulia. trasis sigrZe 4-8 km- a, sadac keTdeba 36 sxvadasxva tipis da sididis dabrkoleba.

sayovelTaod cnobilia sacxenosno sportis qarTuli tradiciuli saxeobebi: marula, isindi, yabaxi, cxenburTi da sxv. sakontrolo kiTxvebi.

• ra asakSi uSveben pirvel dagrilebaze dedal kvics?

• ra maCvenebliT adgenen cxenis moTxovnilebas ulufis sazrdo niv-Tierebebze?

• ra saxis sakvebi da rogori formiT unda mivceT axladmogebul faSats pirveli 5-6 dRe?

• rogor xdeba mozardis muSaobis unarianobasa da samuSao Tvi-sebebze gamocda?

• ramdeni Tve grZeldeba faSatis laqtacia da ramden rZes iZleva is laqtaciis manZilze?

• ra sasmels amzadeben cxenis rZidan da ra TvcisebebiT xasiaTdeba is?

• ra klasikuri saxeebisagan Sedgeba klasikuri sacxenosno sporti?

literatura: 1. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZ-

vlebi, Tbilisi, 2002; 2. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под

общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;

T a v i 10. mebocvreoba

bocvris warmoSoba da biologiuri Taviseburebebi

Sinauri bocveri gareuli bocveris moSinaurebuli formaa. moSina-urebis adgilad iTvleba samxreT-dasavleTi da Sua evropa (espaneTi da safrangeTi). gareuli bocveris bunebrivi arealia dasavleT evropis qveynebi britaneTis kunZulebis CaTvliT, xolo aRmosavleTis ukiduresi sazRvari gadis ukrainis samxreT-dasavleT raionebze.

gareuli bocveri ekuTvnis kurdRlisnairTa rigs, magram gareuli kurdRlisagan is mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba:

1. bocveris makeobis xangrZlivoba 28-32 dRea, kurdRlis 50-52 dRe; 2. bocveri mogebis win Txris soros da iq baWiebisTvis awyobs budes,

maSin rodesac kurdReli binadrobs buCqnar adgilebSi; 3. bocvris baWia ibadeba brma da SiSveli (Seubusavi), kurdRlis ki

Tvalaxelili da kargadaa Sebusuli bewviT; 4. kurdReli mxolod ramodenime dRe awovebs ZuZus baWiebs, maSin,

rodesac bocveri 1-1,5 Tvis asakamde; 5. erTi kviris asakis kurdRlis baWiebi iwyeben damoukideblad cxov-

rebas, maSin rodesac am asakis bocvris mozardi mTlianad damoki-debulia dedaze;

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6. kurdReli erT mogebaze igebs 4-5 baWias, bocveri ki 7-9- s, calke-ul SemTxvevaSi ki 18- mde.

7. kurdRlis cocxali masa ar aRemateba 6,5-7 kg- s, maSin rodesac Sinauri bocvris cocxali masa aRwevs 14 kg-mde;

8. gareuli da Sinauri bocvrebis SejvarebiT miiReba nayofieri da sicocxlisunarian STamomavloba, maSin rodesac kurdReli da boc-veri erTmaneTs ar ujvardeba. bocvris sxva sameurneo-biologiuri TaviseburebebSi aseve Sedis:

• adreuloba; mdedri baWiebi sqesobriv simwifes aRweven 3,5-4 Tvis asakSi, xolo makdebian 7-8 Tvis asakSi;

• swrafad gamravlebis unari; wlis ganmavlobaSi bocveri igebs 5-6- jer da gvaZlevs 40-50 baWias;

• zrdis maRali energia; baWia dabadebisas saSualod iwonis 40-90 g-s, meeqvse dRisaTvis misi cocxali masa ormagdeba, xolo 1 Tvis asakisaTvis 10-12- jer izrdeba;

• kaprofagia; bocverisTvis normaluri fiziologiuri aqtia Ramis ganavalis Wama, romelic didi raodenobiT Seicavs mounelebel sayuaTo nivTierebebs, mikrobul cilebs, “B” jgu-fis vitaminebs da mikroelementebs;

bocvris sakvebi da kveba

koncentrirebuli sakvebad gamoiyeneba marcvlovnebis da parkosne-bis marcvali (Svria, qeri, simindi, xorbali, barda, soia), agreTve maTi gadamuSavebis anarCenebi. saukeTeso sakvebad iTvleba Svria, romelsac bocvers aZleven naturaluri saxiT. qeri umjobesia daiRerRos da mieces narevSi, vinaidan qeris marcvali garedan dafarulia Znelad mosanele-beli garsiT da iwvevs saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis aSlilobas.

ulufaSi proteinis gazrdis mizniT bocvers sakvebSi umateben mzesumziris da selis koptons, agreTve Zvalxorcisa da Tevzis fqvils, romlebic mdidaria mineraluri nivTierebebiT; sakvebnarevi umjobesia mieces granulirebuli kombinirebuli sakvebis formiT.

bocveri ikvebeba yvela saxis bostneuliT, magram isini gansakuT-rebulad madianad Seeqcevian stafilosa da Warxals. Zirxvenebidan SeiZleba mivceT turnefsi, Talgami, baRCeulidan- yabayi, sakvebi gogra da maTi foCi.

sakvebi balaxeulidan sasargebloa samyuras ionja, cercvelasa da Svriis, agreTve cercvelasa da bardas narevi mwvane masa. timpaniis Tavi-dan asacileblad umjobesia mwvane masa kvebis win SevaSroT (SevaWknoT).

Semodgoma-zamTris da adre gazafxulis TveebSi bocverisaTvis ZiriTadi uxeSi sakvebia marcvlovan-parkosanTa narevbalaxis Tiva. maT sakvebad, aseve, SeiZleba mivceT aryis xis, akaciis, verxvis da alvis xis foToli, agreTve naZvisa da fiWvis totebi.

bocvris srulfasovani kveba aris maRali xarisxis tyavbewvis da kondiciuri tanxorcis miRebis safuZveli. Warbi kveba iseve mavnea, rogorc ukmari kveba. 4,5-5 kg cocxali masis zrdasruli mamali da deda-li bocveris wliuri moTxovnileba sakvebze aseTia: 35 kg uxeSi sakvebi; 265 kg mwvane sakvebi da 42-42 kg wvniani da koncentrirebuli sakvebi. kvebis normis SerCevisas iTvaliswineben cxovelis fiziologiur mdgoma-reobas, asaksa da wlis sezons.

zrdasrul bocvers sakvebs dReSi orjer, mozards ki samjer aZle-ven. diliT aZleven dRiuri normis naxevar koncentrats, SuadRes 40%

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Tivas da balaxs, xolo saRamos danarCen koncentrirebul da moculo-bian sakvebs. axali sakvebi ulufaSi SeaqvT TandaTanobiT, 5-6 dRis manZi-lze; aseve nawil-nawil CanacvlebiT gadadian zamTris ulufidan zafxu-lis ulufaze da piruku.

bocvris mozardis suqeba

suqebaze ayeneben 2-3 Tvis baWias. intensiurad suqeba grZeldeba erTi Tve. amisaTvis, pirveli 10 dRe ulufaSi amcireben Tivis raodenobas da mas Caanacvleben imave yuaTiaobis koncentratebiT.

sawyisi (pirveli aTi dRis) ulufa SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes ase: 150 g Tiva, 400-500 g Zirxvenebi, an kartofili, da 80 g koncentrati. danama-tis saxiT maT SeiZleba mivceT kombostos foTlebi.

momdevno aTi dRe ulufaSi CarTaven iseT sakvebs, romlebic boc-vris organizmSi aZliereben cximis dagrovebas. aseTebs miekuTvneba simin-dis, Svriis da qeris marcvali, agreTve mcired marilian kartofilSi Sereuli qato.

bolo aTi dRe bocvers kvebaven ise, rom man miiRos sakvebis maqsi-malurad SesaZlebeli raodenoba. amis miRweva SeiZleba uxeSi sakvebis minimumamde SemcirebiT da ulufaSi aromatuli balaxeulis- kamas, oxraxuSis, niaxuris da sxva mcenareebis CarTviT, romelTac es cxove-lebi Seeqcevian madianad.

ufro Sedegiania, rodesac mozards asuqeben cal-calke galiaSi. suqeba iTvleba damTavrebulad, rodesac cxovels mindaoze da sasinjTan xeliT mosinjvisas SeiniSneba cximovani qsovilis grovebi, xolo xerxemlis zurgis nawilis malebi Sexebisas ar isinjeba. kargad nasuqi bocvris mozardi iRebs momrgvalebul formebs, xolo bewvi tanze gadatkecili da bzinvarea.

mkacrad unda davicvaT dRis ganawesi. bocveri unda vkveboT zustad gansazRvruli grafikiT. rogorc wesi, RamiT isini iReben dRiuri normis 60% sakvebs. amitom saRamos kveba unda moxdes rac SeiZleba gvian, im varaudiT, rom sakvebi eyos dilis 5-7 saaTamde. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saRamos mivcemT mcire raodenobiT sakvebs, dilis kvebisas micemul sak-vebs bocveri Wams xarbad, piris RruSi naklebad amuSavebs, ramac SeiZ-leba kuW-nawlavis traqtis aSliloba gamoiwvios.

bocvris aRwarmoeba kardi dedobrivi instinqtis mqone dedal bocvrebs aRwarmoebisaT-

vis iyeneben 3-5, mamlebs ki 2-3 weli. dedlebSi sqesobrivi cikli meorde-ba yovel 8-9 dReSi da xuraoba grZeldeba 3-5 dRe. dasagrileblad deda-li bocveri gadayavT mamlis galiaSi, sadac is advilad nayofierdeba da maleve abruneben Tavis galiaSi.

makeobaze Semowmebis mizniT ganayofierebidan mexuTe-meeqvse dRes dedali kvlav gadayavT mamlis galiaSi da akvirdebian. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dedali makea, is mamals ar ikarebs. dReSi erT mamal bocvers SeuZlia gaanayofieros 4-5 dedali.

make bocvers inaxaven individualur galiaSi. mogebamde 4-5 dRiT adre galias asufTaveben da adezinficireben, Cadgamen sabudars, romel-Sic Cafenilia mSrali namja. mogebamde dedali bocveri awyobs budes- is ReWavs namjas, muclidan iclis TivTiks da agrovebs sabudaris erT adgilze. mogebamde 2-3 saaTiT adre budes amowmeben.

bocveri, ZiriTadad, igebs saRamos da Ramis saaTebSi. deda bocveri lokavs axladmogebul baWiebs, Semdeg Wams momyols da svams wyals.

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sur. 62. dedali bocvris Sesanaxi

erTiarusiani galia

1. karebi; 2. Stuceri koleqtoris miliT;

3. sakveburi; 4. rezinis mili; 5. dgari;

6.avtosawyurvebeli

zogierT SemTxvevaSi bocveri Wams Tavis baWiebs. ZiriTadad, amis ori mizezia garkveuli: pirveli, makeobisas arasrulfasovani kveba da gansakuTrebiT ulufaSi mineraluri marilebis nakleboba da meore, mogebisas sasmeli wylis uqonloba. aseTi deda bocveri eqvemdebareba wundebas.

pirvel dReebSi baWiebi imyofebian budeSi. me-5-me-7 dRidan maT amodiT bewvi da iwyeben budeSi gadaadgilebas. me-9-me-10 dRes baWiebs exilebaT Tvalebi, xolo me-16–me-20 dRidan iwyeben budidan gamosvlas. es imis mimaniSnebelia, rom maT ar yofniT dedis rZe. amitom sakveburSi unda eyaroT koncentrirebuli sakvebi.

baWiebs dedidan asxletaven 45 dRis asakSi. am periodSi isini unda vkveboT imave sakvebiT, romlebsac iRebdnen wovebisas, dedis rZeze damatebiT. axladasxletil baWiebs kvebaven dReSi 4-5- jer. saRamosa da dilis kvebas Soris periodi ar unda aRematebodes 8-10 saaTs.

sxvadasxva sqesis bocveris garCeva

garegnuli niSnebiT mamali da dedali bocveri naklebad gansxvav-debian erTmaneTisagan. amasTan, kargad dakvirvebisas, SeiZleba davinaxoT gansxvavebuli meoradi sasqeso niSnebi: mamali bocveri tanad ufro mom-croa, Tavi mokle da kvadratuli formisaa, konstitucia ki uxeSi. dedal bocvers Tavi viwro, sxeuli ufro nazi, gava ki farTo aqvs. mucelze mas or rigad ganlagebuli aqvs kertebi (sul 8 an 10).

dedal da mamal bocvers erTmaneTisagan arCeven sasqeso organo-ebze TiTis daWeriT, ra drosac sqesobrivad momwifebul mdedrs gamouC-ndeba xvreli, xolo mamrs sasqeso aso. amasTan, dedlebSi analuri da sasqeso xvreli Zlier miaxloebulia erTmaneTTan, maSin, rodesac mam-lebSi sasqeso organo sakmaod moSorebulad mdebareobs.

bocvris movla-Senaxva

bocvrebs inaxaven 120-140 X 65-70 X 45-50 sm zomis galiebSi. iataki mavTulbadis, an xis lartyis SeiZleba iyos. normiT zrdasruli boc-vrisaTvis Sesanaxi farTobi 0,5-0,7 m2/sulze, mozardis jgufurad Senaxvisas ki 0,12m2/sulze Seadgens. galias tixriT yofen or nawilad sabudar da sasadilo ganyofilebad. tixarSi keTdeba 20 X 20 sm zomis

saZromela. sasadilo ganyo-filebaSi awyoben sawyurve-bels da sakveburs koncen-tratebisaTvis.

umjobesia mozardis gamozrda jgufurad seira-niT aRWurvil galiaSi, romelsac aqvs sakveburi da sawyurvebeli. jgufSi Sear-Ceven erTnairi sqesisa da asakis 8-10 sul baWias,

wlis civ periodSi galiis iatakze ageben namjis qveSsafens, romelsac yovel 3-5 dReSi erTxel cvlian. 3-3,5 Tvis mozardebi xSirad Cxuboben da erTmaneTs uzi-

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aneben tyavbewvs. amitom, ufro agresiuli individebi gadayavT sxva galiaSi.

galiebi SeiZleba iyos ramdenime iarusad dalagebuli. Seduri (fardulebSi) Senaxvisas upiratesad gamoiyeneba erTiarusiani galiebi (sur. 62).


• ra saxis sakvebiT ikvebeba bocveri?

• dReSi ramdenjer unda vkveboT zrdasruli/mozardi bocveri?

• ra asakidan iwyeben mozardis suqebas da ramden xans grZeldeba is?

• ramdeni dRe grZeldeba bocvris xuraoba?

• rogoria datvirTvis norma mamali bocverisaTvis?

• ra mizeziT aris gamowveuli deda bocvris mier baWiebis Wama?

• ramdeni dRis asakSi aisxliteba dedidan baWia?

• ra niSnebiT varCevT erTmaneTisagan mamal da dedal bocvers? literatura:

1. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l. TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZ-vlebi, Tbilisi, 2001;

2. j. guguSvili, g. dalaqiSvili- `rogor movaSenoT bocveri~ Tbi-lisi, 2004;

3. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi, ”universali”, 2009;

T a v i 11. zoohigienis safuZvlebi termini zoohigiena ori berZnuli sityvisagan Sedgeba da niSnavs

cxovelTa janmrTelobas (“zoo”- cxoveli, “higienos”-janmrTeloba). is swav-lobs garemos- haeris, wylis, niadagis, sakvebis da sxva faqtorebis gavlenas cxovelTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobasa da produqtiulobaze, agreTve, mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis anarCenebisagan garemos dabinZurebis Tavidan acilebas.

garemos cvalebadoba gansxvavebul reaqciebs iwvevs cxovelis organizmSi. zogjer es cvalebadoba organizmis adaptaciis diapazonis farglebSia, zogjer ki eqstremaluri da iwveven daZabulobas, stress, ris gamo mosalodnelia paTologiuri procesebis ganviTareba. amis gaTvaliswinebiT zoohigiena gansazRvravs cxovelTa movla-Senaxvis, kve-bis da eqsploataciis normebsa da wesebs.

haeris Sedgeniloba

Cveulebriv, atmosferos haeri Sedgeba 78,09% azotisagan, 20,95% Jan-gbadisagan, 0,03% naxSirorJangisagan da zogierTi sxva airisagan.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad cxovelTa sadgomebSi) haerSi SeiZleba Sereuli iyos organuli naerTebis daSliT wamoqmnili airebi, amiaki (NH3) da gogirdwyalbadi (H2S). cxovelTa sadgomebSi, aseve sak-maod xSirad aRiniSneba naxSirorJangis (CO2) sasurvelze ufro maRali koncentracia.

amiaki. ufero, sakmaod mZafri da mxuTavi sunis mqone airia. haerSi is Cveulebriv pirobebSi ar gvxvdeba. cxovelTa sadgomebSi is, ZiriTa-

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dad, warmoiqmneba Sardis (Sardovanas) daSliT. cxovelebis nakelidan amiaki SedarebiT naklebad warmoiqmneba, xolo frinvelis nakelidan sakmaod didi raodenobiT.

sadgomis haerSi amiakis koncentracia ar unda aRematebodes 0,0026%-s, anu 20 mg/m3- Si. haerSi misi normaze maRali Semcvelobisas cxovelebSi aRiniSneba zeda sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis gaRizianeba, agreTve Tvalebis anTeba da cremldena, xolo metad maRalma koncentraciam SeiZ-leba gamoiwvios filtvebSi sisxlis Caqceva, rac mTavrdeba letali SedegiT.

gogirdwyalbadi. ufero, laye kvercxis sunis mqone, aqroladi airia. sadgomSi is warmoiqmneba cxovelTa gamonayofebis gadaumuSave-beli proteinebis xrwniT, ra drosac sxvebTan erTad xdeba gogirdSem-cveli aminmJavebis daSla. xasiaTdeba Zlier toqsikuri TvisebiT: 0,015%- ze ufro maRali raodenobiT Semcveli haeris CasunTqvisas uaresdeba gulis muSaoba, xolo aseT sadgomSi xangrZlivad yofnisas mosalod-nelia sasunTqi centrebis dambla da cxovelis sikvdili.

sadgomSi amiakisa da gogirdwyalbadis koncentraciis mateba SeiZ-leba gamoiwvios sanitarul-higienuri normebis daucvelobam, gamonayo-febis dagvianebulma gatanam, agreTve ventilaciisa da kanalizaciis gaumarTavma muSaobam.

naxSirorJangi. Cveulebriv haerSi CO2- is koncentracia 0,3-0,4%-is farglebSia, sadgomebSi ki misma raodenobam 0,5-1%- s SeiZleba miaRwios, rac gapirobebulia organizmis cxovelmoqmedebis procesSi, agreTve organuli naerTebis xrwnisas am airis gamoyofiT. naxSirorJangis norma-ze meti Semcveloba, uaryofiTad moqmedebs cxovelebis janmrTelobis mdgomareobasa da produqtiulobaze.

rogorc wesi, cxovelTa sadgomebSi mavne airebis koncentraciis matebis mizezia saventilacio sistemis mouwesrigebloba, an arasworad gamoyeneba.

mtveri. atmosferos haerSi mravladaa organuli da araorganuli warmoSobis meqanikuri minarevebi. cxovelis sadgomis haeri upiratesad organuli warmoSobis mtvers Seicavs. cocxal organizmze mtvris uaryofiTi moqmedeba gamoixateba sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis, kanis da Tvalis koniuqtivas dazianebaSi.

mikroorganizmebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom haeri ar aris mikroor-ganizmebisaTvis xelsayreli garemo, masSi sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba rogorc saprofituli, aseve pirobiTad paTogenuri da paTogenuri for-mebi. es ukanasknelni, rogorc wesi, gvxvdeba mecxoveleobis fermebisa da meurneobebis mimdebare teritoriis haerSi, sadac isini xvdebian sadgo-mebis ventilirebisas gamotanili haeriT. Tavad sadgomebis haerSi paToge-nuri da pirobiTad paTogenuri mikroflora, ZiriTadad, xvdeba avad-myofi da bacilamatarebeli cxovelebis mier amosunTquli haeriT da sxvadasxva gamonayofebiT.

sanitarul-higienuri normebiT sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis sadgomis 1 m3 haerSi mikroorganizmebis raodenoba SeiZleba cvaleba-dobdes 20-100 aTasis farglebSi.

aerogenuri gziT vrceldeba iseTi daavadebebi, rogoricaa tuberku-lozi, Turquli, paragripi-3, yvavili, Zroxisa da Roris Wiri, rino-pnevmonia, frinvelis pasterelozi, niuklasis daavadeba da sxv. CamoTv-lilidan zogierTi daavadeba iZens gavrcelebis epizootur xasiaTs.

146

110

50

160

120

140

40

110000 qaTami

wiwila

‐5 0 +5 +10 +15 +20 +25 +30 haeris temperatura

nezvi goWi

furi xbo

nerbi batkani

klimati da mikroklimati

klimati aris drois sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis manZilze amindis saSualo maCveneblebi. misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia haeris temperatura, tenianoba da atmosferuli wneva.

mikroklimati aris mcire garemos klimati (magaliTad, romelime wyalsacavis mimdebare teritoriis, qalaqis romelime raionis da sxv.). mecxoveleobaSi es termini gamoiyeneba cxovelTa sadgomebis zoohigienu-ri parametrebis- temperaturis, tenianobis, haeris moZraobis siswrafis da ganaTebulobis, agreTve haerSi mavne airebis, mtvrisa da mikroor-ganizmebis koncentraciis maCveneblebze msjelobisas.

haeris temperatura. sxvadasxva saxeobis, agreTve erTi da imave saxeobis farglebSi sxvadasxva jiSis, asakisa da fiziologiuri mdgoma-reobis cxovelebi sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben haeris temperaturis cvalebadobaze. Sesabamisad maTi moSenebisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT Tu ra temperaturis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebeli maqsimaluri produqti-ulobis miReba. magaliTad:

1. Roris, Zroxis, cxvrisa da qaTmisaTvis Termoneitraluri tempera-turis diapazoni sakmaod gansxvavebulia (nax. 9).

2. mozardisaTvis optimaluria sakmaod maRali temperatura, maSin rodesac imave saxeobis zrdasruli individebisaTvis aseTi tempe-ratura, umetes SemTxvevaSi, eqstremaluria (nax. 9);

3. Zroxis evropuli jiSebis umete-sobisaTvis Termoneitralurad iTvleba +0...+160C haeris tempe-ratura, xolo aziuri ZroxisaT-vis anu zebusaTvis es diapazoni +12...+37,50C-is farglebSia. analo-giuri gansxvavebebia sxva saxe-obis sasoflo-sameurneo cxove-lebisa da frinvelebis jiSebs Sorisac. Termoneitralurze maRali an

dabali haeris temperatura uaryofi-Tad moqmedebs cxovelis organizmze. amasTan, siciveSi siTbos gacemis gaZ-lierebiT gamowveuli danakargebis aRdgena SesaZlebelia maRali energe-tikuli ulufebiT kvebiT, maSin, rode-sac sicxisas, sxeulis normaluri temperaturis SesanarCuneblad gaZli-erebuli danakargebis fonze cxo-velebi umadobis gamo ver iReben sakmarisi raodenobis sakvebs da,

imavdroulad, uqveiTdebaT sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis monelebadoba. rogorc sicxis, aseve sicivis moqmedebisas mcirdeba cxovelTa pro-

duqtiuloba, izrdeba erTeul produqciaze sakvebis danaxarji da qveiT-deba aRwarmoebis unari, xolo eqstremaluri temperaturis xangrZlivad moqmedebisas mosalodnelia temperaturuli stresi, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauareseba da calkeul SemTxvevaSi cxovelis sikvdili.

sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sadgomebSi haeris optimaluri temperaturis parametrebi mocemulia 25- e cxrilSi.

nax. 9. sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis Termoneirtaluri tem-

peraturis zonebi

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tenianoba. haeris tenianobis daxasiaTebisas gamoiyeneba higromet-ruli maCveneblebi- absolituri, maqsimaluri da fardobiTi tenianoba, agreTve gaJRenTvis deficiti da namis wertili. haeris tenianoba unda ganvixiloT rogorc haeris eqstremaluri temperaturis uaryofiTi moqme-debis mamodificirebeli komponenti. imavdroulad gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom maRali tenianoba xels uwyobs mikroorganizmebis gamravlebas, xolo metad dabali- haerSi mtvris koncentraciis gazrdas.

cxrili 25. cxovelTa sadgomebSi mikroklimatis parametrebi

saxeoba, asaki haeris tempe-ratu-ra, 0C

fardobiTi teni-anoba,

%

haeris moZra-obis sisw-rafe, m/wm

mtvris nawila-kebis Semcve-loba, mg/m3

mikro-buli moTes-vilo-ba,

aT/m3

xelov-nuri gana-Teba, luqsi

Z r o x e u l i

samSobiaro +16...+18 70 0.3-0.5 0.3-0.5 50-70 75-100 profilaqtoriumi +17...+20 70 0.1-0.5 2.0-4.0 20-40 50-75 saxbore +15...+17 70 0.1-0.5 2.0-4.0 20-40 50-75 furi da 1 welze uxnesi mozardi, dabmulad Senaxvisas

+8...+10 70 0.5-1.0 1.0-4.0 70-120 50-75

igive, daubmelad Senaxvisas)

+5...+8 70 0.3-0.5 1.0-4.0 70-120 50-75

mozardi 4 Tvidan 1 wlamde

+10...+12 70-75 0.3-1.2 1.0-3.0 70-120 50-75

R o r i

kerati, make da moge-buli nezvi

+14...+16 75 0.3-1.0 1.0-3.0 100-150 50-100

mosagebi ganyofileba da 4 Tvemde goWebi

+18...+22 70 0.1-0.6 1.0-2.0 40-50 50-100

sasuqi suladoba +12...+18 75 0.3-1.0 1.0-3.0 70-90 20-50 c x v a r i

verZi, nerbi, SiSaqi, asxletili batkani

+5...+8 75-80 0.5-1.0 1.0-4.0 70-120 30-50

samSobiaro, sabatkne +12...+15 75 0.2-0.5 1.3-3.0 70-90 50-100 f r i n v e l i *

zrdasruli qaTami +12...+16 60-70 0.3-0.6 4-8 220 10-70 „ – „ – „ indauri +12...+16 60-70 0.3-0.6 4-8 220 10-70 „ – „ – „ ixvi +7...+14 70-80 0.5-0.8 4-8 220 10-70 ” – ” – ” bati +10...+15 70-80 0.5-0.8 4-8 220 10-70 * parametrebi ufro detalurad motanilia me- 10 TavSi „mefrinveleoba.

frinvelis xorcisa da kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia”. cxovelTa sadgomebSi haeris fardobiTi tenianoba 50-80%- is far-

glebSi SeiZleba cvalebadobdes. amasTan, papanaqeba sicxisas maRali far-dobiTi tenianoba aqveiTebs cxovelis Termoreguliaciis meqanizmebis efeq-turobas, ris gamo SesaZlebelia organizmis gadaxureba. mniSvnelovania vicodeT, agreTve, rom teniani haeri gajerebulia agresiuli airebiT, rac iwvevs liTonis konstruqciebis da aparatura-mowyobilobebis korozias.

148

meore mxriv, arc Zalian dabali fardobiTi tenianobaa sasurveli, vinaidan cxovelebs uSrebaT zeda sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsi, mosalodnelia kanis dazianeba, xolo matyli mSrali da mtvrevadi xdeba.

haeris moZraoba. haeris swrafi moZraoba rogorc sicxisas, aseve sicivisas amcirebs kanis da balnis safaris damcvelobiTi funqciebis mniSvnelobas. amasTan, Tu haeris garkveuli siswrafiT moZraoba papana-qeba sicxeSi sasargebloa organizmis siTburi stresis Semsubuqebis TvalsazrisiT, siciveSi piriqiT, xels uwyobs mis zedmetad gagrilebas. orive SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba Warbi energetikuli danaxarjebi.

sinaTlis reJimi. sinaTle xels uwyobs organizmis fiziologiuri funqciebis gaaqtiurebas. amitom cxovelTa binebi kargad unda iyos gana-Tebuli. arasakmarisad ganaTebul sadgomebSi gaZnelebulia momsaxure personalis muSaoba.

ganaTebis erTeulad miRebulia luqsi. cxovelTa sadgomebSi gana-Tebis sidide SeiZleba cvalebadobdes sakmaod farTo diapazonSi, xolo dRe-Ramis manZilze ganaTebis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia cxovelis/ frinvelis fiziologiur mdgomareobaze.

sadgomebis ganaTebas zomaven sinaTlis koeficientiT, romelsac angariSoben fanjrisa da iatakis farTobebis SefardebiT. es Sefardeba SeiZleba cvalebadobdes 1/8-1/30- is farglebSi.

mzis radiacia (insoliacia). mzis sxivebs, gansazRvruli doziT didi biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. is aRizianebs ra nervul sistemas da endokrinul jirkvlebs, cxovelis organizmSi aZlierebs Jangva-aRdge-niTi fermentebis aqtiurobas, ris Sedegad umjobesdeba nivTierebaTa cvla, Zlierdeba cximebis, cilebisa da mineraluri nivTierebebis dagro-vebis intensioba da umjobesdeba sisxlis baqteriociduri Tvisebebi. garda amisa, insolacia xels uwyobs kanze da balnis safarze arsebuli mikrofloris mniSvnelovani nawilis daxocvas, mozardebSi ki raqitis profilaqtikas;

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Termoneitraluri temperaturis zeda zRvarTan axlos haeris temperaturisas mzis sxivebis pirdapiri moqme-deba aris damatebiTi stres-faqtori da cxovelebSi iwvevs uaryofiT reaqciebs. amis gamo, mzis radiaciis pirdapiri moqmedebisagan cxove-lebis dasacavad fermasTan arsebul saseirno moedanze an saZovrebze awyoben msubuq fardulebs, an am mizniT rgaven didi radiusis varjis mqone foTlovan mcenareebs.

atmosferuli wneva, naleqi, qari. iseve rogorc mzis radiacia, kli-matis es elementebi cxovelis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze da produq-tiulobaze moqmedeben mxolod maSin, rodesac aRiniSneba Termoneitra-lurze ufro maRali an dabali temperatura.

niadagi

sadgomebis da seiranebis ageba, agreTve droebiTi bakebis mowyoba umjobesia mSral, haer da wyalgaumtar niadagze, sadac gruntis wylebi 1,5-2 m- ze da ufro Rrmadaa. notio, svel niadagze dawolisas cxoveli ufro male civdeba, vidre mSral niadagze. Waobian niadagze Cndeba avad-myofobebi, xolo aseT adgilze aSenebuli sadgomi mudmivad iqneba nesti-ani, rac vnebs cxovelsac da azianebs Senoba-nagebobasac.

yovel 1 g niadagSi aseuli milionobiT mikroorganizmi aris. maT Soris SesaZlebelia paTogenuri formebiT dabinZureba, romelic niadag-Si xvdeba cxovelebis gamonayofebidan da leSidan. gansakuTrebiT did-

149

xans inaxeba niadadSi da inarCunebs paTogenur Tvisebebs cimbiruli wylulis, tetanusis, emfizemuri karbunkulis, botulizmis, Roris wiTe-li qaris da zogierTi sxva daavadebebis gamomwvevi Cxirebi da/an spo-rebi. maT mier gamowveul daavadebebs uwodeben niadagis infeqciebs.

niadagSi didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba helminTebis Canasaxebi, askari-das kvercxebi, diqtiokaulozis Canasaxebi. aq, aseve, binadroben iseTi organizmebi, romlebis warmoadgenen helminTebis Sualedur maspinZlebs. magaliTad, fasciolozis aRmZvrelebis Sualedi maspinZelia moluskebi.

niadagis sanitaruli daxasiaTebisaTvis swavloben mikrobiolo-giur, helminTologiur da qimiur maCveneblebs.

wyali kargi xarisxis wyali unda iyos gamWvirvale, sunis gareSe da

saasiamovno gemosi. cxovelebi unda davawyuroT sufTa, gamdinare wyliT. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli konstruqciis individualuri da jgufuri sawyureblebi. sasmeli wylis temperatura unda iyos +8...+120C. zamTarSi dauSvebelia yinuliani civi wyliT cxovelis dawyureba, vinaidan is SeiZleba gacivdes, make ki gaberwdes. zafxulSi zedmetad Tbili wyali ver klavs wyurvilis SegrZnebas da SeiZleba mogvevlinos damatebiT stres-faqtorad.

sxvadasxva saxeobisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelis moTxovnilebaze sasmel wyalze saubari iyo gv. 68 da 69-ze. raodenobas-Tan erTad cxovelis janmrTelobis SesanarCuneblad da warmoebuli produqciis usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania sasmeli wylis sanitarul-higienuri maCveneblebi, romelic gulisxmobs mis epidemiolo-giur, epizootologiur da toqsikologiur usafrTxoebas.

momqmedi standartiT sasmeli wyali fasdeba sxvadasxva nivTi-erebebis Semcvelobis mixedvbiT. 26- e cxrilSi motanilia mosaxleobaze da cxovelebze centralizebulad miwodebul sasmel wyalSi zogierTi nivTierebebis Semcvelobis normativebi. aseTi xarisxis wylis misaRebad sasurvelia mecxoveleobis ferma Cair-Tos wyalmomaragebis cent-ralizebul sistemaSi, ra drosac uzrunvelyofilia dasufTaveba da sanitaruli TvalsazrisiT uvnebeli da xarisxiani wylis milsadene-biT sadgomSi miwodeba. umniSvnelod gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos maRarosebri Wis wylisadmi wayenebuli sanitarul-higienuri xarisxi.

CvenSi gansakuTrebu-lad problematuria saZovar-ze myofi cxovelebis daw-yureba. xSirad mTeli dRis manZilze cxovels ara aqvs wylis dalevis saSualeba da mas awyureben mxolod binaSi

cxrili 26. sasmeli wylis zogierTi sanitarul-higienuri normebi

maCveneblebi zomis erTeuli

raode-noba

gamWvirvaloba (snelenis SriftiT)

sm 30

saerTo sixiste mg/eqv. 7-14 amoniaki - kvali nitritebi - kvali nitratebi mg/l 10-20 qloridebi “ – “ 350* sulfatebi “ – “ 500** rkina “ – “ 0,3 manganumi “ – “ 0,1 spilenZi “ – “ 1,0 TuTia “ – “ 5 tyvia “ – “ 0.1-mde mikrobuli ricxvi 1 ml-Si 100 Jangvadoba Mg/l 3 *) organuli warmoSobis - 30-50 mg/l **) “ – “ – “ - 60 mg/l

150

dabrunebis Semdeg. aseTi mdgomareoba uaryofiTad moqmedebs cxovelis organizmze da sagrZnoblad amcirebs mis produqtiulobas.

rogorc wesi, saZovarze cxovelebs wyals asmeven mdinareebidan, tbebidan da/an wyalsatevebidan. am SemTxvevaSi dawyureba unda xdebodes ise, rom cxoveli wyalSi ar Sediodes. amisaTvis, im adgilze, sadac xdeba dawyureba, unda moewyos winaRoba (meseri), im varaudiT, rom wylis dalevisas cxovelma Tavisuflad SeZlos Tavis gayofa da wylis daleva.

sakvebi

xarisxiani sakvebi da normirebuli kveba ara marto zrdis cxo-velTa produqtiulobas, aramed amaRlebs maTi organizmis daavadebebi-sadmi rezistentobas. cudad nakvebi cxoveli ufro Znelad itans daava-debas, vidre normalur kondiciaSi myofi.

sakvebi unda iyos xarisxiani. amis misaRwevad unda davicvaT maTi aRebis agroteqnikuri vadebi, agreTve transportirebis, Senaxvisa da kvebiswina Semzadebis pirobebi. dauSvebelia daobianebuli, dampali da damJavebuli sakvebiT, agreTve gaRivebuli marcvleuliT cxovelebis kveba. maTi janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSia miwiT, lamiT an sxva minarevebiT dabinZurebuli sakvebic.

arakeTilsaimedo da gafuWebuli sakvebiT kveba gansakuTrebiT saSiSia make pirutyvisa da mozardisaTvis.

cxovelTa sadgomebis mowyobis higienuri moTxovnebi

adgilis SerCeva: yuradRebas amaxvileben sanitarul usafrTxo-ebaze, romlis qveS igulisxmeba warsulSi cxovelTa samarxebis arse-boba, agreTve Rvarcofebisa da wyaldidobebis saSiSroeba.

dasaxlebuli punqtidan cxovelTa sadgomebi daSorebuli unda iyos: Zroxis, cxenisa da frinvelis 200 m-iT, cxvris 300 m-iT, Roris ki 500 m-iT. dasaxlebuli punqtTan fermis mowyobisas iTvaliswineben qaris mimarTulebas da mas ageben gabatonebuli qarebis sawinaaRmdego mxares;

magistraluri gzidan da rkinigzidan ferma daSorebuli unda iyos 300 m-iT, xolo Sida gzebidan- 50 metriT mainc. imavdroulad iTvalis-wineben fermasTan misasvleli gzis keTilmowyobas, eleqtroenergiiTa da centralizebuli wyalmomaragebis SesaZleblobebs.

sadgomisaTvis SerCeuli adgili unda iyos odnav SemaRlebuli, swori, samxreTiT an samxreT aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT mcired (50- mde) daqanebuli. gruntis wylebi niadagis zedapiridan unda iyos sul mcire 1,5-2 m-is siRrmeze.

sadgomebis da sxva saTavsoebis mowyoba. saSeni masala unda iyos siTbos cudi da haeris kargi gamtari. rogorc wesi, am mizniT iyeneben adgilobriv masalas. Senobis kedlebi, iataki da Weri unda moewyos ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos sanitarul-higienuri mdgomareobis dacva.

nagebobebi ise unda ganlagdes, rom Tavidan aviciloT tempera-turis mkveTri cvalebadoba, gaaumjobesos haercvla da uzrunvelyos Senobis SigniT mzis sxivebis SeRweva. fermis teritoriaze sxvadasxva asakis cxovelTa sadgomebis, sacavebis da sxva aucilebeli nagebobebis ganlagebis daproeqteba specialur codnas moiTxovs. amasTan, fermis nagebobebis daproeqtebaSi sainJinro-teqnikur specialistebTan erTad monawileoba unda miiRon zooteqnikuri da saveterinaro ganaTlebis specialistebma.

151

sadgomis zomebi gamomdinareobs gansaTavsebeli suladobidan; sadgomTan, rogorc wesi, awyoben saseirno moedans romlis farTobi gamomdinareobs cxovelTa saxeobidan da asakobrivi jgufidan. saseirno moednis SemaRlebul adgilze ewyoba sakveburi da sawyurvebeli; sasurvelia sakveburebTan, mis mTel sigrZeze, moewyos 2-3 m siganis msubuqi farduli, rasac cxovelebi uamindobisas an papanaqeba sicxisas gamoiyeneben TavSesafarad;

fermis teritoriaze aucilebelia specialuri beras da bakis mow-yoba, sadac moxdeba cxovelebis awonva, agreTve, Sesruldeba maTi veterinarul da sanitarul momsaxureobasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi..

sasilose tranSea an ormo, Tivis Sesanaxi sawyobi da nakelsacavi cxovelTa sadgomebidan daSorebuli unda iyos sul mcire 50 m-iT da SemoRobili unda iyos; nakelsacavis tevadoba iangariSeba im varaudiT, rom gatana moxdes weliwadSi erTxel an orjer.

fermis teritoria unda SemoRobili iyos. satransporto saSuale-bebis SesasvlelSi, karebis mTel siganeze ewyoba dezbarieri, xolo muSa-mosamsaxureebis SesasvlelSi sanitaruli gamtari gasaxdelebiT, saSxapiT da spectansacmlis Sesanaxi oTaxiT. aucilebelia dasasvenebeli oTaxis, agreTve produqciis misaRebi da gasagzavni, agreTve teqnikuri saTavsoebis da teqnikuri saSualebebis mowyoba (mag. sarZeve, cxovelebis avtotransportze dasatvirTi estekada da sxv.). calke unda moewyos izolatori, sadac moTavsdeba avadmyofi da/an avadmyofobaze saeWvo cxovelebi.

fermis daproeqtebisas erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa Tavidan avici-loT garemos dabinZureba.


• ras swavlobs zoohigiena?

• romeli airebisagan Sedgeba atmosfero da ra koncentraciiT?

• ra aris klimati, ra aris mikroklimati?

• romel mavne airebs SeiZleba Seicavdes cxovelTa sadgomis haeri da saidan warmoiSvebian isini?

• ra temperaturis farglebSia Termoneitraluri diapazoni Zroxi-saTvis/cxvrisaTvis/ RorisaTvis/frinvelisaTvis?

• rodis moqmedebs cxovelis organizmze uaryofiTad mzis sxivebi?

• mikrobTa romeli formebi inaxebian da inarCuneben paTogenur Tvi-sebas niadagSi xangrZlivi periodis manZilze?

• ra maCveneblebiT sazRvraven wylis xarisxs?

• ra parametrebiT SearCeven teritorias fermis mosawyobad?

• ra manZiliT unda iyos daSorebuli cxovelebis sadgomi magistra-luri gzidan, rkinigzidan?

• ra manZiliT unda iyos daSorebuli fermis SigniTa nagerbobebi erTmaneTisagan?

• ra aris gasaTvaliswinebeli sanakele ormos mowyobisas? literatura:

1. j.naWyebia, n.zazaSvili, T.yuraSvili, a.wulaia- zoohigiena (zogadi nawili). Tbilisi, 2005;

2. g.gogoli- garemo da cxoveli. produqtiulobis ekologiuri problemebi meZroxeobaSi. Tbilisi, ”mecniereba”, 1997;

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3. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari, Tbilisi, ”universali”, 2009;

4. Г.П.Табаков, В.В.Храмцов- Зоогигиена с основами ветеринарии и санитарии, М., «КолосС», 2004;

5. А.Кузнецов, М.С.Найденская, П.Н.Виноградов, В.В.Храмцов- Зоогигиена с основами проектирования животноводческих объектов. М., «КолосС», 2007;


T a v i 12. rZis gadamuSavebis teqnologia

rZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi rZe aris TeTri, odnav moyviTalo elferis, wyalTan SedarebiT

mcirediT blanti, specifiuri (rZis) sunis da erTgvarovani konsisten-ciis siTxe. is warmoadgens polidispersiul sistemas, vinaidan mis Semad-genlobaSi Semavali organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebis daqucmace-bis xarisxi sxvadasxvaa. magaliTad, rZis cilovani nivTierebebi imyofe-bian koloidur mdgomareobaSi, cximebi- uxeSdispersiulSi, xolo araor-ganuli nivTierebebi warmoqmnian WeSmarit xsnarebs.

rZe Seucvleli sakvebia axalSobilisaTvis. amasTan, is gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva rZis produqtebis dasamzadeblad, xolo misi Semadgeneli komponentebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelovan nedleuls farmaceptuli da mrewvelobis sxva dargebisaTvis.

sxvadasxva saxeobis da jiSis cxovelebis rZe gansxvavdeba erTmane-Tisagan rogorc qimiuri SedgenilobiT, ise fizikur-qimiuri TvisebebiT. bolo monacemebiT rZe Seicavs 200-ze met nivTierebas. amasTan, misi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli komponentebia wyali, cximebi, cilebi, laqtoza anu rZis Saqari da mineralur nivTierebebi (cxrili 78). rZe aseve Seicavs vi-taminebs, zogierT sxva biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs da fermentebs.

1 kg Zroxis rZis energetikuli Rirebu-leba, saSualod 2870 kilojoulia. es maCve-nebeli damokidebulia masSi cximebis, cilebi-sa da laqtozas Semcve-lobaze.

wyali. rZeSi gvxv-deba Tavisufal da dakavSirebul an adsor-

birebul formaSi. wylis daaxloebiT 95-97% Tavisufalia. masSi gaxsnilia Saqari, mineraluri nivTierebebi da mJavebi.

mSrali nivTiereba. aris im nivTierebebis saerTo raodenoba, rome-lic miiReba rZis +102...+105 0C-ze gamoSrobisas. misi raodenoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros tolobiT:

5,04

9,4 0

++×

=Asr.c.

m.n. , sadac

- mn aris mSrali nivTiereba %- Si;

cxrili 27. sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis rZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba

qimiuri Sedgeniloba, % saxeoba

wyali cximi cila Saqari nacari Zroxa 87,5 3,6 3.2 4,9 0,8 kameCi 82,9 7,5 4,6 4,2 0,8 cxvari 83,6 6,2 5,1 4,2 0,9 Txa 88,9 4,1 3,3 4,4 0,8 cxeni 89,7 1,9 2,2 5,8 0,3

153

- r.c. _ rZeSi cximis Semcveloba, %; - sA0 _ rZis simkvrive areometris gradusebSi.

Zroxis rZe saSualod Seicavs 12,5% mSral nivTierebas. yvelaze met mSral nivTierebas (17-17,5%-s) Seicavs kameCis, Semdeg ki cxvris rZe.

rZis mSral nivTierebebSi yvelaze metad cvalebadia cximi, amitom praqtikaSi sargebloben ucximo mSrali rZis narCenis- ”umrn” maCvenebliT (mas xSirad ucximo mSrali nivTierebasac eZaxian da SemoklebiT aRniS-naven ”umn”- iT). umrn sazRvraven mSrali nivTierebis saerTo raodenobaze cximis %- is gamoklebiT. umrn-s raodenobas aseve SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT tolobiT:

76,00

++=4

s

5

r.c.umrn

A

umrn-s raodenoba Zroxis rZeSi 8,5-9%-a, xolo kameCis rZeSi 9,5-10%. cximebi. cximovani mJavebisa da glicerinis rTuli eTeria. sxva

cxoveluri cximebisagan rZis cximi gansxvavdeba imiT, rom is Seicavs 150-ze met sxvadasxva cximovan mJavas, maSin rodesac sxva cxovelur cxi-mebSi maTi raodenoba 5- dan 7- mdea. cximebi Sedgeba gajerebuli, mono da poligaujerebeli cximovan mJavebisagan. Zroxis rZe saSualod 3,5-3,7% cxims Seicavs.

cilebi. ZiriTadad, Sedgeba kazeinis, albuminis da globulinisagan. Zroxis rZeSi cilebis saerTo raodenoba daaxloebiT 3,2%-ia, maT Soris kazeinia 2,7%, albumini 0,4 da globulini 0,1%. sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis rZeSi cilebis saerTo raodenobis 76-88% modis kazeinze. albumini da globulini SratSi xsnadia, amitom maT Sratis cilebsac uwodeben.

cilebi maRalmolekuluri naerTebia da ZiriTadad warmoqmnilia aseuli da aTaseuli aminmJavasagan. cilebi erTimeorisagan gansxvavdebian qimiuri SedgenilobiT. rZis cilis mTavari gansxvaveba sxva, mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmoSobis cilebisagan is aris, rom optimaluri pro-porciiT Seicavs yvela 8 (10) Seucvlel aminmJavas. amis gamo rZis cila miekuTvneba srulfasovan cilaTa jgufs.

Saqari, anu laqtoza. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis erTmaneTTan dakav-Sirebuli glukozisa da galaqtozas TiTo molekula. Zroxis rZe Seicavs 4,9% laqtozas, xolo yvelaze meti laqtozaa cxenis rZeSi (5,8%). bunebaSi laqtoza gvxvdeba mxolod rZeSi.

mineraluri nivTierebebi. rZis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis mendeleevis perioduli sistemis 80-mde elementi. raodenobrivi SemadgenlobiT maT yofen makroelementebad (maTi raodenoba 10_100 mg%-a), da mikroelemente-bad (-0,01_1 mg%). rZis makroelementebia kaliumi, kalciumi, magniumi, fosfori, gogirdi da qlori. rZis mikroelementebs miekuTneba rkina, alumini, qromi, tyvia, dariSxani, kala, titani, vanadiumi, vercxli, spi-lenZi, kobalti, manganumi da sxva. rZeSi am nivTierebaTa raodenoba umniSvneloa, magram organizmis cxovelmyofelobaSi maT metad didi funqcia akisriaT. Zroxis rZeSi mineraluri nivTierebebis xvedriTi wili 0,7-0,85%-s Seadgens. cxenis rZeSi maTi raodenoba yvelaze naklebia.

rZe Seicavs yvela im mineralur nivTierebas, rac aucilebelia axalSobili organizmis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis. rZeSi marilebi, Ziri-Tadad, Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, maTi nawili ki qimiurad dakavSirebulia rZis sxva Semadgenel nawilebTan. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiTaa rZeSi kalciumi (100-140 mg%) da fosfori (74-130 mg%)

154

vitaminebi. rZe adamianisaTvis vitaminebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa. is Seicavs cximSi da wyalSi xsnad TiTqmis yvela vitamins, maT Soris ren-tols (vitamini A), Tiamins (B1), riboflavins (B2), piriqsidins (B6) kobala-mins (B12), agreTve D, E, K da C vitaminebs. rZeSi aseve gvxvdeba β-karotini.

rZis qimiur Sedgenilobas sazRvraven qimiuri da bioqimiuri ana-lizis meTodebiT. sawarmoo praqtikaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba rZeSi cxi-misa da cilis raodenobis gansazRvra. am maCveneblebis, agreTve rZis simkvrivis, laqtozis, damatebuli wylis (falsifikaciis) da zogierTi sxva parametris dasadgenad mrewveloba uSvebs “Lactoskan”, “Лактан”, “Клевер” da sxva dasaxelebis avtomatur analizatorebs.

imunuri sxeulebi. gansakuTrebiT bevria xsen-Si, rZe ki SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT Seicavs. imunur sxeulebs didi profilaqtikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan isini axalSobil organizms icaven paTogenuri mikrobebisagan da xels uwyoben imuni-tetis gamomuSavebas.

hormonebi. Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebis mier gamoyofili nivTierebebia. isini monawileoben Jangva-aRdgeniT, nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebSi, agreTve rZis sekreciasa da gamoyofaSi. magaliTad, hipofizis wina nawilis hormoni prolaqtini sti-muls aZlevs rZis gamoyofas, xolo sakvercxeebis

yviTeli sxeulis hormoni loteosteroni aferxebs mas. cxovelis orga-nizmi bevr sxva hormonsac gamoyofs.

airebi. rZeSi gaxsnilia airebi, romlebic masSi xvdebian wvelisas, rZis erTidan meore WurWelSi gadasxmisas da sxv. 100 sm3 rZe Seicavs 5-7 sm3 airebs, aqedan daaxloebiT 55-70% naxSirorJangi, 5_10%- Jangbadi da 20-30% azotia.

mJavianoba. axlad mowvelili Zroxis rZes mcired mJave reaqcia aqvs. misi рН, anu ares aqtiuri reaqcia 6,68- is tolia. warmoebis pirobebSi rZis mJavianobas gamoxataven terneris gradusebSi (T0). am maCvenebels sazRvraven rZis 0,1 normaluri KOH- is wyalxsnariT gatitvriT. axlad-mowvelili Zroxis rZis gasatitri mJavianoba 16-18 T0 unda iyos.

simkvrive. anu erTeuli moculobis masa. rZeSi Semavali nivTierebe-bis funqciaa. mas +200C temperaturaze zomaven areometriT anu laqtoden-simetriT da gamoxataven g/sm3- Si, an areometris gradusebSi (A0).

Zroxis rZis simkvrive saSualod 1,030- g/sm3- s, anu 30 A0 Seadgens da es maCvenebeli 1,027-ze dabali ar unda iyos. cximgaclili (moxdili) rZis simkvrive ufro maRalia, vidre naturaluris.

duRilis temperatura. damokidebulia rZis qimiur Sedgenilobaze, agreTve atmosferul wnevaze. 760 mm vercxlis wylis svetis wnevisas rZe duRs, daaxloebiT +100,2...+100,50C temperaturaze.

gayinvis temperatura. rZe saSualod iyineba -0,54 0C temperaturaze. es maCvenebeli, gamomdinare rZis qimiuri Sedgenilobidan, _0,525..._0,5650C-is farglebSi cvalebadobs.

baqteriociduri Tvisebebi. mowvelidan pirvel-or saaTSi rZeSi mikroorganizmebis raodenoba mcirdeba. amas ganapirobebs am produqtSi fermentebis lipazasa da peroqsidazas, agreTve imunoglobulinebisa da leikocitebis arseboba.

sur. 63. rZis analizatori “Lactoscan”

155

periods, romlis manZilze rZe inarCunebs baqteriocidur Tvisebebs uwodeben baqteriocidur fazas. am fazis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia rZis mikrofloriT moTesvilobis xarisxze da temperaturaze. Tu rZes gavacivebT +40C-mde, is baqteriocidul Tvisebebs inarCunebs 24 sT- is, 00C-ze ki 48 sT-is ganmavlobaSi.

rZis higiena termin rZis higienis qveS igulisxmeba ucxo minarevebis Semcveloba,

misi mikrobiologiuri daxasiaTeba, somaturi ujredebis raodenoba da organoleptikuri maCveneblebi.

sisufTavis xarisxi. rZeSi didi raodenobiT meqanikuri minarevebis (Tivis, miwis da nakelis nawilakebi, agre-Tve balani da sxv.) arseboba miuTiTebs wvelisas, pirveladi damuSavebisas da/an transportirebisas higienuri normebis daucvelobaze.

meqanikuri minarevebiT dabinZurebis xarisxs sazRvraven 250 ml rZis nimuSis gafiltvriT da filtris qaRaldis Seda-rebiT etalonTan (sur. 64). I jgufis sisufTavis xarisxs akuTvneben rZes, rodesac filtris qaRaldze meqanikuri minarevebi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT ar SeimCneva; II jgufis- rodesac filtris qaRaldze aRiniSneba erTeuli nawilakebi, xolo III jgufis- rodesac filtrze SeimCneva mcire da sakmaod didi zomis minarevebi.

baqteriuli moTesvianoba. dgindeba reduqtazas sinjiT. moTesvi-anobis xarisxis mixedviT rZe iyofa oTx klasad:

I klasi, 1 ml rZeSi 300 aTasze naklebi baqteriaa (kargi) , II klasi 500 aTasidan 4 mln-mde baqteria (damakmayofilebeli) , I I I klasi 4 –dan 20 mln-mde baqteria (cudi) d a IV klasi 20 mln-ze meti baqteria (Zlier cudi) . somaturi ujredebis raodenoba. am maCvenebels gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba mieqca manqanuri wvelis masobrivad SemoRebis Semdeg peri-odSi, vinaidan rZeSi somaturi ujredebis didi raodenoba miuTiTebs furebis mastitiT daavadebaze. janmrTeli furebidan mowvelili nakrebi rZis 1 mm3-Si somaturi ujredebis maqsimaluri raodenoba ar unda aRema-tebodes 500 aTass. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es maCvenebeli ufro maRalia, rZe iTvleba saeWvod.

somaturi ujredebis raodenobas adgenen sakontrolo firfitis (ПМК-1) fosoSi 2,5%-iani mastiprimis preparatisa da rZis nimuSis narevis konsistenciis SecvliT Serevidan 60 wamis gasvlis Semdeg. Tu narevma miiRo Jeles konsistencia, 1 ml rZeSi somaturi ujredebis raodenoba 500 aTasidan 1 mln- mdea da miganiSnebs, rom nakreb rZeSi Sereulia mastitiT daavadebuli furebis rZe;

praqtikaSi popularoba moipova mastitiani rZis gamovlenis meore meTodma, e.w. “kalifornia mastit test”-ma. ra drosac specialur firfi-taze gansazRvruli raodenobis CMT koncentratis 2,5%-ani samuSao xsnars da rZes ureven erTmaneTSi da akvirdebian narevis mdgomareobas:

sur. 64. rZis sisufTavis xarisxis dasadgeni etaloni

156

a) nareevi Tu Txieri darCa, nakreb rZeSi mastitiani furebis rZe ar aris Sereuli; b) narev-ma Tu lorwosmagvari an Jelesmagvari konsis-tencia miiRo, aRiniSneba mastitis kvali (daava-debulia furebis umniSvnelo raodenoba); g) Tu narevma miiRo Jelesmagvari konsistencia, savara-udod furebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRiniSneba mastiti da d) Tu narevi SerevisTanave sqeldeba da iRebs Semkvrivebul Jelesmagvar konsistencias, fermis furebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRiniSneba mastitis mwvave forma;

rZis keTilsaimedoba. saR rZes ar unda hqondes ucxo suni, gemo da ar unda Seicavdes sakvebwarmoebaSi gatarebuli agroteqnikuri RinisZi-ebebisas gamoyenebuli Sxamqimikatebis, agreTve samkurnalwamlo prepara-tebis, gansakuTrebiT ki antibiotikebis naSTs. rZeSi dauSvebelia mZime metalebis zRvrul koncentraciaze met odenobis Semcveloba.

es nivTierebebi ara marto saSiSia adamianebis janmrTelobisaTvis, aramed sagrZnoblad scvlian rZis fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebs da auarese-ben misgan damzadebuli produqtebis xarisxsa da sasaqonlo saxes.

wvelis Semdeg rZe ganicdis cvlilebebs, romlis mimarTuleba damokidebulia dabinZurebis saxeze. magaliTad, rZemJava baqteriebis mox-vedrisas rZe mJavdeba, erbomJava baqteriebis SemTxvevaSi ki mZaRdeba. pirveladi damuSavebisas rZeSi SeiZleba moxvdes adamianis janmrTelo-bisaTvis saSiSi mikroorganizmebi, maT Soris nawlavis Cxiris jgufis baqteriebi, romelic iwvevs kuW-nawlavis sistemis mwvave daavadebas.

rZis pirveladi damuSaveba

wvelis damTavrebisTanave rZe gadaaqvT sarZeveSi sadac awonviT, an sxvadasxva konstruqciis rZismzomiT sazRvraven mis raodenobas.

gafiltvra. gafiltvris mizania rZeSi Sereuli meqanikuri minarevebis mocileba. fermis pirobebSi rZes fil-traven specialur sawurSi (sur. 66) Cafenili bambis filtriT an 2-3 fenad dakecili marliT. rZis msxvil sawar-moebSi am mizniT gamoiyeneba separa-torebi.

gaciveba. rZe Tu ar gavaciveT, is oTaxis temperaturaze 2_3 sT-Si dam-Javdeba. dabali temperatura sakmaod xangrZlivad uzrunvelyofs rZis Tvise-bebis SenarCunebas. zafxulSi rZe unda gacivdes +4...+60C, zamTarSi ki- +8...+100C temperaturamde. gacivebis temperatura gavlenas axdens rZis Senaxvis xangr-Zlivobaze (cxrili 28).

rZes aciveben wyliT an samacivro danadgariT. wyliT gacivebisas Sevsebul maTaras Cadgamen gamdinare wylis avzSi da procesis daCqa-rebis mizniT rZes sareviT periodulad, saaTSi erTxel mainc ureven. wyali unda Sediodes avzis qveda zonidan da gamodiodes mis zeda

sur.65. “kalifornia mastit test”-is tes-tirebis firfita

sur. 66. rZis sawuri

cxrili 28. rZis Senaxvis xangrZlivobis damokidebuleba

gacivebis temperaturaze gacivebis tem-peratura, 0C

Senaxvis xang-rZlivoba, sT

+8...+10 6_12 +6...+8 12_18 +4...+5 18_24

157

nawilSi. avzis SigniTa sigane unda iyos 0,8 m, simaRle- 0,6 m, xolo sigrZe damokidebulia Casadgmeli maTarebis raodenobaze. wyliT rZe SeiZleba gavacioT +3...+40C-mde. gacivebul rZes inaxaven tankSi an

rezervuar- TermosSi. pasterizeba. im SemTxvevaSi, rode-

sac naxiri arakeTilsaimedoa gadamdeb daavadebebze, an kidev rodesac rZes fermidan pirdapir agzavnian sarealiza-ciod, aucilebelia misi pasterizeba. misi mizania paTogenuri da Sxamwar-momqmneli mikrofloris daxocva, agreTve rZis fermentebis inaqtivacia.

pasterizeba SeiZleba iyos xangr-Zlivi, xanmokle da momentaluri. xang-rZlivi pasterizebisas rZes acxeleben +63...+650C temperaturamde da ayovneben 30 wT, xanmokle pasterizebisas, Sesa-bamisad, +72...+760C-mde 15_20 wm, xolo

momentaluri pasterizebisas +85...+900C‐ mde dayovnebis gareSe. sterilizacia. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saWiroa rZis sterilizacia,

rac niSnavs am produqtis +1000C-ze ufro maRal temperaturamde gacxe-lebas, sxvadasxva xangrZlivobis dayovnebiT. sterilizaciisas ixoceba baqteriebis rogorc vegetaturi formebi, aseve maTi sporebic.

rZis daxarisxeba. CvenSi rZis xarisxs afaseben standartiT, romlis mixedviT is unda iyos naturaluri, janmrTeli cxovelebisgan miRebuli, axali, mowvelis Semdeg gafiltruli da +100C temperaturamde gacive-buli, ferad _ TeTri an Ria moyviTalo, ar unda dahkavdes ucxo gemo da suni.

fizikur-qimiuri da mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT rZis daxarisxebis standartiT dadgenilia moTxovnebi misi mJavianobis, sisuf-Tavis da baqteriuli moTesvilobis xarisxis mixedviT (cxrili 29).

evrogaerTianebis standartiT xarisxiani rZis 1 ml- Si dasaSve-bia 300 aTasamde mikro-bis da 500 aTasamde somaturi ujredebis arseboba. aseve, limiti-rebulia mZime metale-bis, antibiotikebis naS-Tis, da hormonaluri preparatebis Semcvelo-ba.

rZis transporti-reba gadamamuSavebel sawarmomde SeiZleba maTarebiT, an specialuri avtocisterniT. amasTan, mWidrod daxuruli maTarebiT rZis gadatana sasurvelia mxolod dRe-Ramis gril periodSi. sicxeSi transpor-tirebisas maTarebs unda gadavafaroT sveli brezenti, gaTibuli mwvane balaxi, namja an sxva saSualeba, romelic daicavs rZes swrafad gaTbobisagan.

cxrili 29. sarealizacio rZis xarisxze wayenebuli moTxovnebi

xarisxi maCveneblebi I II

uxa-risxo

mJavianoba, ara umetes 0T 16_18 16_20 21

sisufTavis xarisxis jgu-fi, etalonis mixedviT, aranaklebi

I II III

baqteriebiT moTesilobis klasi reduqtazas sinjis mixedviT, aranaklebi

I II III

sur. 67. Ria tipis rZis gasa‐civebeli abazana УОМ 1000

158

rZis separireba

rZeSi cximi 3-5 mikroni diametris cilis garsiT dafaruli burTu-lebis saxiT Sewonawonebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. cximis kuTri masa saSualod 0,92 g/sm3- s udris, rZis danarCeni nawilis (ucximo rZis)- 1,034-s. aseTi sxvaobis gamo, WurWelSi mdgar rZeSi cximis burTulebi amotiv-tivdebian mis zedapirul fenaSi. am gziT SesaZlebelia cximisa da rZis danarCeni nawilis erTmaneTisagan dacileba da primitiuli wesiT naRebis miReba. aseTi wesiT naRebis dawdomis Semdeg moxdil rZeSi cximi mainc sakmaod didi raodenobiT (1%-mde) rCeba.

am procesis gaiolebis, cximis gamosavlianobis gadidebis da Sro-mis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis mizniT Seqmnilia centridanuli Zalis principiT momqmedi danadgarebi, separatorebi.

rZis miwodebisa da gamodinebis (gamoSvebis) mixedviT, separa-torebi iyofa sam jgufad: 1. Ria, ra drosac erTis mxriv rZis miwodeba, meores mxriv ki naRebisa da moxdili rZis gamodinebis procesi Riaa; 2. naxevrad daxuruli- rZis Ria miwodebiT da naRebisa da moxdili rZis daxuruli gamodinebiT da 3. daxuruli (hermetuli)- specialuri tumbos meSveobiT rZis daxuruli miwodebiT da naRebisa da moxdili rZis daxuruli gamodinebiT.

wvril sawarmoebSi, rogorc wesi, iyeneben Ria, calkeul SemTxve-vaSi ki naxevrad daxurul separatorebs.

separatoris muSa meqanizmi Sedgeba horizontaluri lilvisagan, romelsac gareTa boloze aqvs borbali, fraqciuli centridanuli quriT da xraxniani TvaliT. am ukanasknelis saSualebiT brunviTi moZra-oba gadaecema vertikalur lilvs an TiTistars. lilvis boloSi moTavsebulia mbrunavi dolabi.

mimRebidan (1, nax. 68) rZe miewodeba mbrunav TefSs, romlidan arxebiT nel-nela adis maRla da nawil-deba TefSebs Soris arsebul sivrceSi. arxidan gamosvlisas, centridanuli Zalis moqmedebiT rZe iyofa naRebad da danarCen fraqciad. naRebi, rogorc msu-buqi fraqcia adis maRla, grovdeba zeda gamyofi TefSis SigniTa mxareze da arxis saSualebiT gadmoedineba naRebis mimReb-Si. moxdili rZe, rogorc ufro mZime fraqcia, moZraobs sapirispiro mimarTu-lebiT da grovdeba qvemo TefSebs Soris sivrceSi, aqedan ki moxdili rZis mim-RebSi. amdenad, separatoris Sesabamisi milyelebidan (2, 3) naRebi da cximgac-lili rZe gadmoedineba cal-calke.

rZidan cximis mocilebis xarisxze gavlenas axdens rZis sisufTave, mJavi-anoba da temperatura, agreTve separato-ris dolis brunvis siswrafe.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac rZe Zlier dabinZurebulia meqanikuri minarevebiT, agreTve Tu misi mJavianoba maRalia, moxdil rZeSi cximis raodenoba normaze maRalia, xolo Seda-rebiT maRali temperatura (+40...+450C), xels uwyobs separirebis process.

sur. 68. 100 l/sT gamtar-

unarianobis Ria tipis

separatori

1

3

2

159

naRebi. aris rZis koncentrirebuli cximovani nawili. is, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba araJnisa da karaqis dasamzadeblad, agreTve cximis mixedviT rZis normalizebisaTvis, nayinis da sxvadasxva sasmelebis dasamzadeb-lad, an kidev uSualod sakvebad. naRebi SeiZleba Seicavdes 35, 20 da 10% cxims. 35 da 20% cximian sakveb naRebs pasterizebas ukeTdeben +85...+870C, xolo 10% cximians- +78...+800C temperaturaze.

sasmeli rZis da rZemJava produqtebis warmoeba

sasmel rZes yofen cximianobis, gadamuSavebis xerxis, Semavseblebis Semcvelobisa da dafasoebis saxis mixedviT.

temperaturuli damuSavebis xarisxidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben pasterizebul, maRal temperaturaze dayovnebul (mdnar) da sterilize-bul rZes.

pasterizebuli rZe. ewodeba iseT rZes, romelic Termulad damuSa-vebulia +1000C- ze ufro dabal temperaturaze da gacivebulia swrafad. misi warmoebis teqnologiuri procesi Sedgeba Semdegi operaciebisagan: rZis miReba daxarisxeba gafiltvra normalizeba pasteri-zeba gaciveba Camosxma daxufva Senaxva transportireba.

gadamamuSavebel sawarmoSi rZis miReba xdeba misi organoleptiku-ri, fizikur-qimiuri da mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTan, rZis simkvrive ar unda iyos 1,027g/sm3- ze, xolo cximianoba 3,2%-ze naklebi, is ar unda Seicavdes ucxo nivTierebebs- gamaneitraleblebs, konservantebs, Sxam-qimikatebs, antibiotikebs da sxv. pasterizebuli rZis dasamzadeblad vargisia ara nakleb II xarisxis nedleuli, romlis mJavianoba ar aRemateba 190T- s.

rZis gafiltvra da normalizeba. miRebul rZes meqanikuri an sxva minarevebisagan gawmendis mizniT atareben rZis gamwmendSi an filtrSi. rZis normalizebas ukeTeben cximis Semcvelobaze, ra mizniTac gamoiye-neba qvemoT CamoTvlilidan erT-erTi xerxi:

1. cximis didi raodenobiT Semcveli rZis dabalcximianTan SereviT;

2. cximis didi raodenobiT Semcvel rZeze moxdili rZis damatebiT; 3. rZis nawilis separirebiT an misi specialuri normalizatoriT

damuSavebiT. 4. dabalcximian rZeze naRebis damatebiT. pasterizeba da gaciveba. gamoiyeneba pasterizebis sxvadasxva reJimi

(ix. rZis pirveladi damuSaveba), romlis SerCeva xdeba sawarmos teqni-kuri aRWurvilobidan gamomdinare. yve-la SemTxvevaSi man unda uzrunvelyos rZeSi arsebuli mikrobebis arasporo-vani formebis daxocva.

pasterizebis damTavrebisTanave rZe swrafad unda gacivdes ise, rom misi temperatura ar aRematebodes +60C- s.

Camosxma, daxufva da Senaxva. pas-terizebul da gacivebul rZes Camo-asxamen didi tevadobis sxvadasxva WurWelSi, agreTve sxvadasxva tevado-bis minis an polieTilenis erTjerad boTlebSi da qaRaldis paketebSi.

rZian cisternebsa da maTarebs xuraven xufiT, luqaven da akraven eti-

sur. 69. kameCis pasterize-

buli rZe (israeli)

160

kets. minis boTlebs xufaven aluminis kafsulebiT an parafinirebuli muyaos rgolebiT, romlebzec amotvifraven produqtis dasaxelebas, gamoSvebis TariRs, tevadobas, da teqnikuri pirobebisadmi Sesabamisobas.

msxvil sawarmoebSi sasmeli rZis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli pro-cesebi xorcieldeba daxurul sistemaSi, nakaduri wesiT. am miznisaTvis sazRvargareTis qveynebis mrewveloba uSvebs sxvadasxva konstruqciisa da mwarmoeblurobis kompleqsur mowyobilobebs.

rZemJava produqtebis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia rZemJava produqtebi mzaddeba rZemJava baqteriebis sufTa culture-

biT rZis an naRebis SemJavebiT, safuarebis an ZmarmJava baqteriebis dama-tebiT an maT gareSe. gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, ZiriTadad uSveben sami saxis rZemJava produqtebs: 1. Txevadi da naxevrad Txevadi konsisten-ciis (mawoni, kefiri, prostokvaSa, acidofilini, acidofiluri rZe, kumi-si), 2. cximis didi raodenobiT Semcveli (araJani) da 3. cilis didi raodenobiT Semcveli (xaWo da misi nawarmi).

Txevadi da naxevrad Txevadi rZemJava produqtebi. mzaddeba moux-deli, moxdili, aRdgenili-mouxdeli an moxdili-mSrali rZidan. maTi damzadebis teqnologiuri procesebi sakmaod msgavsia da Sedgeba Semdegi rgolebisagan: rZis daxarisxeba (SerCeva) pasterizeba daxufva Sededeba gaciveba Senaxva.

rZes pasterizeba xdema +80...+900C temperaturaze, rac aucilebelia ferment lipazas inaqtivaciisaTvis. garda amisa, maRal temperaturamde gacxelebisas miiRweva kazeinis hidrataciis maRali xarisxi, cila Zlier ijirjveba, rac xels uwyobs ufro mkvrivi konsistenciis mza nawarmis miRebas.

TiToeuli saxis rZemJava produqtisaTvis saWiroa konkretuli baq-teriuli dedo, romelic unda iyos axali, standartisa da teqnikuri moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi.

sawarmoebi baqteriul dedos mSrali fxvnilis an abis saxiT iZenen. Cadedebis win aucilebelia misi “gacocxleba”. amisaTvis WurWelSi asxa-men moxdil rZes, romelsac pasterizaciis mizniT acxeleben +950C tempe-raturamde da am temperaturaze ayovneben 10 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg rZes aciveben Sededebis temperaturamde, xsnian masSi mSral dedos, WurWels zemodan afareben ramdenime fenad dakecil dolbands, gadaaqvT TermostatSi da axaneben vidre ar Sededeba. procesi, rogorc wesi, grZeldeba 14-20 sT. amasTan, pirvel oTx saaTSi rZes yovel saaTSi erTxel sWirdeba moreva.

am gziT iReben pirvelad dedos, magram, vinaidan masSi baqteriebi jer kidev saTanadod ar aran aqtiuri, aucilebelia 1-2- jer gadaTesva. amisaTvis iReben saTanado temperaturis 2 l moxdil rZes, amateben 100 ml, anu rZis moculobis 5% pirvelad dedos, kargad moureven da aCere-ben TermostatSi. 8_10 saaTis Semdeg warmoiqmneba meoradi dedos mkvrivi Senadedi, romelsac eqneba sasiamovno gemo da suni.

samuSao anu sawarmoo dedos mosamzadeblad rZeSi SeaqvT 5% meora-di dedo da ayovneben TermostatSi. rZe Sededdeba 6-8 sT-Si. nadedi unda iyos haeris buStukebis gareSe, mkvrivi da erTgvarovani konsistenciis. mas eqneba rZemJava suni da gemo, xolo mJavianoba miaRwevs 95-1100T-s.

Casadedebel rZes agrileben sasurvel temperaturamde, SeaqvT masSi 5% (2-dan 10% mde) samuSao dedo, gulmodgined aureven, asxamen boTlSi,

161

qilaSi, bidonSi an sxva WurWelSi, xufaven da gadaaqvT TermostatSi, an daaTbuneben. rZe normalur pirobebSi 3_6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Cadeddeba.

Sededebul produqts, gamomdinare saxidan, +2...+100C-mde aciveben. aseTi temperaturaze is SeiZleba SevinaxoT sami dRe-Rame.

produqtis konsistenciaze da sagemovno Tvisebebze kargad moqme-debs dabal temperaturaze 12_18 saaTis ganmavlobaSi gaCereba. ra dro-sac rZemJava baqteriebis ganviTareba neldeba, magram sxva saxis baqte-riebi aqtiurdebian da produqts aromatsa da specifikur gemos aZleven. rZemJava produqtebis aseT dayovnebas momwifeba ewodeba.

mawvnis damzadebis teqnologia. CvenSi mawoni uZvelesi droidan aris cnobili da, SeiZleba iTqvas, tradiciuli sakvebi produqtia. mas amzadeben Zroxis, kameCis, Txis da cxvris mouxdeli, aranakleb me-2 xarisxis rZidan, romlis mJavianoba ar aRemateba 190T-s, xolo simkvrive 1,029 g/sm3-a. mawoni SeiZleba damzaddes rZis fxvnilidan.

qarxnuli wesiT damzadebuli mawoni gamodis 3,2, 2,5, 1,5 da 1%-iani cximianobiT.

pasterizebis mizniT mawvnis dasamzadebel rZes acxeleben +92...+950C temperaturamde da ayovneben 5_10 wuTi. aucilebeli operaciaa rZis homo-genizireba, rac xels uwyobs produqciis erTgvarovnebas da Tavidan gva-cilebs cximis gamoyofas. homogenizireba, Cveulebriv, xdeba pasterizaci-asTan erTad.

pasterizebiul rZes aciveben +42...+450C temperaturamde, masSi SeaqvT rZis saerTo raodenobis 2_3% dedo da am teperaturaze ayovneben 3-4 sT. Senadedi unda iyos mkvrivi, Sratis gamoyofis gareSe, damaxasiaTebeli sasiamovno gemoTi da aromatiT.

mawons acieben 0...+60C temperaturamde, ra drosac mezofiluri baqte-riebis moqmedebiT Canadedi mkvrivdeba, xolo specifikuri aromati da gemo ufro mkveTrad gamoixateba. Zroxis rZis mawvnis mJavianoba Seadgens 80-1050T-s, xolo kameCisa da cxvris rZis- 120-1500T-s.

araJani. mzaddeba naRebis rZismJava duRiliT. naRebis normalizeba xdeba dasamzadebeli araJnis cximianobidan

gamomdinare. normalizebul naRebs +85...+950C-ze ukeTdeba pasterizeba, ris Semdeg mas ahomogenizireben da aciveben Casaded temperaturamde- (zafxulSi +18...+25, xolo zamTarSi +22...+270C). Sesatani dedos raodenoba unda iyos naRebis masis 3-5%. procesi grZeldeba 14-16 sT. pirveli sami saaTis manZilze, saaTSi erTxel naRebs kargad moureven, Semdeg ki daaclian, vidre mJavianoba 65-75 (zafxulSi) an 80-85 (zamTarSi) 0T-s ar miaRwevs. mza produqts aciveben +2...+80C temperaturamde da 24-28 sT-iT ayovneben momwifebis mizniT.

araJani sarealizaciod gamoaqvT rogorc 0,25 da 0,5 kg tevadobis taraSi, aseve asawoni saxiT, 10-20 kg tevadobis maTarebiT.

xaWo. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli cilis didi raodenobiT Semcveli rZis produqtia. mas iReben rZidan iseTi mniSvnelovani komponentebis gamoyofiT, rogoricaa cilebi da cximebi.

savaWro qselSi xaWo gamodis ucximo, agreTve 9 da 18% cximis Semc-velobiT. didi raodenobis cilebisa da cximebis Semcvelobis wyalobiT 1 kg xaWos energetikuli Rirebuleba 9200-9300 kjoulia, xolo ucximo xaWosi- 4500-4600 kjouli. xaWos sakvebad gamoyeneba SeiZleba ara marto naturaluri saxiT, aramed misgan mzaddeba 120- ze meti sxvadasxva dasa-xelebis kerZi, romelTa umetesoba dieturia, aqvs samkurnalo Tviseba da margebelia bavSvebisaTvis.

162

teqnologuri procesi moicavs Semdeg operaciebs: rZis gaTboba

gafiltvra normalizeba pasterizeba gaciveba Cadedeba

dayovneba nadedis damuSaveba. naturaluri rZis pasterizeba xdeba +800C temperaturaze 20-30 wamis

dayovnebiT, xolo rZemJava dedo SeaqvT orkedlian abazanaSi +24...+340C temperaturamde gacivebis Semdeg. Sesatani rZemJava dedos raodenobaa rZis masis 5-8%.

xaWos misaRebad rZes Caadedeben rZemJava dedoTi da/an CakveTaven rZemJava dedos da maWikis fermentis erTdroulad damatebiT. rZemJava dedos damatebiT xaWo mzaddeba rogorc mouxdeli, aseve moxdili rZidan.

dedos Setanis Semdeg rZes kargad moureven da Tbiladve ayovneben 6-8 sT- is ganmavlobaSi. periodis bolosaTvis miiReba nazi da sakmaod mkvrivi nadedi, romlidanac Srati gamoyofili ar aris. kargi nadedis amonatexis gverdebi sworia da misgan gamoyofas iwyebs momwvano elfe-ris Srati. am droisaTvis Canadedis mJavianoba 60-850T- is farglebSia.

Sratis nawilis mosacileblad nadeds Wrian vertikalur da horizontalur daniani cxaviT ise, rom miiRon 2 X 2 zomis kubis formis marcvali, ris Semdeg nadeds 1 sT-iT ayovneben Sratis gamoyofis mizniT. gamoyofil Sratis nawils aclian sifoniT an abazanis qveda nawilSi arsebuli onkanidan gamoSvebiT.

Sratis darCenili nawilis mosacileblad jer mimarTaven nadedis TviTdawnexvas, Semdeg ki iZulebiT dawnexvas. amisaTvis abazanidan nadedi gadaaqvT 7-10 kg tevadobis lavsanis an marlis tomrebSi, moukraven Tavs da deben wnex-urikaze. 1 sT-is manZilze TviTdawnxvis Semdeg tomaras zemodan adeben metalis perforirebul firfitas da wnexis xraxnis moWe-riT mimarTaven iZulebiT dawnexvas, vidre ar miaRweven xaWos kondiciur tenianobas. dawnexvisas saamqroSi haeris temperatura unda iyos +3...+60C.

xaWo malfuWadi produqtia, amitom is rac SeiZleba swrafad unda gavacivoT +3...+80C temperaturamde. sarealizaciod xaWo SeiZleba gaig-zavnos xis an uJangavi metalis taraSi Cadebuli saxiT. ZiriTadad ki mas afasoeben avtomatur an naxevradavtomatur danadgarebze 0,25, 0,5 da 1,0 kg masis marTkuTxedis formiT briketebad da fuTaven qaRaldSi an aliuminis folgaSi.

sawarmoebi, naturaluri xaWosTan erTad uSveben mis safuZvelze saTanado recepturiT damzadebul kvereulebs SaqriT, TafliT, qiSmiSiT, SokoladiT da sxva.

karaqis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia

rZis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi uSveben sxvadasxva asortimentis naRebis karaqs: umarilo, mariliani, glexuri, samoyvarulo, Sokoladis, vologdis.

karaqi mzaddeba garkveul pirobebSi naRebis SedRvebiT. maRali xarisxis karaqis misaRebad naRebi unda akmayofilebdes cxril 30-Si motanil standartul moTxovnebs. amasTan, I da II xarisxis naRebi auci-leblad cal-calke unda gadamuSavdes.

SedRvebisaTvis naRebis momzadeba xdeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: normalizeba pasterizeba gaciveba Cadedeba Sededeba

momwifeba. naRebis aseTi momzadeba uzrunvelyofs gamosaxuli aroma-tis, kargi konsistenciis da Senaxvisadmi gamZle karaqis miRebas.

163

karaqis wyvetilad damamzadebelSi SedRveba normalurad mimdina-reobs, Tu naRebi 32_36% cximianobisaa. ufro Txeli naRebis SedRvebisas mowyobiloba zedmetad itvirTeba da aramwarmoeblurad gamoiyeneba, mcirdeba sawarmoo xazis gamtaroba, SedRvebaze ki didi dro ixarjeba.

cxrili 30. naRebis xarisxis maCveneblebiT cximis % da mJavianoba (T0)

xaris-

xi gemo da suni konsistencia da sisufTave

24 28 33 38

I

motkbo gemo, ucxo gemosa da sunis gareSe

erTgvarovani, normaluri, karaqis grovebisa da meqani-kuri minarevebisagan Tavisu-fali.

16 15 14 13

II odnav gamosaxu-li sakvebis suni da ucxo gemo

erTgvarovani, gvxvdeba karaqis grovebi, meqanikuri minarevebisagan Tavisufali, umniSvnelo Seyinva.

20 19 18 17

normalizeba. sasurveli cximianobis naRebis miReba SesaZlebelia misi normalizebiT: amisaTvis maRalcximian naRebs umateben rZes, dabali cximianobisas ki- maRali cximianobis naRebs.

Serevis gaiolebis mizniT, normalizebis win, naRebs acxeleben +35...+400C-mde, saWiroebisamebr amateben winaswar gamoTvlili raodenobis maRalcximian naRebs an rZes da kargad ureven.

pasterizeba. am operaciis mizania mikrofloris mospoba da fermen-tebis lipazas, peroqsidazasa da proteazas daSla da/an inaqtivacia. reJimis SerCevisas iTvaliswineben naRebis siaxles da mJavianobas, agreT-ve gamosaSvebi karaqis saxes. ase, magaliTad, tkbilnaRebiani da mJavena-Rebiani karaqisaTvis gankuTvnili naRebi pasterizdeba +85...+900C tempera-turaze, dayovnebis gareSe, xolo vologduri karaqis dasamzadeblad gan-kuTvnili- +95...+980C- ze 10_15 wuTi dayovnebiT. rac ufro maRalia naRe-bis mJavianoba, miT dabalia pasterizebis temperatura.

gaciveba da fizikuri momwifeba. pasterizebul naRebs swrafad aciveben 0...+80C temperaturamde da aCereben mosamwifeblad. rac ufro dabalia naRebis temperatura, miT naklebi droa saWiro mis mosamwi-feblad. ase, magaliTad, 00C temperaturaze naRebi mwifdeba 0,5-1,0 sT-Si, xolo +80C temperaturaze amisaTvis saWiroa 8-12 sT.

Cadedeba. momwifebul naRebs Caadedeben sufTa rZemJava baqteriuli kulturebiT. arsebobs Cadedebis ori wesi, xangrZlivi da xanmokle. pirvel SemTxvevaSi naRebSi SeaqvT saerTo masis 5%- mde dedo da axane-ben +14...+160C temperaturaze daaxloebiT 12-16 sT, vidre mJavianoba 30-350T-s ar miaRwevs. mikrobebis moqmedebiT naRebSi mimdinare process bioqi-miuri momwifeba ewodeba. Cadedeba xels uwyobs karaqis xarisxisa da Senaxvisadmi mdgradobis gaumjobesebas.

SeRebva. karaqs moyviTalo elferi unda dahkravdes. amis gamo, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakvebi saRebavi naRebSi SeaqvT SedRvebis win. saRebavis raodenoba damokidebulia wlis droze: gvian Semodgomaze da adre gazafxulze naRebSi arsebul yovel 1 kg cximze SeaqvT 0.5-0.8 ml, xolo zamTarSi 1.0-1.5 ml saRebavi da kargad moureven.

SedRveba. momwifebuli naRebi gadaaqvT sadRvebelSi an karaqis damamzadebelSi, xufs axuraven mWidrod da mohyavT moZraobaSi. pirveli

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3-4 wuTSi sadRvebels 2- jer mainc aCereben da gamoyofil airs gamouS-veben onkanidan. SedRvebisas naRebis temperaturis zomaze metad gadide-bis Tavidan asacileblad sadRvebelSi frTxilad asxamen +4...+50C- mde gacivebul anaduRar wyals.

marcvlis mzadyofnas adgenen saTvalTvale minis daxmarebiT. is SedRvebisas mikruli naRebisagan TeTria, xolo SedRvebis SemTxvevaSi gamWirvale xdeba. SedRvebis damTavrebisTanave xsnian onkans da gamouS-veben dos.

garecxva. mizania dos mTlianad mocileba da marcvlisaTvis sasur-veli simkvrivis micema. gasarecxad Casxmuli wylis raodenoba naRebis masis 50-60% unda iyos. Casxmis Semdeg sadRvebels afareben saxuravs da akeTeben 3-5 bruns, ris Semdeg wyals onkanidan gamouSveben. tkbilnaRe-bian karaqs recxaven erTjer, xolo mJavenaRebians- orjer.

damarileba. mizania: a) karaqisaTvis specifikuri gemos micema da b) Senaxvisadmi mdgradobis gaumjobeseba.

dasamarileblad gamoiyeneba e.w. gamoxarSuli, ”eqstra” xarisxis marili. Setanis win marils +120...+1300C- mde acxeleben.

marilis saWiro raodenobas adgenen SesadRvebad aRebuli naRebis raodenobis, masSi cximis Semcvelobis, doSi cximis Semcvelobis da karaqSi cximis Semcvelobidan gamomdinare. marils saceris daxmarebiT sadRvebelSi karaqis jerkmis zedapirze Tanabrad anawileben. damarile-bisTanave karaqis zeda fenas gadmoiReben da imave wesiT qveda fenasac amarileben. marilis Tanabrad gasanawileblad 20-30 wT-is Semdeg karaqs Caabruneben damamzadebelSi, axuraven saxuravs da nel brunvaze CarTaven dasamuSavebel lilvebs. am dros marilis ganawilebasTan erTad karaqi-dan gamoidevneba Warbi wyali.

formireba da dafasoeba. damarilebul karaqs Rarula lilvebs Soris atareben, ris Sedegad misi marcvlebi erT mTlian jerkmad erTiandeba da Sesa-fuTad moxerxebuli xdeba.

karaqs yofen daaxloebiT 25 kg ulufe-bad, mas aZleven marTkuTxedis formas, fuTaven pergamentis qaRaldSi da deben gofrirebuli muyaos yuTSi. sacalo vaWro-bisaTvis karaqs afasoeben 100- dan 500 g-mde ulufebad, aZleven marTkuTxedis formas da fuTaven pergamentis qaRaldiT, aluminis folgiT an deben polimeruli masalis yuTSi.

Senaxva. karaqi Sesanax sacavSi, an kidev macivarSi, haeris temperatura ar unda aRematebodes +60C- s, xolo far-dobiTi tenianoba 80%-s.

yvelis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia yveli miiReba rZis cila kazeinis fermentuli CakveTis gziT. dRe-

isaTvis msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi amzadeben ramodenime aseuli dasaxelebis yvels. maWikis (pepsinis) yveli konsistenciis mixedviT iyofa rbili da magari yvelis jgufebad.

zogadad yvelis damzadebis teqnologiuri procesi xorcieldeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: rZis miReba daxarisxeba rZis normali-zeba rZis pasterizeba da gaciveba rZis momzadeba rZis Cak-veTa-Cadedeba delamos (CanakveTis) damuSaveba savele masis

suraTi. 70. I xarisxis dafasoebuli karaqi

165

formireba/dayalibeba yvelis damarileba yvelis momwifeba

yvelis Senaxva. daxarisxeba. yvelis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba I da II xarisxis rZe.

amasTan, qimiur SedgenilobasTan erTad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs rZis baqteriuli moTesvianobis xarisxs, agreTve biologiur Tvisebasa da maWikis fermentiT CakveTis unars;

yvelis daamzadeba ar SeiZleba axladmowvelili da +4...+50C tempe-raturamde gacivebuli rZidan. CakveTamde is unda momwifdes ise, rom mJa-vianobam Seadginos 19 – 20 0T.

normalizeba. imis gamo, rom sxvadasxva asortimentis yvelSi rZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba standartiT limitirebulia, xolo rZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba icvleba wlis sezonis, cxovelis jiSis da sxva faqtorebis moqmedebiT, CakveTamde rZes ukeTeben normalizebas. maRali cximianobis SemTxvevaSi naturalur rZes umateben moxdils, xolo dabali cximiano-bisas- tkbil naRebs. konkretuli saxis yvelis dasamzadeblad rZis sasur-vel cximianobas angariSoben tolobiT:

scx = (cl X k X ycx) : 100, (%-Si), sadac - scx - aris sasurveli cximianobis rZe (%), - cl - rZeSi cilis Semcveloba (%), - k - koeficienti; mSral nivTierebaSi 50% cximis Semcveli yvelisaT-vis k = 2,09... 2,15-is, 40% cximianobis yvelisaTvis ki k = 1,9-is;

- ycx – yvelSi cximis Semcveloba standartis mixedviT (%); pasterizeba da gaciveba. yveli mzaddeba +70...+740C temperaturamde

myisierad pasterizebuli rZidan. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac rZe miRebulia janmrTeli cxovelebidan, Semowmebulia veterinariuli zedamxedvelebis mier, kargi xarisxisaa da miRebulia sanitariul-veterinariuli moTxov-nebis dacviT, daSvebulia yvelis damzadeba umi rZidan.

Cadedeba-CakveTa. dedos Setana xdeba +32...+360C temperaturis rZeSi. baqteriuli dedos raodenoba unda iyos rZis raodenobis 0,3-0,6%. misi Setanis mizania rZeSi, agreTve yvelis momwifebisa da Senaxvisas mikro-biologiuri procesebis gaaqtiureba.

yveli dayalibebis da momwifebis procesSi rom ar gaiberos da ar dakargos sasaqonlo saxe, yovel 100 kg Casadedebel rZes umateben 30 g gvarjilas.

imisaTvis, rom wlis yvela sezonSi damzadebul yvels hqondes erTnairi feri, teqnikuri moTxovnebiT yovel 100 kg rZes zafxulSi uma-teben 1-5, zamTarSi ki 5-10 ml mcenareuli saRebavs da kargad moureven.

imis gamo rom pasterizebisas mineraluri nivTierebebis nawili gamoiyofa naleqis saxiT, rZe Zalian cudad ikveTeba. amis gamosasworeblad pasterizebul rZes umateben qlorian kalciumis an erTCanacvlebuli fosforemJava kalciumis xsnars, yovel 100 kg rZeze 10_50 g-is angariSiT.

rZis CasakveTad gamoiyeneba maWikis fermenti, pepsini da qimozini. CasakveTi xsnari mzaddeba gamoyenebamde 5 sT-iT adre. misi ares aqtiuri reaqcia unda iyos Zlier mJave- pH =1,3-1,4- s.

kveTis saWiro raodenoba ganisazRvreba specialuri xelsawyoTi. rZeSi SeaqvT imdeni raodenobis kveTi, rom is Sededdes 30 wT-Si. kveTis Setanidan 20 wT-Si aucilebelia rZe SevamowmoT CanakveTis xarisxis dasadgenad. amisaTvis Spatels CauSveeben CanakveTSi, amoiReben delamos fenas da akvirdebian: normalur CanakveTs mawvnis Sexeduleba unda

166

hqondes, gansazRvruli simkvriviTa da drekadobiT. rZis CakveTa unda damTavrdes 30-40 wT-Si.

delamos damuSaveba. gulisxmobs delamos daWras, marcvlis dayene-bas, mis morevas, Semagrebasa da gaSrobas.

daWra xdeba horizontaluri da vertikaluri simebiani liriT, an danebiT (sur. 71) ise, rom miviRoT kubis formis 5-6 mm an muxudos zomis marcvali. marcvlis gamosaSrobad narevs ureven liriT da, parale-lurad, meored acxeleben +38...+400C temperaturamde. am temperaturaze 10-15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZoben marcvlis Srobas (morevas).

mzaobis dasadgenad iReben erT muWa masas da magrad wuraven. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac nawuri masa TiTebis gasmiT ar igliseba, aramed imarcvleba, iTvleba, rom marcvali mzadaa. amis Semdeg more-vas aCereben da marcvlis fskerze dasaleqad 10_15 wuTis ganmavlo-baSi axaneben.

sayvele masis dayalibeba/ formireba. yvels ayalibeben aba-zanaSi. amisaTvis sayvele masas jer moagroveben abazanis erT-erT kuTxeSi da dawnexaven 1 kg Zalis dawoliT. Semdeg mas Wrian Seda-rebiT mcire zomis naWrebad (gamomdinare yvelis Tavis sasurve-

li masidan), gadaaqvT naWris parkSi da wuraven. gawurvisas gamoidevneba narCeni Sratis nawili, marcvlebi mTliandebian da yvels garkveuli forma eZleva. gawurvis Semdeg yvels parkianad an mis gareSe aTavseben liTonis yalibSi da yovel 5-10 wT-Si erTxel (sul 3-4- jer) gadaab-runeben. am gziT yvelis TviTdawnexva grZeldeba 6-8 sT, ra drosac haeris temperatura unda iyos +14...+160C.

yvelis formirebis procesis daCqarebis mizniT gamoiyeneba speci-aluri wnexebi.

dawnexil yvels ukeTdeba niSandeba da is gadaaqvT dasamarilebel saamqroSi. damarileba aumjobesebs yvelis gemos, aZlevs mas sasiamovno aromats da garkveuli doniT aregulirebs mikrobiologiuri, fermen-tuli da fizikur-qimiuri procesebis mimdinareobas.

dasamarilebeli waTxi mzaddeba mJave Sratze, romelsac mocile-buli aqvs e.w. Sratis cilebi. yvels jer deben 15-16% koncentraciis, 14-20 dRis Semdeg ki is gadaaqvT 20-22% koncentraciis waTxSi. amdagvarad damarilebul yvelSi marilis koncentracia 4-5%-is farglebSia.

yvelis momwifeba. dayalibebuli da dawnexili yvelis konsistencia araelastikuria, is TeTri ferisaa, gemo da suni ki naklebad gamok-veTili aqvs. momwifebul yvels aqvs specifikuri- sasiamovno suni da gemo, konsistencia elastikuria, moyviTalo elferisaa da gadanaWerze garkveuli naxatoba (”Tvlebi”) SeimCneva. aseT cvlilebebs yveli ganic-dis momwifebis procesSi.

pirveli 30 dRe yvels amwifeben +13...+150C temerpaturis da 92-95% fardobiTi tenianobis sacavSi. Semdeg is gadaaqvT +10...+120C temperatu-risa da 88-90% tenianobis sacavSi, sadac amwifeben saTanado kondiciis

sur. 71. delamos dasaWreli lira (а) da danebi (б)

167

miRwevamde. rogorc wesi, yvelis momwifeba grZeldeba 40 dRe. mas aqvs sada zedapiri da ovaluri cilindris forma. sxvadasxva asortimentis yvelis Tavis zomebi, forma da masa, agreTve konsistencia da qimiuri Sedgeniloba regulirdeba standartiT da/an teqnikuri pirobebiT.

Senaxva. xangrZlivad Senaxvisas yvelis Sesanax sacavSi temperatura unda iyos 0...+20C, xolo xanmokle Senaxvisas dasaSvebia +2...+80C. magari yvelis Senaxvis vadaa 8 Tve, rbili yvelis 4 Tvemde, xolo Sveicarulis erT welze meti. momwifebuli yveli -50C temperaturaze SeiZleba Sevi-naxoT 18 Tvis manZilze. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom aseTi tempera-tura uzrunvelyofs yvelis sensoruli da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis SenarCunebas. sakontrolo kiTxvebi:

• ra maCveneblebiT gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis rZe erTmaneTisagan?

• romeli sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelis rZe Seicavs yvelaze met mSral nivTierebas, cxims, cilas?

• siTburi damuSavebis romeli reJimebi gamoiyeneba rZis pasteri-zebisas?

• ra maCveneblebiT ramden xarisxad yofen rZes?

• rogor sazRvraven rZis mokrobuli moTesvilobis xarisxs?

• ra TanamimdevrobiT mimdinareobs xaWos damzadebis teqnologiuri operaciebi?

• romel Txevad da naxevrad mkvriv rZemJava produqtebs icnobT?

• SedRvebisaTvis naRebis momzadebis operaciebi rogori Tanamim-devrobiT xorcieldeba?

• rogori TanamimdebvrobiT mimdinareobs yvelis damzadebis teqno-logiuri operaciebi?

• rogor sazRvraven yvelis CasakveTi dedos raodenobas?

• ra cvlilebebs ganicdis yveli momwifebisas?

• rogori unda iyos rbili, magari da Sveicaruli yvelis Senaxvis pirobebi da vadebi?

literatura: 1. rZis miReba da pirveladi damuSaveba. meToduri miTiTeba. Tbilisi, 2003; 2. n.lipatovi, z.cqitiSvili- rZisa da rZis produqtebis teqnologia,

1984. 3. К.К.Горбатова- Биохимия молока и молочных продуктов. Изд. "Легкая и пищевая

промышленность", М., 2004; 4. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под общей

редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;

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T a v i 13. xorcis gadamuSavebis teqnologia

miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qveynebis mcxovrebTa moTxovni-leba yoveldRiuri ulufis Sedgenilobasa da xasiaTze sakmaod gansxva-vebulia, rogorc wesi, masSi xorcsa da xorcis produqtebs wamyvani adgili ukavia.

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis pirveladi gadamuSavebis ZiriTadi produqtia xorci (tanxorci), romelic warmoadgens kunTovani, cximovani da SemaerTebeli qsovilebis organulad dakavSirebul erTobliobas. es qsovilebi sxvadasxva saxeobis, jiSis, sqesis, asakis da nakvebobis cxo-velTa da frinvelTa tanxorcSi metad gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia maTi xorcis qimiuri Sedgeniloba (cxrili 31) biologi-uri Rirebuleba da sensoruli Tvisebebi.

xorcis kvebiTi Rirebulebas axasiaTeben cilebis, cximebis, minera-luri nivTierebebis, vitaminebis da sxva biologiurad aqtiuri nivTi-erebebis raodenobiT, urTierT SefardebiT da adamianis organizmis mier am nivTierebebis aTvisebadobiT.

Tavis mxriv, xorcis biologiur Rirebulebas gansazRvravs masSi Seuc-vladi aminmJavebis, agreTve mono da poligaujerebe-li cximmJavebis, vitami-nebisa da zogierTi sxva biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis Semcveloba, romelTa miRebis gareSe adamianis organizmSi mosalodnelia Seuqcevadi uaryofiTi procesebis ganviTareba.

cxovelebis dakvlisas xorcTan erTad miiReba sakvebi da teqnikuri subproduqtebi. sakvebi subproduqtebi marTalia kvebiTi RirebulebiT Camouvardebian xorcs, magram garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvT rogorc sxva-dasxva nivTierebebis didi raodenobiT Semcvel sakveb produqtebs. aseve, mniSvnelovania teqnikuri subproduqtebi- tyavi, sisxli, nawlavebi, Zvlebi da sxva, romelTa gamoyeneba rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve sanita-ruli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania.

saxorce cxovelis/frinvelis nakveboba

saxorce pirutyvis sabazro Rirebulebas gansazRvravs is, Tu ra raodenobisa da xarisxis produqtebis miReba aris mosalodneli misgan dakvlisas.

dadgenilia, rom sxeulis garegnuli formebiT, nakvebobiT, anu nasuqobis xarisxiT sakmaod zustad SeiZleba msjeloba cxovelis moma-val saxorce produqtiulobaze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, garegnuli daTva-liereba da sxeulis garkveuli adgilebis xeliT mosinjva safuZvlad udevs cxovelis sicocxleSive misi mosalodneli saklavi produqti-ulobis dadgenis principebs, romlis mixedviT gansazRvrulia minimaluri moTxovnebi.

cocxali cxovelis da frinvelis yidva-gayidvisas mxareebs Soris urTierTobas aregulireben normatiuli dokumentebi (kanoni, standarti

cxrili 31. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis xorcis qimiuri Sedgeniloba

qimiuri Sedgeniloba, % xorcis saxe wyali cilebi cximebi nacariZroxis 66.4-70.6 18.7-20.0 8.3-14.0 0.9-1,1

54.0-55.1 16.5-17.2 26.8-28.0 0.9-1.0 Roris: -sabekone -saxorce 51,0-51.8 14.0-15.0 32.8-33.5 0,8-0.9

cxvris 67.2-69.4 15.6-19.8 9.9-16.4 0.8-0.9 qaTmis 61.9-69.1 18.7-20.8 8.8-18.4 1.0-1.2 indauris 57.6-65.2 19.5-21.5 12.2-22.0 0.9-1.1 batis 45.0-54.4 7.0-15.2 27.7-39.0 0.8-0.9 ixvis 45.9-57.7 15.8-17.2 24.4-38.0 0.7-0.9

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da misT.). amasTan, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi cxovelTa saxorce produqtiulo-bis donis Sesafaseblad sxvadasxva sistemaa SemoRebuli, magram yvela maTganSi etalonad aRebulia cxovelis nakvebobis (nasuqobis) xarisxi, romelis gviCvenebs cocxal organizmSi kunTovani da cximovani qsovi-lebis ganviTarebis dones.

cxovelis/frinvelis nakvebobis gansazRvrisas garegnuli daTvali-erebiT fasdeba sxeulis forma, xeliT moisinjeba kunTovani qsovilis ganviTareba, sxeulis sxvadasxva wertilSi kanqveSa qonis grovebis arse-boba, agreTve xerxemlis zurgisa da welis nawilis malebis dorsaluri morCebis kunTebs qvemodan gamoCenis done da sxv.

am gziT sakmaod detalurad Sefasebis, agreTve asakisa da cocxa-li masis dadgenis Semdeg cxovelebs yofen klasebad- nakvebobis katego-riebad, romlis mixedviT ganisazRvreba maTi Rirebuleba. saqme is aris, rom rac ufro ganviTarebuli aqvs cxovels kunTovani da cximovani qsovilebi, miT ufro ukeTesia misi saklavi produqtiuloba, maT Soris tanxorcis gamosavali, masSi rbilobis (xorcis Wamadi nawilis) raode-noba da xarisxomrivi maCveneblebi.

aSS-Si dasaklav zrdasrul furebs nakvebobis mixedviT yofen rva klasad: I- prima (umaRlesi), II- choise (rCeuli), III- guud- (kargi), IV-standard (standartuli), V- commercial (komerciuli) VI- utility (rigiTi), VII- cutter (saZexve) da VI- canner (sakonserve); amave qveyanaSi xbos yofen eqvs klasad,

gasuqebul dakodil mozvrebs ki xuT klasad (sur. 72). evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi dasaklav Rors nakvebobis mixedviT yofen 5 kategoriad.

CvenSi, saxorce cxovelebis nakvebobis kategoriebad dayofa xdeba Zveli, yofili ssrk-s dros miRebuli standartebiT, romlis mixedviT: Zroxeulis oTxi sxvadasxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis cxovelebi nakvebobis mixedviT iyofa or (pirvel da meore) kategoriad, cxvari da Txa 3- umaRles, saSualo da saSualoze dabal kategoriad, Rori 5- I, II, III, IV da V kategoriad, yvela saxeobis frinveli ki or- I da II kategoriad. yvela saxeobisa da nakvebobis kategoriis dasak-lavi cxovelebisaTvis minima-luri moTxovnebi motanilia Sesabamis standartebSi.

dasaklavi pirutyvis/frinvelis transportireba

qveynis geografiuli Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, agreTve drois ekonomiisa da cocxali masis danakargebis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT CvenSi cxovelebi upiratesad gadayavT avtomanqanebiT. dasaklavi pirut-

umaRlesi rCeuli

kargi standartuli

rigiTi

sur. 72. dakodili mozvrebis nakve-

bobis kategoriebi, USAD-is mixedviT

170

yvis gadayvana, aseve, SeiZleba gadarekviT, sarkinigzo da sazRvao trans-portiT.

sworad transportirebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs cocxali masis “danakargebis” minimumamde Semcirebis, xorcis xarisxis SenarCunebisa cxovelTa daavadebebis gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebis TvalsazrisiT. saqme is aris, rom gadayvanisas garemo pirobebis mkveTrad Secvla iwvevs stress, ris gamo aRiniSneba cocxali masis 20%- mde kleba, xSiria travmuli dazianebebi, mosalodnelia cxovelebis daxocvac.

transportirebamde cxovelebs nomraven, wonian, ajgufeben sqesis, asakis da cocxali masis gaTvaliswinebiT. mowmdeba maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, saeWvoebs ki ukeTdeba Termometrireba. cxovelTa raobaze da maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze veterinari eqimi gascems saTanado cnobas.

cxovelebis dasatvirTad awyoben estekadas. aucilebelia avtomanqa-nis Zaras bortebi amaRldes 1,8-2 m-mde da Catardes misi sanitaruli damuSaveba da dezinfeqcia. mniSvnelovania daculi iqnas datvirTvis normebi: erT Zaraze SeiZleba moTavsdes 3-5 suli 400 kg cocxali masis Zroxa, 100 kg cocxali masis 6-12 suli Rori, an kidev 15-20 suli cxvari. normaluri savali nawilis mqone gzebze cxovelebiT datvirTuli bortiani avtomanqanis maqsimaluri siCqare ar unda aRematebodes 50 km- s.

axlo manZilebze (40-50 km) Zroxis, cxvris da Txis gadarekiT gaday-vana ufro ekonomiuria. winaswar mowmdeba gadasareki trasis mdgomare-oba. mosalodnel gadarekvaze cnoba unda miewodos im raionisa da soflis administracias, sadac gaivlian cxovelebi. dauSvebelia gadasa-reki pirutyvis soflis naxirTan kontaqti, agreTve saTibebSi da naTeseb-Si maTi Zoveba.

gadarekvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom erT jgufSi zrdasruli Zroxis raodenoba ar unda iyos 150-200 sulze, Zroxis mozardis- 200-250, xolo cxvrisa da Txis- 600-1000 sulze meti.

frinvelebis transportirebisas avtomanqanebis Zaraze awyoben xis an mavTulbadis jgufur, xolo bocvrebisaTvis individualur galiebs. sasurvelia frinvelis gadayvanis manZili ar iyos 40-50 km-ze meti, xolo gzaSi yofnis xangrZlivoba ar aRematebodes 4-5 sT-s.

cxovelTa transportirebas xelmZRvanelobs specialurad gamoyo-fili piri- gamcilebeli, romelsac Tan unda hqondes veterinaruli eqimis mier gacemuli cnoba cxovelTa janmrTelobis Sesaxeb da satran-sporto zeddebuli.

satransporto zeddebulSi miTiTebuli unda iyos cxovelebis raoba, raodenoba, maTi saidentifikacio nomeri, sqesi da asaki, agreTve individualuri (Zroxeulis SemTxvevaSi) an saerTo cocxali masa. gaday-vanisas cxovelis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi is valdebulia daicvas veteri-naruli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi.

sasaklaoze miyvanidan ara ugvianes 1-1,5 saaTisa pasuxismgebel piri valdebulia Caibaros cxovelebi da Seamowmos satransporto zedde-bulSi arsebuli Canawerebis Sesabamisoba faqtiur mdgomareobasTan. sasaklaos veterinari eqimi individualurad aTvalierebs yvela cxovels, saeWvoebs gamohyofs calke da maT utarebs Termometrizacias. mimRebi da Cambarebeli yvela cxovels wonian komisiuri wesiT (Zroxas individu-alurad, danarCen saxeobebs jgufurad), adgenen miReba-Cabarebis aqts da xelmoweriT adastureben aqtis siswores.

171

pirutyvis/frinvelis dakvla

sasaklaoze miyvanil cxovelebs asveneben, rac aucilebelia maT dasamSvideblad da axal garemoSi moxvedriT ganviTarebuli stresuli movlenebis Sesamcireblad.

dakvlis win, garkveuli periodis manZilze pirutyvs aSimSileben: mcoxnavebs 24 sT- is Rors 12 sT-is, frinvelebs ki, gamomdinare saxeobi-dan da gamoSigvnis xerxidan, 4-10 an 10-18 sT- is manZilze. wylis micemas cxovelebs uwyvetaven dakvlamde 4-5 sT-iT adre.

dakvlis teqnologiuri cikli Sedgeba Semdegi operaciebisagan: gabrueba sisxlisagan dacla gatyaveba (frinvelebSi gafufqva da gaputva) gamoSigvna tanxorcis dafeSxoeba mSralad da svelad dasufTaveba daxarisxeba dadaRva awonva. Rorebs zogierT SemTxvevaSi ar atyaveben (tyavSi daamuSaveben).

gabrueba. aris cxovelze iseTi zemoqmedeba, ra drosac is kargavs aqtiuri da koordinirebuli moZraobis unars. gabrueba aucilebelia sasaklaos momsaxure personalis usafrTxoebis dacvis da Sesasrule-beli operaciebis gaiolebis TvalsazrisiT.

dakvlis win abrueben yvela saxeobis cxovels da frinvels, garda cxvrisa. praqtikaSi gabruebis eleqtruli da meqanikuri xerxebia gamoye-nebuli. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs satevariT (orlesuli xanjliT), uroTi an sasroli iaraRiT gabruebas. amaTgan, evrogaerTianebis qvey-nebSi cxovelebis gasabrueblad rekomendebulia pnevmaturi sasroli iaraRiT cxovelis gabrueba, xolo frinvelebs abrueben eleqtro-deniT.

sisxlisagan dacla. procesis dasaCqareblad specialuri mowyo-bilobiT-dgiTamweTi gabruebul cxovels ukana kidurebiT asweven maRla da Camokideben. kisris midamoSi mas gauWrian kans, saylapav mils aTavisufleben irgvliv mdebare qsovilebisagan, gadaWrian da adeben ligaturas, an gadakvanZaven da mxolod amis Semdeg gadaWrian msxvil sisxlZarRvebs. naklavi sisxlisagan mTlianad icleba 6-9 wT-Si.

saWiroebisas, specialuri Rru daniT sisxls iReben sakvebi miznebi-saTvis (hematogenis dasamzadeblad, Zexveulis farSSi Sesarevad, samedi-cino miznebisaTvis da sxv.). naklavidan iatakze Camonadeni sisxli Cadis RarSi, aqedan ki sisxlis Semgrovebel avzSi da gamoiyeneba teqnikuri miznebisaTvis.

frinvelis sisxlis gamosaSvebad mimarTaven or xerxs: 1. Sinagani, rodesac basrboloiani makratliT Sedian piris RruSi da Wrian enis zemoT mdebare sauRle venis sadinarebs da 2. garegani, ra drosac daniT gadaWrian kefis Zvlisa da xerxemlis kisris nawilis pirvel malas sworze mdebare msxvil sisxlZarRvebs, an viwro-orlesula daniT bibi-los ukana nawilidan 10 mm daSorebiT xvreten saZile arteriasa da venas.

gatyaveba. yvelaze Sromatevadi operaciaa. tyavis mocileba xdeba frTxilad, kanqveSa-SemaerTebeli qsovilovan Sreze ise, rom ar dazi-andes naklavis zedapiri.

cxovelebs atyaveben xeliT da meqanikurad. meqanikurad gatyave-bamde aucilebelia naklavis wina da ukana kidurebis, agreTve muclis midamos nawilobriv gatyaveba.

sabekone Roris naklavs ar atyaveben, mas aclian mxolod jagars. amisaTvis naklavs 3-4 wT-iT CauSveben +62...+650C temperaturis wyalSi, amoRebis Semdeg ki is gadaaqvT specialur magidaze da jagars aclian xeliT. narCen jagars trusaven sarCilavi lamfiT an specialur danad-garze, namwvs acileben blagvi daniT, ris Semdeg naklavs recxaven jer

172

Tbili, Semdeg ki civi wyliT. Seqmnilia naklavis gasafufqi da jagris mosacilebeli avtomat-danadgarebi.

qaTmis da indauris naklavs 35-60 wamiT CauSveben +52...+550C- is tem-peraturis wyalSi da Semdeg putaven gasaput avtomat-danadgarebze. wylis frinvelebis naklavi, gamomdinare maTi safaris Taviseburebidan, unda gaifufqos ufro maRali temperaturis wyalSi (+68...+760C) da ufro xangrZlivi drois manZilze (80-120 wm).

xmeleTis frinvelebis naklavs Zafismagvari bumbulisagan anTavi-sufleben satrus RumelSi gatarebiT.

wylis frinvelebis naklavs Zafismagvar bumbulis da nakrtenis mosacileblad CauSveben parafinisa da kanifolis narevisagan Sedgenili cvilis +52...+540C temperaturamde gamRval abazanaSi. Semdeg naklavs aciveben 0...+40C temperaturamde da gadaaqvT specialur danadgarze, sadac gamagrebuli cvili Zasfismagvar bumbulTan da nakrtenTan erTad sacemelebis moqmedebiT scildeba naklavs.

gamoSigvna. muclis Rrudan Sinagani organoebis amoRebis opera-ciebi sruldeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: muclis TeTri xazis sworze, grZivad, frTxilad Wrian dakiduli naklavis kunTovan qsovils, ise rom Sinagani organoebi ar daziandes. aseve frTxilad sakveTelaTi an daniT Wrian mkerdis Zvals da gavis Zvlis menjis nakers. Semdeg swor nawlavs SemoaWrian irgvliv mdebare kunTovan qsovils da mas erTi xeliT frTxilad daqaCaven qvemoT, meoreTi ki xerxemlis SigniTa mxareze arsebuli myesebs Wrian. Sedegad Tavisi simZimis gavleniT Signeuloba muclis Rrudan naklavis qveS dadgmul rofSi gadmocurdeba. paralelurad Wrian diafragmas da naklavidan amoiReben guls, filtvebs, traqeas da saylapav mils.

frinvelis naklavidan, gamomdinare gamoSigvnis saxidan, Sinagan organoebs iReben mTlianad an nawilobriv.

nawilobrivad gamoSigvnisas naklavze rCeba yvela organo, garda nawlavebisa, maSin rodesac srulad gamoSignulebs mTlianad mocile-buli aqvT Sinagani organoebi, agreTve Tavi, kiseri mTlianad (tyavis gareSe) da terfi TiTebiT.

dafeSxoeba. transportirebisa da Senaxvis gaiolebis mizniT Zro-xisa da Roris didi masis tanxorcs xerxemlis sworze eleqtro xerxis daxmarebiT grZivad Wrian or Tanabar- marjvena da marcxena naxevar tanxorcad anu feSxod. zogjer Zroxis naxevar tanxorcs aseve Wrian or, wina da ukana nawilad (meoTxed feSxod).

mSralad da svelad dasufTaveba. sasaqonlo saxis misacemad gaxer-xil tanxorcs moaWrian, sisxlCaqcevebs, uswormasworo, dabeJil da dasv-ril adgilebs, ris Semdeg jagrisiT da +25...+380C temperaturis sasmeli wylis WavliT kargad recxaven.

daxarisxeba-dadaRva da awonva. naklavs afaseben kunTovani da cxi-movani qsovilebis ganviTarebis mixedviT, axarisxeben da sakveb saRebavSi dasvelebuli garkveuli formis beWdiT daRaven.

evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi Zroxis tanxorcis xarisxis klasifika-cia xdeba kategoriebad da klasebad:

• kategoria gviCvenebs cxovelis sqess, asaks, simwifis stadias da cocxal masas (cxrili 32).

• xarisxis klasi asaxavs dakluli cxovelis tanxorcis xorcianobas da cximovani qsovilis ganviTarebas (cxrili 33 da 34).

173

cxrili 32. tanxorcis kategoriebad dayofa da markireba

xorcis kategoria

aRniSvna (markireba)

aRweriloba

xbos KA* tanxorci, romlis xarisxi xbos tanxorcis xarisxis eqvivalenturia da daWrilia xbos danawevrebis sqemiT

mozardis JR* orive sqesis mozardi cxovelis xorci

mozveris A 2 wlamde asakis daukodavi mozvris xorci

kuros B zrdasruli daukodavi kuros xorci

xaris C zrdasruli dakodili cxovelis xorci

furis D im mdedri cxovelis xorci, romelmac erTxel mainc moigo xbo

dekeulis E yvela sxva zrdasruli mdedris xorci

*) jerjerobiT savaldebuloa mxolod germaniisaTvis

cxrili 33. tanxorcis xorcianobis klasebad dayofa

damatebiTi gansazRvrebebi xorci-anobis klasi

aRweriloba tanxorcis nawili

maCvenebeli gamoxatuloba

barZayi Zlier

gamokveTili

zurgi ganieri da

Zalian gamobe-rili beWamde

E saukeTeso

yvela profili amozneqili an Zalian

amozneqili

kunTebi SesaniSnavad ganviTarebuli beWi

Zlier gamokveTili

menj-barZayis rbilobi menjis simfizs mniSvne-lovnad scil-

deba. gava Zlieradaa gamokveTili

barZayi gamokveTili

zurgi ganieri da beWis

donemde gamoberili

U Zalian kargi

profilebi saerTo jamSi amozneqilia;

kunTebi Zalian karga-daa ganviTarebuli

beWi gamokveTili

menj-barZayis rbilobi scil-

deba menjis simfizs gava

gamokveTilia

barZayi kargad

ganviTarebuli

zurgi gamoberili mag-ram beWis doneze naklebad farTo

R kargi

profilebi saerTo jamSi sworia

beWi sakmaod kargad ganviTarebuli

menj-barZayis da gavas rbilobi

msubuqadaa gamokveTili

barZayi saSualod

ganviTarebvuli

zurgi “ – “ – “ O saSualo

profilebi sworxazo-vani an Cazneqili

kunTebi cudad ganviTarebuli beWi

“ – “ – “ TiTqmis swori

gava swori

barZayi sustad

ganviTarebuli

zurgi viwro, gamoxatu-

li ZvlebiT P

dabali

yvela profili Cazneqili an Zalian

Cazneqili

kunTebi cudad ganviTarebuli beWi

swori, gamoxatu-li ZvlebiT

174

cxrili 34. tanxorcis klasebi cximovani qsovilis

ganviTarebis mixedviT

cximianobis klasi

aRweriloba damatebiTi gansazRvrebebi

1 Zalian dabali

qoniT minimalurad dafarva an misi ararseboba

gulmkerdis RruSi qonis grovebi ar aris

2 dabali

qonis Txeli fena, kunTebi TiTqmis yvelgan mosCans

gulmkerdis RruSi naknebs Soris kunTebi cxadad moCans

3 saSualo

kunTebi beWisa da barZayis gamok-lebiT mTlianad cximiTaa dafaruli

gulmkerdis RruSi qonis grovebi msubuqadaa ganviTarebuli

gulmkerdis RruSi neknebs Soris kunTebi jer kidev

kargad Cans

4 Zlieri

kunTebi qoniiTaa dafaruli, magram barkalsa da beWze nawilobrivad

erTeuli SesamCnevi qonis grovebi gulmkerdis RruSi

- barZayze cximovani zonebi sagrZnoblad winaa wamoweuli - gulmkerdis RruSi neknebs Soris kunTebi SesaZloa sru-lad dafaruli iyos qoniT

5 Zalian Zlieri

tanxorci mTlianad qoniTaa dafaruli

gulmkerdis RruSi qonis grovebi ZlieradaaganviTarebuli

- barZayi TiTqmis 100% dafa-rulia qonis sqeli feniT

- gulmkerdis RruSi neknebs Soris kunTebi mTlianad

dafarulia qoniT

xorcianobis klasisadmi mikuTvnebisas yuradReba eqceva zogadad tanxorcSi da mis sam ZiriTad nawilSi- barZayze, zurgze da beWze kunTovani qsovilis ganviTarebis dones. amasTan, fasdeba rogorc kunTo-vani qsovilis, aseve kunTebsSorisi da kunTebsSigniTa cximovani qsovi-lebis mdgomareoba.

cximovani qsovilis ganviTarebis mixedviT tanxorcis klasirebisas yuradReba eqceva tanxorcis zedapiris agreTve, neknebs So-ris midamos kunTebis cximovani qsoviliT dafarvis dones. xorcianobiT klasis mikuT-vnebisas tanxorcs yofen 5 xarisxad da akuTvneben “E”, “U”, “R” “O” da “P” klasidan erT-erTs (cxrili 33, sur.73), xolo cximovani qsovilis ganviTare-bis Sefasebisas 1-dan (Zalian dabali) – 5-mde (Zalian Zli-eri) Sefasebas (cxrili 34).

kategoriebis aRniSvna, anu tanxorcis markireba xdeba sakveb saRebavSi dasvelebuli Sesabamisi warweris mqone beW-dis dasmiT.

amave qveynebSi Roris tan-xorcs akuTvneben komerciul da xarisxis klass. TiToeuli am klasis misakuTvneblad tanxorcma unda daakmayofilos Semdegi minimaluri moTxovnebi (cxrili 35).

sur. 73. “E” da “P” xorcianobis klasis

tanxorcis garegnuli Sesaxedaoba

“E”… …“P”

175

cxrili 35. Roris tanxorcis xarisxebi evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi

komerci-uli klasi

xaris-xis

klasi

tanxorcis masa, kg

Spikis sisqe, ara umetes, mm

tanxorcis aRweriloba, maxasiaTeblebi

60-69 15 eqstra

70 da meti 20

kunTebi da Rirebuli nawilebi friad kargad

ganviTarebuli 60-69 20 70-79 25 80-89 30 90-99 35 100-119 40 120-139 50 140-159 55

I. srul-xorcovani

I

160 da meti 60

kunTebi da Rirebuli nawilebi Zalian kargad

ganviTarebuli

60-69 25 70-79 30 80-89 35 90-99 40 100-119 50 120-139 55 140-159 60

II. xorco-vani

II

160 da meti 70

kunTebi da Rirebuli nawilebi kargad ganviTarebuli

I tanxorcis masa da

Spikis sisqe rogorc I-Si

magram erT-erTi Rire-buli nawili naklebad

ganviTarebuli 60-69 30 70-79 35

III. saSu-alod xor-covani tipi

III 80-89 40

kunTebi da yvela Rire-buli nawili naklebad

ganviTarebuli

90-99 45 100-110 50 120-139 60 140-159 70

160 da meti 75

II tanxorcis masa da Spi-kis sisqe rogorc II-Si

magram erT-erTi Rire-buli nawili naklebad

ganviTarebuli I C tanxorcis masa da Spi-

kis sisqe rogorc I-Si magram ori nebismieri

Rirebuli nawili nakle-bad ganviTarebuli

Rorebi, romlebic ar akmayofileben zemoT motanili klasebis moTxovnebs

1. nezvebi kargi xorcovani tanxorciT

IV

2. sxva dakluli Rorebis tanxorci

V keratebi da dakodili keratebi

msgavsi standartuli moTxovnebi aris SemuSavebuli cxvris, Txis,

frinvelis da sxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis xorcze, agreTve sakveb subproduqtebze.

176

dakvlis Tanamdevi produqtebi

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis dakvlisas xorcTan (tanxorcTan) erTad miiReba e.w. subproduqtebi, anu dakvlis Tanamdevi produqtebi, romelTa nawili gamoiyeneba sakvebad, nawils teqnikuri daniSnuleba aqvs, zogierTi maTgani ki SeiZleba ormagi daniSnulebiT gamoviyenoT.

yvela saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis sakvebi subproduq-tebi kvebiTi Rirebulebis da biologiuri srulfasovnebis mixedviT yofen or- pirvel da meore kategoriad:

I kategoriis subproduqtebia: guli, RviZli, ena, tvini, Zroxisa da Roris Tirkmlebi, diafragma, Zroxis kudi, tanxorcis damuSavebisas miRebuli xorcovani anaWrebi da Zroxis curi;

II kategoriis subproduqtebs miekuTvneba filtvebi, elenTa, traqea, Zroxis faSvi, wignara, maWiki, Roris kuWi da xorcovani kudi, Rorisa da Zroxis fexebi da yurebi, Tavi, enisa da tvinis gareSe, Zroxis tuCebi;

teqnikur subproduqtebs miekuTvneba tyavi, nawlavebi, sisxli, rqebi, Cliqebi, sakvebad uvargisi sxvadasxva anaWrebi, Roris jagari, kuW-naw-lavis SigTavsi da sxv., agreTve endokrinul-fermentuli da specialuri nedleuli. ToToeuli maTgani gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis. maga-liTad, Zroxis, Roris, cxvris da Txis nawlavebidan amzadeben Zexveulis garsacms, sisxli SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sakvebad da e.w. albuminis webos dasamzadeblad, rqebisa da Cliqebisagan amzadeben sxvadasxva nakeTobebsa da webos, sakvebad uvargis anaWrebs- ki xorcis an Zval-xorcis fqvilis dasamzadeblad iyeneben.

calke aRniSvnis sagania endokrinul-fermentuli da specialuri nedleuli, romelTagan mzaddeba samkurnalwamlo preparatebi. amaTgan, endokrinul nedleuls miekuTvneba Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi, romel-Ta mier gamomuSavebuli sekreti gamoiyofa sisxlSi. maTSi Sedis hipo-fizi, epifizi, farisebri, mkerdqveSa, kuWqveSa da Tirkmelzeda jirkvle-bi, sakvercxeebi, yviTeli sxeuli da saTesleebi. am nedleulis gadamu-SavebiT miiReba endokrinuli preparatebi.

fermentul nedleuls miekuTvneba is jirkvlebi, romelTa mier gamomuSavebuli sekreti gamoiyofa organizmis Rru organoebSi. maT miekuTvneba kuWqveSa jirkvali, Roris kuWis da Zroxis maWikis lorwo-vani garsi, xboebisa da batknis maWiki, wvrili nawlavis lorwovani garsi da sxv. maTgan mzaddeba fermentuli preparatebi.

specialur nedleuls miekuTvneba sisxli, naRvela, naRvlis buStis kenWebi, Roris tvini, Tvalis miniseburi sxeuli, embrioni, elenTa, enis epiTeli, RviZli, filtvebi, curi, keratinSemcveli nedleuli (jagari, balani, rqebi da Cliqebi) da xrtili.

endokrinul-fermentuli nedleulidan mzaddeba Semdegi samedicino preparatebi:

- hipofizidan- adrenokortikoiduli hormoni, pituitrini, adiurek-rini, intermedini, prolaqtini;

- mkerdqveSa jirkvlidan paratiroiedini; - Tirkmelzeda jirkvlidan- kortini da adrenalini, - saTesleebidan lidaza da ronidaza, - kuWqveSa jirkvlidan insulini, - kuWis lorwovani garsidan pepsini, kuWis wveni da maWikis fxvnili;

yvela am preparats mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia da miuxedavad qimi-uri sinTezis mniSvnelovani miRwevebisa, xelovnurad sinTezirebul analogebze ufro efeqturebi arian.

177

tanxorcis dabal temperaturaze Senaxva

xorci malfuWadi produqtia. es gamowveulia mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali biologiurad aqtiuri naerTebis, garemo faqtorebisa da mikro-organizmebis moqmedebiT.

ganasxvaveben xorcis gafuWebis Tavidan acilebis fizikur, qimiur da biologiur xerxebs. amaTgan yvelaze martivi, iafi da efeqturia fizi-kuri, anu dabal temperaturaze Senaxvis xerxi. misi yvelaze mniSvnelo-vani naklia moqmedebis droebiTi xasiaTi da Senaxvisas wylis aorTq-lebis, agreTve galRobisas “xorcis wvenis” gamoyofis mizeziT gamowve-uli danakargebi.

xorcis Senaxvisas gamoiyeneba dabali temperaturis moqmedebis sami done, gaciveba, moyinva da gayinva.

gacivebulad iTvleba xorci, romlis Rrma fenebSi gamacivebeli danadgaris moqmedebiT temperatura miaRwevs -1...+40C-s; aseTi saxiT xor-cis Senaxvis vada idealur sanitarul pirobebSi 2-3 kviraa;

moyinulad iTvleba xorci, romlis Rrma fenebSi temperatura aRwevs -2...-30C-s; aseT temperaturaze xorci inaxeba 3-4 kvira;

gayinulad iTvleba xorci, romlis Rrma fenebSi temperatura -80C da ufro dabalia. aseT temperaturaze xorcis Senaxvis maqsimaluri vada 1,5-2 welia (cxrili 36).

tenis aorTqle-bis mizeziT gamowve-uli danakargebi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvne-lovania xorcis dabal temperaturaze Senaxvi-sas. dadgenilia, rom gacivebuli saxiT Se-naxvis pirvel 24 sT-Si Zroxis tanxorcis masa mcirdeba 1,40-1,75%-iT, Roris- 1,18-2,90%-iT, xolo cxvris- 1,51-1,82

%-iT. SemdgomSi danakargebis tempi ramdenadme iklebs, magram is sakmaod mniSvnelovania.

danakargebis Semcirebis da Senaxvis xangrZlivobis gazrdis dama-tebiT RonisZiebebs Soris yvelaze ufro efeqturi da gavrcelebuli saSualebaa sterilur bambis qsovilSi tanxorcis SefuTva.

bolo wlebSi ekonomikur da zogierTi sxva mosazrebidan gamom-dinare xorcs yinaven daWrili an darbilebuli saxiT, blokebad. amisaT-vis, xorcis naWrebs alageben 380 X 380 X 150 an 380 X 380 X (75...100) mm zomis formebSi da gadaaqvT swrafad gamyinav kamerebSi.

sasurvel temperaturamde gayinvis Semdeg xorcis bloks amoiReben formidan, fuTaven pergamentis qaRaldSi da deben gofrirebuli muyaos yuTSi.

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom xorcis gayinva ar aris paTogenuri mikroflorisagan misi gauvneblobis saSualeba, vinaidan es ukanasknelni sakmaod dabal temperaturazec inarCuneben cxovelmyofelobis unars. garda amisa, xorcis ramodenimejer gayinva-galRoba, aseve, ver uzrun-velyofs baqteriuli warmoSobis toqsinebis daSlas an inaqtivacias.

cxrili 36. tanxorcis Senaxvis vadebi 0C temperatura

-12 -15 -18 -21 -25

tanxorcis saxe/ subproduqtebi

Senaxvis vada (Tve) Zroxisa da cxvris 5-9 7-9 10-12 15-18 - Roris tyavSi 5 7 10 15 - Roris gatyavebuli 4 6 8 12 - qaTmis da indauris 5 7 10 - 12 batis da ixvis 4 5 7 - 11 frinvelis mozardis 3-4 4-6 7-8 - 11 subproduqtebi ara umetes 4-6 Tvisa

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SaSxisa da loris warmoeba

damarilebul xorcs CvenSi ewodeba SaSxi, xolo damarilebuls da Semdeg Sebolils- lori. SaSxi da lori upiratesad mzaddeba Roris xorcidan. produqtis asortimenti da dasaxeleba damokidebulia tanxor-cis CamonaWris saxeze, agreTve Termuli damuSavebis xerxze.

lori SiZleba iyos nedlad Sebolili, damarilebul-moxarSuli (an Sebrawuli) da Sebolil-moxarSuli (an Sebrawuli); sufris marilis koncentraciis mixedviT lori SeiZleba iyos naklebad mariliani (3%-mde NaCl), mariliani (3,5%-mde), momlaSo (4,5%-mde) da mlaSe (4,5%-ze meti).

mza produqtis forma da wona, agreTve tenis Semcveloba gansaz-Rvrulia teqnikuri pirobebiT. moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, gadanaWerze kun-Tovani qsovilis feri unda iyos erTgvarovani- Ria vardisferi da dre-kadi konsistenciis. qonis feri unda iyos TeTri, siyviTleebis gareSe da is ar unda iglisebodes.

xorcis danawevreba da damarileba. sabekone an/da saxorce katego-riis Roris tanxorcs anawevreben standartuli an specialuri sqemiT.

cnobilia damarilebis 3 wesi, mSralad, svelad da Sereuli. m Sra -lad damarilebisas xorcis naWers Semoayrian dammarilebel narevs, mas kargad Caazilaven da mWidrod alageben xis an uJangavi metalis gobSi. s v elad damarilebisas xorcis naWrebs alageben gobSi, zemodan adeben simZimes da asxamen 1,1-1,18 g/m3 simkvrivis marilwyals. S er euli wesiT damarilebisas xorcs jer amarileben mSralad, 3-4 dRis Semdeg ki is gadaaqvT marilwyalSi.

damarilebisas sacavSi haeris temperatura +80C-ze maRali ar unda iyos. xorci damarileba mTavrdeba (ityvian SaSxi gamoyvanilia) 18-20 dReSi.

damarilebis procesis daCqarebis mizniT saTanado koncentraciis marilwyali specialuri SpriciT SeyavT xorcis Rrma fenebSi. am SemT-xvevaSi SaSxis damarileba mTavrdeba da is Sesabolad mzad aris 4-5 dReSi.

SaSxisaTvis gansakuTrebuli gemos misacemad dammarilebeli narev-Si sufris marilTan erTad SeiZleba Sediodes saneleblebi (Savi an TeTri pilpili, niori, dafnis foToli da sxva), natriumis nitriti (NaNO2), natriumis askorbinati, mJave da neitraluri fosfatebi, agreTve Saqari. maTi raodenoba gansazRvrulia recepturiT SaSxis/loris asor-timentidan gamomdinare.

xarisxiani SaSxi unda iyos mkvrivi-drekadi konsistenciis, suni specifikuri- “SaSxis”, saneleblebis surneliT da zedapirze ar unda SeimCneodes obis laqebi. gafuWebuli SaSxis zedapiri lorwoiania, kunTovani qsovili modunebuli, gadanaWerze yavisferi an monacrisfro laqebi aqvs. marilwylis amRvreva migvaniSnebs SaSxis gafuWebaze.

Sebolva. aris Sesabol kameraSi xis arasruli wvisas warmoqmnili airebiT SaSxis siTburi damuSaveba. Sebolvisas kvamlis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali nivTierebebi aRweven produqtis Rrma fenebSi, aZleven ra mas gansakuTrebul gemos da elfers.

ganasxvaveben civad da cxlad Sebolvis xerxebs. civad Sebolvisas kameraSi haeris temperatura +18...+220C, xolo cxlad Sebolvisas +30... +500C-is farglebSi unda iyos. Sebolvis xangrZlivoba, Sesabamisad, 3-7 da 0,5-2 dRe-Ramea. civad Sebolili lori inaxeba ufro didxans, vidre cxlad Sebolili.

zogierTi asortimentis loris damzadebisas SaSxs Sebolvis win xarSaven an brawaven. aseTi damuSavebisas produqtSi Semavali organuli

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nivTierebebi ganicdian cvlilebas, rac aumjobesebs maT iersaxes, gemos, sinazes da monelebadobas.

kvamlis airebi Seicaven zogierT kancerogenul nivTierebas, maT Sorisaa 3.4 benzpireni. arasasurveli nivTierebebis koncentraciis mini-mumamde Semcirebis mizniTYdamuSavebulia kvamlis gareSe Sebolvis meTodebi ra mizniTac gamoiyeneba kvamlis airebis kondensirebis gziT miRebuli preparatebi “vatxoli”, “ВНИРО”, “МИНХ”, “amafili”, “skvama” da sxv. SaSxis am preparatebiT damuSavebsas viRebT Sebolvis efeqts da produqti Tavisufalia kancerogenuli nivTierebebisagan.

Zexveulis warmoeba

Zexveuls uwodeben iseT nawarms, romelic damzadebulia xorcis an subproduqtebis farSis, sufris marilis, saneleblebisa da sxvadasxva danamatebis safuZvelze, Cadebulia garsacmSi, damuSavebulia siTburad da mzad aris sakvebad.

xorcis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi uSveben ramodenime aseuli dasaxelebis Zexveuls da am produqts erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveynis mcxovrebTa ulufaSi.

damzadebisas gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi nedleulis saxidan gamomdi-nare Zexveuls yofen oTx jgufad: xorcis, jigris (Signeulobis), labas-magvari nawarmi da sisxlis Zexveuli.

farSis Sedgenilobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben erTgvarovan da araerTgvarovan farSian Zexveuls.

warmoebis teqnologiuri sqemidan gamomdinare Zexveuli iyofa Sem-deg jgufebad: 1. moxarSuli, 2. naxevrad Sebolili, 3. Sebolili, 4. so-sisi da sardeli 5. jigrisa da sisxlis, 6. xorcis puri da 7. laba da

paSteti (nax. 10). ZiriTadi nedleuli.

Zexveulis warmoebaSi Ziri-Tad nedleuls warmoad-gens: Zroxis, Roris, cxv-ris da sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelis xorci (rbilo-bi), Roris kanqveSa qoni (Spiki) da tyavi, cxvris cximkudi da/an duma, sak-vebi subproduqtebi, rZe da rZis nawarmi, parkos-nebis marcvlidan miRebu-li cilovani koncentrati da/an izoliati, xorblis fqvili da yvela saxis saxamebeli.

damxmare masalebi. miekuTvneba: saneleblebi, sufris marili, Saqari,

natriumis nitriti (NaNO2), mJave da saSualo fosfatebi, natriumis glutaminati, natriumis askorbinati, garsacmi, kanafi da sawvavi.

sxvadasxva saxisa da asortimentis Zexveulis damzadebis teqno-logiur operaciebSi bevri msgavsebaa, magram calkeuli maTganis Sesru-

nax.10. Zexveulis saxeebi

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lebis Tanamimdevroba, xangrZlivoba, temperatura da zogierTi sxva parametri gansxvavebulia, an kidev saerTod ar gvxvdeba.

nedleulis momzadeba. yvela saxis Zexveulis damzadebisas Sesasru-lebeli aucilebeli operaciaa nedleulisa da damxmare masalebis mom-zadeba. xorcis momzadeba gulisxmobs tanxorcis darbilebas, rbilobis gamoZarRvas, daxarisxebas da daWras an xorcsakep danadgarze daquc-macebas.

Zroxis gamoZarRvuli rbilobis daxarisxebisas sazom kriteriumad aRebulia cximovani da Txeli SemaerTebeli qsovilebis xvedriTi wili, xolo Rorisa da cxvris rbilobis- cximovani qsovilis xvedriTi wili. amis gaTvaliswinebiT Zroxis rbilobs yofen umaRles, I da II xarisxad, Roris rbilobs- qonian, naxevrad qonian da uqono (mWle), xolo cxvris rbilobs- qonian da uqono xarisxebad.

Spiki, anu Roris kanqveSa qoni iyofa sam xarisxad: zurgis, anu magari, gverdis, anu naxevrad magari da muclis, anu rbili; is unda iyos TeTri feris, hqondes marcvlovani struqtura da ar unda iglisebodes. siyviTle miuTiTebs mis gafuWebaze. Zexvis warmoebaSi daSvebulia damarilebuli Spikis (SaSxis) gamoyeneba.

rbilobisa da Spikis aseTi daxarisxeba dakavSirebulia maT gansx-vavebul biologiur RirebulebasTan da teqnologiur TvisebebTan. Sesa-bamisad isini gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva asortimentisa da xarisxis Zexveulis recepturaSi. ase, magaliTad, umaRlesi da pirveli xarisxis nedlad Sebolili Zexveulis dasamzadeblad upiratesad gamoiyeneba Zroxis umaRlesi xarisxis da Roris uqono an naxevradqoniani rbilobi, agreTve zurgis (magari) Spiki; Tavis mxriv, moxarSuli Zexveuls amzadeben Zroxis I an II xarisxis da Roris qoniani an naxevradqoniani rbilobidan, saWiroebisas rbili an naxevrad magari Spikis CarTviT.

damarileba da momwifeba. nedleulis momzadebis erT-erTi etapia. is iTvaliswinebs:

a) xorcis 350-400 g-mde naWrebad daWras (Sebolili ZexveulisaTvis) an 16-25 da 2-3 mm cxaurian xorcsakebpze an bzrialaze daqucmace-bas (moxarSili Zexveulis, sosisis da sardelis damzadebisas).

b) rbilobis/farSis cal-calke rofSi an taStSi Cadebas, marilis damatebas da morevas,

g) momwifebis mizniT 0...+40C- temperaturis samacivro kameraSi gada-tanas da 12-72 sT (moxarSuli Zexvis), 48-72 sT (naxevrad Sebo-lili Zexvis) an 3-7 dRe-Rame (Sebolili Zexvis) dayovnebas.

meore daqucmaceba. momwifebul xorcs/farSs meored aqucmaceben: moxarSuli Zexveulis farSs aqucmaceben kuterze 0,1 mm zomis nawilake-bis miRebamde, xolo Sebolili Zexveulis xorcs 2-3 mm diametris cxa-urian bzrialaze. kuterze daqucmacebisas, xorcis gacxelebis Tavidan asacileblad moxarSuli Zexveulis, sosisisa da sardelis farSs umate-ben xorcis masis 20-40%-mde civ wyals, an yinulis fifqs.

farSis Sedgena. farSs recepturiT gaTvaliswinebuli proporciiT adgenen meored daqucmacebisas kuterSi, kuter SemrevSi an SemrevSi. proporciebis gansazRvrisas gamodian Tu ramdeni raodenobiT Semadge-neli Sedis 100 kg farSSi.

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1

2

sur. 74 farSis garsac-

mSi Casadebi Sprici

daSpricva. recepturiT Sedgenili farSi gadaaqvT Spricis mimRebSi (1; sur. 74), saidanac xdeba misi Catumbva (daSpricva) masraze (2) Camocmul

garsacmSi. sosisis farSs Spricaven 18-30 mm diametris, sardelis- 32-38 mm-is, Sebolilis- 40-50 mm- is xolo moxarSul Zexveuls farSs 55-120 mm diametris bunebriv an xelovnur garsacmSi.

garsacmad gamoiyeneba specialurad am miznisaTvis gadamuSavebuli cxovelebis naw-lavebi, Sardis buSti da kuWi. xelovnur garsacms amzadeben sxvadasxva masalebidan- celofnidan, xelovnuri cilisagan (belko-zini, kutizini) da zRvis wyalmcenareebidan (e.w. alginaturi garsacmi).

Zexvis batonis dafasoeba- ulufebad dayofa xdeba kanafis gadaWeriT, an grZivi RerZis irgvliv SemotrialebiT (gadagrexviT; sur. 75). batonis sigrZe limitirdeba stan-dartiT.

dajdoma. dafasoebul Zexveuls hkideben xis latanze an metalis Reroze, romelsac, Tavis mxriv alageben Taroebze da ase ayovneben farSis dajdomis mizniT. es pro-cedura mimdinareobs dabal, magram dadebiT temperaturaze da grZeldeba: moxarSuli Zexveulis damzadebisas 2-6 sT, naxevrad Sebolilis- 4-6 sT, xolo Sebolili Zexveulis- 24 sT-dan 7 dRe-Ramemde.

siTburi damuSaveba. dajdomis Semdeg Zexveuls brawaven, xarSaven an bolaven. Termuli damuSavebis tem-peratura da xangrZlivoba damokide-bulia batonis diametrze da nawarmis saxeze: sosissa da sardels bolis areSi brawaven +70... +1000C tempera-turaze 15-35 wT-is (sur. 76), xolo didi diametris moxarSuli Zexveulis batonebs, Sesabamisad, +80...+1200C-ze da 70-150 wT-is manZilze. dabrawul Zex-veuls xarSaven, ra drosac wylis temperatura ar unda aRematebodes +85 0C-s; moxarSulad iTvleba Zexvi, rom-lis centralur zonaSi temperatura miaRwevs +68...+720C-s.

Sebolvas eqvemdebareba naxevrad Sebolili da Sebolili Zexveuli. amaTgan naxevrad Sebolil Zexveuls bolaven +35...+500C, xolo Sebolils +22...+240C temperaturaze. Sebolvis xangrZlivoba, Sesabamisad, 12-48 sT da 3-7 dRe-Ramea.

sur. 75. farSis garsacmSi daSp-ricva da ulufebad dayofa

sur. 76. dakidul mdgomareobaSi sosisis dabrawva

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gaciveba. moxarSul Zexveuls, sosiss da sardels +80C tempera-turamde aciveben civi wylis SxapiT, Semdeg ki gadaaqvT gril sacavSi. naxevrad Sebolil da Sebolil Zexveuls Termuli damuSavebis Semdeg aciveben haerze an gril sacavSi, xolo Semdeg, saWiroebisamebr, teni-anobis normamde dayvanis mizniT aSroben.

gasuli saukunis 70-ni wlebidan daiwyes e.w. kombinirebuli Zexve-ulis warmoeba, romelSic sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis xorcTan erTad ZiriTad nedleulad gamoiyeneba meoradi cilovani produqtebi, anu mcenareuli cilebis koncentrati an izoliati.

kombinirebuli Zexveulis warmoebis erT-erTi mizania sxvadasxva profesiul-asakobrivi jgufis adamianebisaTvis organizmis moTxovnis Sesatyvisi samedicino da biologiuri parametrebis mqone axali saxis produqciis gamoSveba.

Senaxva. konservantebis gareSe damzadebuli moxarSuli Zexveulis, sosisis da sardelis Senaxvis maqsimaluri vada +120C da ufro dabal, magram dadebiT temperaturaze 48-72 sT-a, naxevrad-Sebolilis- 10 dRe-Rame, xolo nedlad Sebolilis- 4 Tvemde (oTaxis temperaturaze).

naxevarfabrikatebis da dafasoebuli xorcis warmoeba

msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis samomxmareblo bazris monitor-ringi uCvenebs xorcis naxevarfabrikatebsa da dafasoebul xorcze moT-xovnilebis yovelwliurad zrdas. maT dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba yvela saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis xorci.

xorcis naxevarfabrikats uwodeben iseT produqts, romelic gada-muSavebuli da Semzadebulia imdagvarad, rom kvebis win saWiroebs mxo-lod Termul damuSavebas. am saxis nawarmis asortimenti sakmaod nairfe-rovania, romlebic, pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT 5 jgufad: 1. naturaluri, 2. safaneliani, 3. dakepili da 4. swrafad gayinuli naxevarfabrikatebi, agreTve 5. dafasoebuli xorci.

naturalur naxevarfabrikatebSi Sedis msxvilnaWriani-Zvalxorco-vani, msxvilnaWriani-rbilobiani da wvrilnaWriani-rbilobiani naxevar-fabrikatebi. aqedan, msxvilnaWrian-Zvalxorcovans miekuTvneba “Zroxis CasaTuTqi xorci”, “sasufe nakrebi”, “ragu”, rbilobians- “naturalri bifSteqsi”, “langeti”, “romSteqsi”, “suki”, “eskalopi”, xolo wvrilnaW-rian-rbilobians- “antrekoti”, “bifstrogani”, “guliaSi” da sxv.

safaneliani naxevarfabrikatebia “romSteqsi”, “Zroxis tvini safanelSi”, “dabegvili katleti” da “Sniceli”. maT SemadgenlobaSi Sedis asortimentis Sesatyvisi zomis, formisa da masis dabegvili xor-cis naWeri, romelic amovlebulia aTqvefili kvercxis masaSi da orcxo-bilas safanelSi.

dakepil naxevarfabrikatebs amzadeben sakotlete xorcis farSidan, romelSic recepturis Sesabamisad Sereulia cximi, saneleblebi, kvercxi da sufris marili, agreTve daqucmacebuli xaxvis bolqvi da puri. am naxevarfabrikatebs miekuTvneba “kotleti”, “frikadelki” da “gufTa”.

naturaluri, safaneliani da dakepili naxevarfabrikatebi sareali-zaciod igzavneba specialur taraSi Calagebuli, an kidev 250-500 g masis ulufebad dayofili da paketebSi SefuTuli saxiT.

swrafad gayinul naxevarfabrikatebs miekuTvneba pelmeni da xinka-li isini Sedgeba recepturis Sesabamisad Sezavebuli xorcis farSisagan romelic Cadebulia xorblis fqvilisagan mozelil comSi da aqvs gar-kveuli forma.

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sur. 77. swrafad gayinuli naxevarfabrikati “xinkali”

formirebul produqti gadaaqvT swrafad gamyinav danadgarze, sadac haeris tem-peratura -20...-350C-a. gayinva dam-Tavrebulad iTvleba rodesac nawarmis centralur zonaSi temperatura -100C-s miaRwevs. am donemde pelmenisa da xinklis gasayinad sxvadasxva tipis danadgarze saWiroa 0,5-dan 3 sT-mde. gayinul naxevarfabri-katebs vakumis pirobebSi deben da fuTaven polimeruli afskis paketebSi (sur. 77).

dafasoebuli xorci mzad-deba standartuli sqemiT dana-

wevrebuli tanxorcis naWrebidan, romlebic Cadebulia polimeruli masalis afskis paketebSi da gakeTebuli aqvs markireba. amave jgufSi Sedis, agreTve, frinvelis naxevarfabrikatebi- “wiwila-tabaka”, “barkali”, “sabulione nakrebi” da sxv.

naxevarfabrikatebs miekuTvneba Cveni samzareulosaTvis tradici-uli iseTi sakvebi xorcproduqtebi, rogoricaa kupati, kuWmaWi, xaSi da sxv. maTi qarxnuli wesiT damzadebisa da dafasoebis teqnologia, erov-nul tradiciebze dayrdnobiT, damuSavebulia qarTveli teqnologebis mier.

xorcis konservebis warmoeba damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde saqarTveloSi xorcis konservebs

ar awarmoebdnen. Semdgom periodSi am mimarTulebiT Seiqmna ramodenime sawarmo, romlebic met-naklebi warmatebiT funqcionireben.

xorcis konservebis damzadebas, sxva dadebiT momentebTan (advilia Senaxva da transportireba, agreTve ojaxSi an savele pirobebSi moxma-reba da sxv.) erTad, aqvs strategiuli mniSvneloba, rameTu iZleva SesaZ-leblobas Seiqmnas sakvebi produqtebis maragi.

xorcis konservebs yofen nedleulis saxis, damzadebis xerxis, Ter-muli damuSavebis reJimis mixedviT da sxva niSnebiT:

• nedleulis saxis mixedviT sawarmoebi uSveben mxolod xorcis Sem-cveli, agreTve xorcovan-mcenareul SigTavsian konservebs;

• qilaSi Cadebamde nedleulis damuSavebis rejimis mixedviT ganas-xvaveben damarilebis, daqucmacebis da Termuli damuSavebis sxva-dasxva xerxiT momzadebul konservebs;

• SigTavsis Sedgenilobis mixedviT ansxvaveben danamatis gareSe (“saku-Tar wvenSi”), sawebelaSi an JeleSi damzadebul xorcis konservebs;

• gamoyenebis xerxis mixedviT ganasxvaveben konservebs, romelTac Wamis win aucileblad sWirdebaT Termuli damuSaveba, an mis gareSe;

• Senaxvis xangrZlivobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben grZelvadian (3-5 weli) da moklevadiani (1 wlamde) anu SezRuduli vadiT Sesanax konservebs.

• Termuli damuSavebis reJimis mixedviT ganasxvaveben pasterizebul (1), dabal temperaturaze sterilizebul (2) da maRal temperaturaze sterilizebul (3) konservebs. amaTgan, pirvels uwodeben ½ anu naxev-radkonservebs, meores ¾ konservebs, mesames ki srul konservebs. pir-

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veli oris Senaxvis vada, +10...+120C-ze, Sesabamisad, 6 da 12 Tvea, mesamis ki oTaxis temperaturaze 4-5 weli. cnobilia agreTve e.w. tro-pikuli qveynebisaTvis specialuri teqnologiiT damzadebuli kon-servebi, romlebic +400C temperaturaze Senaxvisas 1 wlis manZilze inarCuneben TavianT Tvisebebs. xorcis konservebi mzaddeba sxvadasxva tevadobis metalis, polime-

ruli masalis an minis qilaSi dafasoebuli da hermetulad daxufuli saxiT. metalis qila mzaddeba cxlad an eleqtruli xerxiT ormxriv mokaluli, 0,20-dan 0,36 mm sisqis Tunuqidan. koroziisadmi mdgradobis gadidebis mizniT Tunuqs faraven specialuri laqiT. igive masaliT mzaddeba minis qilis xufebi.

rogorc wesi, maRali agresiulobis gamo, xorcovan-mcenareuli SigTavsis mqone konservebs deben minis qilaSi.

konservis damzadebis teqnologiuri operaciebi Sedgeba Semdegi ZiriTadi rgolebisagan:

nedleulis da danamatebis momzadeba Termuli damuSaveba

danamatebis Sereva dafasoeba moxufva sterilizacia

cxlad daxarisxeba gaciveba civad daxarisxeba. nedleulis momzadeba. aq Sedis xorcis darbileba, gamoZarRva,

daxarisxeba, garecxva, daWra an bzrialaze dakepva; Sesabamisad amzadeben damxmare masalebs (mag. burRuls, saneleblebs, xorcis bulions) da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maT Seureven xorcSi.

Termuli damuSaveba. qilaSi Cadebis win xorci unda moiwalos, daibbrawos, Sebiolos an moixarSos. amis aucilebloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom: 1. ixoceba mikrobebis vegetaturi formebi; 2. qveiTdeba xorcis fermentebis aqtivoba, 3. rbildeba Txeli SemaerTebelqsovilovani CanarTebi da 4. izrdeba xorcis erTeuli moculobis masa, ris gamo ufro efeqturad viyenebT qilis tevadobas.

dafasoeba. xorcproduqtebis Casadebad gamoiyeneba 104,0-8795 sm3 moculobis Tunuqis da 500-1000 sm3 moculobis minis qilebi. recepturiT gaTvaliswinebul SigTavss qilaSi deben Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: jer deben recepturiT gaTvaliswinebul mkvriv Semadgenlebs (mag. sufris marili, saneleblebs, nedl qons, xorcs da sxv.), xolo Semdeg Seavseben Txevadi komponentiT- bulioniT an sawebelaTi.

qilaSi SigTavss deben xeliT an avtomatur danadgarze. sasurvelia e.w. avtomat-dozatorebis gamoyeneba, romelic uzrunvelyofen yvela qila-Si ZiriTadi nedleulisa da danamatebis erTnairi raodenobiT Cadebas.

daxufva. daxufvis win qilidan unda amoitumbos haeri. amas aRweven SigTavsis gacxelebiT, agreTve mosaxufi danadgaris vakum mowyobilobiT. Tunuqis qilebs xufaven korpusisa da saxuravis nawiburebis civad mig-linviT, ra drosac warmoiqmneba ormagi nakeri. minis qilas xufaven Tunuqis xufis moxril gvirgvinsa da qilis yels Soris rezinis rgolis CasolviT (gaWedviT); aseTi moxufvis simtkices uzrunvelyofs minis qilis yelis mTel perimetrze rgoluri Rarakis arseboba.

sterilizacia. unda uzrunvelyofili iqnas konservis steriliza-ciis iseTi reJimi, rom moxuful qilaSi daTrgunuli iqnas narCeni mik-roflora da moxdes xorcis fermentebis sabolood inaqtivacia. reJimis moTxovnis sworad dacvis pirobebSi sterilizebul konservSi unda daixocos iseTi mikroflora: 1. romlebic iwveven produqtis gafuWebas da 2. romelnic cxovelmoqmedebis procesSi warmoqmnian saSiS toqsinebs. maT miekuTvneba: Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfingens

185

da sxv. sterilezaciis reJimze da xangrZlivobaze informacia mocemulia yvela konkretuli konservis damzadebis instruqciaSi. sterilizacias axorcieleben avtoklavebSi (sur. 78) an nakaduri moqmedebis sterili-zatorebSi.

cxlad daxarisxeba. sterilizaciis dam-TavrebisTanave qilebs garedan recxaven da sxvadaxva defeqtebis gamosavlenad axarisxeben. am dros metalis qilis saxuravi da fskeri, agreTve minis qilis xufi, ramdenadme gamoberi-lia, magram es defeqti ar aris. wundebas eqvem‐debareba: hermetuloba darRveuli, Zlier deformirebuli (Tunuqis) an gabzaruli (minis) da arasworad miglinuli saxuravis mqone qilebi. maT xsnian da SigTavss iyeneben sxvada-sxva asortimentis xorcproduqtis dasamza-deblad.

gaciveba. swrafad gaciveba gamoricxavs konservis SigTavsSi gadarCenili Termofiluri baqteriebis gamravlebas da am mizeziT pro-duqtis gafuWebas. amitom metalis qilebs jer kidev avtoklavSi cici wylis SeSvebiT aciveben +40...+500C temperaturamde, xolo aseT tempe-raturaze daxarisxebis Semdeg gadaaqvT gril sakanSi.

civad daxarisxeba. gacivebuli qila ar unda iyos gaberili (mas “bombaJs” uwodeben). bombaJis mizezebia:

1. qilis SigniT mimdinareobs mikrobiologiuri procesebi; 2. dafasoebisas produqti iyo zomaze metad civi; 3. daxufvisas qilidan ar amoitumba haeri da 4. qilaSi Cadebulia zomaze meti raodenobiT produqti. daxarisxebisas aucilebelia gairkves bombaJis gamomwvevi mizezebi

da Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aris konservi eqvemdebareba utilizacias. Senaxva. xorcis konservebis Senaxvis temperaturul-tenianobis

reJimi da xangrZlivoba damokidebulia taras masalaze, SigTavsis Sedgenilobasa da sterilizaciis reJimze. minis taraSi Cadebuli xorcis burRuleulTan, makaronTan an bostneulTan narevi konservis Senaxvis vadaa 2-3 weli, metalis qilaSi dafasoebuli xorcis bostneulTan narevSi konservis 1-2 weli, Sebolili xorcproduqtebis ki 1 weli.

konservis mdgomareobasa da misi Senaxvis vadebze yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi specialuri komisia msjelobs taras mdgomareobisa da SigTavsis Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. wundebas eqvemdebareba daJanguli, an deformirebul taraSi, gabzarul minis taraSi da standartis Seusa-bamo morfo-fizikuri Tvisebebis mqone konservi.


• ra mizans emsaxureba cxovelis/frinvelis nakvebobis gansazRvra?

• ra maCveneblebiT da rogor sazRvraven cxovelis nakvebobas?

• ra pirobebi unda iyos daculi cxovelis/frinvelis transporti-rebisas?

• ramden xans aSimSileben dakvlis win mcoxnav cxovelebs, Rors, frinvels da ramdeni saaTiT adre uwyvetaven maT wylis micemas?

sur. 78. vertikaluri

avtoklavi АВК-01

186

• ra TanamimdevrobiT tardeba cxovelebis/frinvelebis pirveladi gadamuSavebis (dakvlis) operaciebi?

• ra temperaturis unda iyos Roris naklavis gasafufqi wyali, da ramden xans unda gavfufqoT is?

• ramden komerciul da xarisxis klasad iyofa Roris tanxorci evrogaerTianebis qveynebis standartis mixedviT?

• ra maCvenebliT da ramden xarisxad iyofa Zroxis tanxorcis kla-sebi evrogaerTianebis qveynebis standartiT?

• damarilebis romeli wesi gamoiyeneba SaSxis damzadebisas?

• ra temperaturaze xorcieldeba SaSxis “civad” da “cxlad” Sebolva?

• ra saxis Zexveuli mzaddeba sawarmoebSi?

• ra saxis naxevarfabrikatebi aris cnobili?

• rogoria TanamimdevrobiT tardeba teqnologiuri procesebi qilis konservebis damzadebisas?

• ras amzadeben endokrinuli, fermentuli da specialuri nedleulidan? literatura:

1. g.gogoli, p.gogoli- xorcisa da xorcproduqtebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2006;

2. z. cxvedaZe- xorcis gadamuSavebis teqnologiis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 2001;


T a v i 14. kvercxis, matylis da tyavbewveulis daxarisxeba da pirveladi

gadamuSaveba;

kvercxis daxarisxeba

kvercxi Zvirfasi dieturi sakvebia. is Seicavs adamianisaTvis saWiro yvela sayuaTo nivTierebas. qaTmis erTi kvercxi Tavisi kvebiTi Rire-bulebiT 200 grami mouxdel rZis da 40 grami Zroxis xorcis tolfasia. kvercxis cila xasiaTdeba baqteriociduli, agreTve sxvadasxva samkur-nalo TvisebebiT.

kvercxi sami ZiriTadi nawi-lisagan- cilis, yviTrisa da naWu-Wisagan Sedgeba. sxvadasxva saxe-obis frinvelebis kvercxSi maTi urTierTSefardeba sakmaod gans-xvavebulia (cxrili 37).

amasTan, kvercxSi wylis, proteinis, cximis, naxSirwylebis da mineraluri nivTierebebis Sem-cveloba, Sesabamisad, 69,9-74,3; 12,8-14,0; 11,1-14,1; 0,4-1,2 da 0,8-1,2%-is farglebSi cvalebadobs.

cxrili 37. kvercxis nawilebis Sefardeba, %

frinvelis saxeoba

cila yviTri naWuWi

qaTami indauri ixvi bati cicari mwyeri

55,8 55,9 52,6 52,5 55,0 60,9

31,9 32,3 35,4 35,1 31,4 31,9

12,3 11,8 12,0 12,4 13,6 7,2

187

sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebidan yvelaze didi masis kvercxi aqvs bats (120-200 g), xolo yvelaze patara- 9-12 g mwyers. qaTmis kvercxis masa cvalebadobs 45-75 g- is farglebSi.

ganasxvaveben sainkubacio da sakveb (sasursaTo) kvercxs. maT Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom sainkubacio kvercxi ganayofierebulia, sasursaTo ki ara. sxva saxeobis frinvelebTan SedarebiT, ZiriTadad, sasursaTo mniSv-neloba qaTmisa da mwyris kvercxs aqvs. ixvis da batis kvercxi sakvebad gamoiyeneba akrZalulia maT naWuWze salmonelozis gamomwvevi mikrobebis arsebobis gamo, xolo indauris da cicris kvercxis raodenoba sasur-saTo bazarze SedarebiT umniSvneloa.

sacalo vaWrobis qselSi kvercxi iyideba naturaluri saxiT, sakon-ditro da xorcproduqtebis warmoebaSi ki iyeneben rogorc naturalur kvercxs, aseve melanJs da kvercxis fxvnils.

kvercxisadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnaaa misi siaxle. axali kvercxs dalandvisas cvlilebebi ar aRiniSneba, xolo sahaero kamera Seda-rebiT patara zomis aqvs.

Senaxvis xangrZliobidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben dietur da sasa-dilo (sufris) kvercxs. dieturs miekuTvneba dadebidan 7 dRemde kvercxi, xolo sasadilod iTvleba 00-dan +200C‐temperaturis pirobebSi 8-dan 25 dRemde periodSi Senaxuli kvercxi, agreTve is kvercxi, romelic _20C-dan 00C temperaturamde inaxeboda 3 Tveze ufro didxans.

dieturi da sasadilo kvercxi sahaero saknis, yviTris da cilis mdgomareobiT unda Seesabamebodes 38-e cxrilSi motanil moTxovnebs. dieturi kvercxi, masis gaTvaliswinebiT iyofa or kategoriad I da II. dadebidan 7 dRis gasvlis Semdeg dieturi kvercxi avtomaturad gadadis sasadilo xarisxSi.

cxrili 38. sasursaTo kvercxis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi

kvercxis xarisxi

sahaero sakanis mdgomareoba/

simaRle

yviTris mdgomareoba

cilis simkvrive da feri

dieturi uZravi/ar aRema-

teba 4 mm- s

myari, odnav Sesam-Cnevi, konturebi

ar aris gamokveTi-li, ukavia centra-luri mdebareoba

mkvrivi, Ria fe-ris, gamWvirvale

sufris, 0...+20 0C temperatura-ze Senaxuli

uZravi, dasaSvebia mcireodeni moZ-raoba/ara umetes

7 mm-sa

myari, naklebad SesamCnevi, dasaS-vebia centraluri

mdebareobidan mcire gadaxra


sufris, -20C…0 0C temperatura-ze Senaxuli

uZravi, dasaSvebia mcireodeni moZraoba/ara umetes 7 mm-sa

“ – “ – “

mkvrivi, dasaSve-bia naklebad


dieturi kvercxis markireba xdeba wiTeli feris (sur. 79), xolo sasadilo kvercxis- lurji feris beWdiT. pirveli niSani gviCvenebs realizaciis vadas, xolo meore kvercxis kategorias, misi masidan gamomdinare.

188

sasursaTo kvercxis xarisxi damo-kidebulia misi Segrovebis, SefuTvis, trans-portirebisa da Senaxvis pirobebze. stan-dartis Sesabamisad kvercxi unda iyos sufTa, naWuWze ar unda SeimCneodes sis-xlis da WuWyis laqebi. naWuWi, aseve, ar unda iyos dazianebuli (gabzaruli).

dasaSvebadaa miCneuli: a) dieturi kvercxis naWuWze erTe-

uli zoli an wertilis arseboba; b) sufris kvercxis naWuWze wertili

da/an laqa, magram misi zedapiris ara umetes 1/8 farTobze.

daxarisxebisas naWuWis sisufTavesTan erTad mxedvelobaSi miiReba, sakuTriv

kvercxis Semadgeneli nawilebis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. kvercxs ar unda hqondes ucxo suni (laye, dampali, gaxrwnis da sxva). amasTan, mniSvnelovania, rom dieturi da sufris kvercxi akmayofilebdes vetsani-tarul moTxovnebs.

standartis Sesabamisad sasursaTo kvercxi xarisxdeba dadebidan erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi. qaTmis dieturi da sasursaTo kvercxi masis mixedviT iyofa umaRlesi, rCeuli, pirveli, meore da mesame kategoriebad (cxrili 39). kvercxs ukeTdeba markireba, romelic advilad unda ikiTxebodes. markirebis gareSe kvercxis realizacia dauSvebelia.

35-42 g masis kvercxi gamoiyeneba teqnikuri gadamu-SavebisaTvis da igzavneba sazogadoebrivi kvebis obi-eqtebSi.

evrogaerTianebis qveyne-bis standartis Sesabamisad qaTmis kvercxi masis mixedviT iyofa oTx xarisxad:

1. eqstra- kvercxi, romlis masa 75 g da metia;

2. msxvili- kvercxi, romlis masa 63-74 g-s Seadgens;

3. saSualo- kvercxi, rom-lis masa 53-63 g-s Sead-gens da

4. wvrili- kvercxi, romlis masa 43-53 g-a. evrokomisiis # 598/2008 wesiT, romelic miRebuli iqna 2008 wlis 24

ivniss, sabazro standartebis gamartivebis Semdeg evrokavSiris qveynebis mwarmoeblebma unda miiRon nebarTva operatoris TxovniT kvercxis marki-rebisagan ganTavisuflebis Taobaze. 2008 wlis 1 ivlisidan evrokavSirSi warmoebuli gadasamuSavebeli kvercxi ganTavisuflebulia markirebis aucileblobisagan, magram es ar exeba mesame qveynidan importirebul kvercxs.

sawarmoo praqtikaSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba sasursaTo kvercxis defeqtebi. dadgenilia maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi:

cxrili 39. qaTmis kvercxis kategoriebi

kategoria erTi

kvercxis masa, g

aTi kvercxis masa, g

360 kver-cxis

masa, kg umaRlesi 75 da

meti 750 da meti

27,0 da meti

rCeuli 65-dan 74,9-mde

650-dan 749-mde

23,4-dan 26,9-mde

pirveli 55-dan 64,9-mde

550-dan 649-mde

19,9-dan 23,3-mde

meore 45-dan 54,9-mde

450-dan 549-mde

16,2-dan 19,8-mde

mesame 35-dan 49,9-mde

250-dan 449-mde

12,6-dan 16,1-mde

sur. 79. umaRlesi kate-goriis dieturi kvercxi

189

• marmarilosebri naWuWi. gamowveulia saqaTmeSi maRali tenianobiT, sakvebSi D3 vitaminis siWarbiT da kvercxis xangrZlivad SenaxviT;

• aratipiuri feris da niSnebis mqone naWuWi. gamomwvevi mizezi SeiZ-leba iyos frinvelis organizmis saerTo rezistentobis Semcireba, sulfanilamidebiT mowamvla, virusuli daavadeba da kvercxis dadebisas Zlieri stresi;

• xorkliani naWuWi. gamowveulia sakvebSi spilenZis deficitiT da D3 vitaminis siWarbiT; garda amisa, aseT kvercxs sakmaod xSirad deben asakovani frinvelebi;

• kvercxis araswori forma. mizezia reproduqciul organoebSi morfologiuri darRvevebi, maRali kvercxdebis periodSi sasmeli wylis deficiti, agreTve virusuli infeqciebi;

• SeTxelebuli cila. gamowveulia ulufaSi lizinis deficitiT, kvercxis xangrZlivad SenaxviT, safrinveleSi maRali temperatu-riT, an kidev haerSi amiakis maRali SemcvelobiT;

• uferuli yviTri; gamomwvevi mizezia ulufaSi A vitaminis deficiti, agreTve qaTmis koqcidioziT da infeqciuri bronqitiT daavadeba.

• moyviTalo-momwvano yviTri; gamowveulia ulufaSi B2 vitaminis siWarbiT.

• orgula kvercxi; gamowveulia hormonaluri darRveviT, kvercxsa-valis susti ganviTarebiT, sinaTlis reJimis mkveTrad gazrdiT, agreTve genetikuri faqtorebiT.

matylis saxeebi da klasireba

boWkoebis Sedgenilobis mixedviT matyli iyofa erTgvarovan da araerTgvarovan anu Sereul matylad.

erTgvarovani matyli Sedgeba erTgvarovani boWkoebisagan, romelTa danawileba simsxoTi, sigrZiT da sxva garegnuli niSnebiT SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT SeuZlebelia. erTgvarovan matyls miekuTvneba nazi da naxevrad nazmatylovani jiSebis, agreTve zogierTi najvari cxvris matyli.

araerTgvarovani anu Sereuli matyli Sedgeba TivTikis, gardama-vali da uxeSi boWkoebisagan, xSirad mSrali da mkvdari boWkoebis minar-evebiT. matylis es fraqciebi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac advilad gasarCe-via erTmaneTisagan. aseTi matyliT xasiaTdebian uxeSmatylovani da naxev-rad uxeSmatylovani jiSebis, agreTve zogierTi najvari cxvrebi.

praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba matylis xarisxis Sefasebis ori saxis stan-darti, samrewvelo da dasamzadebeli. dasamzadebeli standartebi SemuSa-vebulia matylis mwarmoebel meurneobebSi da damamzadebel punqtebSi gamosayeneblad. am standartis mixedviT matylis klasirebis ZiriTadi principi igivea, rac samrewvelo standartis SemTxvevaSia gaTvaliswine-buli, magram Sesafasebeli niSan-Tvisebebis raodenoba masSi naklebia.

standartis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad matylis xarisxis dadgenas klasirebas uwodeben. matylis klasireba xdeba cxvris gaparsvisTanave. erT-erTi ZiriTadi pirobaa is, rom parsvisas matylis safarveli cxvris sxeulidan Semoparsuli iqnas erT mTlianobaSi. aseT naparss kanZs uwodeben.

erTgvarovani matylis mqone cxvrebs weliwadSi parsaven erTxel-gazafxulze da, rogorc wesi, matyls aqvs kanZis saxe. araerTgvarovani matylis mqone cxvrebs parsaven orjer- gazafxulze da Semodgomaze.

190

gazafxulis naparss aqvs kanZis saxe, xolo Semodgomis matyli cal-cal-ke konebadaa (kululebadaa) warmodgenili.

kanZi Sedgeba Stapelebis an kululebisagan. Stapelebi matylis konebia, romlisagan Sedgeba nazmatylovani da

naxevrad nazmatylovani jiSis cxvrebis kanZi. Stapelebis sisqe TiTqmis mTel sigrZeze erTnairia, xolo maTi daboloeba blagvi an wawvetebulia.

kululebi ewodeba uxeSi da naxevraduxeSmatylovani cxvrebis matylis konebs, romelTa gare boloebi mkveTrad wvrildeba da iRebs kululis formas.

Stapelebisa da kululebis mixedviT fasdeba matylis teqnikuri Tvisebebi: klakniloba, WeSmariti da bunebrivi sigrZe, sinaze da sxv.

samrewvelo standartis instruqciaSi aRwerilia ra saxis matyli eqvemdebareba klasirebas da ramden klasad/qveklasad xdeba maTi dayofa. aqve mocemulia, agreTve, transportirebisaTvis kanZis/matylis SefuTvisa da markirebis wesebi.

yvela standartis mixedviT, ganurCevlad kanZis saxisa, klasireba xdeba: 1. matylis dabinZurebis da defeqtianobis xarisxis mixedviT; 2. feris mixedviT da 3. kanZSi ufro meti raodenobiT Semavali matylis sinazis mixedviT. gamonakliss warmoadgens nazmatylovani cxvrebis kanZi, romelsac jer klasebad yofen sigrZis mixedviT, xolo Semdeg qvekla-sebad matylis sinazis mixedviT.

daxarisxebisas kanZs specialur magidaze deben gaSlilad, naparsi mxariT qvemoT da minarevebis mosacileblad dabertyaven. Sefasebis daw-yebamde kanZs acileben dabali xarisxis muclis, agreTve ganavliT an talaxiT dasvril ubnebs da nakuw matyls. ase momzadebul matyls afaseben boWkos sigrZis, simsxos da sinazis xarisxis mixedviT, aseve adgenen mis erTgvarovnebas, boWkos simsxos mixedviT gamoTanabrebas da simagres.

boWkos sigrZes anu Stapelis simaRles adgenen Cveulebrivi saxa-zaviT, simsxos da matylis boWkoebis simsxoSi gamoTanabrebas- Tvalzo-miT da/an etalonis daxmarebiT, miaxloebiT simagres ki- Cveulebrivi fanqris diametris konis gawyvetaze gamocdiT. sinazis xarisxs sazRvraven e.w. bratforduli klasifikaciiT, romelic efuZneba matylis boWkos simsxos TvalzomiT gansazRvras (Sefasebas).

erTgvarovani kanZis daxarisxebisas matylis klasze da qveklasze mikuTvneba, ZiriTadad, xdeba misi sigrZisa da simsxos mixedviT.

klasirebul kanZs axveven Semdegnairad: erTi gverdidan zurgis Sua, warmosaxviT xazisaken gadaikeceba kanZis erTi mesamedi ra drosac Stapeli rCeba SigniT, naparsi mxare ki gareT. Semdeg meore gverdidan sruldeba igive operacia da bolos kisris da kudis mxridan Sua werti-lisaken Caixveva mTeli kanZi ise, rom mas aZleven muTaqisebur formas. daxveul kanZs deben didi zomis tomrebSi- bardanebSi da gadaaqvT dasawnexad. erT bardanaSi ideba mxolod erTi saxis, klasis da qve-klasis kanZi. dawnexva amcirebs matylis gadazidvaze, SesafuT masalaze, momsaxure personalze gasawev xarjebs da xels uwyobs matylis struq-turis SenarCunebas, rac aucilebelia gadamamuSavebel sawarmoSi misi samrewvelo xarisxebis dasadgenad. bardanas masa matylis saxidan gamom-dinare, sxvadasxvaa da SeiZleba cvalebadobdes 70-120 kg- is farglebSi.

dawnexil bardanas saRebaviT an melniT ukeTeben markirebas, ra drosac miuTiTeben: qveyanas, mxares, raions da meurneobas, sadac matyli

191

iqna warmoebuli da SefuTuli, matylis saxes, cxvris sqesobriv-asakob-riv jgufs, parsvis sezons, klass, qveklass, fers da bardanis masas.

bocvris tyavbewvis pirveladi damuSaveba

maRali xarisxis tyavbewvis misaRebad bocveri umjobesia daiklas gviani Semodgoma zamTarSi, rodesac balnis cvena wydeba, xolo safari xSiri, TivTikiT mdidari, grZeli da bzinvarea.

dakvlis win, jer sveli, Semdeg ki mSrali tiloTi bocvris bewvs da kans guldasmiT asufTaveben mtvrisa da WuWyisagan. gatyavebis teqno-logiur operacias win uZRvis bocvris gabrueba da sisxlisagan dacla (dakvla).

meqanikuri an eleqtruli wesiT gabruebul bocvers ukana kidure-biT hkideben pirveladi gadamuSavebis konveiris kidul gzaze an nebis-mier sxva saSualebaze. mis kiserze, qveda ybis mimdebare midamoSi danis wveriT akeTeben Wrils, Sedian siRrmeSi da danis ganivad moZraobiT gadaWrian marjvena da marcxena saZile arterias, ise, rom ar azianeben saylapav mils da traqeas. sisxlis gamoSveba SeiZleba Tavis mTlianad daWriT, magram am dros saWiroa sifrTxile, rom sisxlis wveTebi an gadaWrili saylapavi milidan gadmodenili kuWis SigTavsiT bewvi ar daisvaros.

naklavi sisxlisagan icleba 2-2,5 w-Si. sisxlis wveTis bewvze mox-vedrisas am adgils wmenden mSrali bambis tamponiT an tiloTi.

gasatyaveblad momzadebas iwyeben wina kidurebis majis saxsarSi daWriT. Semdeg muclis midamoSi xelis msubuqad daWeriT Sardis busts aTavisufleben SigTavsisagan da ukana kidurebze, saxtomi saxsris mida-moSi daniT wriulad SemoaWrian kans.

momdevno operaciaa orive barklis SigniTa mxareze, analuri xvre-lis mimarTulebiT tyavis gaWra da ukana kidurebis mTlianad gatyaveba. Semdeg muSa-operatori orive xels hkidebs kidurebidan mocilebul tyavs da dabla frTxili moZra-obebiT daWimviT naklavs mTlianad gaaZrobs tyavs (sur. 80) ise, rom bewviani zedapiri aRmoCndeba SigniTa mxareze.

tyavs deben magidaze da ise, rom ar daziandes, SemaerTebelqsovilovani zedapiri-dan basri daniT tyavs aaWrian gatyavebisas ayolil xorcis, qonisa da myesebis anarCenebs.

am gziT gawmendili tyavbewvi gadaaqvT sxva saamqroSi da gacivebis mizniT 1 sT-iT hkideben kauWze.

gacivebul tyavs, gadmoubruneblad, Camo-acvamen xis formaze (morze, sur. 81) da zeda-piridan daniT frTxilad Camofxeken qonis anarCenebs.

narCeni cximis mosacileblad tyavbewvs Semoayrian sufTa benzinSi dasvelebul naxerxs da xeliT kargad Caazilaven mas. 15-20 wT-is Semdeg naxerxs Camobertyaven da tyavs aSroben +350C temperaturisa da 30-50% fardobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi.

sur. 80. bocvris

gatyaveba

192

usafrTxoebidan gamomdinare dauSvebelia tyavbewvis Ria cecxlTan gaSroba. aseve ar aris rekomendebuli mzeze gaSroba. mSrali tyavbew-vis tenianoba ar unda aRematebodes 12-16%-s.

aseTi saxiT gamomSrali tyavi igzavneba tyavbewveulis sawarmoebSi.

bocvris tyavbewvs axarisxeben farTobisa da kanis sisqis mixedviT. farTobis mixedviT, ZiriTadad, gamoyofen 2 xarisxs, tyavbewvi rom-lis farTobi 16 kvadratul decimetrze naklebia da 16 kvadratul decimetrze ufro farTo tyavbewvs.

aseve or xarisxad yofen tyavbewvs kanis sisqis mixedviT: 0,7 mm-mde sisqis da 0,7 mm-ze ufro sqeli.

gamomSrali tyavbewis gamoyvanis ramode-nime xerxi arsebobs. erT-erTi xerxis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

mSral tyavs dasalbobad CauSveben winaswar mimzadebul +250C temperaturis marilxsnarSi (1 l wyalSi 30 g NaCl). procesis bolosaTvis tyavi ise darbildeba, rom mogvagonebs axals. dambal tyavs recxaven jer Tbil wyalSi gaxsnili sarecxi saSualebiT, Semdeg ki gaavleben sufTa wyals da SeaSroben.

SemSral tyavbewvs kvlav CauSveben marilwyalSi romelsac, 30 wT-is gasvlis Semdeg amateben CaCO3-s, 1 l marilxsnarze 1 gramis raode-nobiT. sodis gaxsnis Semdeg 30 wT-is SualediT or jerad umateben 2 g formalins/1 l marilxsnarze.

narevSi tyavs aCereben 6 saaTi, +250C temperaturis pirobebSi, ris Semdeg umateben koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas- 1 l xsnarze 5 ml-is odenobiT, periodulad ureven da ayovneben 8 saaTis manZilze. dayovnebis Semdeg xsnaris amateben niSaduris spirts (4 ml-s yovel 1 litrze gadaangari-SebiT) da erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi ureven.

narCeni cximis mosacileblad tyavbewvs CauSveben mduRare abazanaSi, romelSic yovel 1 l wyalze damatebulia 50 g sarecxi saponi da 20 g niSaduris spirti.

amoRebul tyavs gadaabruneben (bewviT ga-reT), deben Taroze da aSroben. bewvma bzinvareba rom miiRos mas wmenden teqnikuri spirtiT. sakontrolo kiTxvebi:

• ra maCveneblebiT axarisxeben sasursaTo kvercxs?

• Senaxvis ra vada aqvs dietur/sasursaTo kvercxs?

• ra feris beWdiT aRiniSneba dieturi/sasursaTo kvercxi?

• sasursaTo kvercxis ra defeqtebi gvxvdeba?

• rodis parsaven erTgvarovan da araerTgvarovanmatylovan cxvrebs?

• ra da ra saxis matyls iZleva mecxvareoba?

• ra aris kanZi?

sur. 82. bocvris

gamoyvanili tyavbewvi

sur. 81. tyavbewvis cximisa da anarCe-nebisagan gawmenda

193

• ra maCveneblebiT xdeba matylis klasireba?

• riT gansxvavdeba Stapeli kululisagan?

• ra teqnologiuri operaciebisagan Sedgeba bocvris gatyaveba? • ra maCveneblebiT axarisxeben bocvris tyavbewvs? literatura: 1. g.gogoli, p.gogoli- xorcisa da xorcproduqtebis teqnologia.

Tbilisi, 2006; 2. r.nozaZe, m.xuciSvili, v.zavraSvili- mefrinveleobis produqtebis

warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2007; 3. T. paikiZe- mecxvareoba. Tbilisi, 2004; 4. m.xuciSvili, r.nozaZe, v.zavraSvili, a.Wkuaseli, a.CageliSvili,

n.maisuraZe- sasursaTo kvercxis pirveladi damuSavebis da standar-tizaciis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2009;

5. Технология производства и переработки животноводоческой продукции. Под общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;

ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 30.07.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 21.08.2009. qaRaldis

zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 12. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77

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