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6-i

.Pages6. MEASURES FOR PROTECTID ti OF RABIES-FIU::E COUNTRIES

6.1 Introduction6.2 Responsibil i ty of owners or hanalers of an animal

6.10.16.1

6.3 Responsibil i ty of authorit ies of the countr ies of orlglD an ddestination 6.26.3.1 Recommendations of the WHO Expert Committeeon Rab ie s (1983) 6.26.3.2 Internat ional Zoosanitary Code for Rabies,Internat ional Office of EpizootlCS, Par is , 1976 6.3

6.4 Education and Training6.5 Vaccination of inoigenous dog population6.6 Import requirements

6.46.46.4

6 .6 .16.6.2Annex 6-1

Annex 0-2

Requirements current ly 1n terceRequirements proposedIn ternat ional Zoo-Sanitary Code (OIE)

Chapter 2.6.1 Rables, Article 2 .6 .1 .1Internat ional Cert i f ica te of Vaccination againstrabies

6.46.6

6.9

6.12

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6.16. MEASURES FOR P K O T ~ C T I O N OF R A B I E 5 - F R E ~ COUNTRIES

6.1 IntroductionIn Section 1.4 the present p o l i c i e s of t he p revent io n of the spread 01'r ab ie s w it hi n a country as well as between countr ies are discussed. Model

l e g i s l a t i o n , control of dog movements, emergency and contingency plans andquarantine and observation are d is cu ss ed in SeCtiOns 4.2 , 5 . 2 . 3 , 5.2.7 and5.3 .3 .

rh e e va lu atio n o f p res en tl y a pp lie d re gu la tio ns shows a wide d i v e r ~ e n c y ofmeasures, part ly determined by loc al condit ions, h i s t o r i c a l developments andregiona1 ly in fluenced rules (Section 1 . 4 ) . Efforts are therefore made in th efollowing to propose - on th e basis of r e commendat i.ons of internat ionalorganizations - uniform import procedures fo r those c o u n t r ~ e s which prepareand implement comprehensive national pl an s of rabies elimination(Sect ion 6 . 6 ) . The preparation and a dopt io n o f new plans offer governmentsth e opportunity t o review t h e i r requ1rements and to modernize them by takinginto conside r a t io n immunological condit ions and t e s t s . The requLrementsd esc rib ed in th e following apply both to anima ls involved by t o u r i s t s andv i s i t or s and to animals introduced for commercial purposes.

6.2 Responsibil i t y of owners o r h an dler s of an an imalI t cannot be expected tha t the owner or handler of an animal knows from

experience a l l the requirements for th e tran s fer of the animal to a foreigncou ntry o r fo r i t s return to i t s own country. Kequirements d i f f e r fromcountry to country depending on the epidemiological s t a t u s , th e a v a i l a b i l i t yof f a c i l i t i e s (e.g .) for quarantine) a nd the a p p l i c a b i l i t y of measures.Requirements are subject to chang es as these conditions change. Moreover,they may not be r e s t r icted to dogs and cats but concern a l l species able tocarry th e disease.

I t i s therefore one of the most frequent and important questions: how toobta in correct and complete i n f ormat i on ? WHO issues every two years a l i s tof import requirements. However, t h i s i s mainly used to compare measures andto analyze the trend of rabies prevention on th various continents (see alsoSection 1 . 4 ) . Up-to-date information i s generally available from t ravelagencies and in p a r t i c u l a r from the consulates or a i r l i n e s of th e country ofd e s t i n a t i o n . lATA member s i ssue monthly t he "Tr av el I nf orma tio n Manual"(T IM) whi eh prov ides de ta i 1s for each 1 is te d coun try under th e sec t io n "P e ts 1J

Owners and handlers of an animal should observe the following obl igat ionsand r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ~

(a) Obtain complete information on requirements.(b ) Avoid taking an animal to a country or area ( e . g . an infected one) i f

t h i s prohibi ts or hampers the t ransfer to another country ( e . g . ar a b i e s - f r e e country) .

(c ) Have the animal vaccinated against rabies before entering anotherc o u n t r y ~ note that most coun t ri es r equ ir e vac ci na ti on between 30day s and 12 months before entry, but some countr ies i n s i s t on alonger in terval between th e time of vaccination and entry io to th ecountry. Make sure that a vaccine type i s applied which isrecognized by the a u t h o r i t i e s of th e c ountr y of dest inat ion (somecoun tr ie s spe ci fy t he v ac ci ne to be used). A vaccinationc e r t i f i c a t e mu s t be issued by th e a u t h o r i t i e s . For further d e t a i l son vaccination see Section 5.2.2 and on c e r t i f i c a t i o n and v a l i d l t yfor i nt er n at io n al t ra n sf er see Section 6.3 .

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6.2(d ) If required. obtain a health cer t i f ica te from veterinary author i t iesprior to departure. The country of destination may also needconfirmation of th e epidemiological s itu atio n in t he count ry oforigin and th e other countries visi ted by the animal within a cer ta inperiod prior to entry (see Internat ional Zoosanitary Code. item6.3.2) .6.3 Res po ns ib ility of author i t ies of th e countries of origin anddest inat ionThe veterinary author i t ies of th e country of origin cer t i fy vaccination,th e health s ta tus of t he animals , and the ep idemio log ica l s ta tus of the

country or area of origin, as required by t he country of destination, whichmay also ask for further deta i l s .Pertinent recommendations have been made by the WHO Expert Committee on

Rabies at i t s 7th meeting in 1983. The Internat ional Zoosanitary Code of OlEspeci fi e s p r inc ip les and minimum requirements for cer t i f ica t ion of th e rabiesstatus of the country of or ig in , the countries vis i ted by the animal prior toeKport. and i t s health and vaccination s ta tus . Internat ional recommendationsare supplemented by the fomat of th e "International Cert i f icate ofVaccinat ion Agains t Rabies" (see Annex 6.2) .

In view of th e significance of these international codes andrecommendations for national programme development, they are given here inthe i r ent i re ty .

6.3.1 Recommendations of th e WHO Expert Committee on Rabies (1983)An area can be considered rabies-infected when an indigenous ly acqui red

rabies infect ion has been confirmed in man or animals at any time during ap revious 2 -yea r period. Conversely a rabies free area may be defined as onein which no case o f indigenously acquired rabies has occurred in man oranimals for 2 years.

The following measures should be taken when animals are imported fromcountries where rabies is known to exis t .Dogs and cats( 1) Count ri es now free from rabies should ei ther total ly prohibi t theimport at ion o f dogs and cats or only permit their entry under the

authority of a l icence granted previously. Such animals on entry shouldbe subjected to a prolonged period of ql1arantine, preferably 4 months ormore, a t quarantine premises approved by the Government veterinaryservice . If th e quarantine period is only 4 months, leashing of dogs andsurveillance for an addi t ional 2 months are recommended. The use of aninactivated vaccine on e ntry in to qu ara ntine i s recommended for both dogsand cats .

(2 ) Where s t r i c t quarantine measures are impracti cable. as fo r in sta nc e incountrie s with extensive land borders and with r ab ie s a lr eady present indomestic or wild a nimals, th e follOWing measures are recommended:

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( ,1 ) Uo gs :1(1'1 c a t s :;h ')\I l d v"cc i llfl t e d no t l es s t :',', '1 JO d ;Jy s :l nd no tmo r e t h a n 1 p r i o r rc , : ' i t , } , ; l! l .j be iJ C C o m p .:J11 i e d by

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6.4The International Zoosanitary Code also provides th e pattern of a health

ce r t i f i ca te for domestic or wildlife carnivores . In some countriesvaccination and health cer t i f ica tes are combined into one document althoughthis often does not i nc lu de i nf orma ti on on th e epidemiological s ta tus of theexporting country required by some countr ies according to the Internat ionalZoosanitary Code. In fact i t is often the import ing country which defineswhether the country of origin of an animal can be considered free of thed is ea se ( se e Section 1.4.2) . An extract of the Code showing th e r ele va ntArticle is given in Annex 6.1.

6 .4 . Education and t rainingTraining o f p ro fe ss ional groups which could f i r s t detect or come i n t ocontact with a nimals b rought into a c ou ntry or area without permission is anindispensable task in rabies defence (e .g . pol ice , customs off icers , port

off icers , shipping experts , air l ine/rai lwaY/sea- l ines personnel, animalhandlers, veter inar ians, l ivestock and wildlife off icers) . Special t rainingis r eq uir ed fo r those who may suspect a f i r s t case of rabies ( in dex cas e) in apreviously rab ies - f ree area (e .g . physician t rea t ing bi t ten person,veter inar ian t rea t ing animals, hunters , wi ld li fe o ff ic e rs noting an imals withabnormal behaviour). Competence of laboratory s ta f f and in te rna t ionaltechnical cooperation in r ab ie s diagnosis are other important object ives Ln acomprehensive programme of rabies prevention.

All these professional ac t ivi t ies must be supplemented by programmes andcampaigns of public information which ensure h igh awa rene ss and sensi t iv i ty ofth e population with respect to the r isk of rabies and preventive measures knt he absence of the disease , but avoid hyster ia in the event of an actualoutbreak. An awareness campaign has, for example, been successful lymaintained over the past three decades in Malaysia by the Min istr y o fAgriculture in close collaboration with th e Ministry of Health. Similarlyth e Ministry o f Ag ri cu lt ur e, Fisheries and Food, United Kingdom, has developeduseful information mater ia l and programmes for the country 's purposes.

6.5 V accination of indigenous dog populationSome rab ies - f ree countr ies continue to vaccinate the i r dog populations asa well establ ished and accepted measure increasing safety , e .g . Spain,Portugal, Japan, Guam, Hong Kong. The recent outbreak of rabies in Spain

shows, however, that such measures in th e absence of an epidemic ca n lead to afalse impression of securi ty . To maintain an appropria te coverage ofimmunity requires th e permanent support through a public awareness programme( se e Sec ti on 6.4) . In general, such compulsory vaccinat ion schemes mustprovide services free to be generally a c c e p t e d and observed by th e public .Active implementa t ion by authorit ies in regular campa i gn s , similar to that inprogrammes of dog rabies elimination (see Sect ion 5.2) , seems to be essent ia lin most countries .

6.6 Import requirements6.6.1 Requirements current ly in forceThe veterinary author i t ie s of the country of or igin of an an imal(exporting country) have to cer t i fy vaccination and cer ta in condi t ions

according to the requirements establish ed by th e c o u n t r y of d e s t i(importing country) .

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In o r d e r t o h a rmon i z e the l I I \ ! : ~ n J to t ! t \ ~ \ l r , ; :'Iu tua i lyt;ndt;? Js tCindab ;f." a n d r a t i v c ~ f O C e ( ~ U r CO\..l fl lt " l PS ,i n ( .:; r na t i o na i r ,, '';OfnhH o- nd ;J t i o 'IS h a v e 0 ,':} r L c f an i ma 1S i l t>1e t o i n L r od l ! c e ra lJ i s . Tht' j 0 I :I s u r e s c L q II Cl r 3n t. i nean d v ac c i u o t i o n Ca n t OU J y bE; s u p p l e meu t e d b y t h e v e r i t i c a t r o n o I t h e a n i ma l t sill tiflUn e s t a t u s s i ne"! iuor e an d ino re na t i o n s t i ns t r r.u t i on s ...r e, ao l e t c a r r y ou t

serol ogic alI mport req uir- e rnt:l1ts mus t be ' ; I t . ~ n i n t n e c ou t e x ; ,) 1 . - , p ~ L i I . o g l ( ; t a c t o r s

and t he ab i Li t i e s o f a count ry to ; n f o r c e !I:'-dsu res . \} t t e rl t h i s imp l i e s ar e a s o l1.a h l o? cO ' J,birHHio!1 o f i nterna l a nd e : ; L e r n " ~ me a s u r es o f pre ven t i on and

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6.6(d ) Cat owners are advised t o have t h e i r c a t s inoculated against rab i e s ,

and t h i s i s current ly provided free of charge.( e ) Dog and cat b i t e incidents must be re por te d to the authori ty with a

view to detaining th e responsible animals for observat io n for signsof r a b i e s . The observation period i s current ly seven days.(f ) Elimination of s t r a y and unwanted dogs by regular dog catching

operat ions throughout th e t e r r i t o r y . "6.6.2 Requirements proposedThe analysis of a l l possible combinations of measures and epidemiological

s i t u a t ions of the countr ies o f origin and dest inat ion l e a d s to some principleand simplif ied measures. These could be accepted by t he ma jo ri ty ofcountr ies and in p a r t i c u l a r by those countr ies which implement nationalprogrammes in l ine with t he sugges ti on s o f t h i s manual. The present lack ofuniformity of measures in the world could thus gradually be replaced byharmonized regu l a t i o n s . For the purpose of t h i s manual, the m u l t i p l i c i t y ofprocedures has been reduced to 3 principle pol icies and one exceptionalr eg ul at io n r es pe ct in g t he s t a t u s of some specif ied r a b i e s - f r e e countries .

Table 6.1 s t a t e s these p rin cip le s in r e l a t i o n to the epidemiologicals t a t u s o f the cou ntries of o r i g i n and d e s t i n a t i o n .Animals other than dogs and c a t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y carnivores and bats , shouldbe considered i n n at io na l r eg u la ti on s for the prevention of r a b ~ e s . Each

government should adapt the rules for dogs and c a t s t o other species accordingto needs and p o s s i b i l i t i e s . The import of other carnivores, p a r t i c u l a r l ywild animals, and of bats , should be subject to l icensing. Inactivatedvaccines are recommended ( l i v e virus vaccine may lead to vaccine-inducedrabies - see Section 5.5).Exp lana ti on o f pol icies Table 6 .1Pol ic y No. I.An individual import l icense i s r equ ir ed spec i fy ing d e t a i l s oftrans-shipment re qu irem en ts . V accina tio n 30 days prior to embarkationmay s u b s t i t u t e for some o f th e tr an s-s hipme nt requirements, e . g . , the needo f d i r e c t a i r transp ort by specif ied a i r l i n e without stop and no contactwith other animals during shipment.

Policy No.2 .Valid Internat ional C e r t i f i c a t e of Vaccination against Rabies. Alsorequired by many c ou nt rie s a re c e r t i f i c a t e s of the animal 's h e al th and ofthe r ab i es -f re e s ta tu s of the country of origin (accord ing to theInternationa l Zoosanitary Code for Rabies, se e Section 6.3.2) .

Policy No.3.Valid Internat ional C e r t i f i c a t e of Vaccination against Rabies, thec e r t i f i c a t e being aff ixed to t he immig ra ti on documents of the owner. Theanimal must remain unde r house and leash confinement for a minimum of 120days and under veter inary s u r v e i l l a n c e . The animal w i l l be presented a tl e a s t twice monthly to th e local veterinary, health or law enforcementa u t h o r i t i e s nearest the place of residence of the owner (see Section 1 . 4 ) .

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~ ' C ' 1 ; ~ - ' i No . L, \":] i!:: l v r n.t t " ) ~ l ~ . i . ; r ; i : .,

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6.8

TABLE 6.1Proposed pol ic ies for t ransfer of dogs between countries and t e r r i to r ie sof dif ferent epidemiological s ta tus

Polic ies applying to importing countries or te rr i tor ies

Exporting countriesor t e r r i to r ie s

Specifiedrabies-free aRabies-freeRabies-infected

Specifiedrabies-free

1

Rabies-free

2

24 or 3

Widely rabies-freeor e limina ti on p rogramme in p ro gre ss

2

23 or 4

Widely rabieinfected

2

22

a countries that s pe ci fy o th er count ri es or are specified by otherc ountr ie s f or acceptance of anima ls unde r Policy No. 1b with no al ternat ive to a t least 4 months' quarant ine. Somecountries may no t require vaccination p rior to , but on entry intoquarantine.Polic iesNo. 1: individual l icence of impo rt, trans-shipment or vaccination a t 30days prior to embarkation.No. 2: valid Internat ional Cert i f icate of Vacscination against Rabies andcer t i f ica te of health and origin.No. 3: valid Internat ional Cert i f icate of Vaccination against Rabies,house and leash confinement and veterinary/heal th survei l lance for a tleas t 4 months.No. 4: valid Internat ional Cert i f icate of Vaccination against Rabies,quarantine of a t least 4 months. Upon demonstration of seroconversionth e animal can be released sub je ct to a pp lic atio n of measures specifiedfor Policy No. 3. Blood sample is taken a t entry into quarantine whenalso an obligatory dose of vaccine i s given. Further booster doses canbe given i f indicated by lack of seroconversion.

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6.9Annex 6 - 1

Annex 4EXTRACT FROM TilE INTERNATIONALZOOSANITARY CODE (OIE)1982

CIIAPTER 2.6.1RABIES

Article 2.6.1.1For the purposes of this Code . the maximum inc ubation period for

Rabies shall he six month s ,Article 2.6.1.2

In the case of importation from countries considered as being free fromRabies for at least the pa st two years . Veterinary Administrations orimpo rting countries sho uld requ ire :[or domcst it" curnivor rs, " ( 1 I I 1 " ic rum inants, dontes tu: rquin annual anddomest ic swine which \I ' ( ' ft ' ill tha) countrv fo r 111I nninterruptc! pcrun] tir tileprevious six months or .1';/1(' their birth,the present ation 01 an internati onal zoo-sanitary Certificate allcstingthat :I) the an imal s sh ow no signs of Rabies: and2) have been for the past six months 0 1' since their birth in the exportingcountry where no case of Rubies has been found during the la st iwo years

Article 2.6.1.3In the case o f importati on from countries con sidered as heing tree fromRab ies for at lea st the pa st two years, Vete r inary Administrations ofimporting count rics shou ld req uirc :fo r wild carnivo res, wild mill il l a ll I.\' , wild equine unimuls Wil l wild porcine.animals,the presentation o f an interna uonal zoo-sanitary Certificate a ttestingthat:I) the anim als show no s igns of Rabies ;2) the animal s come from a coun tr y where no ca se o f Rubies has beenfound for the past tw o years ,

Article Z.6.1.4In the case of importation from countr ies considered as being infected

with Rabies. Veterina ry Adrn inistrauons of importing countries sho uldrequire:

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Annex 6 - 1p ag e 2

6 . 1 0

for dogs and cats.the presentation of an international zoo-sanitary Certificate attestingthat:1) the animals showed no signs of Rabies on the day of their departure;2) the animals had not been vaccinated against Rabies; or3) the animals ha d been vaccinated against Rabies not less than on emonth Clod not more than one year before exportation:In such a case. the above-mentioned Certificate will precisely stare the

date of th e vaccination. the nature of th e vaccine used (inactivated vaccineor modified "live" virus vaccine), the batch number of the vaccine and thecontrol number of the official Services, the dose of the vaccine and the routeof administration .Only Rabies vaccines prepared and produced according to the innocuityand potency norms established by the W.tLO . Expert Committee on Rabies,recommended by the O.I.E. and officially approved by the export ingcountry shall be recognized as valid by all the Veterinary Administrations.4) the animals had been in premises for the six months preceding theirexportation where no case of Rabies had officially been declared during thatperiod.These conditions may however be replaced by subjecting the animals toa period of quarantine il l accordance with the regulalions of the importingcountry.

Article 2.6.1.5In the ease of importation from coun tries considered as being infected

with Rabies. Veterinary Administrations of importing countries shouldrequire:for domestic ruminants, equine animals and porcine animals ,

the presentation of an international zoo-sanitary Ceni ficate attestingthat:I ) the aruma Is showed no signs of Rabies on the day o f their departure:2) the ani rnals spent the six months preceding their exportation in an

est ab l i sh ment wh ere no case of Rahies was reponed for at leas! the past sixmonths;3) the animals had not been vaccinated against Rabies; or4) the animals had been vaccinated against Rabies. with an inactivatedvaccine at least 15 days and not more than twelve months beforeexportation: or5) the animals had been vaccinated with a modified "live" virus vaccine.Only Rubies vaccines prepared and produced according 10 the innocuity

and potency norms established by the W.H.O. Expert Committee onBiological Standardization. recommended by the O.LE. and officiallyapproved by the exporting count ry, shall be recognized as valid by allVeterinary Adrninist rations.

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6 .11Ann e:-: 0 -1p

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Annex 6-2

6.12

Annex 3

CERTIFICAT INTERNATIONAL DE VACCINATION ANTIRABIQUEINTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATE OF VACCINATIONAGAINST RABIES

pour CHIEN5et CHATS

Note

for DOGSand CATS

Le presenl certiucat ne tail pas obstacle aux dispositions en vigueur pOUTrentree cans certains pays. Priere de lire ta Sec tion V.This certificate may not be sutficient to meet all the entry requirements of thecountr ies ot destination . Please read Section V.

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h.13

Autor isation dimpressioo de !ivtee par' :Prin ling authorized by' :

Pour etre vatab le. le present cer!ifical dol t porte r un nurnero d 'ordreper tore a chaque page.To be valid , this cert ificate must bear a number pe rloraled on each page .

. I(H1IQ\I t.t I 3 :.JhH II !:! qo uve rn crr.Cf", t."1 lc r ("c;pon SIl::de .Il'1se n tbe t ornrelcp t nahOn.a1 ;)L:IP'- Or.l y

Ann e x 6-2r il 2

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6.14

Annex 6-2page 3

Page 3

I. Proprletalre/OwnerNom et adresseName and address

11. SlgnalemenUDescrlptionEspeceSpec ies 01animalAge ou dale de naissance (si possible)Age or dale of bir lh (where known) ..SexeSex ..RaceBreed ..CouleurCOlour ..Espece et dess in du pelagelSignes pa rticu tiersCoal Iype and mark ing/D islingu ishing marks _ .

N de la louage (si possible)Talloo no . (where present) .

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Annex 6-2page 5

Autres vaccinations

6.16

Other vacclnat 0

Dale vaccin uti liseVacc ine used NO dv lotBalch no. Signature et cachet dl) vch\r inaireSignalure and stamp of velerinary sur

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Annex 6-2page 7

6.18

Page 8

V. Passage de frontiereJFrontler crossing1. le propnetaire de I 'a ni rn al don, a va nt de se r en dr e a I'etranger avec celui-ci,

s'assurer des conditions sanitaires imposees par les autorites du pays dedestination, le present cer ti ttcat ne faisant pas obstacle aux dispositions envigueur dans certains pays.The owner 01 the animal must, before going abroad with it. make sure 01 theveterinary requirements laid down by the authorities of the destination country,as this cer tit icat e may not be suf fici ent to meet a ll the requirements 01 thecountry of destination.2. Le present certit icat est valable a parti r du trent ierne jour jusqu'a la tin oudouzieme rnois apres la date de la premiere vaccination ; dans le cas d'unerevaccinanon au c ou rs de la p lH io de de vah di te , pendant oouze mois apres lad at e de la revaccination.This certif icate is valid Irom the 30th day until the end of the twelf th rnornn alterthe date 01 the first vaccination: in the case of rsvaccmation within the validityperiod, lo r 12 months Irom the date 01 revaccination .3. Si le v e t l ~ r i n a i r e d on t la signature et le ca ch et Hgure nt dans la colonne (4),page 4. n'est pas un vstenna.re avant un mandat olficiel, la contresignatureet le cachet cun vetermaire de l'autorite vetertnatre responsable doivent etreapposes dans la colonne (5).if the veterinarian s ig ni ng ana s ta mp in g column (4) on page 4 is not anauthorized veterinarian, his signature must be authenticated in column (5) bythe signature and stamp 01 a veterinarian of the competent national authority.4. le present certiticat doit ltre imprlme et rempli en Irancais et en an qla is. eteventuettement dans la langue du pays d 'origine ,This certi l icate must be pnmeo and completed in French and Engl ish and, ifnecessary, the language of the c ou ntry of o ri gi n.

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7.2

7.2 Survei l lanceData on the o ccur re nc e o f rabies in man and animals should be

in quanti ty and quali ty to e ns ure ef f ic ien t , Immediate in i t i a t ionpost-exposure trea tm ent in man and control measures in animals.have in ternat ional implicat ions.

suf f i c Ien tofBoth often

Due to the emergency character of human exposure to rabies , t r ave l le r s andna ti on a l s e rv ic e s need to know about the epidemiological s ta tus of an area 1n~ l i c h a dog bi te or other incidence of poss ible t ransmission of rabies hadoccurred . Su r ve i Ll anc e data from nat ional programmes should therefore beavai lab le for in ternat ional enquir ies . A na ti on a l r ef er en c e address forepidemiological infonnat ion should be iden t i f i ed . In many cases th is may bethe Chief Veterinary Off icer .

I t i s also important to know the epidemiological s ta tus of an area for theappl ica t ion of regulat ions res t r1ct ing the In ternat ional t r a f f i c o f a nim als .Chapter 6 on the prevention of the spread of ra bie s in to rab ies - f ree areas ors pe ci al c on tr ol zones shows th e need rapid exchange o f i nf ormat io n oraccess ibi l i ty of such information at the in ternat ional l evel . th is does nOtonly concern knowledge of rab ie s outbreaks but also information substant iat ingthe rab ies - f ree s ta tus of a country or of par t s of i t .

I t should be one of the fu nc tio ns o f cornpre hens r ve nat ional programmes tocontr ibute to in ternat ional survei l lance not only for pos t- exposu re t rea tmen tand th e c ontro l o f the in ternat ional t rans fer of animals but spec i f i ca l ly forthe coordinat ion of ca nine r ab le s cont ro l prograunnes along the borders ofneighbouring count r ies . In th is case i t may be advisable to es tab l ishcooperation and data exchange di rec t ly between the local veter inary andmedical s erv ic es o f the countr ies concerned. Without such specia ladminis trat ive arrangements i t may be most d i f f i cu l t to ensure the e s senti .alharmonization of act ion.

Hesides the In ternat ional Office of Epizootics (OlE) serv ices , s p e c i a lin ternat ional rabies survei l lance systems have been establ ished il l theAmericas and in Europe which accumulate data on the prevalence of the di sease ,the qual i ty and in tensi ty of survei l lance and t he ef fec t o f c on tro l programmes(see Annex 7-1). The aim is to perfect a worldwide survei l lance sys tem f orth e prompt and speedy excnange o f i nf orma ti on .

In planning the i r nat ional programme, author i t i es may co n s ider act io nenabling them to respond part icular ly to t he f ol lowi ng ques t ions :

Does r ab ie s s u rv e il la n ce suff ice properly t o r ecord and vaCCinat eexposed person s?Does rabies survei l lance suf f i ce ef f i c i ently to co n t r o l th e d is ea s eIn animals within the country a s well a s along th e borders withneighbouring couutries?Does r ab ie s s u rv e il la n ce s uf f i ce e f f i c i e nt l y to apply measure spreventing the spread of [h e d i s ea se in non- infe cted areas wi thin acountry as well a s from oth er countr ie s?

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7.3 ~ ~ ~ & r a m m e planning and implementationIn national prog.amme planning i t is of p ~ r a m o u n t importance t o d es cr ib e,

a t l eas t as an i n i t i a l programme pha s e , a l imited project of "se l fre l i a nc e'"; All count t i e s may have the 1 i mi te d resources fo r such a p ro j ec tleading to th e complete el iminat ion of canine f i nd human r ab i e s in Clcircumscribed s re a , The project doc usne n t; wil l include expansion o fac t iv i t i e s to cover eventual ly th e whole country (Section J .S.6) and for th ispurpose developing coun tr ie s o ft en need an in ternat ional technIcalcontr ibut ion i nc luding expert ise , technical s t a f f a ud materials .

Experience shows that input is r equ i r'ed in management, aneJ par t i c u l a r l y in~ & r a m m e planning and formulat ion (Section 3 . ) ) . Following th e government' 5endorsement, th e programme de ve l opmeut reaches c c r i t i c a I phase s ince thecomponent of in te rna t iona l ass i s tance (b i - l a te ra l and/or a mult i la te ra l input)must be secured as specif ied in the budget tables of the Project Document;(PKODOG). Negotiations mClY take months or Y1::8r5. The examinaclon ofpossible so urces o f support and the annual or biannual deadl ine ca tes forsubmissions to donor ag enc i e s should be c on s i.ue red .

I t may be useful to obtain i n i t i a l or bridging ass is tance in the form orf ield experts and vaccines so thac chis period o f negot ia t ion can be used tot r a in peop le and to expand th e programme g r adus 11y from the i n i t i a 1 l oc a Iphase to the next phase of natural cove.age, vaccine production and s t ray dogcontrol . WHO of fe r s i t s advisory serv ices in a l l these management aspects oEpr og r amrne deve lopmenc.

Addresses of regional and global serv ices and centres are l i s t ed inAnnexes ]-1 and 7-2. I t should be noted that th e vo lume and eff iciency ofin ternat ional cooperation depend largely on the ef for t s made by a governmentt o m o bi li ze and ut i l ize i t s own resources . Comprehensive natIonal planning(S ec tio n 3 .2 ) and continuing evaluat ion of p(og.amme development are the(efore .v i ta l for cont inuing and a p p r o p r i ~ t e in ternat ional technical cooperat ion.Technical de ta i l s need not be repeated in these evaluat ions; the r e a d e rshould, however, bear in mind that ample resources are o f ten av a il ab le local lyas well as in te tna t iona l ly but n ot m ob il iz ed du e to lack of systematicapproaches. The WHO Programme of Human and Canine Rab i.e s E l i m i n ~ t i o n andresolut ions c o ~ o i t t i n g governments to zoonoses cont ro l in general . anaspec i f ica l ly to rabies control , can only be considered as a formal audsupport ing ba sis for tec hnica l and adminiscra t ive e f fo r t s expected fromresponsible nat ional services and ins t i tu t ions . The col laborat ive programmesd is cu ss ed in the next two s e ct io n s r equ ir e part icular ly firm commitments andeffor ts .

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Annex 7-1International Surveillance Centres involved with Rabies

National authorit ies should be aware of a ll th e major regular surveillanceact iv i t ies carried out by international organizations and inst i tut ionsconcerning the occurrence and control of zoonoses. The following l i s t mayno t be complete. but includes some purely s ta t is t ical reports as well asinformation exchange services dealing with par t icular scientif ic developmentsand epidemiological events.WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)

1211 Geneva 27Swit zer land reI . zTelex:Cable:

( 0 22) 91 21 1127821UNISANTE GENEVA

Weekly Epidemiological Record (WER) (weekly)World Health Stat is t ics Repor t (annual)World Survey of Rabies (hi-annual)WHO Food Virology Data Bank (on request)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO)Via de l le Termedi Caracalla00100 RomeI taiy

TeI:Telex:Cable:

57971610181FOODAGRI ROME

Animal Health Yearbook, FAO/WHO/OIE (annual)PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION

WHO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE AMERICAS (PAHO/WHO)525, 23rd Street , N.W.Washington, DC, 20037USA

TeI:Telex:Fax:Cable:

(202) 861-3200248338(202) 223-5971OFSANPAN WASHINGTON

Epidemiological Bulletin (bi-monthly)PAN AMERICAN ZOONOSES CENTER (PAHO/WHO)

Casilla 3092Correo Central1000 Buenos AiresArgentina .

Tel:Telex:Cable:658-0216122 689CEPANZO

(ARGENTINA)Epidemio logical Survei ll ance of Rabies for th e Americas

(monthly)CARIBBEAN EPIDEM IOLOGY CENTRE (CAREC-PAHO/WHO)P.O. Box 164Por r-of -Spa inTrinidad

Tel:Telex:Cable:

62-24)45. 62-23277398CAREC PORT OF SPAIN (TRINIDAD)

Carec Surveillance Report (monthly)Review of Communicable Diseases in th e Caribbean (annual)

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7.7

OFFICE INTERNATIOKAL DES E P I ~ O O T I E S ( O ! ~ )

Annex 7-1page 2

12, rue de Prony75017 ParisFranc e

le I ;Te] ex:C,tj", :227 45 ,4EPIZOTI 6422H5 r

I ~ T E R E P I Z O O T , r S PARl5St a t i s t i que s O.LE . (annl la l )Mon-tlllY-E"P-{zootic(:i rcula (mont 1.1 y)

WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR REfERENCE AND RESEARCH RA8IESCen t e r s for DiseaseControlPublic Heal th Service

United States Departmentof He aLt h and HumanServicesBox 363

Lawrencevl11e, CA, 30246USA

Rabies Information Exchange ( 6 ~ o n t h l y )

%3 9211

WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR RABIES SURVEILLANCE AND RESEARCHRabies LaboratoryFederal Research

Ins t i tu te for AnimalVirus DiseasesPostfach 1149

D-7400 TUhingenFederal Republic of GermanyRabies Bulletin Europe (quarter ly)

MEDITERRANEAN ZOONOSES CONTROL CENTRE

P.O. Box 3904Central Post Office10210 AthensGreeceInformation Circular ( q u ~ r t e r l y )

TeI :Telex:

Tel:Telex:

7071-60317262 84 6 BFA D

Athens 6380-16322 2 670 MZCC CR

WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR COLLECTION AP;n EVALUATION OF DATA--------------- ---------------------- - - - - - - - - ~ -ON COMPARATIVE VIROLOGYIns t i tute of MedicalMicrobiology, I n f e c t i o n ~and Epidemic D i s e R s ~ sVeterinary F a ~ u l t yUniversity of ~ u n j ~ hVeterinarstrasse [3

D-8000 Munich 22Federal Republic ofGermany

TeI : (089) 21 80 21 SS

d

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Annex 7-2The following WHO s ervi ce s, c en tr es and other international organizationsand inst i tut ions are prepared to collaborate with national services on request:

Zoonoses Centres , Col labora t ing Centres( i) Zoonoses centres

The D1 rectorMediterranean Zoonoses Con trol Cen tr eP.D. Box 3904Central Post Office10210 AthensGreeceThe DirectorPan American Zoonoses CentreCasil la 3092Correo Cent ra l1000 Buenos AiresArgentina

( i i ) International centres f or b io logi ca l standards, referencepreparations and reference reagentsInternational Laboratory for Biological StandardsSta tens Seruminst itut80 Amager BoulevardCopenhagenDenmark

(11i ) WHO Collaborating and related reference centres(a) RabiesThe DirectorWHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveil lance and ResearchRabies LaboratoryFederal Research Ins t i tute for Virus Disea se s o f AnimalsPos t f ac h 11490-7400 TUbingenFederal Republic of GermanyThe DirectorWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on RabiesIns t i tut Pasteur25. ru e du Docteur Roux75724 Paris Cedex 15France

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7.10

The DirectorWHO Collaborating Centre for Zoonoses, Central Research

Insti tute of Epidemiology of the USSRMinistry of Publi c HealthNovogireevskaya 3-aMoscow 111123USSR(c) Evaluation of data on compar a t i ve virologyThe DirectorWHO Collaborating Centre for Collection and Evaluation of Dataon Comparative VirologyIns t i tu te of Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic

DiseasesVeterinary Facu ltyUniversi ty of MunichV e t e r i n ~ r s t r a s s e 13D-8000 Munich 22Federal Republic of Germany(cl) Veterinary public hea l thThe DirectorWHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in

Veterinary Publi c Hea lthVeterinary Research Insti tuteHudcova 7162132 Br no 21CzechoslovakiaThe DirectorWHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training inVeterinary Publ i c Healt hSchoOl of Veterinary MedicineBischofsholer Damm 153000 Hannover 1Feder a l Repub lic o f GermanyThe DirectorFAO/WHO Collaborat ing Centre forResearch and Training in Veterinary Public

HealthI nd ian Veterinary Research Insti tuteModular Laboratory BuildingIzatnagar 243122Barell ly , U.P.IndiaThe DirectorWHO Collaborating Centre for Research &Training in Veterinary HealthIs t i tuto Superiore di SanitaViale Regina Elena 29900161 RomeI t aly

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Annex 7-2pag e 4

W.H.O.The Chief, Ve t e r i na ry Public Hea l t nDivision of Communi r ub le Disea se sWorld Health Or'gan i za t f on1211 Geneva ?7Swit ze r l a ndThe Regional Dire, t orWHO R e g i o n ~ l O ffice fo r Afri caP. O. Box No. 6Braz zav t Ill!CongoThe Regional Direct orWHO Regional Offic e fo r the America s /Pan Amer t c a n Snn i t a ryBureau

525, 23rd Street N.W.Washington, DC 20037USA

The Regional DirectorWHO Regional Office for South-East Asi aWorld Health HouseIndraprastha Gstate,Mahatma GandhiNew Delhi - 110002IndiaThe Regional DirectorWorld Heal th OrganizationRegional Office for Europe8 Scherf igsve jDK-2l00 Copenhagen 0DenmarkThe Regional DirectorWHO Regional O ffice fo r th e Ea s t e r n M e d i t c r r a np.a. Box 1517Alexandria - 21511EgyptThe Regional ~ c t o r

\ ~ H O Regfo na L Off i ce for t he s t e rn Pac if LeP. o. Box 29 ) 2Manil a 2801Philippines

LA.O.The Direc t orAnimal Pr oduct i on and Heal th Div i s i o nFood and Ag r f cultur e Org"lnIzation of th e uni t ed Na ri ons(fAD)Via delle Terme di CaracalJa00100 RomeI taly

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Annex 7-2page 5

a .LE .

Directeur-GeneralOffice International des Epizooties (OIE)12 , rue de PronyF-75017 ParisFrance

O.A.U.The DirectorInterafrican Bureau for Animal ResourcesOrganization of African Unity (OAU)LB.A.R.p.a. Box 30786NairobiKenyaThe Director GeneralArab Organization for Agricultural DevelopmentSha rd a El CamaaKhartoumSudanThe PresidentCommission of th e European Communities (CEe)2000, r ue de la Loi1049 BruxellesBelgium

(v ) Nongovernmenta1 organizationsWorld Society for th e Protection of Animals(London/Zurich/Boston)

European OfficeDreik6nigstrasse 378002 ZurichSwitzerland

Headquarters Office106 Jermyn StreetLondon SWlY 6EEUnited Kingdom

The Secretary-GeneralInternational Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS)University Laboratory of PhysiologyParks RoadOxf ord OXl 3PTEngland

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INDEX

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R. It\[)EXAbe r r an t r a b i cs v i r u s e s 1.24, J . 6 :lt f:,h Ullc a r.ce o r do gs 2.4 , L . .\9:\c t j v i t Y pa c t e r L1 S () f .J0 gs 1.. 19 , '.o,\ d juvan t s 5 . S8

~ r i a l r abie s 1.14Af r Lc.s , r ab i e s In LUfrAge schedules for dug vaccInationAIDeri c as , rabie s i ll the 1 . 6f fAmman's horn 5. 32Animal, de fi n i ti on 4 . 2.

owner of (,.2Anti.body- demon s t r a t io n by mouse- demonstration by RFf I!- demonstration by-- monoclonal- ser ocon ve r s Lon

r.eutra l i s " t i on5. U5./d5.4(]6.7

5 . 43

Antig ens o f r a b l ~ s virus , demonstration S.34- an t igenic var ia t ion 1.4 , 5.40, 5 .64ff- typing by WHO r a b i es la borato r i es 5 . 4 7Arc t ic rabies 1 .1 1Area ( t e r r i to ry/country)- infected 4 .2 , 4.Jff- quarant ine 5 .16fT,- -s.JO- ra b i es f re e 4 " : 9 : - i . l l ? , ~ : . .Asia, rabies in }Asymptomatic rab Le s in d;,gs 1 .2 , 1.4- in ha t s J . 14, L, L6Available des cript ion 5 . 1J8 f f

Badgers, rabies in 1.12, 1.L9Ban on import 1. 36, 1 .38ff

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Confinement of animals 4 .4, 4 .7 , 4 .9 , 5.29- house and leash 1.38, 6.6- of dogs 4.4ffConjugate, f luorescent 5.36, 5.44- inadequate preparations 5.40- re l i ab i l i ty 5.46Continual control procedures 5.24Continual survei l lance 5.24Continual va cc ination 5 .3 , 5.6Control measures fo r c anine rabies- between countries 1.36ffby rabies-free count ri es 1 .39 ffclassical 1.30, 1.33, 1.3-6----- ban on import 1.36, 1.38ff

- destruct ion of rabid andSltray dogs 5.10ff, 5.77- licensing of dogs 1.37- quaran tine 1 .39 , 6.3- reduction of contact rates (movement res t r ic t ion , muzzlingleashing) 1.30, 5.8ff- confinement 4.4f f , house 6.6- effective programmes in the past 1.3, 1.10, 1.27, 1.31, 1.36- habitat & reproduction control 5.14ff- history 1.3 , 1.31ff- modern- compulsary vaccination 5.3ff- import regulat ions 6 . 4 f ~- individual vaccination 1.41- l icensing & regis t ra t ion 4.6, 4.9, 5.7ff

- publ ic coope ra tion 1.3, 5.15ffwithin i nfect ed coun tr ie s 1.36Control programmes chapt. 3- act iv i t ies across national borders 7.4continual procedures 5.24costs and funding 3.15, 3.17, of vaccines 5.61effective programmes in th e past 1.3, 1 .1 0, 1.2 7, 1.31, 1.36eva lu at ion 3 .11 , 3.16example of l ay -out 3 .13f fexecution chapt. 5ff- select ion of methods 5.1formulation 3.12history 1.31ff , 1.3maintenance phase 3.16object ives 3.6f f , 3.13personnel 5 ~planning of . see control p rogr . p lann ing and managementprinciples 1.30, 3.13project document (PRODOC) 3. l2f f , 7.3project of "self rel iance" 3.1, 7.3tree diagram 3.7, 3.13, 3.25-3.30work plan 3.15, examples 3 .1 8, 3.19 , 3.23

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Con t r o I p r og r i.lmmC p LIno i 11 ;; a l l ( t: p t . ]- C ( ) s t , ~ f f , L i ' J m an a ly s e s 1 . 9, 3. 11 , 3 . 1)

i nd i ca c o r va l u e s J. I..'.inst i tu t ion3l f r d m ~ w o r ~ 3 . 14t n t e r nn tI o u a l x c r v i re s LJ.7, 5. !;7, 1 . i nt:er sect 0r al c00peral i onlog i ca l ~ m e w o 3. 8 , 3.1 3, X r l m 3.1 9mauage n t to o 1.8 "3. ()prerequis i tos 1 .3p r Lnc i p l es 3. 2purpos e 3.lre sources 3. 4, ) .2socio-econornic a na l yscs l ."n , 1. U.

Con t r o l project document (PRO()OC) 3 .1Uf . 1 . 3Control project uf "self-rel iance- 1.1, 7.3Cor nea 5.3 0- equ ipment 5 .4 4- specimens 5.31, 5.35Cos t-ef fect iveness an alyses 3.9) 3.11, 3.13Cos ts and fundingof control programmes 1.33 , 3 .11 , 3.15- maintenance phase 3.17- national programmes 3.8) 3.10

of human treatments 1.10) 3.11of st ray dog e l imi na t i on 3.10) 3.1 9ffef vaccines 5.61, 1.10

Coyotes, rabies in 1.13, 1.20CVS vaccine s t ra in , 5.63, 5.118ff

Data col lect ion and processing 5.55ffData r e q u i r ~ m e n t s 5.53Deer, rabies in 1.19Definition ofanimal 4.2dog 4.2infected area 4 . 2, 4. 3

l icense 4.2owner of animals 4.2pets 2.24quarantine 5.29rabies-free te r r i tor ies 6. 2stra y do g 4.2surveillance 5.48vaccination 4.2

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Destruction of dogs 1.37, 4.4, 4.7- by euthanasia 5.10- by poi soning 5 .10, 5.12ff, 5.77- by shooting 5.11Detention of dogs 4.4, 4 .5 , 4.7, 4.9, 5.29Diagnosis, c l inica l 5.25- dif ferent ia l 1.12, 5.27, 5.29- in humans 5.28- in dogs 5.26- in other animals 1.11, 5.27Diagnostic laboratory- eqUipment 5.43, 5.100-5.105in vivo t es t s 5.30, 5.44location of 5.30national services 3.5, 5.25 problems 5.45per sonnel 5 .33, 5.66reporting 5.45ff, 5.106shipment of specimens 5 .33specimens in vivo 5.31, pos t-mortem 5.32techniques 5.34ff

Differentia l diagnosis of rabies 1.12, 5.27, 5.29Diseases of dogs 2.25, 2.42Disposal of animals 4.7, 5.13fDissemination of survei l lance data 5.56Dog (control)- cages for vehicles 5.9, 5.72case recording 1.7 , 1.8, 1.10, 1.18, 1.23, 1.28catching dev ic es 5 .23, 5.70census 2.2, 5.1defini t ion 4.2d estru ctio n 4 .4 , 4 .7 , 5. l0ffident i f icat ion 5.8importation of rabies 1.32, i l lega l 1.3movement res t r ic t ions 1.30, 5.8fnot in compliance with regulations 1.30observation af te r bite 1.2, 5.29observation in quarantine 1.40ff , 6.3, 6.5, 6.6, 6.8pounds 5.10, 5.75removal 1.30, 5.9reproduction c o n t ~ o l 5.l4fsurvei l lance 5.13f

Dog (ecology)- abundance 2.4, 2.39- act ivi ty patterns 2.19, 2.40- census 2.2ff , 5. 1- diseases 2.25, 2.42- e co logy 2 .39- feed ing habi ts 2.17, 2.40

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Expiry date of v ac ci ne s 5 .6 2, 5 . ~ 5Exposure to r abi es . d e fi ni ti on 4.2- report ing 5 .45, 5.48 , 7.2

Fast Green-Acid Safranin 5 .35- formula 5.102Feeding habi ts o f dogs 2.17, 2.40Fluorescent antibody t echn ique 5 .35f fconjugate 5.36, 5.44, 5.46- direct staining method 5.36ff

equipment 5.43in terpre ta t ion of t es t 5.38monoclonal antibody 5.40non-specif ic staining 5.39RFFIT 5.43

Formulation of control programmes 3.12ffFoxes 1 .1 , 1.8 . 1.12 , 1 .19- arc t ic 1 .1 3, 1 .1 9, 1.20- red 1 .2 . 1.13, 1 .17ffFurious rabies 1 .1 , 5.26Glycerol-sa l ine f or preservation 5.31, 5.32- formu la 5.100Goal of vaccination 5.3Goats, rabies in 1.12Guide dogs for th e blind 6.3Habitat- control of 5.14. 5.24- dog 2.7, 2.39- i nv en to ry o f 2.60Handling of laboratory specimens 5 .34Handling of rabies-exposed and suspected dogs 4.4f f- of other anima ls 4.7HEP-Flury s t ra in 1.41. 5.57ff , S.63 , 5.1 l5f f-High r isk- personnel 5.22, 5.33Horses, rabies in 1 . 1 2 , 1.22House and leash con finement 5.8, 6.6House-to-house vaccination 5.5ffHuman diploid ce l l vaccine 5.21

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Infec ted a rea- definition 4.2, 4.3handling of rabies exposed dogs 4.4handl ing of rabies suspected dogs 4.5handl ing of other animals 4.7international transfer of animals 1.36, 1.39registration 4.6vaccination 1.41, 4.6

Infec tion chains , see t ransmiss ion chainsInfect ivi ty test 5.34, 5.40Informa t ion- brochures 5.47, 5.79, example 5.81dissemination of 5.47, 5.53, 5.56fffilms and television 5.16, 5.47posters 5.22, examples 5.83ff, 5.91, 5.98public information and education 5.2, 5. l6ff , 5.24, 5.46radio 5.86, 5.88schools 5.17, 5.94fi

Ins t i tut ional framework 3.14International cooperation chapt. 7- across national borders 7.4- assistance 3.17, 5.47, 7.3- history 7.1- import control 7.4- in surveillance 5 .49, 5.56 , 7.2, 7.4- rabies centres and other international agenc ie s 5 .47, 7.3, 7.6-7.12- surveillance 7.2- training of personnel 5.4 6International rabies centres 5.47, 7.3, 7.6ffInternational r ab ie s surve il lance pe riod ical s 7.6ffIn te rna t iona l services 3.17, 5.47, 7.3Internationa l transfer of animals 1.36, 1.39- country of origin and destination 6.2- education of professional groups 6.4- import requirements 6.1. 6.4ff- international recommendations 6.2. 6.3- responsibility of owners 6.1- suggested modifications 1.38, 6.6- surveillance on r ~ b i e s 7.2In te rna t ional un it o f vaccin e 5.67- international reference preparation 5.67- international reference serum 5.68International Zoosanitary Code fo r Rabies 1.37, 1.39. 6.3, 6.9-6.16Insectoral cooperaton in matiagement 3.4

Jackals, r ese rvo ir 1.3, 1.20, 1.22, 1.25. 1.29ff

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a.t i

Kelev virus s t r a i n 1.41, 5.6 1Kudu antelopes L 22

r. a bo r a t or y dia gnG5is 5.3 l , t' f0 __ - _ _ _ _ t.sbo r a co r y e ' lu i prnen t ') . 4 :1. . 1Labora t or y per so nne l ' ) .31, ) .66l.ab o r a t or y r e po r t lo g "> , 45f1'l.abora tory specimens S. .H. 5. 32- shipment 5.33Laboratory t ec:hn iques 5 . :34tf---_._-:. .ago mo r p li s 1.12LHgOS bat virus 5.40 , 5.6L;Latin America- reported cases 1 .7ELegislation 3.4 , chapt 4

dra f t model 4.1LEP-Flury s t ra in 5.63, 5 . ~ t , ) f fLicense, de f in i t i on 4 .2Licensing of dogs 1.17, 4 . 6 , 4 . 9 . ) ,1, S.7ULocal production of ~ i n eLocal rabies control of fI ce r 5. J.9Logical framework o f p r o ~ r . r n m c planning 3. 8, 3.1)- example of 3.19-3.22

l'l!lintenance phase of cOlltrol 3 .16a o a g e l 1 l e [ l t too ls 3.6

Hark in g of dogs 1. 30, S.8ff~ l l i s s va c c in a t i o n of dogs 1. ) .3ffMicroscopes for diagnos i s 5. q 3t f

}1odif 1ed l ive vi rus va cc i nes L 41, l : : . . : ! -- accidental inoculation of , , ' 1 'i.EO

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8.12

Mokola virus 5.40, 5.64Mongooses, rabies in 1.9 , 1.12. 1.13ff , 1.25- importat ion of rabies 1.13Monkeys, rabies in 1.12Monoclonal antibody 1.13, 1.16, 1.24- fo r diagnostic purposes 5.40for di f fe rent ia t ing vaccine-induced rabies 5.59fo r identif icat ion of aberrant vLrns s t ra ins L 24 , 5.64for ident i f ica t ion of vaccine s t ra ins 5.63for typing of virus i solates 1.24, 5.47Mortali ty rates in human rabies 1.10, 1.25, 1.26, 1.43, 1.44Mouse inoculation test- equipment 5.44- fo r virus isolat ion 5.35, 5.40ff , 5.44- for virus neutral isat ion (MNT) 5.43- white Swiss mice for 5.44Movements of dogs 2.10, 2.41Movement res t r ic t ions in dogs 1.30, 5.8ffMustelides, rabies in 1.19

National administra t ive st ructures 5.49National r ab ie s c on tr ol director 5.18Negri bodies, detect ion 5.34- staining techniques 5.100Neighbourhood vaccination centres 5.4NIH tes t fo r potency 5.63, 5.67, 5.141fNeutral i sa t ion , see - - - antibody demonstrationNeuro-allergenic factor 5.58, 5.60Non-fatal infection- io dogs 1.2 , 1.4- in bats 1 .14, 1.16North America , rab ies in 1 .8Notification of rabies 1 .30, 4.3- responsibi l i t ies of owners of animals 4.4, 6.1

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8.16

Removal of dogs 1.30. 5.9Repeat vaccination 5.7. 5.24Reporting- categories of 5.52exchange of in fo rm atio n 5 .56 . 7.2in ternational su rve il lance cen tr es 7.6ffin ternational surveil lance system 1 ~ 7 . 2 (America),1.17, 7.2 (Europe)- of exp osure to rabies 5. 45, 5.48, 7. 2- mapping of ca se s 5.53- reporting forms 5.51, distr ibution 5.53- example for animal cases 5 .106 , 5 .111 -5 .114- example for human cases 5.107responsibi l i ty of reporting animal cases 5.49f

responsibi l i ty o f r ep ort in g human c ase s 5 .5 0f funder-reporting, ca t t l e , Latin America 1.11red foxes, Europe 1 .19dogs, Africa 1.22

Reportingof laboratory results 5.45, 5.106, 5.111categories of reporting 5.52Reproduction control of dogs 5. 14ffResearch, future- in bats 1.16- in vaccineg 5.142Reservoir in wildlife 1 .1 , 1.2, 1.29Reservo ir s o f canine rabies 1.29Resources- f inancial 3.15, 5.2, 5.61- material 5.2- personnel 3.4, 5.2RFFIT-rapid fluorescent focus inhibition tes t 5.43Rodents 1.9, 1.12ff , 1.20

SAD virus s t ra in 1.41, 5.58, 5.63, 5.115, 5.117, 5.122Safety test ing of vaccines 5.63ffSalivary glands 1 . 2 , 5.32, 5.35

excretion of virus 1 . 2 , 5.29in dogs 1.2, 1.4in vampire bats 1.16

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.....

8 . 17

o f t y pe of i r;t' 'i , 5 11Se l l e r ' s s t a i ri Lo r !,(!g r i k_. .r pp l i c o t i o n S. ; (10_ .t t s ... ~ l l . L- fo rmu l a S. H I!

13

Sheep , r ab i c s in L.J 2Shi pme nt of o r a t o r y s ~ e ~ i r u e n 5. 33- weak link 5.43Shooting o f dobs 5.11Skin b i o ps y t e s t :i . 30- e qu f pmen ', 5 .. tI Lt- specimer.s 5.31, 5. 35Skunks, ra r j es in 1 . 1 , 1 . 8 , 1.12 , l. l ::tSmuggling of Jog s 1.3Social pa t te rns of dogs 2.20Soc ie t ies for animal protect J OG 5.14, 5 .2 0Socio-economic a na ly se s 1.3 3, 1.14South America, rabies in 1.9ffStabi l i ty of vaccines 5 .62Ster i l i sa t ion of dogs ~ . 1 4Stray dogs 1.3_ costs within national programme 3 .10, 3.19f

def in i t ion 4.2eliroina t ion 1. 3, 1.11 , 1. 27 , 1. 30, 4.7 , fa i lu re 1. 24example of control plan 3.19uno\roed/semi-owned 1.25

Supply of vac c i ne s 5.22, 5. 65f f

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Su rvei ll an ce , 5 .48f f- af te r vaccination 5. l5ff , 5.24case data 5 .53 ffdefini t ion 5.48dissemination of inform ation 5.47, 5.53, 5 .5 6f fe sta blishment of 3 .6evaluation 3.11, 5.55for tourists and t ravel lers 5.49in A frica (Ta ble ) 1 .2 3in Americas (Tables) 1.7, 1.8in Asia (T ab le ) 1 .2 4in Europe 1.17ffin ternational collaboration 5.49, 5.56, 7.2, 7.4in ternational periodicals 7.6ffof animal rabies 5.24. 5 . 4 ~ l 0 6of canine rabies 5.13ffof human rabies 5.50, 5.107, 7.2processing of data 5.55ff

Surveys of dogs 2.2, 2.44- questionnaire 2.49ff , 2.56Susceptabili ty to rabies of dogs 1.1- of man 1.3Swine, rabies in 1.12Syringes f or v ac ci na ti on 5.23

Tat to oi ng 5 .8

Thermal inactivation of vaccines 5.61Tourism, surveillance information 5.49T ra in in g o f per sonn el 5 .2- for making vaccine 5.66- laboratory techniques 5.46- professional groups in animal t rans i t 6.4- vaccinating teams 5.21Transmission of rabies- by aerosol 1.14- localisat ion of bite 1.3- to man 1. 6Transmission chains .1.29, 5.3- dog to cat 1.29- dog to dog 1.3, 1.29- dog to wildlife 1.3, 1.29- wildlife to dog 1 .3 , 1 . 29- wildlife to wildlife 1.19Travel of animals - - - se e Internat ional Transfer of AnimalsTree diagram of control programme 3.7, 3.13, 3.25ffTyping of virus i so la tes 1.24, 5.47- of vaccine strains 5.63

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8.19

Urban - - - sc e ca ni ne r R b l ~ sIl d . i) :"! wi l dli f e h ab t t a t t n v eo to r y 2 .b tliSA , r e por t ed cas es l . S

Vacc t na t Lon- a ge sc he cu le .5. 0cen t r e s 5. i , 5. 4c ompul s o ry ()f dogs 5. 31' fcontinuing 5.6costs :n an i ma Ls 1 ,10, :3 . t occ s t s Ln humans 1.10, '3 , ; ]cos ts o f na t i onaL ( ) g r ' ! I D i n \ J . o. >. tode f in i t io n 4. 2effe ct ive pr ogr ammes Ln p.1 : ' [ i . 1, l .W , ' i tfor i mport 1 ( I !.goals 1.10, 5 .3hnuse-to-house ca rnpa lgn 5.5 f fmarking 1.30, 5.8ffof dogs 1 .3 , ~ - ~ - 4 . }.3 f f- methods 1. 30, 3. 1 6, 5:3"--of humans, pr e - e Kpo s u r e 5. 21 , pes t -exposure ~ . 5 ~one-da y camps i gn 5. 5r epea t 5.7, 5. 2 /+

Vaccines- assistance by 5.6 7brain t i s sue 5. 5 8 , 5.66ce l l culture type 5.')8, 5.67cold ch ain s 3 .5 , 5.22, 5.61description of a va i l a b l e c c i n e 5.118-5.124expiration 5.65for human uSP. ~ . 2 1Inactivated 5.58ff- advantages!disadvalltags 3.60- established types 5. 116- potency tes t 5.65, 5.141- ~ a f e t y tes t 5.64, 5.140- world inventory 5 .118in ternational reference prepa rat ion 5.67local production 5 .66Modified l ive vi r us L.41, 5.57ff- a d v a n t a g e s / d i s a d v a n t a g e s ~- established t ypes 5.115- potency t e s t 5.64, 5. 139- safety test 5. 64 , 5.139- world i nvento ry 5.118po tency t es t ing 5.63, 5.6 4, 5.67production cost 5.61production faciLities 5.60production method (example lamb brai n) 5. 125-5.138purchase vs . production 5.61r esea rch requi red 5 .142role of national laborator y 5. 62

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--8 .21

\.Jildli fe rabiesadverse effec t of population reduction 1 .13Wolves, re se rvo i r 1. 3, 1.13, 1. 20 , 1.25Woodchucks, r a b i es i n 1 .12World inventory of vaccines 5.118World rev iew o f canine rabies control 1. 31f fZenker 's a ce ta te f ix a ti ve 5.32- formula 5.100