Chap6 Sound Production
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Transcript of Chap6 Sound Production
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Chapter 6: Other Languages and
Different Modes of Sound Production
1. Airstream Mechanisms
2. States of the Glottis3. Voice Onset Time
articulation diagrams
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Airstream Mechanisms (Pike 1943)
mechanisms that provide the sources of
energy for generating speech sounds using
airflow and pressure in the vocal tract
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Airstream Mechanisms
Pulmonic (Lung) Airstream Mechanism
- movement of air pushed upward from
lungs by respiratory muscles
Glottalic Airstream Mechanism
- movement of pharynx air that is
compressed above closed glottis
Velaric Airstream Mechanism
movement of air pocket in the mouth
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Glottalic Airstream Mechanism
Ejectives (common in Native American languages)
glottis is closed
oral tract is closed for stopglottis moves upward compressing air between
glottis and stop closure
stop closure is released
IPA symbol:
example: p t k
Lakhota
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/lakhota/lakhota.htmlhttp://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/lakhota/lakhota.html -
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Glottalic Airstream Mechanism
Implosives
oral tract is closed for stop
vibrating glottis moves downward pulling air in
stop closure is released
IPA symbol: hook on stop symbol
example:
Sindhi
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/hausa/hausa.htmlhttp://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/hausa/hausa.html -
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Velaric Airstream Mechanism
Clicks (occur in several African languages)
tongue raises to close velum
stop closure in front of velum creates air pocket
stop closure is released causing air to rush in
velar closure is released
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Velaric Airstream Mechanism
Clicks - IPA SymbolsBilabial Dental Alveolar Palatoalveolar Alveolar-Lateral
Xhosa
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/sindhi/sinhi.htmlhttp://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/sindhi/sinhi.html -
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Airstream Mechanisms
Summary Pulmonic
Glottalic
Ejective
Implosive
Velaric
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Stops in the Worlds Languages
Summary
Plosives (pulmonic)
Ejectives (glottalic)
Implosives (glottalic)
Clicks (velaric)
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Airstream Mechanisms
What is an airstream mechanism?
What airstream mechanisms are common in human
speech?
What airstream directions are common in human speech?
How is each of the airstream mechanisms produced?
Are all possible combinations of airstream mechanism and
direction actually produced in human speech; why not? Which of the combinations are produced?
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States of the Glottis (Phonation)
Figure 6.4
top of each photo
represents front of larynx
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Glottal State Differences that
Mark Phonemic Contrast
voicing
voicelessness
murmur
creak
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Murmur (Breathy Voice)
Normal vocal fold vibration
vocal folds remain slightly apart, resulting in additional turbulent air leakage
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Murmur: Examples
English intervocalic [h]: ahead, behind
Hindi bh and gh:
[bAl] forehead [bAl] hair
[gAn] bundle [gAn] song
Gujarati:[kan] krishna [kan]
ear
[mEl]palace
[mEl]dirt
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Creak
Arytenoid cartilages are held close together
vocal cords vibrate only at front of larynx
Hausa:
bata line ataspoil
Hausa
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/xhosa/xhosa.htmlhttp://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/xhosa/xhosa.html -
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Voice Onset Time
A descriptor of stop consonants
the measure of the time betweenthe release of a stop
and the beginning of voicing
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Voice Onset Time
Determined by
articulator contact
size of glottal opening
amount of vocal cord vibration
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Stop Articulation:
articulator contact
articulators
apart articulators
together
articulators
apart
[A] [pH]
[A]
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Stop Articulation:
Glottal Opening
Vocalcordscloser
Vocalcordsopen
Vocalcordscloser
[A] [pH] [A]
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Stop Articulation:
Vocal Cord Vibration
vocal cords
vibratingvocal cordsat rest
vocal cords
vibrating
[A] [pH] [A]
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Voice Onset Time (VOT):
the interval between A and Barticulators
glottal
opening
v.cord
vibration
A B
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Length of VOT
Determined by amount of glottal opening
the wider the opening
the more air coming through glottis
the longer it takes for vocal cords to begin
vibrating
worksheet
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VOT Differences Mark
Phonemic ContrastThere is a continuum of possible VOTs
fully voiced
partially voiced
voiceless unaspirated
slightly aspirated
heavily aspirated
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Different languages choose different points on
this continuum for stop oppositionsEngl Fr Gael Thai
fully voiced /b/ /b/
/b/ partially voiced
voiceless unasp /p/ /p/ /b/ /p/
slightly aspirated /pH/ /pH/
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Perception of VOT
VOT of less than 40 ms
is recognized as a [b] in English
VOT of more than 40 ms
is recognized as a [p] in English
Conclusion:
VOT production is on a continuumbut VOT perception is categorical
(the lips speak a phone; the brain hears a phoneme)
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States of the glottis
What are the usual states of the glottis in human speech?
Could you describe what's going on in Figure 6.4?
Voice onset time
Why are we discussing VOT in this context?
What does it have to do with what we're discussing?