THE NEW CAMBRIDGE

HISTORY OF

ISLAM

VOLUME I

The Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries

Edited by

CHASE F. ROBINSON

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

The new Cambridge history of Islam2010

digitalisiert durch:IDS Luzern

Contents

List of' illnstrations page x

List ofmaps xiv

List of genealogies xv

List of contributors xvi

A note on transliteration and pronunciation xix

A note on dating xxi

Chronology xxii

List of abbreviations xxvi

Maps xxvii

Introduction l

CHASE F. ROBINSON

PART I

T H E L A T E A N T I Q U E C O N T E X T 17

1 • The resources of Late Antiquity 19 JOHN HALDON

2 • The late Roman /early Byzantine Near East 72 MARK WHITTOW

3 • The late Sasanian Near East 98

JOSEF WIESEHÖFER

4 • Pre-Islamic Arabia 153

MICHAEL LECKER

Contents

PART II

U N I V E R S A L I S M A N D I M P E R I A L E M 171

5 • The rise of Islam, 600-705 173 CHASE F. R O B I N S O N

6 • The empire in Syria, 705-763 226

PAUL M. COBB

7 • The empire in Iraq, 763-861 269

TAYEB E L - H I B R I

8 • The waning of empire, 861-945 305

M I C H A E L B O N N E R

9 • The late Abbäsid pattern, 945-1050 360

H U G H KENNEDY

P A R T I I I

R E G I O N A L E M 39s

10 • Arabia 397 ELLA L A N D A U - T A S S E R O N 11 • The Islamic east 448

E L T O N L. DANIEL

12 • Syria 506

R. S T E P H E N H U M P H R E Y S

13 • Egypt 541

M I C H A E L BRETT

14 • The Iberian Peninsula and North Africa 581

E D U A R D O M A N Z A N O M O R E N O

Contents

PART IV

THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF EARLY ISLAMIC

HISTORY 623

15 • Modern approaches to early Islamic history 625

FRED M. D O N N E R

16 • Numismatics 648

STEFAN H E I D E M A N N

17 • Archaeology and material culture 664

MARCUS M I L W R I G H T

Conclusion: From formative Islam to classical Islam 683

CHASE F . R O B I N S O N

Glossary 696

Bibliography 699

Index 784

T H E J P W CAMBRIDGE

HISTORY OF

ISLAM

VOLUME 2

The Western Islamic World Eleventh to Eighteenth Centimes

Edited by

M A R I B E L F I E R R O

C A M B R I D G E UNIVERSITY PRESS

Contents

List ofplates page xi

List ofmaps xii

List ofdynastic tables xiii

List of contributors xiv

A note on transliteration and pronunciation xix

Chronology xxi

List of abbreviations xxxvi

Introduction 1

MARIBEL FIERRO

PART I

AL-ANDALUS AND N O R T H AND WEST AFRICA (ELEVENTH T O F I F T E E N T H CENTURIES)

i • Al-Andalus and the Maghrib (from the frfth/eleventh Century to

the fall of the Almoravids) 21 MARIA JESUS V I G U E R A - M O L I N S

2 • The central lands of North Africa and Sicily, until the beginning

of the Almohad period 48

M I C H A E L BRETT

3 • The Almohads (524-668 /1130-1269) and the Hafsids

(627-932/1229-1526) 66

MARIBEL FIERRO

Contents

4 • The post-Almohad dynasties in al-Andalus and the Maghrib

(seventh-ninth/thirteenth-fifteenth centuries) 106

F E R N A N D O R O D R I G U E Z M E D I A N O

5 • West Africa and its early empires 144

U L R I C H REBSTOCK

PART II

E G Y P T A N D SYRIA ( E L E V E N T H C E N T U R Y

U N T I L T H E O T T O M A N C O N Q U E S T )

6 • Biläd al-Shäm, from the Fätimid conquest to the fall of the

Ayyübids (359-658/970-1260) 161

A N N E - M A R I E EDDE

7 • The Fätimid caliphate (358-567/969-1171) and the Ayyübids

in Egypt (567-648/1171-1250) 201

YAACOV LEV

8 • The Mamlüks in Egypt and Syria: the Turkish Mamlük

Sultanate (648-784/1250-1382) and the Circassian Mamlük

Sultanate (784-923/1382-1517) 237

AMALIA L E V A N O N I

9 • Western Arabia and Yemen (fifth/eleventh Century

to the Ottoman conquest) 285

ESTHER PESKES

PART I I I

M U S L I M A N A T O L I A A N D T H E O T T O M A N

E M P I R E 10 • The Turks in Anatolia before the Ottomans 301

GARY LEISER

11 • The rise of the Ottomans 313

KATE FLEET

Contents

12 • The Ottoman empire (tenth/sixteenth Century) 332

COLIN IMBER

13 • The Ottoman empire: the age of 'political households'

(eleventh-twelfth/seventeenth-eighteenth centuries) 366

SURAIYA F A R O Q H I

14 • Egypt and Syria under the Ottomans 411

BRUCE MASTERS

15 • Western Arabia and Yemen during the Ottoman period 436

BERNARD HAYKEL

PART IV

N O R T H A N D W E S T A F R I C A ( S I X T E E N T H

T O E I G H T E E N T H C E N T U R I E S )

16 • Sharifian rule in Morocco (tenth-twelfth/sixteenth-eighteenth

centuries) 453 S T E P H E N CORY

17 • West Africa (tenth-twelfth/sixteenth-eighteenth centuries) 480

U L R I C H REBSTOCK

18 • Ottoman Maghrib S03

H O U A R I T O U A T I

PART V

R U L E R S , S O L D I E R S , P E A S A N T S , S C H O L A R S

A N D T R A D E R S 19 • State formation and Organisation $49

M I C H A E L BRETT

20 • Conversion to Islam: from the 'age of conversions' to the mittet

System s86

MERCEDES G A R C i A - A R E N A L

Contents

21 • Taxation and armies 607 A L B R E C H T FUESS

22 • Trade 632

22A Muslim trade in the late medieval Mediterranean World 633

OLIVIA REMIE CONSTABLE

22B Overland trade in the western Islamic world

(fifth-ninth/eleventh-fifteenth centuries) 648

JOHN L. MELOY

22C Trade in the Ottoman lands to 1215/1800 66%

BRUCE MASTERS

23 • The 'idamä^ 679

MANUELA MARIN

Glossary 705

Bibliography yn

Index 803

THEJNEW CAMBRIDGE

HISTORY OF

ISLAM

V O L U M E 3

The Eastern Islamic World Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

Edited by

D A V I D O. M O R G A N

and

A N T H O N Y R E I D

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Contents

List ofülustrations page x

List ofmaps xi

List of contributors xii

Note on transliteration xv

Chronology xvi

List of abbreviations xxi

Maps xxii

Introduction: Islam in a plural Asia 1

DAVID O. MORGAN AND A N T H O N Y REID

PART I

THE IMPACT OF THE STEPPE PEOPLES

i • The steppe peoples in the Islamic world 21 E D M U N D B O S W O R T H

2 • The early expansion of Islam in India 78 ANDRE W I N K

3 • Muslim India: the Delhi Sultanate 100

P E T E R JACKSON

4 • The rule of the infidels: the Mongols and the Islamic world 128

BEATRICE FORBES MANZ

5 • Tamerlane and his descendants: from paladins to patrons 169

MARIA E. SUBTELNY

Contents

PART II

T H E G U N P O W D E R E M P I R E S

6 • Iran under Safavid rule 203 S H O L E H A. Q U I N N

7 • Islamic culture and the Chinggisid restoration: Central Asia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 239

R. D. McCHESNEY

8 • India under Mughal rule 266

S T E P H E N DALE

PART III

T H E M A R I T I M E O E C U M E N E 9 • Islamic trade, shipping, port-states and merchant communities in the Indian

Ocean, seventh to sixteenth centuries 317 M I C H A E L PEARSON

10 • Early Muslim expansion in South-East Asia, eighth to fifteenth centuries 366 GEOFF WADE

11 • Follow the white camel: Islam in China to 1800 409 ZVI B E N - D O R BENITE

12 • Islam in South-East Asia and the Indian Ocean littoral, 1500-1800: expansion, polarisation, synthesis 427

A N T H O N Y REID

13 • South-East Asian localisations of Islam and participation within a global umma, c. 1500-1800 470

R. M I C H A E L F E E N E R

14 • Transition: the end of the old order - Iran in the eighteenth Century S04 G. R. G A R T H W A I T E

Contents

PART IV

THEMES

15 • Conversion to Islam 529 R I C H A R D W. BULLIET

16 • Armies and their economic basis in Iran and the surrounding

lands, c. 1000-1500 539

REUVEN AMITAI

17 • Commercial structures 561

SCOTT C. LEVI

18 • Transmitters of authority and ideas across cultural boundaries,

eleventh to eighteenth centuries 582

MUHAMMAD QASIM ZAMAN

Glossary 611

Bibliography 620

Index 681

THE NEW CAMBRIDGE

HISTORY OF

ISLAM

VOLUME 4

Islamic Cultures and Societies to the End of the Eighteenth Century

Edited by

ROBERT IRWIN

C A M B R I D G E "' " UNIVER SITY PRE S S

Contents

List offigures page x

List of illustrations xi

List ofdynastic tables xiii

List of contributors xiv

A note on transliteration xix

List of abbreviations xx

Map xxi

Introduction i

R O B E R T I R W I N

PART I

R E L I G I O N A N D L A W

i • Islam 19 J O N A T H A N BERKEY

2 • Sufism 60 ALEXANDER KNYSH

3 • Varieties of Islam 105

FARHAD DAFTARY

4 • Islamic law: history and transformation 142

WAEL B. HALLAQ

5 • Conversion and the dkl al-dhimma 184

DAVID J . WASSERSTEIN

Contents

6 • Mus l im societies and the na tu ra l w o r l d 209

RICHARD W. BULLIET

P A R T II

SOCIETIES, POLITICS AND ECONOMICS

7 • Legi t imacy and political Organisation: caliphs, kings and reg imes 22$

SAID AMIR ARJOMAND 8 • T h e city and the n o m a d 274

HUGH KENNEDY

9 • Rural life and e c o n o m y unt i l 1800 290

ANDREW M. WATSON

10 • D e m o g r a p h y and mig ra t ion 306

SURAIYA N. FAROQHI

11 • T h e m e c h a n i s m s of c o m m e r c e 332

WARREN C SCHULTZ

12 • W o m e n , g e n d e r and sexuality 355

MANUELA MARiN

PART I I I

L I T E R A T U R E

13 • Arabic l i te ra ture 383

JULIA BRAY 14 • Pers ian l i te ra ture 414

DICK DAVIS

15 • Tu rk i sh l i te ra ture 424

CJGDEM BALIM HARDING

16 • U r d u l i te ra ture 434

SHAMSUR RAHMAN FARUQI

Contents

vj • History writing 444 LI GUO

18 • Biographical literature 458

M I C H A E L C O O P E R S O N

19 • Muslim accounts of the dar al-harb 474

MICHAEL B O N N E R AND G O T T F R I E D HAGEN

PART IV

LEARNING, ARTS AND CULTURE

20 • Education 497

FRANCIS R O B I N S O N

21 • Philosophy 532

R I C H A R D C. TAYLOR

22 • The sciences in Islamic societies (750-1800) J64

SONJA BRENTJES W I T H ROBERT G. M O R R I S O N

23 • Occult sciences and mediane 640

S. N O M A N U L HAQ

24 • Literary and oral cultures 668

J O N A T H A N BLOOM

25 • Islamic art and architecture 682

MARCUS M I L W R I G H T

26 • Music 743

A M N O N S H I L O A H

27 • Cookery 751

DAVID WAINES

Glossary 764

Bibliography yy2

Index 84s

THE NEW CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF

ISLAM

V O L U M E 5

The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance

Edited by

F R A N C I S R O B I N S O N

TW™ C A M B R I D G E " ' " UNIVERSITY PRESS

Contents

List ofmaps x

List of contributors xi

Note on transliteration xv

Chronology xvi

Maps xxx

Introduction 1

FRANCIS R O B I N S O N

P A R T I

T H E ONSET OF WESTERN D O M I N A T I O N c. 1800 T O c. 1919

1 • The Ottoman lands to the post-First World War settlement 31 CARTER VAUGHN FINDLEY

2 • Egypt to c. 1919 79

K E N N E T H M. CUNO

3 • Sudan, Somalia and the Maghreb to the end of the

First World War 107

KNUT s . V I K 0 R

4 • Arabia to the end of the First World War 134

PAUL DRESCH

5 • Iran to 1919 154

ALI M. ANSARI

Contents

6 • Russia, Central Asia and the Caucasus to 1917 180 ADEEB KHALID

7 • Afghanistan to 1919 203

N A Z I F M. S H A H R A N I

8 • South Asia to 1919 212

FRANCIS R O B I N S O N

9 • South-East Asia and China to 1910 240

W I L L I A M GERVASE CLÄREN CE-S MITH

10 • Afirica south of the Sahara to the First World War 269

ROMAN L O I M E I E R

PART II

I N D E P E N D E N C E AND REVIVAL c. 1919 TO T H E PRESENT

n • Turkey from the rise of Atatürk 301 RESAT KASABA

12 • West Asia from the First World War 336

CHARLES T R I P P

13 • Egypt from 1919 372

J O E L G O R D O N

14 • Sudan from 1919 402

CAROLYN F L U E H R - L O B B A N AND R I C H A R D A. LOBBAN, J R .

15 • North Africa from the First World War 417

K E N N E T H J . PERKINS

16 • Saudi Arabia, southern Arabia and the Gulf states

from the First World War 451

DAVID COMMINS

Contents

17 • Iran from 1919 481 MISAGH PARSA

18 • Central Asia and the Caucasus from the First World War 517

MURIEL ATKIN

19 • Afghanistan from 1919 542

N A Z I F M. S H A H R A N I

20 • South Asia from 1919 558

VALI NASR

21 • South-East Asia from 1910 591

R O B E R T W. H E F N E R

22 • Africa south of the Sahara from the First World War 623

J O H N H . H A N S O N

23 • Islam in China from the First World War 659

DRU C. GLADNEY

24 • Islam in the West 686

HUMAYUN ANSARI

Glossary 717

Bibliography 727

Index 775

THE NEW CAMBRIDGE

HISTORY OF

ISLAM

VOLUME 6

Muslims and Modernity Culture and Society since 1800

Edited by

ROBERT W. HEFNER

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Contents

List ofillustrations xi

List offigures xii

List oftables xiii

List of contributors xv

Note on transliteration xix

List of abbreviations xx

Map xxi

i • Introduction: Muslims and modernity: culture and society

in an age of contest and plurality 1

ROBERT W. H E F N E R

PART I

SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS 37 2 • New networks and new knowledge: migrations, Communications

and the refiguration of the Muslim Community in the nineteenth

and early twentieth centuries 39

R. M I C H A E L F E E N E R

3 • Population, urbanisation and the dialectics of globalisation 69

C L E M E N T M. HENRY

4 • The origins and early development of Islamic reform 107

AHMAD S. DALLAL

5 • Reform and modernism in the middle twentieth Century 148

J O H N o . VOLL

Contents

6 • Islamic resurgence and its aftermath 173 SAID AMIR ARJOMAND

7 • The new transnationalism: globalising Islamic movements 198

PETER M A N D A V I L L E

8 • Muslims in the West: Europe 218 J O H N R. BOWEN

9 • Muslims in the West: North America 238 KAREN ISAKSEN L E O N A R D

10 • New frontiers and conversion 254

R O B E R T LAUNAY

PART II

RELIGION AND LAW 269 11 • Contemporary trends in Muslim legal thought

and ideology 270 SAMI ZUBAIDA

12 • A case comparison: Islamic law and the Saudi and Iranian legal Systems 296

FRANK E. VOGEL

13 • Beyond dhimmihood: citizenship and human rights 314 A B D U L L A H I A H M E D A N - N A ' l M

14 • The 'ulamW: scholarly tradition and new public commentary 335

MUHAMMAD QASIM ZAMAN

15 • Sufism and neo-Sufism 3^ BRUCE B. L A W R E N C E

Contents

PART III

POLITICAL AND E C O N O M I C T H O U G H T 38s

16 • Islamic political thought 387 L. CARL BROWN

17 • Women, family and the law: the Muslim personal Status law debate in Arab states 411

LYNN W E L C H M A N

18 • Culture and politics in Iran since the 1979 revolution 438

NIKKI R. KEDDIE

19 • Modern Islam and the economy 473

TIMUR KURAN

PART IV

CULTURES, ARTS AND LEARNING 495 20 • Islamic knowledge and education in the

modern age 497 ROBERT W. HEFNER

21 • History, heritage and modernity: cities in the Muslim world between destruction and reconstruction 521

J E N S H A N S S E N

22 • Islamic philosophy and science 549 S. N O M A N U L HAQ

23 • The press and Publishing 572 A M I A Y A L O N

24 • The modern art of the Middle East J97 V E N E T I A P O R T E R

Contents

25 • Cinema and television in the Arab world 62$

W A L T E R ARMBRUST

26 • Electronic media and new Muslim publics 648

J O N W . A N D E R S O N

Glossary 661

Bibliography 670

Index 726