Volcanic processes. Yes No YesNo Yes No « grey » volcanoes More explosive Andesitic Subductions «...

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Transcript of Volcanic processes. Yes No YesNo Yes No « grey » volcanoes More explosive Andesitic Subductions «...

Page 1: Volcanic processes. Yes No YesNo Yes No « grey » volcanoes More explosive Andesitic Subductions « red » volcanoes Less explosive Basaltic Intra-plate.

Volcanic processes

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Magma encounters « external » water

Submarine, surtseyan, phreatomagmatic types

Magma containsdissolved gas

Plinian eruptions Magma is viscous

Domes and block-and-ash flows

(Pelean)

Flows and scoria cones(Strombolian, hawaian)

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

« grey » volcanoesMore explosiveAndesiticSubductions

« red » volcanoesLess explosiveBasalticIntra-plate

Volcanic processesand types

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• Dynamic types related to magma/water interactions

• Dynamic types related to dissolved bubbles

• Dynamic types related to domes growth and collapse

• Dynamic types related to lava flows etc.• Destruction of volcanic edifices• Complex edifices

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Magma viscosity

Figure 4-1. a. Calculated viscosities of anhydrous silicate liquids at one atmosphere pressure, calculated by the method of Bottinga and Weill (1972) by Hess (1989), Origin of Igneous Rocks. Harvard University Press. b. Variation in the viscosity of basalt as it crystallizes (after Murase and McBirney, 1973), Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 84, 3563-3592. c. Variation in the viscosity of rhyolite at 1000oC with increasing H2O content (after

Shaw, 1965, Amer. J. Sci., 263, 120-153).

Viscosity of Anhydrous Magma

Log

Vis

cosi

ty (

poi

se)

10

8

6

4

2

50 60 70Wt. % SiO2

1400o C1200o C1000o C

Oliv

ine

Bas

alt

Bas

alt

And

esite

Dac

ite

Rhy

olite

10

8

6

4

2 4 6 8 10Wt. % H2O

Rhyolite at 1000oC

Log

Vis

cosi

ty (

pois

e)

4

5

3

2

AllLiquid

T (oC)

IncreasingCrystallization

Basalt

Beg

inn

ing

of C

ryst

alliz

atio

n

2

Log

Vis

cosi

ty (

pois

e)

a cb

1400 1300 1200 1100

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Mount Saint-Helens:The post-18 May dome

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Figure 4-7. Schematic cross section through a lava dome.

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Secondary ash fall (+local surges)

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Dome growth and collapse

• Cortex of the dome « chills », interior still hot

• Steep slopes, local collapse– Breccias– Pyroclastic flows: « block and ash flow »

• Dense flow, rich in blocks

• Smaller scale than plinian!!

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Montagne-Pelée, Martinique(lesser Antilles)

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Saint-Pierre, before

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Saint-Pierre, after

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Magma encounters « external » water

Submarine, surtseyan, phreatomagmatic types

Magma containsdissolved gas

Plinian eruptions Magma is viscous

Domes and block-and-ash flows

(Pelean)

Flows and scoria cones(Strombolian, hawaian)

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

« grey » volcanoesMore explosiveAndesiticSubductions

« red » volcanoesLess explosiveBasalticIntra-plate

Volcanic processesand types

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• Dynamic types related to magma/water interactions

• Dynamic types related to dissolved bubbles

• Dynamic types related to domes growth and collapse

• Dynamic types related to lava flows etc.• Destruction of volcanic edifices• Complex edifices

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Lava lakes

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Eruptive fissures

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Bubbles

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Scenic volcanoes!

Stromboli (Italy)

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Scoria cones

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Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion, Indian Ocean)

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Cones groupe in Réunion

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Puy de Pariou (France)(note also the pelean dome of Puy de Dome at the back)

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Scoria cones

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Disrupted cones

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Cones and lava flows

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Etna (Italy)

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Strange things lava flows do…

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No, there is nobody here – it is just a weird but completely natural shape…

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Multiple lava flows

Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion, Indian Ocean)

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Rift zone

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Aa and Pahoehoe

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Lava caves

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Prismation

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Scoria base

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Volcanoes - Earth and Environmental€¦ · Shield Volcanoes •Built of layers of lava from many non-explosive eruptions –Because the lava is runny, the volcano spreads out over

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