Vocabulary Key Terms DNA DNA replication Codon Intron Exon Translation Central Dogma Transcription...
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Transcript of Vocabulary Key Terms DNA DNA replication Codon Intron Exon Translation Central Dogma Transcription...
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Vocabulary Key Terms
• DNA• DNA replication• Codon• Intron• Exon• Translation• Central Dogma• Transcription• RNA
• mRNA• tRNA• Anticodon• Genes• Nucleotide• Nitrogen base• Amino Acids (AA)
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Where in the cell are we looking at?
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5a. Know the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA &
protein.
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12—1 The Components and Structure of DNA
• What is the overall structure of the DNA molecule?
• The Components and Structure of DNA• DNA is made up of ______________________. • A nucleotide is a monomer of nucleic acids made
up of a five-carbon sugar called ________________, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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The Components and Structure of DNA
• There are ______ kinds of bases in in DNA:
• adenine• guanine • cytosine• thymine
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The Components and Structure of DNA
• The backbone of a DNA chain is formed by ______________ and _______________ groups of each nucleotide.
• The nucleotides can be joined together in any order.
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The Components and Structure of DNA
• Chargaff's Rules– Erwin Chargaff discovered that:
• The percentages of _________________ [G] and _____________________ [C] bases are almost equal in any sample of DNA.
• The percentages of ________________ [A] and __________________ [T] bases are almost equal in any sample of DNA.
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The Components and Structure of DNA
– X-Ray Evidence • ______________________
used X-ray diffraction to get information about the structure of DNA.
• She aimed an X-ray beam at concentrated DNA samples and recorded the scattering pattern of the X-rays on film.
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The Components and Structure of DNA
• The Double Helix
– Using clues from Franklin’s pattern, James Watson and Francis Crick built a model that explained how DNA carried information and could be copied.
– Watson and Crick's model of DNA was a ___________ _____________ in which _____ strands were wound around each other.
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Who Discovered the DNA molecule?
• Discovery of DNA:– ___________:
Proposed that DNA is made of 2 chains of nucleotides joined together by the nitrogen bases
– Double Helix: DNA composed of 2 strands twisted together
James Watson & Francis Crick
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The Components and Structure of DNA• DNA Double Helix
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The Components and Structure of DNA
• Watson and Crick discovered that ____________________ bonds can form only between certain base pairs—adenine and thymine, and guanine and cytosine.
• This principle is called ________________.
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From DNA to Protein
• Why is DNA Important?– All of the characteristics that you have are
affected by the _____________ that you have in your cells.
– Controls the color of your eyes, hair, or if you can digest milk.
– ______________ the order of the amino acids Δ’s the kind protein made.
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From DNA to Protein• RNA: _____________________ Acid
– a nucleic acid – single stranded– Sugar in RNA is ribose– Instead of Thyamine, Uracil (U) – (A)
H
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Three Types of RNA
• Help to build proteins– Messenger RNA (___________): brings info from
the DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s factory floor, the cytoplasm.
– Ribosomal RNA (_________): clamp onto the mRNA and use its info to assemble the amino acids in the correct order
– Transfer RNA (___________): transports amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into protein
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RNA Facts
• RNA exists in many structural forms – mRNA: serves as a __________ during
protein synthesis– tRNA– rRNA
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DNA vs. RNA
• Deoxyribose sugar• Adenine• Guanine• Cytosine• ______________• 2 strands
• Ribose sugar• Adenine• Guanine• Cytosine• ___________• One Strand
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Proteins
• Proteins are ________________ composed of amino acid ______________.
• Different types of proteins function as enzymes and transport molecules, hormones, structural components of cells, & antibodies that fight infection.
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1d. Know the central dogma of molecular biology outlines the
flow of information from transcription of ribonucleic acid
(RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on
ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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12-2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
• 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
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DNA and Chromosomes
• DNA and Chromosomes– In prokaryotic cells, DNA is located in the
__________________.– Most __________________ have a single
DNA molecule containing nearly all of the cell’s genetic information.
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DNA and Chromosomes
Chromosome
E. Coli Bacterium
Bases on the Chromosomes
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DNA and Chromosomes
• Many eukaryotes have ________ times the amount of DNA as prokaryotes.
• Eukaryotic DNA is located in the cell ______________ inside chromosomes.
• The number of chromosomes varies widely from one species to the next.
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DNA and Chromosomes
– Chromosome Structure• Eukaryotic chromosomes contain DNA and
protein, tightly packed together to form _______________.
• Chromatin consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins called ______________________.
• DNA and histone molecules form nucleosomes. • Nucleosomes pack together, forming a thick fiber.
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DNA and Chromosomes– Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure
Chromosome
Supercoils
Nucleosome
DNA double helix
Histones
Coils
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DNA Replication
• What happens during DNA replication?– DNA Replication
• Each strand of the DNA double helix has all the information needed to reconstruct the other half by the mechanism of base pairing.
• In most prokaryotes, DNA replication begins at a single point and continues in two directions.
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DNA Replication
• In eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA replication occurs at hundreds of places. Replication proceeds in both directions until each chromosome is completely copied.
• The sites where separation and replication occur are called ____________________.
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DNA Replication
• Duplicating DNA – Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a
process called ____________________. – Replication ensures that each resulting cell will have a
complete set of DNA.
• During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into ______ strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template for the new strand.
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DNA Replication
Nitrogen Bases
Replication Fork
DNA Polymerase
Replication Fork
Original strandNew Strand
Growth
Growth
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DNA Replication
• How Replication Occurs– DNA replication is carried out by enzymes that “unzip”
a molecule of DNA.– Hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken and
the two strands of DNA unwind.
• The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication is _______________________.
• DNA polymerase joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule and then “proofreads” each new DNA strand.
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DNA Replication
1. __________________ breaks up the hydrogen(H+) bonds between the nitrogen bases that holds the 2 strands together—unzips the DNA molecule
2. Free floating _______________ bond to the single strands by base pairing
3. Another _______________ bonds these new nucleotides into a chain
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DNA Replication4. This process continues until the entire
molecule has been unzipped and replicated.
5. Each new strand formed is a _________________ of the original, or parent, strands.
6. The result is the formation of two DNA molecules, each of which is __________________ to the original DNA molecule.
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12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
• 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
• _______________ are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins.
• Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA.
• _______________ contains coded information for making proteins.
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The Structure of RNA
• The Structure of RNA• RNA consists of a long chain of nucleotides.• Each nucleotide is made up of a ___-carbon sugar,
a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
• There are three main differences between RNA and DNA:
• The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. • RNA is generally single-stranded.• RNA contains ______________ in place of
thymine.
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Types of RNA
• What are the three main types of RNA?
• Types of RNA
– There are three main types of RNA:• _________________ RNA
• ribosomal RNA
• _______________ RNA
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Types of RNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries ______________ of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.
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Types of RNA
• Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Ribosome
Ribosomal RNA
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Types of RNA
• During protein construction, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the _________________.
Amino acid
Transfer RNA
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Transcription
• What is transcription?– Transcription
• RNA molecules are produced by copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA. This process is called ______________________.
• Transcription requires the enzyme ___________________________.
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Transcription
– During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands.
• RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.
• RNA polymerase binds only to regions of DNA known as ______________________.
• Promoters are signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA.
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Transcription Steps1. __________________ unzip the molecule of
DNA2. Free RNA nucleotides pair with complementary
DNA nucleotides on one of the DNA strands• AGC TAA CCG ______ strand• UCG AUU GGC _____ strand
3. When the base pairing is completed, the mRNA molecule breaks away as the DNA strands rejoin.
4. The ______________ leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
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Transcription
RNA
RNA polymerase
DNA
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RNA Editing
• RNA Editing• The DNA of eukaryotic genes contains sequences
of nucleotides, called __________________, that are not involved in coding for proteins.
• The DNA sequences that code for proteins are called _________________.
• When RNA molecules are formed, introns and exons are copied from DNA.
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RNA Editing
• The ____________ are cut out of RNA molecules.
• The _____________ are the spliced together to form mRNA.
Exon IntronDNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Cap Tail