Vitamins Arnab Projects
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Transcript of Vitamins Arnab Projects
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ecent trends in Vitamins andtheir effects on humans
Arnab Dhar
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The Nature of Vitamins
Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds
needed for normal function, growth andmaintenance.
Vitamins are cofactors, they dont doanything by themselves.
They are not a source of calories.
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The Nature of Vitamins Organic cofactorswhat is a cofactor?
Water analogy, scissor analogy
Physiological rolespecific metabolicfunction
Prevents diseaseunlike supplements
which may promote some thing or havegeneral metabolic effect
(ex. Omega 3s, fibers)
Natural = Synthetic (except Vitamin E)
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The Nature of Vitamins Nutritional Value lost by:
Light
Heat
Oxidation
Bacteria
Enzymes
Insects (Nutritional value of baby
foodmust be assured.)
Effect of packaging on
nutrient loss in milk.
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The Nature of Vitamins Food processing can
preserve nutrients.
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Vitamin Requirements
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI):
recommendation for individuals(moreaccurate, but would be impossible to label)
Age
Gender Pregnancy
Lactation
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Vitamin Requirements
Daily Reference Values (DRV): standards
established for protein and other dietarycomponents lacking a RDA or nutrientstandard
Constitute part of the Daily Values (DV)used on food labels
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Dietary Supplements$6 Billion Market
They are classified as Nutritional Supplements They are not foods,and not drugs.*
Supplements are Product intended to supplement the diet andcontains vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids, and theirextracts.
NOT consumed as a food replacement Loosely regulated, not evaluated by FDA
By definitiona drug is used to
prevent, treat or cure disease.
These terms cannot be usedwith supplements.
Use of some supplements is backed by
scientific data.
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Fat Soluble Vitamins Aorange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as
color and antioxidant
Dwe make it with sunlight, deficiency causesrickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P ratios
Etocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing
stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant
Kcontributes to blood clotting factor
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Vitamin A
Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant
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Vitamin A Carrotinoids Used in food industry as a
colorant (orange) (label friendly)
Antioxidant (label friendly) Stored in liver
Important for sight
Deficiency causes ~500,000 casesof night blindness worldwide
Genetically engineered rice with highVitamin A can prevent night blindness
Carrotenosis
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.healthjockey.com/images/carrot-juice-honey.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.healthjockey.com/2007/05/04/carrot-juice-with-honey-helps-to-improve-eyesight/&usg=__EU7e7_lELUgNQjVSChEAV6OynqI=&h=200&w=267&sz=27&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=_c3cpxO6BT427M:&tbnh=85&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcarrot%2Bjuice%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den -
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Vitamin D Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium
absorption
Main role is to maintain calcium and potassiumlevels
It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can make-in the presence of sunlight
Can be made from cholesterol
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Vitamin D Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat soluble
vitamins)
Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enoughsunlight
We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal
Toxicity is very dangerous Occurs only from excess supplementation
Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heartand blood vessels
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Vitamin D
Rickets can be caused by lack ofsunlight, but also from insufficient
calcium. Vitamin D linked tocalcium absorption.
(Rickets reported in NYC.)
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Vitamin E A family of eight naturally occurring compounds
Used as an anti-oxidant in foods
Since aging is considered an oxidation reaction,many anti-oxidants are used as dietarysupplements
Deficiencies are not well understood
Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immuneresponse
Americans spend $300 million per year on vitaminE supplements
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Vitamin K Contributes to synthesis of seven blood
clotting factors
Can be reactivated to continue biological action
Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two
bone proteins
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Water Soluble Vitamins Relatively cheap to
add to food Only Vitamin C is
used for itsfunctionality
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Water Soluble Vitamins B1, thiamine
B2, riboflavin
B6, pyridoxamine
B12 Biotin
Panothenic acid
Niacin
Folacin Vitamin C
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Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin B1
Thiamine
Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central
nervous system Deficiency causes Beri beri
(Singlese, I cant, I cant)
B2- riboflavin
Energy metabolism
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Water Soluble Vitamins B6- Pyridoxamine
Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100reactions
B12
Development of red blood cells Lack of it makes one anemic
Hard for vegans to get
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Water Soluble Vitamins Biotin
Involved in fatty acid synthesis Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss
Panthothenic acid
Found in many foods Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates,
protein, alcohol and fat
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Water Soluble Vitamins Choline
A major component of cell
membranes Folacin = Folate = Folic
acid
Deficiency causes neuraltube d efects in utero
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Vitamin C Ascorbic acid
Very inexpensive to add to food, marketingtool. Antioxidant
Deficiency leads to bleeding gums,hemorrhages
High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)
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Vitamin C - Scurvy
http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/nutr.htmhttp://www.ok1318.pe.kr/data/vitamin1.htm -
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Niacin (B3) Energy metabolism
DiseasepellagraThe Four Ds Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death