Vitamins
Transcript of Vitamins
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VITAMINS
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Vitamins - are a group of organic nutrients
required in small quantities for a variety of biochemical functions, for proper metabolism, to protect health, and for normal growth and activity of the body.
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1. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
2. Water-Soluble Vitamins
Types of Vitamins
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1. Fat-Soluble VitaminsProperties:– Necessary for the function or structural
integrity of specific body tissues and membranes.
– Can be retained in the body.– Apolar hydrophobic compounds that can only
be absorbed efficiently when there is normal fat absorption.
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2. Water-Soluble VitaminsProperties:
– Act as catalysts and enzyme cofactors in metabolic processes and energy transfer.
– Are not stored in the body (excreted fairly rapidly) and must be replaced each day.
– These vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food storage and preparation (overcooking)
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FAT – SOLUBLEVITAMINS
Vitamin
Physiologic Importance
Deficiency Excess RDA
Food source
A(Retinol,
β-carotene)
• Component of light-sensitive pigments in eye• epithelial tissue maintenance• regulation of gene expression and cell diffentiation
• Night blindness• Xerophthalmia• Associated with Bitot's spots, keratomalacia, follicular hyperkeratosis
Carotenemia;
Bleeding;
Hepatospleno-
megaly (rare).
5,000 IU
Green vegetables, dairy products, eggs, liver
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D(Calciferol)
• initiates calcium absorption in intestine and causes bone mineralization• Promotes hardening of bones and teeth
• Rickets (children)• Osteomalacia (adults)
• Hypercal-cemia leading to metastatic calcification and renal damage (rare).
400 IU for adults
Dairy products, eggs,
Fish liver oils. Synthesized by sunlight action on skin.
E (Tocopherols, tocotrienols)
• Antioxidant (Protects vitamins A and C, fatty acids and red blood cell membranes from destruction due to oxidation)
• Possibly anemia• Serious neurologic dysfunction (extremely rare)• Increase hemolysis of red blood cells
Muscular dystrophy
None 15 IU
(Men)
12 IU
(Women)
Margarine, seeds, green leafy vegetables
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K (Phylloquinone, menaquinones)
• Blood clotting
Required for synthesis of Prothrombin (II) and clotting factors VII, IX and X.
• Hemorrhagic disease• Hypoprothrom-binemia resulting in bleeding tendency
Hemolytic anemia (rare)
No RDA.
300-500 mcg is considered adequate
• Green leafy vegetables, liver;• Naturally produced by bacteria in the intestine.
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WATER-SOLUBLEVITAMINS
Vitamin
Physiologic Importance
Deficiency
Excess
RDA Food source
B1(Thiamine)
• catalyst in carbohydrate metabolism, nerve and heart function
• Beriberi (wet and dry)• Wernicke's encephalopathy• Korsakoff's psychosis
Transient flushing, dizziness
• 0.5
mg/1000
calories
consumed
• 1.6 mg for adults
Organ meats, pork, whole grains, legumes, cereals, yeast, egg yolk
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B2(Riboflavin,
vitamin G)
• essential part of enzyme systems concerned with oxidation and reduction in living cells.• Constituent of flavoproteins
• Eye irritation, corneal vascularization, inflammation and breakdown of skin cells• cheilosis, glossitis, angular stomatitis
None. • 0.55
mg/1000
calories
consumed.
•1.6 mg for adults
Milk products, liver, eggs, grains, legumes, dark green
vegetables, cereals, fruit, yeast
* Vit. B2 deficiency
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B3(Niacin,
Nicotinamide, Nicotinic acid)
• Oxidation-reduction reactions in cellular respiration• Functional part of NAD and NADP.
• Pellagra (skin and gastrointestinal disorders, nerve inflammation, mental disorders)
• Flushing due to vasodilation occurs with intravenous injection (rare).• Abnormal liver function; cramps; nausea
• 6.6 mg/1000 calories consumed.
• 18 mg (male)•13 mg (female)
Liver, lean meats, poultry, fish, whole and enriched grain products, legumes
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B5(Pantothenic Acid)
• Energy metabolismneeded to form coenzyme-A (CoA), and is critical in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.• For pyruvate oxidation and biological acetylations
Fatigue, loss of coordination
None known
0.5-10.0 mg for both adults and children is adequate
Milk products, liver, kidney, eggs, whole grains, legumes; also made by intestinal bacteria.
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B6(Pyridoxine,
Pyridoxal,
Pyridoxamine)
• Aids in amino acid metabolism, absorption; aids in red blood cell formation; helps body use fats.• Coenzyme for decarboxylase and transaminase systems
• Convulsions, irritability, kidney stones• Glossitis; blepharitis; dermatitis; cheilosis; peripheral neuropathy; sideroblastic anemia.
Transient paresthesias
• 0.2
mg/100mg
CHON
• 1.8 mg (male)• 1.5 mg (female)
Whole-grain cereals, vegetables, meats
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B12(Cyanocobalamin)
• Nucleic acid production
• Megaloblastic anemia (Pernicious anemia);• Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord; peripheral neuropathy.
None. 3 mcg for adults Red meats, Liver, eggs, dairy products and fish
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Biotin
(Vitamin H)
• Fat synthesis and amino acid metabolism• Part of the enzyme systems participating in conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate (gluconeogene-sis)
• Depression, fatigue, nausea, alopecia, dermatitis, atrophy of lingual papillae, muscle pain, paresthesias, hypercholesterolemia, and electrocardiogram abnormalities
None known
150-300 mcg usually meets daily needs
Liver, kidney, egg yolk, milk, most fresh vegetables, legumes; also made by intestinal bacteria.
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C(Ascorbic Acid)
• Collagen formation in teeth, bone, and connective tissue of blood vessels• may help in resisting infection• absorption of iron, calcium, folacin• Ascorbic acid is a great antioxidant• works with vitamin E as a free-radical scavenger.
• Scurvy (breakdown of skin, blood vessels, and teeth)• impaired wound healing.
*Vitamin C deficiency- often results secondary to hyperparathy-roidism
• None known• Minimal-possibly urinary calculi, gastrointestinal complaints including diarrhea, nausea and abdominal cramps
• 40-60 mg• 200 - 500 mg
per day
(most
beneficial)
Citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, tomatoes
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Folic Acid(Folacin)
• Nucleic acid metabolism
• Megaloblastic anemia (Pernicious anemia)
None. 400 mcg for
adults Whole-wheat foods, green vegetables, legumes, organ meats, fish, citrus fruits.
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Other Vitamins
• Vitamin P (bioflavonoids, citrin)– helps increase strength of capillaries found
in the mesocarp (tasteless, spongy, white layer beneath the rind) of lemon fruit.
• Vitamin F (unsaturated fatty acids)– is important in respiration of vital organs.-helps maintain resilience and lubrication of
cells.-helps regulate blood coagulation.-is essential for normal glandular activity.
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• Vitamin B13 (Orotic acid)– is needed for the metabolism of some B-
vitamins
• Vitamin B15 (Pangamic acid)– helps eliminate hypoxia helps promote
CHON metabolism stimulates nervous and glandular system
• Vitamin B17 (Laetrile)– has been linked to cancer prevention
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Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Vitamins
VITAMIN MEN WOMEN
A 0.7mg 0.6mg
B1 1.0mg 0.8mg
B2 1.3mg 1.1mg
Niacin 19mg 15mg
B6 1.4mg 1.2mg
Pantothenic acid
5mg 5mg
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VITAMIN MEN WOMEN
Folic acid 0.2mg 0.2mg
Biotin 0.03mg 0.1mg
B12 0.002mg 0.002mg
C 40mg 40mg
D 0.01mg 0.01mg
E 10mg 8mg
K 0.8mg 0.06mg