Fat-Soluble Vitamins & Micronutrients: Vitamins A and E and … · 2015-07-13 · Fat-Soluble...

National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the U.S. Population 1999-2002

Fat-Soluble Vitamins & Micronutrients:

Vitamins A and E and Carotenoids

Vitamins A (retinol) and E (tocopherol) and the carotenoids are fat-soluble micronutrients that are found in many foods, including some vegetables, fruits, meats, and animal products. Fish-liver oils, liver, egg yolks, butter, and cream are known for their higher content of vitamin A. Nuts and seeds are particularly rich sources of vitamin E (Thomas 2006). At least 700 carotenoids—fat-soluble red and yellow pigments—are found in nature (Britton 2004). Americans consume 40–50 of these carotenoids, primarily in fruits and vegetables (Khachik 1992), and smaller amounts in poultry products, including egg yolks, and in seafoods (Boylston 2007). Six major carotenoids are found in human serum: alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, trans-lycopene, and zeaxanthin. Major carotene sources are orange-colored fruits and vegetables such as carrots, pumpkins, and mangos. Lutein and zeaxanthin are also found in dark green leafy vegetables, where any orange coloring is overshadowed by chlorophyll. Trans-Lycopene is obtained primarily from tomato and tomato products. For information on the carotenoid content of U.S. foods, see the 1998 carotenoid database created by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Nutrition Coordinating Center at the University of Minnesota (http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/car98/car98.html).

Vitamin A, found in foods that come from animal sources, is called preformed vitamin A. Some carotenoids found in colorful fruits and vegetables are called provitamin A; they are metabolized in the body to vitamin A. Among the carotenoids, beta-carotene, a retinol dimer, has the most significant provitamin A activity. Because of limitations in the body’s ability to absorb and metabolize vitamin A, approximately 12 micrograms (µg) of dietary beta-carotene are needed to equal 1 µg of retinol. Other provitamin A carotenoids, such as alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, are half as active as beta-carotene (Institute of Medicine 2000). The bioconversion of carotenoids to vitamin A is highly variable from person to person (Krinsky 2005). Vitamin E activity is derived from at least eight naturally occurring tocopherols, the most potent of which is alpha-tocopherol. Other less active forms of vitamin E are plentiful in the U.S. diet, with gamma-tocopherol being the predominant form.

2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins & Micronutrients 35

http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/car98/car98.html

The absorption of fat-soluble micronutrients from the gastrointestinal tract depends on processes responsible for fat absorption or metabolism. Thus, people with conditions resulting in fat malabsorption (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, pancreatic disorders) can develop vitamin A deficiency over time. Vitamin A also has interactions with other nutrients. Iron and zinc deficiency can affect vitamin A metabolism and transport of vitamin A stores from the liver to body tissues (Institute of Medicine 2001). The absorption of carotenoids from foods is highly dependent on cooking techniques that break down plant cell walls and release carotenoids and also on the availability of dietary fat to enhance carotenoid uptake (Krinsky 2005). The liver regulates the concentration of vitamin A in the circulation by releasing stored retinyl esters as needed; only when liver reserves are nearly exhausted does serum vitamin A fall into the deficient range (Napoli 2006). The variation in serum carotenoid concentrations among people in the United States is relatively large, primarily reflecting wide-ranging differences in dietary intake (Lacher 2005). Plasma concentrations of tocopherols vary widely among healthy individuals and are highly correlated with plasma lipid concentrations (Ford 1999; Ford 2006).

Inadequate or excessive intake of vitamins A or E can lead to various disorders. For example, vitamin A deficiency is considered to be the main cause of childhood blindness (Roodhooft 2002), a rare condition in the United States. Prominent signs of vitamin A deficiency include night blindness, corneal thinning, and conjunctival metaplasia. Vitamin A is also essential for proper immune function, epithelial growth and repair, bone growth, reproduction, and normal embryonic and fetal development (West 2006). Acute toxicity, resulting from single or short-term large doses of preformed vitamin A, is characterized by nausea, vomiting, headache, vertigo, blurred vision, increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and lack of muscular coordination. Central nervous system effects, liver abnormalities, bone and skin changes, and other nonspecific adverse effects can be indicative of chronic hypervitaminosis A. Consuming excess amounts of vitamin A during early pregnancy may lead to serious birth defects (Institute of Medicine 2001). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) currently recommends that pregnant women obtain vitamin A from foods containing beta-carotene (U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1995).

Carotenoids are considered among the best biological markers for fruit and vegetable intake. The strongest dietary predictors of serum carotenoid concentrations are fruits (for sources of beta-cryptoxanthin), carrots and root vegetables (for sources of carotenes), and tomato products (for sources of trans-lycopene) (Al-Delaimy 2005). Research studies have shown inconsistencies in the relation between carotenoid intake and protection from cancer. Carotenoids in foods, even when consumed over long periods and in large amounts, are not known to produce adverse health effects. However, results of intervention studies of smokers who used 20-30 milligrams (mg) of beta-carotene per day showed that this group had more lung cancers than placebo-treated groups (Redlich 1998; Albanes 1996).

Vitamin E deficiency occurs only rarely in people, and overt deficiency symptoms in people consuming low-vitamin E diets have never been described (Institute of Medicine 2000). The main manifestation of vitamin E deficiency is peripheral neuropathy characterized by the degeneration of the large-caliber axons of sensory neurons

National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the U.S. Population 1999-2002 36

(Institute of Medicine 2000). The upper limit (UL) for vitamin E intake (1000 mg/day) was based on hemorrhagic effects; however, a causal association between excess alpha-tocopherol intake in apparently healthy individuals and adverse health outcomes has not consistently been shown (Institute of Medicine 2000). Studies evaluating tocopherols to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease demonstrated inconsistent findings (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2003). The American Heart Association currently advises that antioxidant supplements (such as vitamins E and C and beta-carotene) should not be used for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (Lichtenstein 2006). Nevertheless, the American Heart Association recommends consuming food sources of antioxidant nutrients, principally from a variety of plant-derived foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and vegetable oils.

The National Academy of Sciences has established dietary-requirement intake values for vitamins A and E by determining the adequate intake (AI) for infants and the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for older age groups (Institute of Medicine 2000 and 2001). The RDA for vitamin A for adults is 900 µg/day of retinol equivalents; for children, the RDA ranges from 300–700 µg/day. For infants (aged 0–12 months), the AI is set at 400–500 µg/day of retinol equivalents. For adults, the RDA for vitamin E is 15 mg/day of alpha-tocopherol; for children (1–18 years), the RDA ranges from 6 mg to 15 mg/day. There is no RDA for other forms of vitamin E such as gamma-tocopherol. Although no quantitative recommendations are available for the intake of carotenoids, existing recommendations support increased consumption of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables. Current public health guidelines advise that people consume 5 to 13 servings of fruits and vegetables a day, depending on caloric need, to ensure adequate nutrient intake (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture 2005).

Clinical laboratories typically use conventional units for serum concentrations of these fat-soluble micronutrients (µg per deciliter [dL]). Conversion factors to international system (SI) units are 1 µg/dL = 0.0349 micromole per liter (µmol/L) for vitamin A and 1 µg/ dL = 0.02322 µmol/L for vitamin E. Depending on its molecular weight, each carotenoid has a specific conversion factor.

The diagnosis of vitamin A or E deficiency is supported by measuring these concentrations in the body. Vitamin A deficiency can be diagnosed in a number of ways. People with serum concentrations of retinol of less than 20 µg/dL are considered vitamin A deficient, and those with serum concentrations of less than 10 µg/dL are considered severely deficient (West 2006). Carotenoid deficiency has no defined serum

Chemists perform extraction of fat-soluble vitamins from serum.


concentrations. The laboratory diagnosis of vitamin E deficiency is based on serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol (less than 500 µg/dL or less than 0.8 mg of alpha-tocopherol per gram of total lipids) (Beers 2006). Such concentrations are associated with in vitro hydrogen peroxide-induced red blood cell lysis, not with clinical deficiency symptoms (Institute of Medicine 2000). Among most laboratories participating in an external quality assurance program, standardized high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods for measuring fat-soluble micronutrients show consistent agreement of values (Duewer 2000).

For more information on these fat-soluble micronutrients, see the Institute of Medicine’s Dietary Reference Intake reports (Institute of Medicine 2000 and 2001), the vitamin fact sheets from the National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements (http://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Vitamin_and_Mineral _Supplement_Fact_Sheets.aspx), as well as information from the American Society for Nutrition (http://jn.nutrition.org/nutinfo/).

Since 1971, various fat-soluble micronutrients have been measured in the serum of NHANES participants. In NHANES III (1988–1994), clinically low concentrations of serum retinol were uncommon in U.S. residents aged 4 years and older, although racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences existed (Ballew 2001). Variations in serum carotenoid concentrations by ethnicity and sex were found for adults, children, and adolescents (Ford 2000; Ford 2002). Ford et al. also found sociodemographic variations in serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol among U.S. adults in NHANES III (1999) and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in NHANES 1999–2000 (2006). Application of the most common cut-off value for serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations in NHANES 1999–2000 (500 µg/dL), resulted in a low prevalence of vitamin E deficiency, despite the fact that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimated dietary intakes of vitamin E were low and that most of the U.S. population (> 90 percent) did not meet dietary recommendations either in 1999–2000 (Ahuja 2004) or in 2001–2002 (Moshfegh 2005). However, the USDA report is based on intakes from food only and does not include dietary supplements. Furthermore, in NHANES only alpha-tocopherol is estimated for assessing dietary vitamin E intake. In NHANES 2001–2002, 44 percent of survey participants had an estimated dietary intake (from food only) of vitamin A (including carotenoids) that was less than the vitamin A estimated average requirement (EAR) (Moshfegh 2005). Low dietary intakes of certain micronutrients without widespread manifestation of deficiency suggest the need for further evaluations to determine whether improved estimates are necessary, either in the nutrient tables or in dietary intake.


http://jn.nutrition.org/nutinfo/

Selected Observations and Highlights

The following sample observations are taken from the tables of 1999–2002 (for vitamins A and E) or 2001–2002 data (for all carotenoids) contained in this report. Statements about categorical differences between demographic groups noted below are based on non-overlapping confidence limits from univariate analysis without adjusting for demographic variables (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity) or other determinants of these blood concentrations (e.g., dietary intake, supplement usage, smoking, BMI). A multivariate analysis may alter the size and statistical significance of these categorical differences. Furthermore, additional significant differences of smaller magnitude may be present despite their lack of mention here (e.g., if confidence limits slightly overlap or if differences are unobservable before covariate adjustment has occurred). For a selection of citations of descriptive NHANES papers related to these biochemical indicators of diet and nutrition, see Appendix E.

General Observations

• Serum vitamin A and E concentrations are lower in children and adolescents than in adults.

• Serum beta-carotene concentrations are higher in older people (≥ 60 years), whereas serum alpha-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations are higher in middle-aged and older people compared with people in younger age groups.

• Serum beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations are higher in children than in adolescents or adults.

• Serum trans-lycopene and gamma-tocopherol concentrations are lower in young children and older people than in people in other age groups.

• Serum alpha-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations are lower in adolescents, whereas serum beta-carotene concentrations are lower in adolescents and in adults 20–39 years old than in people in other age groups.

• Females have lower concentrations of serum vitamin A and trans-lycopene than do males. Females have higher concentrations of serum vitamin E and beta-carotene than do males.

• Non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans have lower serum concentrations of vitamin A than do non-Hispanic whites.

• Non-Hispanic blacks have lower serum concentrations of vitamin E than do Mexican Americans, who have lower serum concentrations of vitamin E than do non-Hispanic whites.

• Non-Hispanic blacks have higher serum concentrations of gamma-tocopherol than do Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites.


• Non-Hispanic blacks have lower serum concentrations of alpha-carotene than do non-Hispanic whites or Mexican Americans.

• Non-Hispanic whites have lower serum concentrations of beta-cryptoxanthin than do non-Hispanic blacks, who have lower serum concentrations of beta-cryptoxanthin than do Mexican Americans.

• Non-Hispanic blacks have higher serum concentrations of trans-lycopene than do Mexican Americans.

Highlights

The majority of the U.S. population (> 95 percent) has adequate serum concentrations of vitamin A (≥ 20 µg/dL) and vitamin E (≥ 500 µg/dL).


Table 2.1.a. Serum vitamin A: Total population Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for the total U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.

Geometric mean (95% conf. interval)

Selected percentiles (95% conf. interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th

Males and Females Total, 3 years and older 53.5 (52.7-54.3) 30.9 (30.3-31.7) 54.5 (53.6-55.4) 87.0 (85.8-88.4) 15819

3–5 years 33.1 (32.6-33.7) 22.7 (21.4-24.4) 33.7 (33.0-34.4) 46.5 (44.1-47.8) 782

6–11 years 36.3 (35.7-37.0) 26.0 (24.8-26.3) 36.4 (35.7-37.1) 51.2 (49.4-52.6) 1880

12–19 years 47.0 (46.3-47.6) 30.8 (30.1-31.4) 47.4 (46.6-48.0) 70.6 (68.9-72.1) 4317

20–39 years 53.6 (52.6-54.6) 33.6 (32.5-34.6) 54.6 (53.5-55.6) 82.3 (80.3-83.8) 3177

40–59 years 59.7 (58.8-60.6) 37.1 (35.0-38.7) 60.6 (59.4-61.4) 92.6 (88.9-95.2) 2665

60 years and older 63.8 (62.9-64.7) 40.2 (38.1-41.4) 64.5 (63.2-65.3) 98.8 (95.6-102) 2998

Males Total, 3 years and older 56.3 (55.3-57.3) 31.7 (30.8-32.9) 58.1 (56.9-59.3) 88.7 (86.5-91.2) 7701

3–5 years 32.9 (32.1-33.7) 21.9 (17.1-25.0) 33.9 (33.0-35.0) 45.4 (43.2-47.5) 410

6–11 years 36.1 (35.2-37.1) 26.0 (24.5-26.5) 36.1 (35.3-37.1) 51.3 (49.4-52.6) 956

12–19 years 49.1 (48.2-50.1) 32.1 (30.9-33.8) 49.8 (48.8-50.9) 71.3 (69.3-72.9) 2164

20–39 years 58.4 (57.5-59.4) 40.3 (39.0-41.6) 59.0 (58.0-60.1) 83.5 (80.9-85.5) 1349

40–59 years 64.6 (63.3-65.9) 42.4 (40.4-44.3) 66.0 (65.0-67.7) 95.3 (92.8-98.4) 1332

60 years and older 65.4 (63.9-66.9) 41.2 (38.7-42.7) 66.1 (64.6-68.2) 101 (96.4-106) 1490

Females Total, 3 years and older 50.9 (50.1-51.7) 30.3 (29.4-31.1) 50.9 (50.1-51.8) 85.2 (83.3-87.2) 8118

3–5 years 33.4 (32.7-34.1) 24.1 (22.2-25.3) 33.1 (32.5-34.5) 47.1 (44.7-49.7) 372

6–11 years 36.5 (35.8-37.2) 26.2 (24.7-26.9) 36.7 (36.1-37.5) 50.4 (49.0-52.2) 924

12–19 years 44.8 (43.9-45.6) 29.7 (29.0-30.9) 44.7 (43.5-45.9) 68.8 (66.0-71.9) 2153

20–39 years 49.2 (48.1-50.4) 30.7 (29.7-31.8) 49.1 (47.3-50.7) 80.8 (78.0-82.4) 1828

40–59 years 55.3 (54.3-56.3) 34.4 (32.4-35.4) 55.5 (54.2-56.4) 87.3 (84.8-91.3) 1333

60 years and older 62.6 (61.6-63.6) 39.4 (36.2-41.4) 63.0 (62.0-64.4) 96.8 (92.0-101) 1508

Table 2.1.b. Serum vitamin A: Mexican Americans Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for Mexican Americans in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.




3–5 years 31.6 (30.7-32.6) 22.6 (21.7-23.8) 31.9 (30.2-33.7) 43.2 (40.4-45.6) 261

6–11 years 35.4 (34.8-36.0) 24.6 (23.8-26.2) 35.6 (34.9-36.2) 48.9 (47.2-50.8) 644

12–19 years 44.8 (44.2-45.5) 30.7 (28.7-31.9) 45.0 (44.1-45.8) 64.6 (63.6-65.9) 1626

20–39 years 50.6 (49.6-51.6) 31.9 (29.8-33.5) 50.9 (49.0-52.8) 75.2 (73.8-77.8) 866

40–59 years 52.8 (51.4-54.3) 32.5 (30.4-35.0) 53.9 (52.4-55.3) 83.7 (78.8-87.4) 628

60 years and older 55.9 (52.9-59.2) 34.0 (31.2-36.5) 55.3 (52.2-59.9) 91.0 (82.4-107) 637


3–5 years 32.5 (30.6-34.5) 22.4† (20.1-25.0) 32.9 (30.7-34.5) 45.2† (41.1-51.2) 136

6–11 years 35.4 (34.6-36.2) 24.6 (23.2-27.1) 35.4 (34.5-36.2) 49.2 (45.9-51.3) 333

12–19 years 48.1 (47.1-49.1) 33.7 (32.1-34.9) 48.3 (47.0-49.7) 67.8 (65.6-69.7) 807

20–39 years 56.6 (55.3-57.9) 39.3 (37.4-41.9) 57.5 (55.8-59.1) 78.3 (75.2-86.5) 382

40–59 years 57.9 (55.9-59.9) 36.3 (32.4-40.4) 57.9 (56.1-60.2) 87.4 (83.0-95.3) 298

60 years and older 57.0 (54.3-60.0) 35.3 (33.1-37.1) 55.5 (52.9-61.3) 93.4 (79.8-118) 321


3–5 years 30.8 (29.4-32.2) 22.6† (20.3-24.7) 30.4 (27.9-33.3) 40.0† (38.9-43.7) 125

6–11 years 35.3 (34.4-36.3) 23.8 (23.1-26.5) 35.9 (34.7-36.7) 48.6 (47.2-51.2) 311

12–19 years 41.5 (40.8-42.3) 28.4 (26.9-30.8) 41.1 (40.5-41.5) 60.3 (57.6-62.2) 819

20–39 years 44.3 (43.1-45.5) 28.7 (26.4-30.7) 44.6 (42.8-46.3) 69.1 (63.4-72.8) 484

40–59 years 48.1 (46.4-49.9) 30.6 (25.7-34.1) 48.1 (46.4-50.1) 74.7 (68.3-77.1) 330

60 years and older 55.0 (51.2-59.0) 31.8 (27.8-39.3) 54.8 (51.3-59.9) 90.0 (82.9-99.0) 316

† Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size.

National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the U.S. Population 1999–2002 42 42

Table 2.1.c. Serum vitamin A: Non-Hispanic blacks Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.




3–5 years 31.8 (30.6-33.1) 21.6 (19.3-23.9) 32.1 (30.8-33.3) 44.6 (41.6-47.9) 226

6–11 years 35.0 (34.1-35.9) 23.7 (21.9-25.6) 35.1 (34.0-36.5) 50.5 (48.2-52.2) 591

12–19 years 41.4 (40.6-42.2) 27.9 (26.7-28.6) 41.7 (40.6-42.6) 61.9 (60.2-64.1) 1252

20–39 years 46.1 (44.8-47.5) 28.4 (27.6-30.7) 46.8 (45.2-48.5) 72.0 (67.7-74.6) 590

40–59 years 52.2 (50.4-54.1) 30.6 (27.3-34.0) 52.1 (50.6-54.0) 87.3 (80.6-95.6) 540

60 years and older 58.6 (56.6-60.6) 33.5 (31.2-36.7) 59.0 (56.8-60.4) 102 (93.4-117) 481


3–5 years 32.7 (31.2-34.2) 22.6† (19.3-24.9) 32.7 (31.0-34.6) 45.4† (41.9-53.6) 119

6–11 years 34.5 (33.5-35.5) 24.2 (20.8-25.5) 34.4 (33.2-35.6) 50.7 (47.2-54.3) 297

12–19 years 43.7 (42.7-44.6) 28.7 (28.0-30.0) 43.5 (42.4-44.6) 64.8 (62.6-67.5) 640

20–39 years 51.7 (50.1-53.4) 34.3 (28.8-37.8) 53.2 (51.2-55.2) 74.8 (70.3-79.6) 246

40–59 years 56.3 (53.8-58.9) 34.4 (30.2-38.1) 56.3 (53.1-59.3) 92.9 (80.8-107) 274

60 years and older 59.3 (56.1-62.7) 34.9 (30.0-39.9) 58.5 (53.5-62.8) 106 (87.7-144) 230


3–5 years 30.9 (29.3-32.6) 19.5† (16.1-23.6) 31.7 (29.9-33.1) 42.7† (38.6-45.7) 107

6–11 years 35.5 (34.3-36.7) 23.6 (21.5-26.7) 36.0 (34.3-37.6) 50.4 (48.0-52.2) 294

12–19 years 39.2 (38.3-40.1) 26.0 (24.5-27.5) 39.5 (38.5-40.7) 56.8 (54.5-59.0) 612

20–39 years 42.3 (40.4-44.2) 27.6 (24.7-29.1) 41.7 (39.8-43.8) 66.3 (62.0-72.4) 344

40–59 years 48.9 (46.5-51.4) 29.3 (25.2-31.5) 47.7 (44.5-51.1) 82.0 (74.4-92.0) 266

60 years and older 58.1 (55.3-61.1) 32.9 (30.2-36.8) 59.4 (56.8-61.2) 97.8 (86.7-115) 251


Table 2.1.d. Serum vitamin A: Non-Hispanic whites Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.




3–5 years 34.0 (33.1-34.8) 24.0† (21.4-25.8) 34.2 (33.0-35.7) 47.2† (44.1-49.7) 217

6–11 years 36.8 (35.9-37.7) 26.5 (25.4-28.3) 36.7 (35.8-37.9) 51.3 (49.0-52.7) 489

12–19 years 49.0 (47.9-50.0) 32.6 (31.3-34.2) 49.0 (48.0-50.0) 72.9 (70.9-75.0) 1073

20–39 years 56.1 (54.8-57.4) 36.1 (34.6-37.6) 57.0 (55.0-58.7) 83.9 (81.9-86.8) 1377

40–59 years 62.0 (60.9-63.1) 40.1 (38.1-42.0) 63.1 (61.5-64.3) 93.5 (90.3-96.2) 1276

60 years and older 65.2 (64.3-66.2) 41.6 (40.1-43.1) 65.5 (64.4-67.5) 99.1 (96.1-102) 1696


3–5 years 33.4 (32.3-34.4) 21.4† (17.1-25.8) 34.4 (32.7-36.6) 45.6† (41.4-47.8) 115

6–11 years 36.6 (35.2-38.0) 26.2 (24.3-28.6) 36.4 (35.1-38.4) 52.2 (48.6-53.0) 257

12–19 years 50.6 (49.3-51.9) 32.4 (30.5-36.0) 51.0 (49.8-52.3) 72.9 (70.0-74.9) 535

20–39 years 60.4 (59.1-61.7) 41.7 (40.5-43.1) 60.4 (59.2-63.0) 84.8 (81.6-87.5) 575

40–59 years 66.6 (65.1-68.1) 44.5 (42.5-47.8) 68.2 (66.3-69.8) 96.2 (92.9-99.9) 665

60 years and older 66.8 (65.2-68.4) 42.0 (40.4-44.6) 67.9 (65.3-70.1) 101 (96.6-105) 854


3–5 years 34.7 (33.3-36.1) 26.2† (24.0-27.8) 34.0 (32.5-36.3) 49.1† (45.9-51.8) 102

6–11 years 37.0 (36.0-38.0) 26.2 (24.7-28.4) 36.8 (36.0-38.0) 50.2 (48.1-54.0) 232

12–19 years 47.3 (46.0-48.6) 33.2 (31.2-34.3) 46.9 (45.3-47.9) 72.1 (68.3-76.8) 538

20–39 years 52.2 (50.5-54.0) 34.1 (30.9-35.9) 51.7 (49.9-54.8) 83.1 (80.5-87.3) 802

40–59 years 57.7 (56.5-58.8) 36.0 (34.6-39.2) 57.2 (56.0-58.4) 88.8 (86.1-94.8) 611

60 years and older 64.1 (62.9-65.2) 41.4 (39.0-43.5) 64.5 (62.5-65.6) 97.4 (92.0-102) 842


2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins & Micronutrients 43 43

Table 2.2.a. Serum vitamin E: Total population Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for the total U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.



Males and Females Total, 3 years and older 1090 (1070-1110) 615 (604-626) 1030 (1010-1050) 2380 (2300-2480) 15766

3–5 years 800 (777-824) 567 (547-593) 782 (758-813) 1160 (1110-1310) 777

6–11 years 794 (779-810) 556 (546-570) 790 (772-812) 1130 (1090-1180) 1873

12–19 years 762 (750-774) 532 (518-548) 753 (741-766) 1140 (1100-1200) 4314

20–39 years 991 (977-1010) 629 (618-645) 963 (943-980) 1740 (1650-1800) 3168

40–59 years 1300 (1280-1330) 774 (743-792) 1250 (1220-1280) 2620 (2470-2760) 2655

60 years and older 1530 (1500-1560) 808 (771-850) 1480 (1440-1520) 3220 (3010-3330) 2979

Males Total, 3 years and older 1070 (1040-1090) 605 (593-617) 1010 (984-1030) 2280 (2170-2380) 7673

3–5 years 796 (768-825) 569 (556-594) 791 (759-823) 1110 (1030-1300) 406

6–11 years 789 (770-809) 554 (543-576) 785 (760-815) 1130 (1040-1210) 951

12–19 years 749 (731-767) 521 (503-544) 739 (724-757) 1120 (1060-1200) 2163

20–39 years 993 (972-1020) 625 (611-646) 969 (940-985) 1750 (1660-1880) 1344

40–59 years 1310 (1270-1350) 752 (724-776) 1250 (1220-1280) 2570 (2390-2830) 1328

60 years and older 1420 (1380-1450) 769 (727-803) 1370 (1330-1400) 2850 (2740-3010) 1481

Females Total, 3 years and older 1120 (1100-1140) 626 (612-640) 1050 (1030-1070) 2480 (2350-2620) 8093

3–5 years 804 (772-838) 560 (513-602) 774 (750-812) 1270 (1120-1460) 371

6–11 years 801 (779-822) 560 (542-587) 799 (775-820) 1140 (1090-1190) 922

12–19 years 776 (763-788) 548 (539-556) 769 (756-784) 1160 (1110-1210) 2151

20–39 years 990 (974-1010) 630 (615-654) 955 (933-978) 1700 (1620-1830) 1824

40–59 years 1300 (1260-1340) 797 (744-820) 1240 (1200-1280) 2670 (2360-2970) 1327

60 years and older 1620 (1580-1660) 860 (819-889) 1590 (1530-1650) 3370 (3170-3550) 1498

Table 2.2.b. Serum vitamin E: Mexican Americans Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for Mexican Americans in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.




3–5 years 768 (748-788) 569 (514-593) 762 (737-787) 1050 (980-1110) 261

6–11 years 770 (758-782) 555 (538-573) 765 (746-780) 1090 (1050-1110) 640

12–19 years 754 (744-764) 516 (503-531) 744 (729-758) 1150 (1110-1200) 1628

20–39 years 987 (954-1020) 642 (605-667) 959 (931-983) 1680 (1550-1780) 867

40–59 years 1260 (1210-1310) 757 (720-804) 1230 (1160-1280) 2250 (2070-2620) 629

60 years and older 1380 (1320-1440) 762 (696-810) 1310 (1260-1390) 2810 (2610-3350) 637


3–5 years 766 (736-797) 567† (530-608) 749 (719-784) 1070† (971-1230) 135

6–11 years 768 (748-789) 544 (532-577) 758 (736-785) 1070 (1030-1160) 331

12–19 years 741 (723-759) 503 (490-516) 733 (718-753) 1110 (1080-1150) 808

20–39 years 999 (954-1050) 617 (587-662) 964 (923-1020) 1650 (1530-1920) 383

40–59 years 1300 (1210-1400) 790 (707-860) 1250 (1160-1340) 2370 (2060-3340) 299

60 years and older 1280 (1220-1350) 729 (651-799) 1230 (1200-1300) 2610 (2080-3530) 321


3–5 years 770 (740-800) 577† (495-594) 780 (735-819) 992† (953-1110) 126

6–11 years 772 (756-789) 558 (526-586) 768 (744-790) 1090 (1040-1170) 309

12–19 years 769 (761-777) 539 (529-551) 757 (732-778) 1220 (1130-1260) 820

20–39 years 972 (945-1000) 651 (592-675) 947 (921-981) 1670 (1480-1750) 484

40–59 years 1220 (1170-1260) 739 (715-795) 1190 (1130-1260) 2100 (1810-2400) 330

60 years and older 1470 (1380-1570) 780 (587-929) 1400 (1330-1470) 2850 (2670-3490) 316



Table 2.2.c. Serum vitamin E: Non-Hispanic blacks Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.




3–5 years 761 (736-787) 560† (511-586) 748 (728-768) 1120† (1080-1170) 222

6–11 years 769 (752-786) 548 (521-583) 765 (745-789) 1070 (1010-1120) 592

12–19 years 728 (714-741) 530 (512-542) 721 (707-740) 1030 (1010-1060) 1249

20–39 years 879 (860-899) 607 (567-627) 867 (840-895) 1390 (1300-1470) 589

40–59 years 1090 (1050-1120) 686 (636-712) 1040 (1010-1070) 2250 (1840-2390) 539

60 years and older 1200 (1140-1250) 692 (655-736) 1150 (1090-1190) 2280 (2070-2780) 479


3–5 years 761 (725-798) 550† (497-614) 749 (702-782) 1100† (989-1130) 117

6–11 years 780 (763-797) 565 (531-580) 772 (757-811) 1080 (1010-1160) 297

12–19 years 722 (706-738) 528 (506-539) 716 (701-732) 1020 (975-1050) 639

20–39 years 870 (834-908) 614 (567-643) 863 (809-900) 1340 (1200-1560) 246

40–59 years 1040 (995-1080) 636 (579-707) 1010 (971-1070) 1850 (1620-2250) 274

60 years and older 1110 (1060-1170) 655 (582-721) 1070 (1020-1140) 2180 (1910-2390) 229


3–5 years 761 (731-792) 545† (491-586) 748 (713-800) 1150† (1010-1240) 105

6–11 years 757 (732-783) 536 (505-588) 757 (726-788) 1010 (982-1120) 295

12–19 years 734 (719-748) 534 (503-560) 733 (706-758) 1050 (1000-1100) 610

20–39 years 886 (863-909) 605 (519-626) 877 (839-907) 1450 (1300-1510) 343

40–59 years 1130 (1090-1180) 712 (679-780) 1050 (1020-1090) 2410 (2020-2700) 265

60 years and older 1250 (1180-1330) 727 (686-815) 1180 (1140-1270) 2690 (1930-3650) 250


Table 2.2.d. Serum vitamin E: Non-Hispanic whites Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.




3–5 years 822 (782-865) 567† (547-622) 803 (757-853) 1240† (1110-1460) 216

6–11 years 804 (782-826) 556 (545-577) 800 (772-825) 1150 (1090-1230) 485

12–19 years 774 (757-791) 543 (526-556) 763 (744-777) 1180 (1100-1250) 1071

20–39 years 1010 (991-1030) 646 (619-665) 978 (957-994) 1780 (1660-1930) 1368

40–59 years 1340 (1310-1370) 796 (770-820) 1280 (1250-1310) 2670 (2500-2980) 1266

60 years and older 1580 (1540-1610) 831 (795-868) 1530 (1500-1580) 3300 (3070-3460) 1679


3–5 years 819 (773-867) 576† (556-622) 818 (751-860) 1100† (1010-1470) 114

6–11 years 788 (759-818) 550 (502-575) 779 (746-825) 1130 (1030-1220) 254

12–19 years 758 (731-785) 532 (509-556) 742 (724-771) 1150 (1040-1300) 534

20–39 years 1010 (974-1040) 637 (607-669) 976 (939-1000) 1850 (1620-2060) 569

40–59 years 1350 (1310-1400) 774 (728-810) 1280 (1250-1330) 2630 (2470-3150) 660

60 years and older 1450 (1410-1500) 779 (734-815) 1400 (1370-1440) 2880 (2750-3240) 846


3–5 years 826 (770-886) 564† (430-662) 776 (742-874) 1440† (1150-1520) 102

6–11 years 822 (793-852) 557 (530-603) 811 (781-851) 1150 (1100-1400) 231

12–19 years 791 (773-810) 554 (537-568) 781 (761-811) 1180 (1110-1250) 537

20–39 years 1020 (996-1030) 647 (623-682) 982 (951-1010) 1760 (1620-1930) 799

40–59 years 1330 (1290-1380) 818 (783-852) 1280 (1230-1320) 2690 (2360-3090) 606

60 years and older 1680 (1630-1730) 884 (853-924) 1660 (1600-1740) 3460 (3230-3760) 833



Table 2.3.a. Serum gamma-tocopherol: Total population Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for the total U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.



Males and Females Total, 3 years and older 198 (190-206) 65.7 (61.0-71.0) 212 (204-221) 462 (438-482) 14738

3–5 years 176 (162-192) 63.0 (52.0-83.5) 186 (170-199) 364 (340-407) 730

6–11 years 207 (198-217) 97.8 (92.0-105) 217 (206-225) 389 (363-428) 1730

12–19 years 197 (190-204) 100 (93.0-108) 201 (192-208) 372 (359-386) 4009

20–39 years 206 (198-215) 83.0 (71.7-89.2) 219 (208-227) 442 (427-468) 3005

40–59 years 205 (194-218) 60.0 (55.0-68.0) 225 (213-238) 530 (478-568) 2491

60 years and older 174 (165-184) 47.8 (46.0-51.0) 190 (177-203) 496 (462-531) 2773

Males Total, 3 years and older 199 (191-208) 65.1 (59.0-72.0) 212 (204-221) 466 (442-481) 7169

3–5 years 167 (151-184) 58.6 (42.8-89.0) 178 (165-193) 340 (298-400) 380

6–11 years 201 (190-213) 92.0 (81.0-104) 213 (195-225) 366 (361-408) 870

12–19 years 193 (186-200) 98.1 (91.0-108) 193 (187-201) 371 (341-390) 2005

20–39 years 208 (200-217) 75.5 (66.0-88.5) 223 (210-233) 473 (436-481) 1279

40–59 years 214 (200-228) 61.0 (57.0-72.0) 230 (216-248) 548 (499-608) 1253

60 years and older 169 (160-180) 43.9 (40.0-47.8) 191 (176-200) 463 (427-510) 1382

Females Total, 3 years and older 197 (189-205) 65.8 (62.0-71.0) 213 (202-221) 457 (433-484) 7569

3–5 years 188 (172-205) 72.0 (56.0-95.9) 195 (176-215) 385 (328-446) 350

6–11 years 214 (203-226) 106 (95.0-117) 221 (206-238) 408 (361-473) 860

12–19 years 202 (194-211) 102 (89.0-111) 208 (198-219) 373 (357-391) 2004

20–39 years 203 (193-214) 85.0 (75.0-91.4) 216 (202-226) 424 (410-440) 1726

40–59 years 198 (186-210) 57.2 (51.0-67.0) 221 (206-233) 505 (453-559) 1238

60 years and older 178 (167-189) 51.3 (47.1-55.2) 189 (175-207) 508 (482-542) 1391

Table 2.3.b. Serum gamma-tocopherol: Mexican Americans Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for Mexican Americans in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.




3–5 years 180 (168-192) 93.0 (82.2-109) 185 (175-200) 318 (287-370) 224

6–11 years 219 (210-229) 112 (99.9-122) 226 (217-239) 419 (372-456) 546

12–19 years 203 (197-209) 108 (103-117) 206 (197-214) 370 (349-394) 1399

20–39 years 196 (185-208) 91.0 (84.0-99.6) 199 (187-213) 397 (363-456) 771

40–59 years 232 (220-244) 88.9 (74.0-104) 235 (220-251) 544 (469-631) 535

60 years and older 209 (194-225) 67.0 (56.0-80.7) 231 (205-254) 496 (449-527) 508

Males Total, 3 years and older 206 (198-215) 93.0 (84.0-101) 211 (203-217) 448 (402-473) 1937

3–5 years 180 (167-194) 93.5† (82.2-112) 183 (173-195) 312† (283-340) 115

6–11 years 222 (210-234) 116 (105-124) 221 (212-242) 440 (364-483) 272

12–19 years 198 (190-207) 106 (98.0-116) 201 (192-212) 367 (332-398) 691

20–39 years 197 (183-211) 91.5 (72.0-102) 199 (183-214) 408 (371-469) 346

40–59 years 234 (214-256) 78.0 (58.0-103) 246 (219-267) 544 (456-659) 258

60 years and older 212 (189-237) 66.0 (47.0-85.0) 237 (211-274) 443 (371-527) 255

Females Total, 3 years and older 206 (198-215) 92.0 (86.0-101) 212 (201-224) 428 (399-460) 2046

3–5 years 180 (161-201) 88.3† (45.0-116) 196 (160-209) 355† (252-392) 109

6–11 years 217 (204-231) 105 (83.5-123) 228 (216-243) 401 (361-452) 274

12–19 years 209 (200-218) 113 (105-123) 210 (194-226) 372 (338-418) 708

20–39 years 195 (183-209) 90.0 (76.0-102) 200 (186-216) 349 (336-418) 425

40–59 years 229 (216-243) 89.3 (74.0-105) 230 (216-250) 494 (460-640) 277

60 years and older 206 (189-225) 70.0 (52.9-80.0) 226 (183-252) 515 (462-683) 253



Table 2.3.c. Serum gamma-tocopherol: Non-Hispanic blacks Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.



Males and Females Total, 3 years and older 223 (215-232) 97.9 (86.0-106) 235 (223-245) 444 (427-458) 3578

3–5 years 188 (174-203) 90.0† (75.0-109) 196 (182-209) 336† (309-367) 220

6–11 years 218 (207-230) 116 (104-124) 221 (206-237) 393 (365-441) 569

12–19 years 208 (202-215) 109 (101-121) 212 (204-218) 356 (334-384) 1217

20–39 years 222 (209-236) 98.5 (86.0-115) 234 (213-253) 426 (394-452) 571

40–59 years 234 (223-247) 84.4 (65.0-111) 257 (241-271) 470 (440-508) 529

60 years and older 238 (223-254) 69.0 (54.0-90.0) 270 (256-282) 515 (492-575) 472

Males Total, 3 years and older 214 (205-224) 97.1 (80.4-109) 222 (212-233) 417 (402-442) 1756

3–5 years 189 (171-207) 83.5† (63.0-119) 194 (180-211) 331† (287-364) 116

6–11 years 213 (201-224) 107 (93.0-120) 213 (201-229) 386 (365-427) 288

12–19 years 202 (194-209) 104 (95.0-118) 206 (195-215) 351 (321-386) 620

20–39 years 215 (199-231) 98.5 (80.3-115) 226 (202-248) 404 (370-450) 237

40–59 years 224 (206-243) 84.0 (44.7-130) 249 (219-268) 418 (393-553) 267

60 years and older 223 (206-242) 69.0 (54.0-103) 248 (214-265) 511 (449-583) 228

Females Total, 3 years and older 231 (221-242) 97.9 (84.4-109) 244 (230-257) 460 (437-480) 1822

3–5 years 188 (167-210) 78.0† (74.0-111) 195 (167-220) 356† (314-380) 104

6–11 years 224 (209-240) 124 (114-138) 224 (210-247) 393 (351-455) 281

12–19 years 216 (207-225) 122 (104-132) 215 (206-226) 369 (338-428) 597

20–39 years 229 (212-247) 98.0 (79.0-124) 245 (212-270) 435 (390-469) 334

40–59 years 244 (226-264) 84.4 (70.6-109) 271 (244-293) 478 (440-559) 262

60 years and older 249 (229-270) 61.8 (45.2-91.0) 282 (265-304) 524 (492-583) 244


Table 2.3.d. Serum gamma-tocopherol: Non-Hispanic whites Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002.




3–5 years 176 (155-199) 56.0† (42.8-83.0) 188 (162-215) 366† (329-441) 211

6–11 years 204 (192-218) 90.9 (82.2-102) 215 (199-231) 408 (359-484) 469

12–19 years 195 (185-204) 94.9 (88.0-103) 199 (188-210) 375 (357-393) 1036

20–39 years 207 (196-219) 77.4 (65.6-88.9) 221 (208-232) 453 (430-477) 1326

40–59 years 199 (185-215) 57.0 (51.0-64.8) 221 (203-235) 532 (481-573) 1217

60 years and older 170 (160-180) 46.7 (44.9-50.7) 186 (170-198) 498 (460-537) 1618

Males Total, 3 years and older 196 (186-208) 59.0 (51.0-67.0) 212 (202-224) 473 (446-502) 2885

3–5 years 164 (142-189) 47.1† (22.5-89.0) 186 (153-199) 355† (298-489) 112

6–11 years 195 (180-211) 82.2 (78.0-97.7) 212 (174-230) 365 (327-408) 246

12–19 years 191 (181-201) 94.3 (86.0-108) 189 (183-200) 378 (340-399) 519

20–39 years 211 (198-224) 71.0 (51.2-89.2) 230 (214-242) 473 (441-484) 554

40–59 years 209 (192-227) 59.0 (53.0-69.6) 226 (211-249) 548 (471-617) 635

60 years and older 165 (154-177) 42.8 (39.8-46.7) 186 (170-197) 463 (426-520) 819

Females Total, 3 years and older 192 (182-203) 61.9 (56.9-65.6) 209 (196-221) 478 (439-506) 2992

3–5 years 190 (164-220) 58.0† (52.0-96.0) 204 (164-241) 388† (313-482) 99

6–11 years 216 (199-234) 99.0† (87.0-112) 221 (197-248) 418† (361-555) 223

12–19 years 199 (186-212) 95.1 (82.0-108) 207 (188-224) 367 (345-402) 517

20–39 years 204 (190-218) 84.0 (65.0-97.0) 217 (199-227) 428 (406-478) 772

40–59 years 190 (174-207) 51.0 (43.8-60.2) 213 (187-230) 511 (452-572) 582

60 years and older 173 (161-186) 51.3 (47.0-55.9) 185 (167-203) 525 (479-546) 799



Table 2.4.a. Serum alpha-carotene: Total population Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for the total U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.



Males and Females Total, 3 years and older 2.48 (2.23-2.76) .700 (<LOD-.800) 2.36 (2.10-2.70) 8.50 (7.40-9.30) 8359

3–5 years 2.41 (2.13-2.74) .800 (<LOD-1.00) 2.20 (1.90-2.50) 8.50 (7.00-10.3) 430

6–11 years 2.24 (2.00-2.51) .800 (.800-.900) 2.00 (1.80-2.30) 6.10 (5.20-7.70) 1014

12–19 years 1.68 (1.52-1.86) < LOD 1.40 (1.30-1.60) 5.10 (4.40-6.20) 2206

20–39 years 2.22 (1.93-2.56) < LOD 2.20 (1.90-2.50) 7.80 (6.70-8.80) 1716

40–59 years 2.98 (2.60-3.42) .800 (.700-1.00) 2.80 (2.50-3.30) 10.7 (8.60-13.0) 1470

60 years and older 3.08 (2.74-3.46) .800 (<LOD-1.00) 3.10 (2.70-3.60) 9.10 (8.60-9.80) 1523

Males Total, 3 years and older 2.22 (1.98-2.49) < LOD 2.10 (1.90-2.30) 7.20 (6.30-8.60) 4052

3–5 years 2.29 (1.91-2.74) .700 (<LOD-.800) 2.00 (1.70-2.40) 7.20 (5.00-11.1) 217

6–11 years 2.28 (1.96-2.65) .800 (.800-1.00) 2.00 (1.80-2.40) 6.60 (5.00-8.50) 507

12–19 years 1.55 (1.38-1.75) < LOD 1.40 (1.20-1.60) 4.40 (3.80-6.00) 1092

20–39 years 1.99 (1.72-2.31) < LOD 1.80 (1.50-2.10) 6.90 (5.60-8.60) 724

40–59 years 2.53 (2.17-2.95) .800 (<LOD-.900) 2.40 (2.00-2.90) 8.60 (6.30-11.3) 763

60 years and older 2.81 (2.48-3.18) .800 (<LOD-.900) 2.90 (2.50-3.50) 8.40 (7.40-9.30) 749

Females Total, 3 years and older 2.75 (2.47-3.07) .700 (<LOD-.900) 2.70 (2.30-3.00) 9.20 (8.20-10.5) 4307

3–5 years 2.55 (1.99-3.26) .700 (<LOD-1.50) 2.30 (1.80-3.10) 9.70 (7.10-12.4) 213

6–11 years 2.20 (1.97-2.45) .800 (.800-.900) 2.10 (1.80-2.30) 5.80 (4.90-6.50) 507

12–19 years 1.83 (1.63-2.04) < LOD 1.70 (1.50-2.00) 5.40 (4.60-6.90) 1114

20–39 years 2.45 (2.10-2.86) < LOD 2.30 (1.90-2.70) 8.10 (6.80-9.20) 992

40–59 years 3.55 (3.10-4.06) 1.10 (.900-1.30) 3.40 (2.90-3.70) 12.4 (10.5-15.8) 707

60 years and older 3.30 (2.87-3.79) 1.00 (.800-1.20) 3.20 (2.80-3.90) 9.70 (8.70-10.4) 774

< LOD means less than the limit of detection, which may vary for some compounds by year. See Appendix D for LOD.

Table 2.4.b. Serum alpha-carotene: Mexican Americans Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for Mexican Americans in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.



Males and Females Total, 3 years and older 2.72 (2.39-3.10) 1.00 (.900-1.10) 2.50 (2.30-2.80) 7.40 (6.30-8.90) 2116

3–5 years 2.56 (2.12-3.08) 1.00 (.800-1.50) 2.20 (2.10-2.50) 6.40 (4.50-9.00) 126

6–11 years 2.43 (2.12-2.79) .900 (.800-1.10) 2.20 (2.00-2.70) 5.40 (4.70-6.70) 290

12–19 years 1.90 (1.71-2.11) .700 (<LOD-.800) 1.70 (1.50-2.10) 5.30 (3.90-6.40) 696

20–39 years 2.92 (2.48-3.43) 1.00 (.800-1.30) 2.80 (2.50-3.40) 8.00 (6.60-9.10) 460

40–59 years 3.39 (2.71-4.24) 1.10 (.900-1.40) 3.30 (2.60-4.10) 8.70 (7.20-14.3) 289


Males Total, 3 years and older 2.46 (2.13-2.83) .800 (.700-1.00) 2.44 (2.20-2.70) 6.60 (5.30-8.00) 1019

3–5 years 2.37 (1.70-3.32) .800† (<LOD-1.50) 2.20 (1.70-2.80) 5.90† (2.90-12.1) 62

6–11 years 2.39 (1.89-3.03) .800 (.700-1.00) 2.20 (1.70-2.90) 5.50 (3.90-8.40) 140

12–19 years 1.69 (1.48-1.92) .700 (<LOD-.800) 1.50 (1.30-1.90) 4.20 (3.30-6.20) 330

20–39 years 2.51 (2.06-3.06) .800 (<LOD-1.10) 2.60 (2.10-3.10) 6.70 (5.20-7.90) 213

40–59 years 3.33 (2.61-4.23) 1.20 (.800-1.70) 3.20 (2.50-4.10) 8.10 (5.90-13.2) 149


Females Total, 3 years and older 3.04 (2.66-3.48) 1.00 (.900-1.20) 2.80 (2.50-3.30) 8.50 (7.10-10.8) 1097

3–5 years 2.75 (2.28-3.32) 1.20† (<LOD-1.60) 2.40 (2.00-3.10) 6.00† (4.20-9.00) 64

6–11 years 2.48 (2.16-2.85) 1.20 (.900-1.50) 2.30 (1.90-3.00) 5.00 (4.00-6.00) 150

12–19 years 2.16 (1.92-2.43) .800 (.700-.900) 2.00 (1.60-2.50) 5.80 (4.40-7.30) 366

20–39 years 3.45 (2.87-4.15) 1.20 (.900-1.40) 3.20 (2.60-4.30) 9.10 (8.00-12.7) 247

40–59 years 3.46 (2.66-4.49) .900 (.700-1.40) 3.30 (2.40-4.80) 10.8 (8.00-14.8) 140

60 years and older 3.58 (2.63-4.86) 1.30 (.900-1.80) 3.60 (2.40-4.80) 11.5 (6.00-15.2) 130

< LOD means less than the limit of detection, which may vary for some compounds by year. See Appendix D for LOD. † Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size.


Table 2.4.c. Serum alpha-carotene: Non-Hispanic blacks Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.



Males and Females Total, 3 years and older 1.77 (1.51-2.08) < LOD 1.60 (1.30-1.90) 6.10 (4.80-8.20) 1992

3–5 years 1.75 (1.40-2.17) < LOD 1.40 (1.10-1.80) 5.00 (3.20-13.9) 128

6–11 years 1.92 (1.69-2.19) .900 (.800-1.00) 1.70 (1.40-1.90) 4.30 (3.50-5.60) 340

12–19 years 1.38 (1.20-1.59) < LOD 1.20 (1.10-1.50) 3.90 (2.80-5.30) 671

20–39 years 1.71 (1.27-2.29) < LOD 1.50 (1.10-2.10) 5.80 (3.90-11.4) 319

40–59 years 1.88 (1.65-2.13) < LOD 1.80 (1.50-2.00) 7.20 (6.10-9.70) 291

60 years and older 2.22 (1.70-2.90) < LOD 2.00 (1.40-2.70) 9.30 (4.90-15.1) 243


3–5 years 1.54 (1.18-2.02) < LOD† 1.30 (1.00-1.90) 3.90† (2.20-13.9) 64

6–11 years 2.08 (1.82-2.36) .900 (.800-1.20) 1.90 (1.70-2.20) 4.60 (3.50-6.60) 175

12–19 years 1.32 (1.11-1.57) < LOD 1.10 (1.00-1.34) 3.30 (2.70-5.50) 340

20–39 years 1.55 (1.07-2.24) < LOD 1.40 (.900-2.30) 6.10 (3.40-9.60) 132

40–59 years 1.71 (1.44-2.03) < LOD 1.80 (1.20-2.10) 6.60 (4.50-8.40) 154


Females Total, 3 years and older 1.88 (1.58-2.23) < LOD 1.70 (1.40-1.90) 6.50 (4.90-9.40) 1008

3–5 years 1.98 (1.52-2.60) < LOD† 1.70 (1.30-2.20) 6.00† (3.20-33.8) 64

6–11 years 1.76 (1.40-2.22) .700 (<LOD-.900) 1.60 (1.30-1.90) 3.70 (2.60-8.30) 165

12–19 years 1.45 (1.27-1.65) < LOD 1.30 (1.10-1.60) 4.00 (2.90-5.50) 331

20–39 years 1.83 (1.33-2.50) < LOD 1.80 (1.10-2.20) 5.30 (3.90-11.5) 187

40–59 years 2.04 (1.69-2.46) < LOD 1.70 (1.50-2.10) 7.90 (5.90-13.8) 137



Table 2.4.d. Serum alpha-carotene: Non-Hispanic whites Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.



Males and Females Total, 3 years and older 2.57 (2.25-2.94) .800 (<LOD-.900) 2.40 (2.10-2.90) 8.80 (7.70-10.2) 3583

3–5 years 2.46 (1.95-3.11) .800 (<LOD-1.40) 2.10 (1.70-3.00) 8.50 (5.60-11.1) 133

6–11 years 2.29 (1.98-2.65) .700 (<LOD-.900) 2.20 (1.80-2.50) 6.50 (4.90-10.2) 301

12–19 years 1.69 (1.48-1.93) < LOD 1.40 (1.20-1.70) 5.30 (4.40-6.50) 656

20–39 years 2.17 (1.86-2.55) < LOD 2.00 (1.60-2.30) 8.10 (6.30-9.20) 772

40–59 years 3.12 (2.66-3.67) .900 (.800-1.20) 2.90 (2.50-3.40) 11.3 (8.60-14.2) 777



3–5 years 2.44 (1.99-2.98) 1.00† (<LOD-1.30) 2.20 (1.70-2.50) 8.50† (4.40-11.3) 72

6–11 years 2.35 (1.87-2.96) .900 (<LOD-1.10) 2.00 (1.60-2.70) 8.10 (4.40-13.4) 157

12–19 years 1.53 (1.31-1.79) < LOD 1.30 (1.10-1.70) 4.40 (3.80-6.20) 323

20–39 years 1.95 (1.66-2.28) < LOD 1.90 (1.50-2.10) 7.30 (5.20-8.90) 312

40–59 years 2.59 (2.16-3.11) .800 (<LOD-.900) 2.50 (2.00-3.00) 8.80 (5.70-12.0) 407

60 years and older 2.86 (2.47-3.32) .800 (<LOD-.900) 3.00 (2.30-3.70) 8.40 (7.40-9.80) 468

Females Total, 3 years and older 2.89 (2.49-3.35) .700 (<LOD-.900) 2.90 (2.40-3.20) 9.70 (8.30-11.5) 1844

3–5 years 2.49 (1.49-4.17) < LOD† 2.20 (1.50-4.70) 8.50† (5.40-14.7) 61

6–11 years 2.22 (1.97-2.50) .700 (<LOD-.900) 2.20 (1.80-2.60) 6.00 (4.40-8.40) 144

12–19 years 1.86 (1.58-2.19) < LOD 1.70 (1.50-2.20) 5.90 (4.80-7.50) 333

20–39 years 2.40 (2.00-2.89) < LOD 2.30 (1.80-2.80) 8.30 (7.20-10.5) 460

40–59 years 3.83 (3.26-4.51) 1.20 (.900-1.40) 3.60 (3.10-4.50) 12.7 (10.4-17.0) 370

60 years and older 3.40 (2.92-3.96) 1.10 (.800-1.30) 3.37 (2.90-4.10) 9.50 (8.60-10.5) 476



Table 2.5.a. Serum trans-beta-carotene: Total population Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for the total U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 13.6 (12.6-14.6) 5.80 (4.90-7.10) 13.5 (12.1-15.3) 31.1 (27.5-35.9) 429

6–11 years 13.3 (12.7-13.9) 6.50 (6.10-6.90) 13.2 (12.6-13.9) 27.0 (23.3-29.8) 1012

12–19 years 9.69 (9.20-10.2) 4.20 (3.90-4.70) 9.60 (9.00-10.4) 21.6 (20.1-23.7) 2206

20–39 years 10.3 (9.38-11.2) 3.70 (3.30-4.20) 9.90 (9.10-10.9) 29.0 (25.7-32.8) 1716

40–59 years 13.3 (12.1-14.7) 4.20 (3.70-4.90) 12.9 (12.0-14.2) 42.8 (35.3-49.8) 1471

60 years and older 16.5 (14.9-18.3) 5.50 (4.40-6.10) 17.6 (15.3-19.6) 46.0 (41.5-50.9) 1524


3–5 years 13.3 (11.7-15.2) 5.60 (5.00-6.80) 14.2 (11.9-16.1) 30.1 (23.8-44.8) 216

6–11 years 13.5 (12.4-14.7) 6.50 (6.10-7.10) 13.4 (11.9-14.7) 26.4 (23.0-31.3) 507

12–19 years 9.27 (8.57-10.0) 4.10 (3.80-4.40) 9.10 (8.30-10.2) 20.1 (18.8-22.0) 1092

20–39 years 9.07 (8.24-10.0) 3.40 (2.90-4.10) 8.80 (7.90-9.80) 24.6 (21.3-29.6) 724

40–59 years 11.3 (10.2-12.7) 3.70 (3.30-4.10) 11.6 (10.2-12.6) 33.0 (27.0-43.9) 764

60 years and older 14.5 (13.0-16.2) 4.30 (3.60-5.20) 15.5 (13.6-17.3) 42.2 (35.0-47.0) 750


3–5 years 13.8 (12.1-15.7) 5.80 (4.30-7.90) 12.6 (10.9-15.7) 32.6 (24.6-55.1) 213

6–11 years 13.0 (12.3-13.7) 6.30 (5.70-7.10) 12.6 (12.0-13.5) 28.0 (22.3-31.3) 505

12–19 years 10.1 (9.53-10.8) 4.50 (3.90-5.30) 10.3 (9.60-11.0) 23.3 (20.3-26.4) 1114

20–39 years 11.4 (10.3-12.6) 4.20 (3.50-4.80) 10.8 (9.50-12.3) 32.1 (28.9-37.0) 992

40–59 years 15.8 (14.1-17.8) 5.50 (4.70-5.90) 15.1 (13.4-17.1) 49.9 (39.1-63.2) 707

60 years and older 18.1 (16.0-20.6) 6.00 (5.00-7.60) 19.0 (16.9-21.8) 48.1 (42.6-55.8) 774

Table 2.5.b. Serum trans-beta-carotene: Mexican Americans Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for Mexican Americans in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 13.9 (11.7-16.5) 7.10 (4.80-9.70) 13.0 (10.9-16.1) 24.3 (22.0-29.0) 126

6–11 years 13.4 (12.4-14.4) 6.60 (5.70-7.60) 13.6 (12.1-14.9) 28.2 (24.2-30.8) 289

12–19 years 10.0 (9.53-10.5) 4.50 (4.10-4.80) 10.2 (9.60-10.6) 21.8 (19.3-25.4) 696

20–39 years 12.4 (11.2-13.7) 4.30 (3.70-5.70) 13.0 (10.8-14.5) 30.6 (27.0-34.1) 460

40–59 years 13.8 (11.7-16.4) 4.30 (3.70-5.70) 13.9 (11.1-17.4) 37.7 (33.1-45.6) 289

60 years and older 14.6 (12.7-16.7) 4.10 (3.20-5.00) 15.8 (13.2-17.6) 39.1 (35.5-52.1) 256


3–5 years 13.8 (10.4-18.4) 7.20† (4.80-10.6) 12.6 (9.70-17.3) 24.1† (17.4-41.5) 62

6–11 years 13.0 (11.4-14.9) 5.80 (4.70-7.70) 13.4 (10.0-16.4) 24.6 (22.0-31.4) 140

12–19 years 8.98 (8.36-9.65) 4.20 (3.80-4.70) 9.10 (7.90-10.0) 18.9 (17.0-20.9) 330

20–39 years 10.6 (9.13-12.3) 3.90 (3.00-5.20) 11.1 (9.00-13.5) 25.8 (22.4-29.4) 213

40–59 years 13.3 (11.4-15.6) 4.30 (3.60-6.50) 13.0 (10.2-17.1) 33.9 (28.6-45.6) 149

60 years and older 11.8 (9.61-14.5) 3.60 (1.90-5.50) 12.6 (9.20-16.5) 37.3 (27.6-58.4) 126


3–5 years 14.0 (12.0-16.4) 6.70† (4.60-9.70) 13.0 (10.2-20.1) 25.1† (21.9-32.6) 64

6–11 years 13.7 (12.5-15.1) 7.00 (5.70-8.40) 13.7 (12.0-14.7) 26.5 (22.1-33.5) 149

12–19 years 11.3 (10.3-12.3) 4.70 (4.10-5.90) 11.4 (10.1-12.7) 25.4 (21.6-29.7) 366

20–39 years 14.8 (12.7-17.1) 5.70 (3.70-7.60) 14.8 (13.0-17.4) 36.7 (27.4-48.1) 247

40–59 years 14.4 (11.3-18.4) 4.30 (3.10-5.70) 14.4 (10.9-20.4) 39.3 (29.3-64.9) 140

60 years and older 17.3 (14.0-21.3) 4.20 (3.30-8.30) 18.4 (13.9-21.6) 40.1 (36.1-52.1) 130



Table 2.5.c. Serum trans-beta-carotene: Non-Hispanic blacks Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 11.5 (10.3-12.9) 5.10 (4.00-6.00) 11.3 (10.0-13.4) 24.6 (18.9-31.4) 128

6–11 years 12.9 (12.1-13.6) 6.50 (5.90-7.40) 12.4 (11.5-12.9) 27.7 (22.7-31.8) 340

12–19 years 9.64 (8.86-10.5) 4.40 (4.00-5.00) 9.70 (8.70-10.7) 20.5 (18.4-23.4) 671

20–39 years 9.62 (7.80-11.9) 3.50 (2.90-4.50) 9.50 (7.50-12.3) 25.6 (17.6-37.0) 319

40–59 years 10.3 (9.20-11.6) 3.00 (2.50-4.20) 10.4 (9.10-11.4) 30.5 (24.5-39.4) 291

60 years and older 16.6 (13.8-19.9) 5.00 (4.10-6.80) 17.0 (14.4-20.9) 46.6 (36.0-65.7) 243


3–5 years 11.3 (9.60-13.2) 5.10† (4.60-7.00) 12.0 (8.30-14.3) 22.7† (16.0-30.1) 64

6–11 years 14.4 (13.0-16.0) 7.40 (6.30-8.40) 13.5 (12.7-15.5) 28.7 (22.7-35.1) 175

12–19 years 9.20 (8.22-10.3) 4.20 (3.30-5.20) 9.40 (8.30-10.8) 20.1 (17.6-22.5) 340

20–39 years 8.88 (6.97-11.3) 3.40 (2.90-4.40) 9.10 (6.60-11.7) 23.6 (14.8-34.0) 132

40–59 years 9.09 (7.95-10.4) 2.90 (1.90-4.10) 9.60 (8.00-10.9) 25.8 (18.6-37.1) 154

60 years and older 13.0 (10.6-15.9) 3.80 (3.20-5.00) 14.1 (10.8-17.0) 42.1 (26.8-51.3) 119


3–5 years 11.8 (9.69-14.3) 4.60† (3.60-6.50) 11.4 (9.20-14.4) 31.1† (16.5-57.7) 64

6–11 years 11.3 (9.51-13.5) 5.80 (5.10-6.60) 10.5 (9.30-12.5) 21.7 (17.0-35.5) 165

12–19 years 10.1 (9.10-11.2) 4.70 (4.30-5.40) 10.0 (8.50-11.3) 20.9 (18.3-26.2) 331

20–39 years 10.2 (7.98-12.9) 3.50 (2.80-4.90) 10.0 (7.50-13.6) 27.3 (17.6-42.6) 187

40–59 years 11.6 (9.90-13.7) 3.00 (2.10-5.60) 12.2 (9.50-15.3) 37.1 (26.1-45.6) 137

60 years and older 19.6 (15.1-25.3) 6.80 (3.00-11.9) 19.7 (15.2-25.2) 51.7 (36.9-93.4) 124


Table 2.5.d. Serum trans-beta-carotene: Non-Hispanic whites Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 14.0 (12.2-16.0) 6.10 (4.20-7.90) 14.7 (11.7-16.7) 30.9 (26.1-36.4) 132

6–11 years 13.6 (12.5-14.8) 6.80 (5.70-8.20) 13.4 (12.0-14.9) 27.9 (22.7-31.1) 300

12–19 years 9.69 (8.94-10.5) 4.20 (3.60-4.90) 9.30 (8.60-10.5) 22.0 (19.6-24.9) 656

20–39 years 10.1 (8.99-11.3) 3.90 (3.20-4.60) 9.50 (8.60-10.7) 29.0 (23.7-36.2) 772

40–59 years 13.9 (12.5-15.5) 4.70 (4.00-5.30) 13.5 (12.2-14.7) 44.4 (35.2-55.1) 778

60 years and older 16.5 (14.7-18.5) 5.50 (4.30-6.40) 17.6 (15.1-19.9) 45.8 (40.8-51.5) 944


3–5 years 14.1 (12.2-16.2) 5.60† (3.80-6.80) 15.0 (11.9-16.6) 31.4† (23.8-46.0) 71

6–11 years 13.8 (12.2-15.7) 6.70 (5.60-8.40) 13.8 (11.9-15.9) 25.8 (22.1-33.0) 157

12–19 years 9.28 (8.36-10.3) 4.00 (3.50-4.60) 9.00 (8.00-10.3) 20.3 (18.4-24.0) 323

20–39 years 9.02 (8.00-10.2) 3.80 (3.10-4.60) 8.60 (7.70-9.50) 26.4 (19.3-33.6) 312

40–59 years 11.7 (10.5-13.2) 3.80 (3.40-4.30) 11.9 (10.2-12.9) 35.0 (28.4-44.4) 408

60 years and older 14.7 (13.0-16.7) 4.50 (3.40-5.70) 15.6 (13.7-17.9) 43.0 (35.2-50.9) 468


3–5 years 13.8 (10.4-18.4) 7.60† (3.20-9.50) 12.8 (9.60-17.3) 30.6† (17.1-73.7) 61

6–11 years 13.3 (12.1-14.7) 6.70 (5.30-8.00) 12.8 (11.8-15.1) 28.6 (21.5-31.3) 143

12–19 years 10.1 (9.16-11.2) 4.50 (3.50-5.70) 10.0 (8.60-11.5) 24.2 (19.4-30.0) 333

20–39 years 11.1 (9.78-12.6) 4.30 (3.40-5.00) 10.4 (9.10-12.1) 32.8 (27.4-39.8) 460

40–59 years 16.8 (14.5-19.4) 5.70 (5.30-6.60) 15.7 (13.8-18.4) 54.7 (40.2-76.2) 370

60 years and older 18.0 (15.7-20.7) 5.70 (4.80-7.60) 19.0 (16.8-23.0) 48.1 (41.1-56.3) 476



Table 2.6.a. Serum beta-cryptoxanthin: Total population Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for the total U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 9.43 (8.40-10.6) 4.10 (3.30-5.50) 9.00 (7.80-10.5) 22.8 (18.3-27.8) 427

6–11 years 9.40 (8.71-10.2) 4.60 (4.10-5.10) 9.10 (8.20-10.1) 20.0 (17.0-22.9) 1006

12–19 years 7.63 (7.20-8.09) 3.70 (3.40-4.00) 7.50 (7.00-8.00) 15.8 (14.4-17.6) 2199

20–39 years 7.11 (6.57-7.69) 3.10 (2.80-3.50) 6.80 (6.30-7.50) 17.1 (15.2-19.3) 1707

40–59 years 7.28 (6.75-7.86) 3.00 (2.70-3.40) 7.10 (6.70-7.80) 17.4 (15.3-19.7) 1459

60 years and older 7.44 (6.84-8.09) 2.80 (2.50-3.20) 7.70 (7.00-8.30) 18.6 (17.5-19.6) 1519


3–5 years 9.80 (8.43-11.4) 4.20 (3.20-5.60) 9.60 (7.90-11.8) 22.8 (15.6-31.9) 217

6–11 years 9.63 (8.84-10.5) 5.00 (4.10-5.50) 9.30 (8.40-10.2) 21.2 (16.5-25.9) 503

12–19 years 7.64 (7.14-8.19) 3.70 (3.30-4.20) 7.50 (7.00-8.10) 15.5 (14.2-17.7) 1085

20–39 years 7.15 (6.49-7.88) 3.20 (2.80-3.50) 7.10 (6.10-8.00) 16.8 (15.2-19.8) 723

40–59 years 6.98 (6.57-7.42) 2.90 (2.50-3.30) 7.00 (6.50-7.60) 16.1 (14.6-18.5) 756

60 years and older 6.64 (6.02-7.31) 2.40 (1.90-2.90) 7.00 (6.00-7.60) 16.7 (15.8-17.7) 748


3–5 years 9.07 (7.79-10.6) 3.90 (3.00-5.30) 8.20 (6.40-10.4) 23.3 (17.3-32.1) 210

6–11 years 9.15 (8.21-10.2) 4.30 (4.00-4.80) 8.70 (7.80-10.7) 18.4 (16.1-21.6) 503

12–19 years 7.61 (7.10-8.16) 3.70 (3.40-4.00) 7.50 (7.00-8.00) 16.0 (14.3-17.5) 1114

20–39 years 7.07 (6.50-7.70) 3.10 (2.60-3.50) 6.70 (6.10-7.50) 17.5 (14.6-19.6) 984

40–59 years 7.61 (6.88-8.43) 3.10 (2.80-3.50) 7.30 (6.70-8.10) 18.5 (15.4-21.9) 703

60 years and older 8.10 (7.41-8.86) 3.10 (2.70-3.50) 8.20 (7.40-8.80) 20.1 (18.1-22.7) 771

Table 2.6.b. Serum beta-cryptoxanthin: Mexican Americans Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for Mexican Americans in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 11.0 (9.50-12.8) 5.20 (4.20-6.70) 10.3 (9.10-12.3) 23.6 (18.8-42.0) 126

6–11 years 11.9 (10.6-13.3) 6.20 (5.30-7.10) 11.1 (10.0-13.4) 24.1 (19.9-28.7) 290

12–19 years 9.72 (9.07-10.4) 4.80 (4.20-5.40) 9.70 (9.00-10.5) 19.8 (17.2-21.4) 696

20–39 years 13.4 (11.9-15.1) 5.60 (4.90-6.80) 14.0 (11.6-15.9) 30.0 (26.9-33.7) 460

40–59 years 12.2 (10.4-14.3) 4.70 (3.80-5.80) 12.7 (10.4-15.2) 27.3 (23.2-36.9) 287

60 years and older 11.0 (9.19-13.2) 3.70 (3.20-4.50) 11.1 (9.20-13.4) 28.5 (21.2-37.1) 255


3–5 years 11.1 (8.25-14.8) 5.50† (3.60-6.90) 10.3 (6.80-15.9) 22.8† (14.1-43.1) 62

6–11 years 11.6 (10.2-13.0) 5.60 (4.90-7.20) 10.9 (9.70-12.6) 24.1 (19.9-28.7) 140

12–19 years 9.32 (8.39-10.4) 4.70 (3.50-5.50) 9.34 (8.10-10.8) 18.5 (15.2-22.2) 330

20–39 years 12.9 (11.3-14.8) 5.30 (4.80-7.00) 13.4 (10.6-15.4) 29.8 (24.1-35.1) 213

40–59 years 12.9 (10.7-15.6) 5.10 (3.20-7.50) 13.1 (9.70-18.4) 28.7 (24.1-38.3) 147

60 years and older 9.87 (8.17-11.9) 3.50 (2.40-4.40) 10.8 (8.40-13.2) 23.9 (16.7-37.1) 126


3–5 years 11.0 (9.59-12.6) 4.70† (3.20-7.50) 9.90 (7.70-12.7) 25.7† (17.7-44.1) 64

6–11 years 12.2 (10.7-14.0) 6.80 (5.30-7.30) 11.4 (9.50-14.3) 25.4 (19.1-28.8) 150

12–19 years 10.2 (9.61-10.8) 5.10 (4.50-5.80) 10.0 (9.40-10.7) 20.8 (18.8-22.5) 366

20–39 years 13.9 (12.1-16.1) 6.00 (4.80-7.10) 14.6 (11.3-17.6) 32.2 (26.1-37.6) 247

40–59 years 11.5 (9.71-13.7) 4.50 (3.80-5.80) 11.9 (10.1-13.8) 26.5 (18.8-42.9) 140

60 years and older 12.0 (9.47-15.3) 4.30 (3.20-6.10) 11.7 (8.50-17.3) 29.7 (21.2-43.4) 129



Table 2.6.c. Serum beta-cryptoxanthin: Non-Hispanic blacks Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 10.9 (9.72-12.2) 5.80 (5.30-6.30) 10.2 (8.30-12.7) 20.9 (16.7-23.5) 128

6–11 years 12.0 (10.7-13.4) 6.50 (5.50-7.90) 11.8 (9.90-13.9) 23.0 (20.4-26.3) 338

12–19 years 8.94 (8.44-9.47) 4.70 (4.40-5.10) 8.80 (8.30-9.30) 16.6 (14.9-17.6) 670

20–39 years 7.60 (6.69-8.63) 4.00 (3.60-4.30) 7.00 (6.20-8.20) 15.4 (12.7-21.9) 318

40–59 years 6.79 (6.35-7.26) 3.10 (2.90-3.50) 6.60 (6.10-7.50) 15.5 (13.2-18.8) 290

60 years and older 7.89 (6.22-10.0) 3.00 (2.30-3.40) 7.80 (5.70-10.2) 20.5 (15.7-29.6) 243


3–5 years 10.7 (9.29-12.3) 5.90† (5.30-6.40) 10.2 (8.70-12.6) 20.1† (16.1-22.7) 64

6–11 years 12.7 (11.2-14.4) 6.70 (5.60-8.30) 12.8 (10.9-14.2) 23.1 (18.6-30.9) 174

12–19 years 8.91 (8.29-9.58) 5.00 (4.50-5.40) 8.90 (8.20-9.30) 16.3 (14.4-18.8) 339

20–39 years 8.00 (6.63-9.67) 4.00 (2.80-5.00) 7.80 (5.70-10.2) 15.9 (13.9-21.9) 132

40–59 years 6.69 (6.09-7.34) 3.30 (2.90-3.70) 6.50 (5.80-7.30) 14.8 (12.1-19.1) 154

60 years and older 7.02 (5.69-8.66) 3.10 (2.20-3.50) 6.80 (5.70-8.20) 15.7 (9.30-27.1) 119


3–5 years 11.1 (9.30-13.2) 5.60† (5.00-6.40) 10.6 (7.70-14.9) 20.9† (15.4-53.1) 64

6–11 years 11.3 (9.47-13.4) 6.30 (4.40-7.70) 11.0 (8.50-13.8) 21.6 (14.7-28.4) 164

12–19 years 8.97 (8.48-9.49) 4.60 (4.00-5.00) 8.90 (8.60-9.80) 17.0 (15.2-17.7) 331

20–39 years 7.33 (6.38-8.42) 3.80 (3.40-4.30) 6.30 (6.10-7.30) 15.3 (10.8-24.6) 186

40–59 years 6.89 (6.31-7.52) 3.20 (2.50-3.70) 6.70 (5.90-7.80) 16.1 (12.9-19.1) 136

60 years and older 8.55 (6.37-11.5) 2.70 (2.30-4.10) 8.80 (5.10-13.9) 23.0 (16.5-34.7) 124


Table 2.6.d. Serum beta-cryptoxanthin: Non-Hispanic whites Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 8.53 (7.14-10.2) 3.90 (2.80-5.50) 7.90 (6.40-10.4) 19.8 (14.4-31.9) 130

6–11 years 8.49 (7.67-9.38) 4.20 (3.80-4.90) 8.30 (7.40-9.10) 16.6 (14.6-21.8) 296

12–19 years 6.87 (6.41-7.36) 3.30 (2.80-3.80) 6.60 (6.10-7.00) 14.3 (12.5-16.6) 651

20–39 years 6.16 (5.63-6.73) 2.90 (2.60-3.40) 5.90 (5.40-6.50) 13.3 (11.1-16.4) 765

40–59 years 6.87 (6.39-7.38) 2.90 (2.70-3.30) 6.80 (6.20-7.40) 15.6 (13.9-18.0) 770

60 years and older 7.14 (6.56-7.76) 2.70 (2.30-3.20) 7.50 (6.70-8.10) 17.6 (16.4-19.1) 940


3–5 years 9.29 (7.45-11.6) 3.80† (2.20-6.10) 8.90 (6.50-11.3) 23.9† (12.1-56.4) 72

6–11 years 8.68 (7.70-9.77) 4.10 (3.70-5.10) 8.30 (7.40-9.20) 18.4 (13.8-26.3) 155

12–19 years 6.80 (6.30-7.33) 3.20 (2.80-3.60) 6.60 (6.10-7.40) 14.0 (11.8-16.6) 318

20–39 years 6.23 (5.54-7.01) 3.10 (2.70-3.50) 6.00 (5.40-6.70) 13.3 (10.8-16.5) 311

40–59 years 6.50 (6.17-6.84) 2.80 (2.35-3.30) 6.50 (5.90-7.10) 14.3 (12.5-16.0) 402

60 years and older 6.34 (5.77-6.96) 2.10 (1.90-2.60) 6.80 (5.70-7.60) 16.2 (15.2-17.2) 466


3–5 years 7.73 (5.91-10.1) 3.90† (2.00-5.70) 7.10 (5.30-11.3) 15.0† (11.7-33.0) 58

6–11 years 8.27 (6.92-9.87) 4.10 (3.50-4.90) 8.20 (6.40-10.9) 15.4 (13.5-18.7) 141

12–19 years 6.93 (6.33-7.59) 3.50 (3.00-4.00) 6.60 (6.00-7.10) 14.5 (12.7-16.9) 333

20–39 years 6.09 (5.54-6.70) 2.80 (2.40-3.40) 6.00 (5.40-6.60) 13.5 (10.8-17.8) 454

40–59 years 7.29 (6.52-8.16) 3.10 (2.90-3.70) 7.00 (6.10-7.90) 17.5 (13.5-22.2) 368

60 years and older 7.82 (7.06-8.66) 3.20 (2.70-3.60) 8.00 (7.30-8.60) 19.5 (16.9-21.6) 474



Table 2.7.a. Serum lutein/zeaxanthin: Total population Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for the total U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 12.5 (11.8-13.2) 7.30 (7.00-7.90) 12.5 (12.0-13.4) 20.7 (18.5-22.7) 430

6–11 years 12.5 (11.9-13.2) 7.60 (7.00-8.20) 12.4 (11.6-13.2) 20.3 (19.1-21.8) 1014

12–19 years 10.4 (9.91-11.0) 6.10 (5.70-6.60) 10.4 (9.80-11.1) 17.8 (16.5-19.1) 2205

20–39 years 12.1 (11.5-12.9) 6.30 (6.00-6.80) 12.0 (11.2-12.8) 23.0 (21.7-24.4) 1714

40–59 years 14.4 (13.6-15.2) 7.70 (7.40-8.30) 14.2 (13.5-15.0) 27.3 (25.5-29.6) 1468

60 years and older 15.2 (14.3-16.2) 7.60 (7.00-8.30) 15.3 (14.3-16.5) 30.0 (27.3-32.5) 1522


3–5 years 12.2 (11.0-13.5) 7.30 (6.40-8.00) 12.1 (10.8-13.8) 19.5 (18.2-21.8) 217

6–11 years 12.6 (11.7-13.4) 7.70 (6.40-8.60) 12.5 (11.5-13.5) 21.3 (19.4-24.6) 507

12–19 years 10.3 (9.71-10.9) 5.90 (5.30-6.30) 10.2 (9.60-10.9) 17.7 (16.5-18.9) 1091

20–39 years 12.4 (11.7-13.1) 6.70 (6.20-7.10) 12.4 (11.2-13.2) 22.8 (21.6-24.5) 724

40–59 years 14.5 (13.8-15.3) 7.90 (7.30-8.50) 14.5 (13.7-15.5) 27.6 (25.5-30.4) 761

60 years and older 14.5 (13.4-15.8) 7.30 (6.30-8.50) 14.7 (13.3-16.4) 28.5 (24.9-32.0) 749


3–5 years 12.8 (11.6-14.1) 7.50 (6.40-8.10) 12.6 (11.8-13.8) 21.4 (17.6-26.5) 213

6–11 years 12.5 (11.9-13.2) 7.90 (7.00-8.90) 12.2 (11.5-13.3) 19.4 (18.0-20.7) 507

12–19 years 10.6 (9.95-11.3) 6.50 (5.60-7.00) 10.4 (9.90-11.3) 17.9 (16.5-20.2) 1114

20–39 years 11.9 (11.1-12.8) 6.20 (5.80-6.90) 11.6 (10.7-12.5) 23.0 (20.8-25.1) 990

40–59 years 14.2 (13.2-15.2) 7.60 (7.10-8.40) 13.9 (13.0-14.7) 26.8 (24.8-30.2) 707

60 years and older 15.8 (14.9-16.7) 8.00 (7.10-8.70) 15.7 (14.6-17.5) 32.0 (27.6-33.7) 773

Table 2.7.b. Serum lutein/zeaxanthin: Mexican Americans Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for Mexican Americans in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 12.5 (11.3-13.9) 7.20 (5.80-9.70) 12.5 (11.8-13.8) 19.1 (16.9-22.5) 126

6–11 years 12.4 (11.5-13.2) 8.00 (6.40-9.20) 12.2 (11.6-12.8) 19.2 (17.2-21.2) 290

12–19 years 10.8 (10.4-11.1) 6.70 (6.00-6.80) 10.6 (10.2-11.0) 18.0 (16.7-18.9) 696

20–39 years 14.4 (13.5-15.4) 8.10 (7.10-8.60) 14.9 (13.8-15.9) 24.4 (23.0-25.7) 460

40–59 years 15.7 (14.3-17.1) 8.90 (8.20-9.50) 15.5 (13.9-16.7) 28.4 (23.9-32.9) 287

60 years and older 15.8 (15.0-16.7) 8.00 (6.00-9.70) 16.0 (14.4-17.4) 32.5 (27.3-34.3) 255


3–5 years 12.8 (10.6-15.4) 6.70† (5.30-10.8) 13.1 (11.3-15.4) 19.1† (15.9-25.7) 62

6–11 years 12.2 (11.2-13.2) 8.20 (6.30-9.30) 12.3 (11.4-12.9) 19.1 (15.7-22.5) 140

12–19 years 10.7 (10.1-11.3) 6.60 (5.70-7.00) 10.4 (9.60-11.4) 18.2 (15.6-20.1) 330

20–39 years 15.0 (14.0-15.9) 8.60 (7.30-9.90) 15.8 (14.4-16.5) 23.9 (22.1-26.2) 213

40–59 years 17.4 (15.7-19.3) 9.50 (8.90-11.4) 17.3 (14.8-19.9) 31.6 (26.6-36.4) 147

60 years and older 15.3 (14.0-16.6) 7.70 (5.70-9.80) 14.9 (13.4-17.4) 29.5 (25.8-37.9) 126


3–5 years 12.3 (10.8-14.0) 6.70† (5.00-10.0) 12.4 (9.90-14.9) 18.5† (16.0-22.5) 64

6–11 years 12.6 (11.7-13.6) 8.30 (6.40-9.30) 12.4 (11.6-13.5) 19.2 (16.6-24.2) 150

12–19 years 10.9 (10.4-11.4) 6.80 (6.10-7.40) 10.9 (10.2-11.3) 17.5 (16.2-19.7) 366

20–39 years 13.8 (12.7-15.0) 7.30 (6.60-8.20) 13.8 (12.2-15.8) 24.9 (23.8-26.5) 247

40–59 years 14.0 (12.5-15.6) 8.20 (6.80-9.10) 13.9 (12.3-15.9) 22.7 (18.7-30.8) 140

60 years and older 16.3 (15.2-17.6) 8.60 (6.00-11.3) 16.0 (13.8-19.0) 32.5 (26.4-34.3) 129



Table 2.7.c. Serum lutein/zeaxanthin: Non-Hispanic blacks Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 15.4 (14.0-17.1) 9.80 (8.50-11.2) 15.3 (13.0-18.2) 24.5 (19.6-32.5) 128

6–11 years 15.3 (14.4-16.3) 9.50 (8.50-10.3) 15.7 (14.7-16.6) 24.7 (22.4-25.3) 340

12–19 years 12.5 (11.6-13.5) 7.80 (7.20-8.50) 12.5 (11.4-13.7) 19.6 (17.9-22.2) 671

20–39 years 13.3 (11.9-14.8) 7.50 (6.70-8.10) 12.8 (11.4-14.4) 25.3 (21.8-28.6) 319

40–59 years 14.9 (13.6-16.4) 8.60 (7.00-9.40) 15.5 (13.2-17.2) 28.2 (24.7-31.2) 291

60 years and older 17.6 (15.1-20.5) 9.10 (7.30-11.2) 17.7 (14.7-21.5) 33.7 (29.7-36.5) 243


3–5 years 15.4 (13.4-17.7) 10.6† (8.50-12.7) 14.5 (13.0-18.4) 21.8† (18.5-34.3) 64

6–11 years 16.4 (15.2-17.7) 10.1 (8.90-11.4) 16.4 (15.6-17.2) 25.1 (23.9-27.0) 175

12–19 years 12.3 (11.5-13.0) 7.80 (7.50-8.30) 12.0 (11.4-13.3) 19.6 (18.2-20.8) 340

20–39 years 13.8 (12.0-15.8) 7.50 (6.80-8.40) 13.5 (11.0-15.6) 25.9 (21.9-29.8) 132

40–59 years 15.1 (13.5-17.0) 8.60 (7.10-9.70) 15.5 (13.5-17.5) 28.7 (24.2-31.2) 154

60 years and older 16.1 (14.2-18.1) 7.50 (5.80-10.4) 16.0 (14.7-18.4) 29.6 (22.7-38.9) 119


3–5 years 15.5 (12.9-18.5) 9.40† (7.90-11.8) 15.6 (12.3-18.2) 25.7† (19.3-37.1) 64

6–11 years 14.2 (12.8-15.9) 8.90 (7.40-10.1) 14.8 (12.3-16.1) 21.8 (19.2-25.3) 165

12–19 years 12.8 (11.5-14.2) 8.10 (6.80-9.40) 12.8 (11.3-14.4) 20.4 (17.6-24.2) 331

20–39 years 12.9 (11.4-14.6) 7.10 (6.30-8.10) 12.7 (11.3-14.3) 23.3 (19.5-28.9) 187

40–59 years 14.7 (13.2-16.3) 8.70 (6.20-9.60) 14.2 (12.5-17.1) 27.4 (22.1-33.3) 137

60 years and older 18.8 (15.5-22.7) 9.40 (8.00-12.2) 19.3 (14.4-25.4) 35.0 (31.0-36.7) 124


Table 2.7.d. Serum lutein/zeaxanthin: Non-Hispanic whites Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 11.5 (10.8-12.3) 7.20 (6.40-7.60) 11.8 (10.4-12.8) 17.7 (16.9-21.4) 133

6–11 years 11.7 (10.9-12.6) 7.20 (6.70-7.90) 11.4 (10.8-12.4) 18.7 (17.0-21.8) 301

12–19 years 9.87 (9.21-10.6) 5.90 (5.20-6.40) 9.80 (9.10-10.5) 16.8 (15.2-19.3) 656

20–39 years 11.3 (10.6-12.1) 6.00 (5.70-6.50) 11.3 (10.3-12.4) 21.2 (19.3-22.9) 770

40–59 years 13.8 (13.0-14.8) 7.50 (7.10-7.80) 13.7 (13.1-14.4) 26.3 (24.1-28.5) 777

60 years and older 14.7 (13.8-15.7) 7.40 (6.80-8.10) 14.9 (13.5-16.4) 28.0 (25.6-31.7) 943


3–5 years 11.2 (9.93-12.6) 7.10† (6.20-7.70) 10.7 (9.00-13.5) 17.1† (15.2-21.7) 72

6–11 years 11.7 (10.6-13.0) 7.10 (5.70-8.30) 11.3 (10.2-13.0) 19.6 (17.2-25.5) 157

12–19 years 9.65 (9.05-10.3) 5.50 (4.90-6.20) 9.60 (9.10-10.2) 16.7 (15.5-18.7) 323

20–39 years 11.6 (10.7-12.6) 6.20 (5.70-6.90) 11.7 (10.6-13.0) 20.7 (17.7-23.7) 312

40–59 years 13.9 (13.2-14.8) 7.70 (7.10-8.50) 13.9 (13.3-14.9) 26.8 (24.9-28.3) 407

60 years and older 13.9 (12.8-15.2) 7.30 (6.20-8.10) 14.1 (12.6-16.0) 26.1 (24.2-28.9) 467


3–5 years 11.9 (10.6-13.5) 7.30† (4.30-8.30) 12.6 (10.8-13.8) 18.4† (15.2-23.2) 61

6–11 years 11.7 (11.0-12.5) 7.50 (6.60-8.10) 11.5 (10.9-12.3) 17.9 (15.5-20.2) 144

12–19 years 10.1 (9.25-11.0) 6.10 (5.00-6.70) 10.1 (9.10-10.7) 16.8 (14.8-20.8) 333

20–39 years 11.1 (10.2-12.0) 5.90 (5.60-6.60) 10.6 (9.50-12.0) 21.4 (18.4-23.3) 458

40–59 years 13.7 (12.6-15.0) 7.40 (6.50-8.00) 13.5 (12.3-14.3) 26.4 (23.4-31.6) 370

60 years and older 15.4 (14.4-16.4) 7.70 (6.70-8.70) 15.5 (14.0-17.4) 30.4 (25.8-34.3) 476



Table 2.8.a. Serum trans-lycopene: Total population Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for the total U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 16.1 (15.2-17.1) 7.90 (7.30-8.90) 17.4 (16.2-18.1) 30.7 (28.5-32.8) 427

6–11 years 21.6 (20.7-22.5) 11.4 (10.4-12.7) 22.7 (21.4-23.7) 36.0 (35.0-37.2) 1012

12–19 years 21.6 (21.1-22.1) 12.8 (11.9-13.6) 22.3 (21.8-22.8) 36.1 (35.1-37.5) 2205

20–39 years 22.7 (21.5-23.9) 12.5 (11.7-13.8) 23.7 (22.5-24.8) 39.1 (37.6-41.0) 1714

40–59 years 21.1 (20.1-22.1) 10.7 (9.80-11.7) 22.6 (21.3-24.1) 38.1 (36.6-39.8) 1468

60 years and older 15.4 (14.6-16.3) 6.70 (5.70-7.30) 17.1 (15.9-17.9) 33.4 (31.5-34.5) 1522


3–5 years 16.0 (14.9-17.2) 7.80 (7.10-9.00) 17.7 (16.0-19.1) 28.4 (27.1-30.9) 216

6–11 years 21.7 (20.4-23.1) 11.5 (9.40-13.3) 23.0 (21.2-25.0) 36.4 (34.1-40.1) 507

12–19 years 22.5 (21.8-23.2) 13.4 (12.4-14.0) 23.5 (22.5-24.5) 37.5 (35.3-39.8) 1091

20–39 years 24.2 (22.6-25.9) 13.8 (11.7-15.0) 25.0 (23.6-26.3) 42.1 (39.1-45.2) 724

40–59 years 21.7 (20.4-23.2) 11.1 (9.20-11.9) 23.7 (21.9-25.5) 39.8 (37.5-41.7) 761

60 years and older 15.2 (14.1-16.4) 6.30 (5.60-7.50) 16.8 (15.5-17.9) 33.2 (30.5-36.0) 749


3–5 years 16.2 (14.6-18.1) 8.00 (6.20-10.3) 16.6 (14.9-18.6) 32.5 (29.1-34.3) 211

6–11 years 21.5 (20.6-22.4) 10.7 (9.70-13.0) 22.2 (20.6-23.3) 35.5 (34.1-37.3) 505

12–19 years 20.6 (20.0-21.3) 12.3 (11.5-13.1) 21.4 (20.0-22.2) 34.8 (32.1-36.3) 1114

20–39 years 21.3 (20.2-22.5) 12.2 (10.5-13.6) 22.3 (21.2-23.6) 36.7 (33.8-39.3) 990

40–59 years 20.4 (19.4-21.4) 10.7 (9.30-12.1) 21.8 (20.9-22.8) 36.5 (34.4-37.8) 707

60 years and older 15.6 (14.5-16.9) 6.70 (5.60-7.50) 17.3 (15.7-18.6) 33.3 (30.6-34.5) 773

Table 2.8.b. Serum trans-lycopene: Mexican Americans Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for Mexican Americans in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 15.0 (12.9-17.4) 7.30 (5.80-9.20) 15.7 (12.5-19.4) 30.4 (23.0-39.8) 124

6–11 years 19.7 (18.3-21.3) 10.5 (9.20-13.1) 20.5 (18.7-22.5) 33.7 (29.6-36.1) 289

12–19 years 20.4 (19.4-21.4) 12.3 (11.2-13.4) 20.7 (19.6-22.0) 32.9 (30.4-36.2) 696

20–39 years 21.4 (20.1-22.8) 12.1 (11.2-13.6) 21.7 (20.6-22.5) 36.0 (33.1-39.9) 460

40–59 years 19.1 (17.5-20.9) 10.2 (8.70-11.3) 20.0 (17.9-22.3) 34.4 (29.9-39.1) 287

60 years and older 13.9 (11.7-16.6) 6.20 (2.20-9.60) 15.3 (13.1-17.7) 30.1 (26.6-31.6) 255


3–5 years 15.2 (13.3-17.2) 8.60† (1.80-11.3) 15.7 (12.4-18.1) 28.5† (23.8-33.3) 62

6–11 years 20.8 (18.5-23.4) 12.6 (8.70-14.7) 20.6 (19.2-24.1) 33.4 (28.4-45.7) 140

12–19 years 21.1 (20.2-22.0) 12.9 (11.6-13.9) 21.5 (20.4-22.6) 34.6 (30.3-39.4) 330

20–39 years 22.0 (20.7-23.5) 12.4 (11.2-14.1) 22.2 (20.7-23.6) 39.1 (33.0-43.7) 213

40–59 years 20.0 (17.9-22.3) 10.2 (8.90-11.8) 20.9 (16.8-24.5) 35.5 (30.2-43.3) 147

60 years and older 13.0 (10.4-16.3) 5.20 (.800-7.50) 14.2 (10.6-17.7) 27.8 (24.0-31.4) 126


3–5 years 14.8 (11.0-19.8) 6.70† (4.30-9.50) 15.0 (9.50-22.8) 32.7† (20.3-37.9) 62

6–11 years 18.7 (16.8-20.7) 9.90 (9.10-11.0) 20.0 (16.9-22.9) 33.2 (28.6-35.4) 149

12–19 years 19.6 (18.4-20.9) 11.7 (10.2-13.6) 19.8 (18.3-21.2) 31.7 (29.7-35.9) 366

20–39 years 20.6 (18.9-22.5) 11.6 (10.3-13.2) 21.3 (19.0-22.7) 34.8 (30.1-37.6) 247

40–59 years 18.2 (16.4-20.2) 9.10 (5.30-13.2) 19.3 (17.9-20.8) 30.5 (28.2-36.9) 140

60 years and older 14.7 (12.1-18.0) 6.80 (1.90-10.3) 15.8 (13.7-20.7) 30.5 (24.4-36.1) 129



Table 2.8.c. Serum trans-lycopene: Non-Hispanic blacks Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 20.8 (18.3-23.6) 10.9 (8.90-13.4) 20.8 (18.6-24.9) 40.9 (28.5-54.9) 128

6–11 years 25.9 (24.1-27.9) 15.0 (13.1-16.8) 27.1 (24.1-29.6) 42.1 (36.7-47.1) 340

12–19 years 24.7 (23.6-25.8) 13.9 (12.4-16.0) 25.4 (24.0-27.0) 41.0 (38.4-43.0) 671

20–39 years 24.3 (23.3-25.4) 13.1 (12.4-14.6) 25.2 (23.5-26.8) 41.6 (39.0-46.9) 319

40–59 years 19.0 (17.7-20.5) 8.70 (6.20-11.3) 20.6 (19.6-22.0) 35.9 (34.4-41.3) 291

60 years and older 14.1 (12.9-15.4) 5.40 (4.50-7.10) 14.5 (13.3-16.7) 31.4 (28.8-34.1) 243


3–5 years 21.6 (18.2-25.5) 9.90† (5.10-15.1) 23.8 (19.3-27.0) 41.7† (30.5-57.7) 64

6–11 years 27.1 (24.3-30.1) 15.9 (13.0-18.5) 28.0 (23.9-32.2) 44.0 (36.4-49.1) 175

12–19 years 25.1 (23.9-26.4) 15.2 (13.4-16.7) 25.9 (24.4-27.6) 40.1 (36.8-44.6) 340

20–39 years 25.6 (24.4-26.9) 14.2 (12.5-16.2) 26.5 (23.8-28.1) 45.3 (37.4-56.2) 132

40–59 years 19.4 (17.8-21.0) 9.20 (6.20-11.2) 21.3 (19.3-22.7) 35.7 (32.4-41.2) 154

60 years and older 13.5 (11.8-15.4) 5.40 (4.30-7.10) 14.0 (11.4-16.4) 30.9 (26.2-34.9) 119


3–5 years 20.0 (17.2-23.2) 11.1† (7.60-14.4) 19.6 (15.7-25.5) 40.9† (26.3-44.6) 64

6–11 years 24.7 (22.7-26.9) 13.8 (11.7-16.8) 25.9 (23.6-28.2) 39.2 (35.2-44.8) 165

12–19 years 24.3 (22.7-26.0) 12.5 (11.3-15.8) 25.2 (22.7-27.6) 41.0 (38.8-44.4) 331

20–39 years 23.5 (22.1-25.0) 13.0 (11.8-14.6) 24.4 (22.1-26.6) 39.7 (37.1-46.5) 187

40–59 years 18.7 (16.9-20.7) 7.90 (5.40-11.9) 19.9 (17.7-22.0) 36.2 (30.9-43.9) 137

60 years and older 14.5 (12.8-16.5) 5.60 (4.50-8.20) 14.8 (12.5-18.6) 31.4 (28.0-34.1) 124


Table 2.8.d. Serum trans-lycopene: Non-Hispanic whites Geometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in µg/dL) for non-Hispanic whites in the U.S. population aged 3 years and older, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002.




3–5 years 15.4 (14.0-17.0) 7.90 (6.20-9.30) 16.6 (14.8-17.9) 27.5 (25.3-31.2) 132

6–11 years 21.5 (20.2-22.9) 11.4 (9.70-13.2) 22.2 (20.6-23.6) 35.8 (33.3-37.8) 300

12–19 years 21.1 (20.5-21.8) 12.8 (11.5-13.8) 21.9 (20.8-22.6) 35.3 (34.0-36.8) 656

20–39 years 22.9 (21.3-24.6) 13.1 (11.7-14.2) 24.2 (22.8-25.7) 39.6 (37.7-42.1) 770

40–59 years 21.9 (20.7-23.1) 11.8 (10.3-13.4) 23.2 (21.3-24.9) 38.5 (36.8-40.0) 777

60 years and older 16.1 (15.2-17.0) 7.00 (6.20-7.70) 17.8 (16.4-18.6) 33.9 (31.7-35.9) 943


3–5 years 14.4 (12.6-16.5) 7.80† (4.40-9.50) 16.4 (14.3-19.1) 27.4† (24.7-30.9) 71

6–11 years 21.7 (19.9-23.6) 12.2 (9.40-14.1) 22.2 (20.3-25.2) 36.0 (32.0-40.1) 157

12–19 years 22.1 (21.2-23.1) 12.9 (11.5-14.0) 23.2 (21.4-24.6) 37.0 (34.3-40.2) 323

20–39 years 24.8 (22.4-27.3) 13.9 (11.1-16.6) 25.8 (23.9-28.9) 42.4 (38.8-45.6) 312

40–59 years 22.6 (21.0-24.2) 11.4 (9.20-13.5) 24.5 (22.4-26.9) 40.0 (37.9-42.9) 407

60 years and older 15.7 (14.6-17.0) 6.90 (5.80-7.70) 17.5 (15.7-18.6) 33.8 (30.6-37.6) 467


3–5 years 16.6 (14.7-18.8) 8.70† (6.20-13.1) 16.6 (14.7-18.9) 26.8† (22.8-31.8) 61

6–11 years 21.3 (19.8-22.9) 11.0 (9.40-13.8) 21.7 (20.0-23.7) 34.2 (32.5-38.0) 143

12–19 years 20.2 (19.4-21.0) 12.6 (11.0-13.9) 21.3 (19.4-22.2) 32.4 (28.9-35.8) 333

20–39 years 21.3 (19.8-23.0) 12.3 (9.40-14.3) 22.4 (20.9-24.1) 36.5 (33.1-39.6) 458

40–59 years 21.2 (20.2-22.3) 12.6 (10.7-13.7) 22.0 (20.7-23.5) 36.6 (34.0-37.8) 370

60 years and older 16.4 (15.1-17.7) 6.90 (5.70-8.40) 17.9 (15.9-19.0) 33.8 (31.4-36.1) 476



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