MANTHAN TOPICProviding Safe Drinking Water and sanitation Facility

to Everyone

Technology Integration to conventional Hand Pump, India Mark II to bridge the gap of economical water scarcity

Team DetailsParag Ramteke, Shubham Sharma, Shashank Sinsinwar, Aseem Vats, Shailendra Singh

Undergraduate Students at IIT Kharagpur

रहिमन पानी राखिये, बिन पानी सि सून।पानी गये ना ऊिरे, मोती मानुष चून।।

- रहिम

A girl pumps water from a hand pump, as flood water flows into Pachim Khuradai under Nalbari District in Assam

The red stains around this Chapakal at Khagaria, Bihar are indicative of Iron Ore contamination

Women use a poorly maintained Hand Pump in India.

Some scenarios pertaining to the disordered maintenance of the hand-pump

“It is the greatest development failure of the 20th century. “-World Health Organization (WHO 2000) on water problem

• Economic scarcity and educational void to harness existing drinking water sources effectively.

• Dilapidated state of existing water resources.

• Ineffectiveness during contingent situations like natural calamities e.g.: floods, ground water contamination etc.

Scope of the Broad Problem

• Seepage of toxic industrial discharge into ground water.

• Inefficient maintenance of underground sewage pipelines.

• Improper management of existing water resources.

Causes of the problem

• Making available quality water to general population, thus bridging the gap of economic scarcity.

• To check the outbreak of water-borne diseases due to ground water contamination.

• Preparing effective working model during contingencies like floods.

Reasons for selecting a specific

cause(s)

A GLIMPSE !!!

Current scenario: Globally • More than one in six people worldwide – ‘1.1 billion’, don't have access to adequate drinking water.• Globally, diarrhea is the leading cause of illness and death, and 88 per cent of diarrheal deaths are

due to a lack of access to sanitation facilities, together with inadequate availability of water for hygiene and unsafe drinking water.

Current Scenario: India• Population Division: 68 % in Rural area and 32 % in Urban area.• 43.6 % of rural household population depends on public hand pumps and ground wells as source of water.• 33.5 % of total Indian population in rural and urban areas uses hand pumps and ground wells as source of water.• In 2010, more than 5.6 million hand pumps and over 1.2 lakh piped water supply scheme have been installed in

the country under the “Rural Drinking Water Supply Programme”.

Susceptible threats to ground water :

• With 638 million people defecating in the open, there is a very high risk of microbial contamination (bacteria, viruses, amoeba) of water which causes diarrhea in children.

• In India, about 44 million are estimated to be affected by problems related to water quality with excess of Fluoride, Iron ,Nitrate, Arsenic heavy metals and Salinity.

Epidemic cases in India :

• August 2007: The cholera epidemic started in Odisha, India . The outbreak affected Rayagada, Koraput and Kalahandi districts, where more than 2,000 people were admitted to hospitals.

• In May 2010, an outbreak of diarrhea was reported from Kanpur village of Panchmahal district (Gujarat).• Cholera returned to southern India in 2012, in relatively affluent Kerala. Ironically, due to efforts to improve

sanitation, toilets were constructed. While these toilets were under construction, workers defecated and contaminated community wells, causing the outbreak.

Pump bodyNaDCC

Pump Inlet

Filter Membrane

Suction OutletOpening for Back Flush Operation

NaDCC

Check Valves

Ultra Filter Membrane

Calcifier

Proposed Solution: Providing clean drinking water facility to all

Bevel Gear Mechanisms

Outlet for pure water

Modified version of Mark II (Mark II is widely used in India and abroad)

Pre-filters : Sand and Gravel Bed• Low cost • Filter big particles

NADCC• Removes infectants.• Highly effective for

bacteria and protozoa

• Easy to use

Ultra-Filtration• Pore Size: 0.01 microns• Removes viruses, protozoa and

other organic molecules.• Does not filter ionic particles

like lead, Iron, chloride ions, nitrates, nitrites, other charged particles.

Calcifier:• Activated Charcoal and Zeolite• Ability to adsorb halide ions, especially

chlorides, fluorides and odour.• Operates at a very low pressure

FILTRATION MECHANISM

WORKING COMPONENTS

• Reciprocating Piston• Gear System (Bevel Gears)• Crank Shaft• Check valves and Control Valves• Underground Tank• Vertical Membrane Filtration technique• Accommodation for Back Flush

operation in design

WORKING PRINCIPLE• Conventional pumping system is used to pump

the water into filtration tank.• Design of tank is such that all filtration components get sufficient time to act effectively.• By the action of bevel gears, supplementary motion is provided to the piston to lift the purified water from the filtration chamber.

MERITS• Creates an impact on a large population living in slums and in economically weaker sections of society

by providing them high quality drinking water at cheap costs.• Unique design for operation even during floods.• Compatible to use with existing hand pumps and bore-wells and can be owned on a community basis.• Kinematic design for ease to operate and ergonomically better than existing hand pumps, maintaining

compatible discharge rates.• We use both, Activated Charcoal and Ultra filtration filters which have a longer life ( ~3-7 years) as compared to

other methods.• The components are detachable and can be taken out for easy maintenance of the system. • An electric version can be installed by semi urban and urban population.

IMPLEMENTAION

Hierarchy of Indian Municipal Corporation

After allocation of funds from above hierarchy, Modification of conventional hand pump design into proposed design. Construction of filter tank system with compartments for initial storage, filtration

and final lift of water. Installation of new design as per guidelines of conventional hand pump. Conveying instructions to general mass for usage of above design.

Leveraging existing government Technique:

Initially, In Bahraich district of northern Uttar Pradesh, now promoted as a working model for all flood prone areas in country.

Extra incentives with proposed model:• Providing a model with proper filtration

system for areas with higher concentration of toxic materials, fluorides, organic materials, etc.

• Can be applied to existing hand pumps in country at cheaper rate.

• Longevity of filter components is very high.

• Easily available filter components used, therefore easily replaceable.

• With proper procedures i.e. #back flushing and proper monitoring, filter tank can be reconditioned again and again.

# Back flushing: Cleaning of filter system by counter flow of current using external source in the system.

Financial and human resources required: Financial resources:

Additional cost of filter system and uplifting of hand pump at the time of installation. Maintenance Cost:

Replacing cost of NaDCC offering 14 paise/ litre of purified water for six months. Back flushing and proper infrastructure costs. Replacing cost of ultra filtration membrane( 12 inch X 12 inch) of Rs. 5000 and

activated charcoal of Rs. 700 after a span of 3 – 7 years. Human Resources:

From MGNREGA, local contractors, volunteers, community services, etc. At the time of installation. For periodical maintenance span of filter system and its components.

Proposed sources of funding:

• From government programs like NRDWP (National Rural Drinking Water Programme).

• From NGO’s like “Water.org”, “Neeri”, etc.• From communities, NRI's, mass gathering, etc.• From companies under new “Companies Act of India” to fulfill CSR.

Impact of the Solution:

• If everyone has safe drinking water and adequate sanitation services, there would be 200 million lesscases of diarrhea and 2.1 million less deaths caused by diarrheal illness each year.

• This would result in major population of nation having access to clean water.

Criteria to measure the impact of the solution:

1) Studying the outbreak of epidemic, before and after installation.

2) Percentage of population relieved by solution.

Scalability of the solution:1) From government schemes, volunteer participation, etc.

2) Proper awareness campaign through newspapers, public media thus helps in including private membership.

Sustainability of the solution:

1) Simple mechanical design.

2) Simple maintenance procedure.

3) Low cost product.

4) Easy filter mechanism.

Appropriate monitoring mechanisms:

1) Reconditioning of filter tank should be done periodically.

2) Replacing filter components at the end of their span.

Proposed Solution

ChallengesSocial and political: • Unacceptance of new design due to

complexity from conventional.Economical:• High installation cost from conventional

hand pump.Technological:• More maintenance than conventional.

Mitigation factors Proper conveying of instructions to mass. Proper presentation to government officials

representing its trifecta role i.e. hand-pump, efficient filter system and effective in epidemic.

Funding: From various NGO’s , NRI’s, etc. From companies under CSR.

Community/Society based ownership reducing burden of government for maintenance.

Appendix:

References:• India Sanitation Portal (http://indiasanitationportal.org/565)• Kurukshetra magazine on Drinking water and Sanitation in Rural India, Jan 2013.• Union Nation Procurement Division (UNPD) and World Health Organization (WHO)

(http://www.un.org/depts/ptd/), (http://www.who.int/en/)• For cholera outbreak information,

(http://njcmindia.org/uploads/2-3_371-373.pdf),(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics)

• Other information:(http://infochangeindia.org/water-resources/statistics/access-to-safe-drinking-water-

in-households-in-india.html),