Scientific Method Used to answer a question using an experiment

Steps1. Question2. Research3. Hypothesis: educated guess of what you think is true, in a

statement form4. Experiment5. Data analysis6. Conclusion

Independent variable: what scientist is changingDependent variable: what we measureControl: used to compareConstants: factors that we keep the same across all treatment groupsTheory: hypothesis that has been tested over and over and is now considered true.

8/31 & 9/1

Characteristics of lifeMade of cells and DNA

Cells are basic unit of life

DNA is the genetic material in the cell

Unicellular: 1 cell big Multicellular: made of many cells

MetabolismAll require and use energy

Plants: use photosynthesis to build food (autotroph)

Animals: break down food to release energy (heterotroph

)Reproduction: produce offspring

Asexual: 1 parent and offspring identical to parent

Sexual: 2 parents and offspring unique

Growth and developmentGrow and chaing during life cycle

Adapt and changeRespond to environment

Cactus adapted to desert

Maintain homeostasis

Living things must do ALL of these characteristics!

9/2 & 6

GraphsLine Bar Pie

- Continuous data- X and Y axis- Points on line connected- Shows relationship

between independent and dependent variable

- Time on X axis

- Not continuous- Bars don’t touch- Compares descriptive

data- Order of bars doesn’t

matter

- Not continuous- Usually a percentage of

part of a whole- Add up to 100

9/2 & 6

Chemistry of Life Common elements in biology: C, H, O, N, P Elements made of atoms

This is a carbon atom

Has protons and neutrons in central nucleusProtons have a positive charge (+)

Around the nucleus are electron shells and this is where electrons are found. They have a negative charge. (-)

Water: H2OThis is water. The oxygen atom is bigger and “hogs” the electrons. Since they have a negative charge that makes the oxygen side of water have a negative (-) charge.The hydrogen are left with the protons and they have a positive charge (+)This difference in charge across the water molecule makes it POLAR.

Properties of water1. Polar: charge across molecule (+ and -)2. Good solvent: dissolves things easily3. Cohesive and adhesive

- pH : measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substanceo Acid: high concentration of H+ ions (pH between 0 and 6.9)o Base: high concentration of OH- ions (pH between 7.1 and 14)o Water- neutral pH = 7o Buffer-> a substance that prevents or resist a changes in pH

pH scale:

Acid range: 1-6, strongest acids close to 1

Base range: 8-14, strongest bases close to 14

Biological Molecules

9/7 & 8

9/7 & 8

- Molecules that make up living things- Have the atoms carbon and hydrogen- 4 types:

o Carbohydrateo Lipido Protein o Nucleic acid

- Types of bonds used:o Covalent- share electrons, strong bondo Peptide- hold amino acids togethero Hydrogen- weak

- Monomer vs polymer

Roots:Mono: oneDi: twoPoly: many

- ase: enzyme- -ose: sugar

PrefixesGeneral:

Multi-

9/7 & 8

Thermo- Tri- Anti- Aqua- Hydro- Neuro- Epi- Intra

Unit 1 -Bi- Bio- Di-, Du-, Dui- Homeo- Macro- Mono- -saccharo Hemo- -stasis:

• Notes on biomolecules from amoeba sister video• https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM

9/9 & 12

Biomolecules

Monomer: building block

CarbohydrateFunction: short energyMonomer: monosaccharidesExample: bread, pastaElements: C, H, O

LipidsFunction: long term energyMonomer: fatty acid and glycerolExample: oils, butterElements: C, H, O

ProteinsFunction: immunity, enzymeMonomer: amino acidsExample: meat, beansElements: C, H, O, N

Nucleic AcidsFunction: Genetic / heredityMonomer: nucleotidesExample: DNA, RNAElements: C, H, O, N, P

CARBOHYDRATESFunction:

Short term energy Elements are C, H, O Known as sugars Monomer (building block) are the monosaccharides (one sugar) Disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides joined together

9/13 & 14

Polysaccharide are many monosaccharides joined together Indicators:

o Iodine test for the presence of starch: positive turns blacko Benedicts test for the presence of monosaccharides: positive turns yellow,

orange, cloudy

Glucose Simple sugar Monosaccharide

Starch polysaccharide energy source in plants found in potatoes, bread, rice

Glycogen polysaccharide energy source in animals stored in liver

Cellulose polysaccharide found in cell wall of plants provides structural support

Lipids C,H,O Monomer is fatty acids + glycerol

9/15 & 16

Function:o Long term energyo Insulationo Part of cell membraneo Water proof covering

Waxes and Oils

- Protective coverings

Phospholipid

- Found in cell walls

Steroids

- Maintain and control functions in body

- Ex. Cholesterol, sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

Proteins C, H, O, N

9/15 & 16

Monomer is amino acid (20 kinds)

Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to make polypeptide = protein

Functions: o Transporto Catalyze: speed up reactionso Support and strengtho Regulate processes in body

Examples:Insulin

Regulates blood sugar levels in the body

AntibodiesHelp with immunity to fight infections

HemoglobinTransports oxygen in the blood

EnzymeA catalyst that speed up reactions

Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P

Monomer is called nucleotide and it has 3 parts

9/19 & 20

1.5 carbon sugar2.Phosphate group3.Nitrogenous base

Each type has a specific function

Nucleic Acid ExamplesDNA RNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, stores genetic information, used to make RNA

Ribonucleic acid, used to make proteins

Chemical reactions are constantly occurring. Reactants: substances used in a reaction Products: substances made in a reaction

Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

9/19 & 20

Activation Energy: the energy required to start a reaction

ENZYMES A protein that catalyzes reactions by lowering the activation energy. This

increases speed of reaction Names end in –ase Function best at a specific temperature and pH Specific to the substrate they work on (lock and key theory) Reusable. Can be denatured if the pH or temperature changes. Once denatured cannot be

used again. Energy for chemical reactions provided by ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

**Notice the activation energy without the catalyst and with the catalyst.

Label substrate, enzyme and product.The substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme. At the end of the reaction the enzyme remains unchanged.Substrate goes into the reaction, products come out.