GHG Mitigation SeminarHanoi, 03 May 2010

Nguyen Mong CuongResearch Center for Climate Change

and Sustainable Development, Viet Nam

Vietnam: Mitigate GHG emissions What benefit to Farmers?

Global challenges:

Industry Agriculture

HFCs, SF6,CO2, CH4, N2O …

Global warming Climate change

Threats

Rising sea levels Inundate coastlines

low lands Storms Droughts Floods

Health & Livelihoodof the poor

Severe impacts

KP & UNFCCC objective:Stabilizing GHG in the atmosphere within a timeframe that would allow Ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change

and not threaten food security

Mitigate GHG’s

1/ Pressure on forest …

2/ Pollution and GHG Emission by animal husbandry / > 20 mil.tons waste/Year

1. Viet Nam: Challenges in Agriculture

Livestock Sector GHG's emissions

9.811.2

17

22

27

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1994 2000 2010 2020 2030

Year

Tg C

O2

equi

v.

Source: P.V.THANH (CCRD,2008)

3/ Burning or freeing agricultural residues on the field

4/ Rice paddy cultivation with methane emissions

A large amount of chemical fertilizers being lost

5/Chemical fertilizer use in agriculture

From a Total ~ 2.4 million tons NPK /YearEstimated 1,2 mil.tons of urea-equivalent being lost

→ Soil environment pollutionN2O emission

nitrogen : 35-45%, phosphorus and potassium : 50-60%

lost to leaching, erosion, volatilization and fixation in the soil

40- 45%

40- 65%chemical fertilizersusing by plants:

Source: P.V.THANH (CCRD,2008)

2. GHG Emission inventory in agriculture- 2000

Sub-sectorsCH4

(Gg)

N2O(Gg)

Total CO2

equiv. (Tg) (%)

Rice Cultivation 1782.4 37.4 57.5Livestock- Enteric fermentation- Manure management

368.1164.2

0,001 7.73.4

11.95.3

Agricultural soil 45.9 14.2 21.8

Burning Savanna 10.0 1.2 0.59 0.9

Field burning of agriculture residues

59.1 1.4 1.7 2.6

Total 2383.7 48.5 65.1 100Sources: Technical report for GHG inventory of SNC. HANOI, 2009.

Figure: GHG Emissions from agriculture 2000

Rice cultivation: 57.5%

Manure management: 5.3%

Enteric fermentation: 11.9%

Field burning agric. residues 2.6%

Burning Savanna 0.9%

Agric. soil 21.8%

GHG emission projection to 2030

Sub-sector

2010 2020 2030

1. Livestock 17.0 22.0 26.9 2. Rice cultivation 34.8 34.0 32.7 3. Agricultural soil 14.0 13.5 13.2 Total ( Tg CO2 equivalent) 65.8 69.5 72.9

GHG Emission Projection to 2010, 2020, 2030

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2000 2010 2020 2030

Year

Tg CO2 equi.

Energy ForestryAgriculture Total GHG

3.Ultimate goal of mitigating GHG: Increasing Farmer’s income and reduce GHG’s

• Economic aspect– Low cost : investment, labor, machinery– Market : positive expandable market, good

price• Social aspect

– Acceptable by farmers– Easy to implement– Undisturbed farmer way of life

1/ The biogas system

Benefits:+Treat waste safely and prevent infectious diseases+ Generate cheap and clean source of fuels for families, save money.+ Convenient and free women from housework + Reduce deforestation + Make use biological organic fertilizers for cultivation.

Source: P.V.THANH (CCRD,2008)

2/ Water Management in Rice Field by intermittent irrigation during vegetative period

Benefits:+ Increase rice yields+Save money as save irrigation fees.+ Save water resources

3/ Bio-fertilizer produced by recycling living & agricultural waste

Biodigester 45 days

plants

Biodigester

Living & agricultural waste

Human excreta Animal dung

CH4 (Biogas)for cooking, lighting, generating electricity

BiOVAC

N,P,K(40-60%)Bio-

fertilizer

biodigester

Benefits:+Increased nitrogen fixing capacity+Soil enrichment by higher levels of organic matter + Direct savings for farmers as they use less chemical fertilizers+ Decreased environmental pollution

4/ Land levelling, mulching practices

Benefit: Source: Thu DC, 2004

-Soil erosion and landslides control, reduce weed infestation-Retain moisture and organic matter-Increasing crop yield -Increasing SOC’s.

5/ Improving meal and eating tradition

Benefits+Meal and eating tradition not only rice but also various vegetables, foodstuff.+Reduce pressure on rice cultivation; +Some rice fields could be used to cultivate secondary crops and other trees instead of rice. (Source: Viet Nam INC, 2003)

4. ASSESSING SOME GHG MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Based on GHG emission potential, 5 GHG mitigation options areassessed for Agriculture sector as follows:

• PA1: Using biogas replacing coal in cooking for the plain areas

• PA2: Using biogas repacing firewood in cooking for the moutainousareas

• PA3: Water management in rice paddy of Red river delta region

• PA4: Water management in rice paddy of Central coastal region

• PA5: Providing MUB nutritional cake for dairy cows.

Option CO2 equiv. (Tg) reduction Additional cost (million of USD)

Cost (USD/ tonne of CO2)

(1) (2) (3)PA1 17.43 0.122 4.118

PA2 5.21 0.086 9.726

PA3 21.90 0.128 5.230

PA4 4.13 0.032 6.990

PA5 7.91 -0.196 -10.933

Total 56.58

ASSESSING SOME GHG MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR

CERI CURVE FOR AGRICULTURE IN 2030

-15.0

-10.0

-5.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

0 10 20 30 40 50

mil. t. C O2

US $/t ofC O2

PA1

PA5

PA4PA3

PA2

ASSESSING SOME GHG MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Thank you for your listening< cuongccsd@yahoo.com >