GHG EMISSION ASSESSMENT AND GHG EMISSION …. Workshop Se… · ghg emission assessment and ghg...
Transcript of GHG EMISSION ASSESSMENT AND GHG EMISSION …. Workshop Se… · ghg emission assessment and ghg...
GHG EMISSION ASSESSMENT AND
GHG EMISSION FACTOR
DEVELOPMENT FOR POWER SECTOR
BENGKEL SESSION WITH THE POWER
SECTOR IN MALAYSIA - “CLIMATE CHANGE
AND THE POWER SECTOR: MANAGEMENT
OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS”
26 January 2015
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Outline of Presentation
• GHG Emissions Assessment
– Fact findings, Information Gathering
– Methodology & Assessment
• Questionnaire and Discussion
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Aim
• Development of Emission Factor for Power Plant
• Reducing uncertainties
• Proposal to KETTHA
– Emission factor based on technology of power
plants
– GHG emissions assessment
• Participating power plants
• GHG Emissions Measurement
– Ensure sustainability of GHG Inventory
– Monitoring of emissions level in Malaysia
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• Review of relevant work and experience in
Malaysia
• International lessons and best practices
• Potential challenges and barriers
• Recommendation for addressing challenges
and barriers
Part 1 : Fact Findings/Info. Gathering
(Obj.: To understand and obtain feedback on
the GHG Emissions Monitoring in Malaysia)
Refer to questionnaire
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• Reporting to UNFCCC
– INC
– SNC
– BUR and TNC
– Reporting of GHG Emissions (GHG Inventory)
• Top Down Approach – Total fuel consumption by
sector – e.g. Energy (Power, Transport,
Agriculture, Residential & Commercial, and
Others)
• Methodology: Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
Review of Relevant Work in Malaysia
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• Reporting to CDM Baseline Study
– Updating of GHG Emission Electricity
baseline - per unit of power output
– Based on fuel type
– Based on default emission factor by IPCC
• MYCARBON programme
– Corporate reporting – Organisation
• Universities – UTM – conduct GHG emission
factor study for oil palm mills
Review of Relevant Work in Malaysia
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• EU: Combustion in Energy & Transformation Industries Combustion
Plants as Point Sources, Emission Inventory Guidebook, 1996
• USA: Estimating carbon dioxide emissions factors for the California
electric power sector, Marnay C. et. al, 2002
• Korea:
– Study A (A study on carbon dioxide emissions from bituminous coal in
Korea, Lee J. et.al, 2013),
– Study B (Greenhouse gas emission factor development for coal-fired
power plants in Korea, Jeon EC. et.al, 2010)
• South Africa: Determination of regional emission factors for the
power sector in Southern Africa, Zhou P. et. al, 2009
• ASEAN and Malaysia’s status: USAID Low Emissions Asian
Development (LEAD) Program Current Challenges and Priorities for
Greenhouse Gas Emission Factor Improvement in Select Asian
Countries, 2013
International lessons and best practices
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EU USA
Year 1996 2002
Overview of the study
Covered emissions of SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, NMVOC, CH4, N2O, NH3 and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, and V) from boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines as point source. The contributions of point source emissions released by combustion plants to the total emissions in countries of the Core Inventory Air Emission (CORINAIR90) are based on the combustion in energy and transformation industries.
Calculating average emission factor (AEF) and marginal emission factor (MEF) relating to electricity for both historic and current. The objective was to explore different approaches in estimating emission factors for electricity users in California to be responsible to the net mass of carbon emission over the period covered by the bill. EIA the Energy Information Administration (EIA) has developed factors for estimating the amount of carbon dioxide emitted as a result of U.S. coal consumption. Emission Factor for Stationary and Mobile Combustion Source: Emissions Factors & AP 42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
International lessons and best practices
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• The National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors has
been prepared by the Department of Climate Change
and Energy Efficiency and is designed for use by
companies and individuals to estimate greenhouse gas
emissions.
• The Technical Guidelines are available at
http://www.climatechange.gov.au/government/initiatives/
national-greenhouseenergy
reporting/publications/technical-guidelines.aspx and
have been designed to support reporting under the
NGER Act 2007.
• The default emission factors listed have been estimated
by the Department of Climate Change and Energy
Efficiency using the Australian Greenhouse Emissions
Information System (AGEIS) and are determined
simultaneously with the production of Australia’s
National Greenhouse Accounts.
• This ensures that consistency is maintained between
inventories at company or facility level and the emission
estimates presented in the National Greenhouse
Accounts. The emission factors are referred to in this
document as National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA)
default emission factors.
Australia - 2012
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Korea South Africa
Year Study A: 2007-2009 2002-2005
Study B: 2010
Overview of study
Development of emission factor was done based on fuel analysis on bituminous coal consumed in Korea between 2007 and 2009. The analysis involved the exhaust gas released from power plants that use bituminous coal in real time, to measure the concentration of CO2 and calculate its emission factor.
To determine EF for CO2 and NOx and was then compared to IPCC default values. It emphasis on CO2. Emission of NOx from coal and diesel power plants combustion. CH4 emission factor from coal mining Involvement of 38 power plants across South Africa, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Zambia
This study estimated CO2 emission factors from coal-fired power plants in Korea and compared recorded values with IPCC. The study involves with bituminous coal, anthracite and sub-bituminous coal as fuel. Estimation of CO2 emission factor was measured through the concentration of CO2 gas from stacks and analyzing the coal.
International lessons and best practices
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Malaysia Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam)
Year 2013
Overview of study
Main objective is to assist Asian countries to develop and implement framework for sustained low-emission development, six sectors that are recommended for greenhouse gas emission factor improvement in Asian countries are as follows: 1.Methane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation 2.Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from land-use/change, forestry 3.CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation 4.CO2 emissions from mobile combustion 5.CO2 emission from coal and natural stationary combustion 6.Nitrous oxide (NO2) emissions from agricultural soil management
Outcome Malaysia needs to be looking into only two categories which are CO2 emissions from coal combustion and natural gas combustion. Other country that has similarities with Malaysia is Bangladesh, Thailand and Vietnam. No specific plans in developing country specific emission factors for Malaysia from the Malaysia Global Training Centre (MGTC).
From 15 listed categories, India has the highest score in term of priority needs for country specific EF as India is entitled to 11 categories, Thailand with 10 and Indonesia with 8. Other countries scored less than 6. Categories listed are mainly from GHG emissions from rice cultivation, manure management, mobile combustion, enteric fermentation, coal combustion, LULUCF, natural gas combustion, iron & steel production, emission from peat lands and changes in soil carbon stock
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GHG Calculation Guidelines
2006 IPCC Guidelines
for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories
• Revised 1996 Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories
• IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty
Management in National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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GHG Emissions Sources
Stationary Combustion for Power Generation
Mobile Combustion
Fugitive Emissions
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Steps in Identifying & Calculating GHG emissions
Identifying sources
Select calculation approach
Collect data and choose emission factors
Apply calculation tools
Roll-up data to company level
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Select a Calculation Approach
Direct measurement CEMS - Monitor concentration, flow rate
Mass Balance
Emissions are calculated based on mass balance or stoichiometric basis specific to a
faculty or process.
Generic Emission Factor The most common approach. Emissions are
calculated by applying documented emission factors.
Site Specific Emission Factor Emission factors are derived from carbon
content of the fuel.
Companies should use the most accurate calculation approach available to them and is appropriate for their reporting context.
Refer to questionnaire
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GHG Calculation – Fuel Based Approach
GHGs Activity
Data Emission
Factor
Example of activity data: • Fuel consumption • Distance travelled • kWh consumed • Amount of leakage
Emission factor: • Site specific • Country specific • Published value
• Calculation based methods entail the collection of
a) activity data, in the form of the quantity of fuel consumed for combustion purposes, and
b) emission factor data, in the form of information on the characteristics of the fuel combusted and the efficiency of the oxidation process.
Refer to questionnaire
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Challenges and Barriers
1. Difficulties in predicting the synergistic effects from the performance and composition of the single coals in the blend.
2. Difficulties arise when comparing emissions or environmental performance level of a specific industrial installation to reference information in literature.
3. Analysis on relationship between coal type and emissions.
4. Problems in tracing data.
5. Does not have the intention to develop emission factor thus no strategic plan was prepared.
6. Data on where these fuels were coming from, and their specific characteristics (including heating values and carbon contents) based on their country or region of origin would be needed to further analyse.
Refer to questionnaire
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1. Coordination within the countries to develop program
based and financial efforts could help to ensure that the
development of emission factors project.
2. Inclusion of relevant institute.
3. Collecting appropriate activity data and analysis of the
fuel should be further developed.
Recommendations
Refer to questionnaire
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• Identify data requirement
• List of data collected
• Identification of methodology
• Time and resources need
• Process to develop emission factor
• Strength and gaps
Part 2: Methodology and Data
(Obj.: To understand methodology on fuel
analysis)
Refer to questionnaire
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• Power plants current practice on monitoring of
GHG or pollutants
• To understand the current situation because the
project will involved with data analysis and
collection of sample from the fuel measurement.
– Combustion process
– Fuel content
– Heating Value – Calorific value – quantity of heat
release from combustion
– Flue gas analysis
Part 2
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Fuel Analysis
• Technical measurement to analyse the content of fuel used for
your power plant combustion?
• Identification of method
• What are the methodology and analysis involved?
• Engagement of outside lab or third party to conduct the
measurement
• List of data collected
• Time and Resources Need
Identify Data Requirement
Refer to questionnaire
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• Tier 1: fuel combustion from national energy statistics
and default emission factors;
• Tier 2: fuel combustion from national energy statistics,
together with country-specific emission factors, where
possible, derived from national fuel characteristics;
• Tier 3: fuel statistics and data on combustion
technologies applied together with technology-specific
emission factors; this includes the use of models and
facility level emission data where available.
GHG Methodologies
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Methodologies
Stationary combustion:
Emission = EFabc * Actabc
where
EF = emission factor
Act = activity (TJ)
a = fuel
b = sector activity
c = technology type
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• data on the amount of fuel combusted
• a country-specific emission factor for each gas
• combustion technology
• operating conditions
• control technology
• quality of maintenance
• age of the equipment used to burn the fuel.
Emission factors (EF’s) for combustion
depends on:
Process to develop EF
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Process to develop EF
Analysis of Emission Factor
• Net calorific values (NCVs) are a measure of the quantity of heat
liberated assuming that the water in the combustion exhaust gas
remains as a vapor (i.e., the heat contained in the water vapor is not
recovered).
• When calculating CO2 emissions, it is critical that all fuel
consumption data and factors are on the same heating value basis.
• The preferred approach for determining a fuel’s heating value is to
sample the fuel being combusted and complete a chemical analysis
of it.
Emission Factor (EF)= NCV (LHV) x Carbon Content x Oxidation Factor Other factor for EF assessment – combustion condition and etc.
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IPCC 2006 Default Emission Factors for Stationary Combustion in the Energy Industries
Emission Factor
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Method In Developing EF- Other
Countries
• EU: general EF and specified EF
• USA : elfin model, accounting method from
public data sources, simplified load duration
curve (LDC)
• Korea
– Study A: fuel analysis and gas analysis
– Study B: fuel analysis and flue gas analysis
• South Africa – fuel analysis and flue gas analysis
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EU USA
Method General emission factor is a mean value for defined categories of boilers taking into account abatement measures which is primary and secondary. It is only related to the type of fuel used and is applicable for all pollutants considered, except for SO2 and only be used where no specific data are available. Specific emission factor is defined as an individually determined value for boilers taking into account abatement measure (primary and secondary), related to individual fuel characteristic and to technology specific parameters.
-Elfin model to simulate plant operations and estimate emissions for 1990. -accounting method that draws primarily from public data sources (PDS). -used for the 1999 test year, is a spreadsheet that applies a simplified load duration curve (LDC). -An emissions factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned).
EF value from the study
No specific EF was measured/calculated. Only methods and equations were derived.
CO2 emissions: Elfin - 26.1 MtC in 1990, PDS - 29.0 MtC, LDC - 29.5 MtC AEF (kgC/kWh): Elfin – 0.110 PDS – 0.105 LDC – 0.108
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• Emissions from coal combustion depend on the rank and
composition of the fuel, the type and size of the boiler,
firing conditions, load, type of control technologies, and
the level of equipment maintenance.
• The general equation for emissions estimation is:
E = A x EF x (1-ER/100)
• where:
– E = emissions;
– A = activity rate;
– EF = emission factor, and
– ER =overall emission reduction efficiency, %
US Emission Factor for Coal
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Korea South Africa
Method Based on American Society for Testing and Materials (2011) Standard Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis which involved manual sampling and machine sampling. The samples were then analysed using two methods: Coal Analysis Method and Gas Analysis Method. Coal Analysis method is mainly to calculate the calorific value of the coal samples by using Type-B calorimeter to calculate total calorific value of liquids and solids, consisting of a ‘‘bomb’’ that heats by burning samples. Gas Analysis method is to calculate the concentration of CO2 Non-dispersive infrared absorption (NDIR).
Phase 1 •inventory of thermal power plants characteristics: age, capacity, technology and operating conditions; followed by determination of EF based on IPCC methodology. •Comparison of fuel based and electricity production. •data on fuel consumption, carbon content and heat value of the fuels are required and also electricity generation to verify plant efficiency. Phase 2 & Phase 3: determination of CO2 and NOx for coal fired and diesel plants based on flue gas measurements.
1. Fuel analysis 2. Flue gas analysis - Analysis of actual CO2
concentration of flue gas
EF value from the study
EF calculated is 93,315 kg/TJ, EF measured from power plant is 97,634 kg/TJ.
CO2 EF is 96.5kg/GJ NOx EF is 0.35 kg/GJ
Fuel analysis (Mg/kJ): 110.1 (ant.), 88.7 (bit.), 98.0 (s) Flue gas (Mg/kJ): 89.7, 82.6, 88.9
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Proposed Dev.
EF for power
plant in
Malaysia
Emission Factor - kg CO2, CH4,N2O/TJ
Verification - Tolerance, Correlation Analysis and Comparison with USEPA, IPCC
Mobilization and Data Sampling Primary and Secondary Data
i. Process Analysis • Technology • Combustion
process • Control System
i. Fuel Analysis • Fuel data
ii. Flue gas analysis • Stack gas
GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) EF analysis
1.Technology of power plants – Process of combustion, Engineering – Operating condition, Firing practices and etc. 2.Fuel Analysis: Coal and Natural Gas – CO2, CH4, N2O 3. Stack gas: Emissions Analysis 4. Control system
Coal: Stack gas and coal sampling method • Stack Gas method: CEMS sampling probe, a cooling device, and a lung sampler. – portable in-situ measurement • Fuel analysis method: • CO2 Analysis: (GC-FID)
• Coal Analysis • Element Analysis
• carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), moisture (attached and inherent), ash, and other volatile components.
• Calorific Value Analysis: • heat generation - analyzed using a
calorimeter Natural Gas: Fuel (gas) – Stack gas sampling method • Exhaust gas (Stack Gas) method: Samples
taken using Tedlar Bag. Measured exhaust gas temp., moisture amount, flow velocity, pressure and temperature.
• CH4 and N2O - FID and ECD
Site selection – Coal PP
- Natural Gas PP
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Strength and Gaps
1. Characteristics of coals for blending are examined for compatibility.
2. The best way to evaluate emissions and EFs could be to perform
experiments.
3. Estimating GHG emissions at the point of generation is the most
accurate approach.
4. The flue gas analysis showed a higher uncertainty than the fuel
analysis method in emission factor development. This seems to be
because CO2 concentration changes greatly on a case-by-case
basis. Also, the flue gas analysis has more steps than the fuel
analysis, thereby, errors accumulate. Therefore, when the
oxidation rate is high, the fuel analysis is recommended.
5. To provide basic data for developing proper country-specific
strategies for carbon emission reduction, it is necessary to have
accurate estimates of emission amounts.
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• The GHG footprint, or
greenhouse gas footprint or
carbon footprint, refers to the
amount of GHG that are emitted
during the creation of products or
services. It is more
comprehensive, which measures
not only carbon dioxide, but
many greenhouse gases.
GHG Assessment - Carbon Footprint
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CF Accounting Approach
Setting Organizational Boundary
Setting Operational Boundary
Identifying & Calculating GHG Emissions
Managing GHG Inventory Quality
Verifying GHG Emissions
Reporting GHG Emissions
SOURCE AND SCOPE OF EMISSIONS
Stationary Combustion Mobile Combustion Fugitive Emissions Direct Discharges
Emission Factor
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Way Forward
• Development of Power Sector EF
• Analysis on fuel combustion by the
Malaysia ESI
• GHG Emissions Assessment which based
on carbon footprint methodology to be
conducted
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• Table showing the various tech and EF
Guideline
Type of fuel Technology Combustion type and
etc.
Natural gas tCO2
Diesel
Distillate
Coal
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THANK YOU
Prepared by :
[RADIN DIANA R. AHMAD]
Office address:
TNB Research Sdn. Bhd.
No. 1, Lorong Air Hitam
Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan
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MALAYSIA
Tel: +603-8922 5000 Ext 5185 / Fax: +603-8926 8828/9
Email: [email protected] / Website: www.tnbr.com.my
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