Veni, Vidi, Induxi Louis, Jessica, Sandra, Floris UC 2002 Fall Sci101 History & Philosophy of...
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![Page 1: Veni, Vidi, Induxi Louis, Jessica, Sandra, Floris UC 2002 Fall Sci101 History & Philosophy of Science Ladyman Chapter 1-2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070409/56649e765503460f94b7767f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Veni, Vidi, Induxi
Louis, Jessica, Sandra, Floris
UC 2002 Fall
Sci101 History & Philosophy of Science
Ladyman Chapter 1-2
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Order of Appearance
i. Sandra (Background Information)ii. Jessica & Louis (Discussion)iii. Floris (Gruesome Theories)iv. Louis & Jessica (Discussion)
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Background Information
Sandra
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Scientific revolution• Aristotle
– deduction
• Bacon– induction
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Deduction
All M are P
S is M
S is P
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Induction
M1, M2, M3, Mn are P
All M are P
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Hume
• Addressed problems of induction
• Cause and effect
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Discussion
Jessica & Louis
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Hume says:
In each case, the moral is that a priori reasoning and argument
gets us nowhere: "it is only experience which teaches us the nature and bounds of cause and
effect, and enables us to infer the existence of one object from that
of another.”
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Gruesome Theories
Floris
The role of theories in inductive science.
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Topic Outline
I. What are scientific theories?– Characteristics, Inner Mechanics
II. What can go wrong?– The role of theories in inductive
reasoning.– The ‘Grue’-paradox
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Brainstorm
• Once again; brainstorm about
‘Theory’
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“I (Ptolemy) designed my theory about the solar system to explain the observed movement of the planets and stars.”
Theory Characteristics I• A theory tries to explain
why certain events take place.
• Example:
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Theory Characteristics II
• How do they go about explaining?• Compare:
– ‘This here is a chair.’ (hardly a theory)
– ‘There is a force on this chair.’• Can we directly see a force?
– Only its results.
• Scientific Theories postulate things that cannot be directly perceived.
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Likewise,• Likewise, a generalised
rule cannot be perceived.• Causal relation:
– ‘If I drop this chair out of the window, it will fall to the ground.’
– We cannot directly ‘see’ this rule in nature; it rather is a pronunciation of our notion of regularity in accumulated perceptions of objects falling when dropped.
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Results• Since we cannot directly perceive what
a theory postulates, therefore, in order to verify the theory, we can only look at the perceivable predictions it makes.
Theory (nice story)
Unperceivable Concepts
Generalised Rules
TheoreticalObservations
X1
X2
X3
X4
Xa
Xb
explain
predictXc
Xd
test X5
induction
deduction
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ExampleThis thing falls, that thing falls to the ground.
Everything that is released falls to the ground.
Things fall because there is a gravitational force being applied to it (depending on size of attracting body).
In that case, things on the moon will fall at a different speed.
This thing falls at a different speed.Observatio
n
Generalised Rule
Theory
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Problem about Scientific Theories
• But if the predictions are correct, then the theory does not have to be right (consider the fairy tale).
• Therefore, there are two kinds of problems:
I. We cannot verify all possible cases a theory covers. (Presented by Ladyman) (philosophy of science)
II. We cannot verify the theory in itself. (metaphysics)
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Illustration Problem
• Being ‘grue’ means being green before 2005 and blue after 2005.
• Now we have a theory that says that all emeralds are ‘grue.’
• Every emerald we see seems to add up to the conclusion that this theory is correct.
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Ockham’s Razor• William of
Ockham’s Razor:
‘If all things are equal, the most simple explanation is the right one.’
• By the way, he was a Medieval Philosopher.
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Conclusions• Scientific theories are designed
to explain.• Scientific theories tend to
postulate concepts that cannot be directly perceived.
• Problems about induction:I. We cannot verify all possible
cases a theory covers. (presented by Ladyman)
II. We cannot verify the theory in itself.
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Discussion
Louis & Jessica
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Science is the religion of modern societies
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Science is the religion of modern societies
Definition of religion (the concise Oxford dictionary):
• The belief in a superhuman controlling power, esp. in a personal God or gods entitled to obedience and worship
• A particular system of faith and worship• A thing that one is devoted to• Et cetera
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Science is the religion of modern societies
Since scientific theory in itself cannot be observed, therefore it could be just a likely explanation. It takes a leap of faith to believe
that the theory is actually true.
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The End• Have a nice break.
• A copy of this presentation is available for downloading at http://vanvugt.cjb.net